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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 41 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmandiagram" title="Feynmandiagram – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Feynmandiagram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مخطط فاينمان – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطط فاينمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diaqram%C4%B1" title="Feynman diaqramı – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feynman diaqramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ফাইনম্যান চিত্র – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফাইনম্যান চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дыяграмы Фейнмана – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяграмы Фейнмана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Диаграма на Файнман – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диаграма на Файнман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_Feynman" title="Diagrama de Feynman – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diagrama de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanovy_diagramy" title="Feynmanovy diagramy – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Feynmanovy diagramy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman-Diagramm" title="Feynman-Diagramm – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feynman-Diagramm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmani_diagramm" title="Feynmani diagramm – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Feynmani diagramm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Διάγραμμα Φάινμαν – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάγραμμα Φάινμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Feynman diagram" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_Feynman" title="Diagrama de Feynman – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diagrama de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="نمودار فاینمن – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمودار فاینمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramme_de_Feynman" title="Diagramme de Feynman – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diagramme de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B8%EB%A7%8C_%EB%8F%84%ED%98%95" title="파인만 도형 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파인만 도형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_dijagram" title="Feynmanov dijagram – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feynmanov dijagram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram_Feynman" title="Diagram Feynman – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diagram Feynman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramma_di_Feynman" title="Diagramma di Feynman – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diagramma di Feynman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="דיאגרמת פיינמן – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיאגרמת פיינמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feinmano_diagrama" title="Feinmano diagrama – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Feinmano diagrama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman-gr%C3%A1f" title="Feynman-gráf – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feynman-gráf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmandiagram" title="Feynmandiagram – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Feynmandiagram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="ファインマン・ダイアグラム – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファインマン・ダイアグラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagrammalari" title="Feynman diagrammalari – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Feynman diagrammalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram_Feynmana" title="Diagram Feynmana – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diagram Feynmana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_Feynman" title="Diagrama de Feynman – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diagrama de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Диаграммы Фейнмана – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диаграммы Фейнмана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramat_e_Fajmanit" title="Diagramat e Fajmanit – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diagramat e Fajmanit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feynman diagram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_diagram" title="Feynmanov diagram – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Feynmanov diagram" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_diagram" title="Feynmanov diagram – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Feynmanov diagram" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Фајнманов дијаграм – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фајнманов дијаграм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_dijagram" title="Feynmanov dijagram – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feynmanov dijagram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanin_diagrammi" title="Feynmanin diagrammi – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Feynmanin diagrammi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Фейнман диаграммалары – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фейнман диаграммалары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diyagram%C4%B1" title="Feynman diyagramı – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Feynman diyagramı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Діаграма Фейнмана – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діаграма Фейнмана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_Feynman" title="Sơ đồ Feynman – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sơ đồ Feynman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E8%A6%8F%E7%9F%A9" title="費曼規矩 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="費曼規矩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE" title="费曼图 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="费曼图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Equivalent_of_one_of_first_published_Feynman_diagrams.svg/280px-Equivalent_of_one_of_first_published_Feynman_diagrams.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Equivalent_of_one_of_first_published_Feynman_diagrams.svg/420px-Equivalent_of_one_of_first_published_Feynman_diagrams.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Equivalent_of_one_of_first_published_Feynman_diagrams.svg/560px-Equivalent_of_one_of_first_published_Feynman_diagrams.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Feynmans første publiserte diagram i 1949.