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.header_title, .header_title a, .header_title a:visited, .header_title a:hover, .header_desc {color:#000000}.carousel, .carousel .item{height:400px}@media (max-width: 991px) {.carousel, .carousel .item{height:250px}}#header{max-height:198px}@media (min-width: 1200px) {.container {width:1280px}} </style> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/adsecurity.org\/?p=4056","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Active Directory Security"},"headline":"Domain Controller Print Server + Unconstrained Kerberos Delegation = Pwned Active Directory Forest","datePublished":"2018-10-10T10:15:43+00:00","dateModified":"2019-03-21T07:45:15+00:00","description":"At DerbyCon 8 (2018) over the weekend Will Schroeder (@Harmj0y), Lee Christensen (@Tifkin_), & Matt Nelson (@enigma0x3), spoke about the unintended risks of trusting AD. 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Overview Lee figured out and presents a scenario where there's an account ...","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sean Metcalf"},"image":["https:\/\/adsecurity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/DerbyCon-UROTAD-PrinterBugSlide-SO1.png","https:\/\/adsecurity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/DerbyCon-UROTAD-PrinterBugSlide-SO.jpg"]}</script> <style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Domain Controller Print Server + Unconstrained Kerberos Delegation = Pwned Active Directory Forest" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4056" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Active Directory Security" /> <meta property="og:description" content="At DerbyCon 8 (2018) over the weekend Will Schroeder (@Harmj0y), Lee Christensen (@Tifkin_), & Matt Nelson (@enigma0x3), spoke about the unintended risks of trusting AD. They cover a number of interesting persistence and privilege escalation methods, though one in particular caught my eye. Overview Lee figured out and presents a scenario where there's an account ..." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-03-21T07:45:15+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-03-21T07:45:15+00:00" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2018-10-10T10:15:43+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DerbyCon-UROTAD-PrinterBugSlide-SO1.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="701" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="503" /> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-4056 single-format-standard custom-background wp-embed-responsive layout-boxed two_col_left two-columns singular"> <div class="container boxed-wrapper"> <div id="top-bar" class="row clearfix top-bar "> <div class="col-md-12 top-bar-items"> <ul class="social-profiles"> <li class="social-profile social-profile-rss"> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?feed=rss2" title="Subscribe to Tech, News, 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class="clearfix content-main col-md-8"> <div class="post-nav post-nav-top clearfix"> <p class="previous col-sm-6"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></i> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4019" rel="prev">Black Hat & DEF CON Presentation Slides Posted</a></p> <p class="next-post col-sm-6"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4064" rel="next">From DNSAdmins to Domain Admin, When DNSAdmins is More than Just DNS Administration</a> <i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></p> </div> <div id="post-4056" class="clearfix post post-4056 type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-activedirectorysecurity category-exploit category-hacking category-microsoft-security category-security-conference-presentationvideo tag-ad-credential-theft tag-constrained-delegation tag-dcsync tag-delegation tag-dod-stig tag-domain-controller-spooler tag-kerberos tag-kerberos-attack tag-kerberos-delegation tag-kerberos-unconstrained-delegation tag-ms-rprn tag-print-spooler tag-rpcremotefindfirstprinterchangenotification tag-spooler tag-spooler-service item-wrap"> <div class="entry clearfix"> <div class="post-date date alpha with-year"> <p class="default_date"> <span class="month">Oct</span> <span class="day">10</span> <span class="year">2018</span> </p> </div> <h1 class="post-title entry-title"> Domain Controller Print Server + Unconstrained Kerberos Delegation = Pwned Active Directory Forest </h1> <ul class="post-meta entry-meta clearfix"> <li class="byline"> By <span class="author"><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?author=2" rel="author">Sean Metcalf</a></span><span class="entry-cat"> in <span class="terms"><a class="term term-category term-565" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=565">ActiveDirectorySecurity</a>, <a class="term term-category term-347" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=347">Exploit</a>, <a class="term term-category term-1039" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=1039">Hacking</a>, <a class="term term-category term-11" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=11">Microsoft Security</a>, <a class="term term-category term-234" href="https://adsecurity.org/?cat=234">Security Conference Presentation/Video</a></span></span> </li> </ul> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <div>At <a href="https://www.derbycon.com/">DerbyCon</a> 8 (2018) over the weekend Will Schroeder (<a href="https://twitter.com/harmj0y">@Harmj0y</a>), Lee Christensen (<a href="https://twitter.com/tifkin_">@Tifkin_</a>), & Matt Nelson (<a href="https://twitter.com/enigma0x3">@enigma0x3</a>), spoke about the unintended risks of trusting AD. They cover a number of interesting persistence and privilege escalation methods, though one in particular caught my eye.</div> <div></div> <div><strong>Overview</strong></div> <div>Lee figured out and presents a scenario where there’s an account with unconstrained delegation configured (which is fairly common) and the Print Spooler service running on a computer, you can get that computers credentials sent to the system with unconstrained delegation as a user.</div> <div><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-4061" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DerbyCon-UROTAD-PrinterBugSlide-SO-300x169.