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Feynman-diagram</b> er en grafisk fremstilling av hva som skjer mellom <a href="/wiki/Vekselvirkning" class="mw-redirect" title="Vekselvirkning">vekselvirkende</a> <a href="/wiki/Element%C3%A6rpartikkel" title="Elementærpartikkel">elementærpartikler</a>. De ble introdusert av den amerikanske fysiker <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> i 1948 for å forenkle beregninger i <a href="/wiki/Kvanteelektrodynamikk" title="Kvanteelektrodynamikk">kvanteelektrodynamikk</a> som beskriver <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroner</a> koblet til <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoner</a>. </p><p>Hver linje i et Feynman-diagram representerer en <a href="/wiki/Propagator" title="Propagator">propagator</a> som beskriver bevegelsen av en partikkel fra et punkt til et annet punkt. Kobling mellom partikler tilsvarer et punkt i diagrammet hvor mer enn to linjer møtes. For hver slik linje og punkt gir <a href="/wiki/Kvantefeltteori" title="Kvantefeltteori">kvantefeltteorien</a> nøyaktige regler for hva de matematisk betyr og hvordan diagrammet som helhet skal forstås og beregnes. </p><p>Slike diagram ble etter hvert benyttet på lignende måte for beregninger i stadig nye kvantefeltteorier. Etableringen av <a href="/wiki/Standardmodellen" title="Standardmodellen">standardmodellen</a> for elementærpartiklene er basert på bruk av Feynman-diagram ved all tolkning av teorien sammenlignet med eksperimentelle resultat. Det er vanskelig å tenke seg denne fremgangen i vår forståelse av Naturens innerste hemmeligheter uten dette hjelpemiddelet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn">Bakgrunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etter at <a href="/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig">andre verdenskrig</a> var slutt kunne mange fysikere konsentrere seg mer om de mest grunnleggende og uløste problem i <a href="/wiki/Teoretisk_fysikk" title="Teoretisk fysikk">teoretisk fysikk</a>. Spesielt var det vanskelig å forstå de matematisk divergente resultatene man hadde møtt ved utregning av de korreksjonene til <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronets</a> egenskaper når det vekselvirker med <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoner</a> beskrevet ved <a href="/wiki/Kvantisert_str%C3%A5lingsteori" title="Kvantisert strålingsteori">kvantisert strålingsteori</a>. Det første gjennombrudd ble gjort av <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> i 1947. Han lyktes da å beregne en slik korreksjon til elektronets <a href="/wiki/Magnetisk_moment#Elementærpartikler" title="Magnetisk moment">magnetiske moment</a> som var i full overensstemmelse med nye og mer nøyaktige målinger.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweber_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweber-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Vertex_correction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vertex_correction.svg/200px-Vertex_correction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vertex_correction.svg/300px-Vertex_correction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vertex_correction.svg/400px-Vertex_correction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Feynman-diagram som bidrar til elektronets magnetiske moment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fremgangsmåten til Schwinger var matematisk meget komplisert og vanskelig å benytte på et systematisk vis om man ønsket å utvide beregningen til å gi enda større nøyaktighet. Det var derfor meget overraskende da Feynman kort tid senere kunne forklare hans resultat ved å tegne enkle diagram som illustrerte de forskjellige matematiske ingrediensene man måtte benytte for å kunne gjøre dette mer generelt. Men da hans fremstilling syntes å være mer intuitiv enn strengt utledet fra mer grunnleggende, <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekaniske</a> prinsipp, var det usikkert hvordan andre kunne gjøre bruk av den.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> kom til <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> fra England etter studier i matematikk, men uten en <a href="/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad">doktorgrad</a>. Han ble snart kjent med disse problemstillingene gjennom samtaler både med Feynman og Schwinger. Ved å benytte det kvantemekaniske <a href="/wiki/Vekselvirkningsbildet" title="Vekselvirkningsbildet">vekselvirkningsbildet</a> kunne han allerede i 1948 vise at deres tilsynelatende forskjellige fremgangsmåter var forenlige og kun var to aspekt av én og samme kvantiserte teori. Samme år publiserte han dette resultatet som også inneholdt det første, publiserte Feynman-diagrammet. Det viser hvordan elektronet får en korreksjon til sitt magnetisk moment når det vekselvirker med et elektromagnetisk felt. Året etter skrev Feynman et større arbeid hvor han forklarte sin egen grunn for at disse diagrammene naturlig oppstår ved slike beregninger.<sup id="cite_ref-RPF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noen_egenskaper">Noen egenskaper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Noen egenskaper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Noen egenskaper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et Feynman-diagram består av linjer knyttet sammen i forskjellige punkt eller <i>vertekser</i>. Det gir en todimensjonal representasjon av en vekselvirkning mellom partikler som beveger seg i det firedimensjonale <a href="/wiki/Spesiell_relativitet#Minkowski-rom" class="mw-redirect" title="Spesiell relativitet">Minkowski-rommet</a>. Mens én retning i diagrammet angir tidsaksen, vil en vinkelrett akse angi de tre romlige retningene. Hver linje fremstiller en <a href="/wiki/Propagator" title="Propagator">propagator</a> for en partikkel og forbinder ett eller to verteks. I det første tilfellet vil partikkelen bevege seg fritt til eller fra dette punktet, mens linjen mellom to punkt illustrerer en «virtuell» partikkel som kun eksisterer et meget kort øyeblikk.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweber_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweber-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Feynman-e-e-gamma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Feynman-e-e-gamma.svg/240px-Feynman-e-e-gamma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Feynman-e-e-gamma.svg/360px-Feynman-e-e-gamma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Feynman-e-e-gamma.svg/480px-Feynman-e-e-gamma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Verteks som beskriver et foton som kobler til en elektronlinje.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diagrammene ble først benyttet av Feynman for relativistiske elektroner og fotoner slik de er beskrevet ved <a href="/wiki/Kvanteelektrodynamikk" title="Kvanteelektrodynamikk">kvanteelektrodynamikk</a>. Siden har har de vist seg meget anvendelige i andre <a href="/wiki/Kvantefeltteori" title="Kvantefeltteori">kvantefeltteorier</a>. Det gjelder også for ikke-relativistiske partikler som beskrevet ved <a href="/wiki/Andrekvantisering" title="Andrekvantisering">andrekvantiserte</a> teorier. Linjer i diagrammet for partikler med en ladning, vil vanligvis angis med en retning. For nøytrale partikler som fotoner, er det vanligvis ikke nødvendig. Derimot angis de ofte som bølgete eller strekete linjer.<sup id="cite_ref-FW_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For relativistiske partikler vil den fysiske prosessen som beskrives ved et Feynman-diagram, være avhengig av hvilken retning tiden øker relativt til retningene til linjene i diagrammet. Ett diagram kan derfor ha flere betydninger avhengig av dette valget av tidsakse. For eksempel, i figuren til høyre av et verteks hvor et foton kobler til en elektronlinje, kan man velge tidsaksen oppover. Da illustrerer diagrammet hvordan fotonet kobler til et antielektron eller <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> da denne elektronlinjen går bakover i tid. Derimot med tidsaksen vendt nedover, ville diagrammet beskrive en kobling til et elektron som beveger seg fremover i tid. </p><p>Mange ganger velger man også en horisontal tidsakse. I så fall med økende tid mot høyre ville diagrammet fremstille hvordan et elektron og et positron møtes i vertekset hvor de annihilerer hverandre og går over til et foton. Med motsatt valg der tiden øker mot venstre, ville diagrammet vise hvordan et foton kan gå over til ett elektron og ett positron i det som omtales som <a href="/wiki/Pardannelse" title="Pardannelse">pardannelse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feynmans_veiintegral">Feynmans veiintegral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Feynmans veiintegral" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Feynmans veiintegral"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hovedingrediensen av et Feynman-diagram er linjene som representerer propagatorer for de forskjellige partiklene som beskrives. Selv om en slik linje gir inntrykk av å være en fremstilling av bevegelsen til en partikkel som følger en viss bane eller vei, er det i virkeligheten en synliggjøring av en abstrakt, <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanisk</a> sannsynlighetsamplitude for at en partikkel kan bevege seg fra et punkt til et annet. I sitt <a href="/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad">doktorgradsarbeide</a> utviklet Feynman en ny formulering av kvantemekanikken som var forskjellig fra den som tidligere var etablert av <a href="/wiki/Heisenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> og <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>. For ikke-relativistiske partikler kunne han da beregne slike sannsynlighetsamplituder som bestod av <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk#Feynmans_veiintegral" title="Kvantemekanikk">veiintegral</a> over alle veier som forbandt de to punktene som bevegelsen skjedde mellom.<sup id="cite_ref-RMP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relativistiske partikler kunne han senere beskrive på lignende vis etter å ha innsett at antipartikler tilsvarer partikler med negativ energi som går bakover i tid. Det var dette som fant sin anvendelse i kvanteelektrodynamikken og gjorde Feynman-diagram så nyttige. Men det viste også at linjene i diagrammene ikke må tydes for bokstavelig.<sup id="cite_ref-prop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schweber-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Schweber_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schweber_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">S.S. Schweber, <i>QED and the Men Who Made It</i>, Princeton University Press, New Jersey (1994). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0691033277" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-03327-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> D. Kaiser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/dikaiser/www/FdsAmSci.pdf"><i>Physics and Feynman’s Diagrams</i></a>, American Scientist <b>93</b>, 156-165 (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPF-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RPF_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">R.P. Feynman, <i>Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics</i>, Physical Review <b>76</b> (6), 769 - 789 (1949).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FW-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FW_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> A.L. Fetter and J.D. Walecka, <i>Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems</i>, Dover Publications, New York (2003). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0486428273" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-42827-3</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PS_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> M.E. Peskin and D.V. Schroeder, <i>An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory</i>, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA (1995). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0201503972" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-201-50397-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMP-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RMP_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> R.P. Feynman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/9h858-5hv71"><i>Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics</i></a>. Reviews of Modern Physics <b>20</b> (2), 367–87 (1948). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prop-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prop_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> R.P. Feynman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/vysv7-c2b63"><i>The Theory of Positrons</i></a>, Physical Review <b>76</b> (6), 749–59 (1949).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>YouTube, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZaL0WYyl-o"><i>Feynman diagrams explained by Richard Feynman</i></a>, Esalen (1983).</li></ul> <ul><li>PBS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG52mXN-uWI"><i>The Secrets of Feynman Diagrams</i></a>, YouTube-video (2017).</li> <li>D. Tong, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/qft/qfthtml/S3.html#SS1"><i>Quantum Field Theory</i></a>, lectures at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (2021).</li> <li>Universitetet i Birmingham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epweb2.ph.bham.ac.uk/user/newman/ctpp2016/Lecture6.pdf"><i>Feynman diagrams and QED</i></a>, praktisk bruk av Feynman-diagram.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra «<a dir="ltr" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&oldid=24335089">https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feynman-diagram&oldid=24335089</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kategorier" title="Kategori:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kvantemekanikk" title="Kategori:Kvantemekanikk">Kvantemekanikk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Partikkelfysikk" title="Kategori:Partikkelfysikk">Partikkelfysikk</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skjult kategori: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sider_som_bruker_magiske_ISBN-lenker" title="Kategori:Sider som bruker magiske ISBN-lenker">Sider som bruker magiske ISBN-lenker</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Denne siden ble sist redigert 15. mar. 2024 kl. 18:38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Innholdet er tilgjengelig under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.no">Creative Commons-lisensen Navngivelse-DelPåSammeVilkår</a>, men ytterligere betingelser kan gjelde. 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