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="283" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DerbyCon-UROTAD-PrinterBugSlide-SO-300x169.jpg 300w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DerbyCon-UROTAD-PrinterBugSlide-SO.jpg 619w" sizes="(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px" /></div> <div></div> <div></div> <p><span id="more-4056"></span></p> <div>We find that about 90% of the environments we review and work in have some sort of Kerberos delegation configured and about 75% have unconstrained delegation configured. I identified and highlighted the security issues with unconstrained delegation in my talk at <a style="background-color: #ffffff;" href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=1661">Black Hat in 2015</a>聽(as well as <a style="background-color: #ffffff;" href="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-SparkCon-CurrentStateofADSecurity-Metcalf-Final.pdf">subsequent talks</a>) and in a <a style="background-color: #ffffff;" href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=1667">post here</a>.</div> <div> <p>Here’s a quick PowerShell command that discovers accounts with Kerberos delegation (requires the AD PowerShell module):</p> <pre><em>Get-ADObject -filter { (UserAccountControl -BAND 0x0080000) -OR (UserAccountControl -BAND 0x1000000) -OR (msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo -like '*') } -prop Name,ObjectClass,PrimaryGroupID,UserAccountControl,ServicePrincipalName,msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo</em></pre> </div> <div> <p><strong>The Attack<br /> </strong>The attacker discovers a system with Kerberos unconstrained delegation and compromises it. Then the attacker sends a “RpcRemoteFindFirstPrinterChangeNotification” request to the Domain Controller and the DC responds to test communication to the requester.聽 If the Domain Controller is running the Print Spooler (Spooler) service, this will work (and it’s trivial to test to find 1 DC that is running this service).</p> <p>Lee explains that the issue is that any authenticated user can remotely connect to the Domain Controller’s print server (spooler service)聽and request an update on new print jobs and just tell it to send the notification to the system with unconstrained delegation. It will test that connection immediately thus exposing the computer account credential (since the print spooler is owned by SYSTEM). Lee notes that Microsoft says this is by design and “won’t fix”.<br /> Lee posted PoC code he calls <a href="https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample">SpoolSample on Github</a>.</p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Conceptual Flow:</span></p> <ol> <li>Attacker discovers and compromises a system with Kerberos unconstrained delegation. Note that if an attacker compromises a Domain Controller in a trusted forest (with a 2-way trust), this can be used to compromise the other forest.</li> <li>Attacker tests for and discovers a Domain Controller running the Print Spooler (Spooler) service.</li> <li>Attacker sends the MS-RPRN request RpcRemoteFindFirstPrinterChangeNotification (Kerberos auth) to the DC’s print server.</li> <li>The DC immediately sends a response to the requester. This response involves the DC creating a Kerberos service ticket (TGS) which contains the Domain Controller’s computer account Kerberos authentication ticket (TGT) since Kerberos is involved and the requesting account is configured with unconstrained delegation.</li> <li>The attacker now has the Domain Controller computer account Kerberos TGT which can be used to impersonate the DC.</li> <li><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?s=DCSync">DCSync聽</a>all account credentials (or other attack involving DA credentials as desired).</li> </ol> <p>The conceptual auth flow is shown in the聽 graphic</p> <p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-1671" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Visio-KerberosUnconstrainedDelegation-visio-300x156.png" alt="" width="447" height="231" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Visio-KerberosUnconstrainedDelegation-visio-300x156.png 300w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Visio-KerberosUnconstrainedDelegation-visio-1024x532.png 1024w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Visio-KerberosUnconstrainedDelegation-visio.png 1212w" sizes="(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px" /></p> <p>The key “ingredients” required for this to work as mentioned in their talk:</p> <ol> <li>Account with Kerberos unconstrained delegation (a DC in a trusted forest using a 2-way trust, for example)</li> <li>Compromise that account.</li> <li>Domain Controller running as a print server (Print Spooler service is running).</li> </ol> </div> <div>This issue also works across forest trusts.</p> </div> <div><strong>Mitigation</strong></div> <ul> <li>Domain Controllers and AD admin systems need to have the Print Spooler service disabled. The US DoD STIG security guidance has had this recommendation in place for many years. Best way to do this if via GPO</li> <li>Remove unconstrained delegation from accounts and replace with constrained delegation (Domain Controllers have unconstrained delegation enabled by default)</li> <li>Disable TGT delegation across trusts: <pre><em>netdom.exe trust fabrikam.com /domain:contoso.com /EnableTGTDelegation:No</em></pre> </li> </ul> <p><em>Note that this post focuses on Domain Controllers, but any server is potentially at risk to this attack.</em><br /> <em>Mitigate this specific issue by disabling the Print Spooler service on all servers that don’t need it running and ensure there are no accounts with unconstrained delegation configured.</em></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>UPDATE ( Feb 12, 2019)</strong></span><br /> Microsoft has released some additional guidance for the cross-forest impact of this issue.</p> <p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-4121" src="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/MSArticleADV190006-300x83.png" alt="" width="300" height="83" srcset="https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/MSArticleADV190006-300x83.png 300w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/MSArticleADV190006-768x211.png 768w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/MSArticleADV190006-1024x282.png 1024w, https://adsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/MSArticleADV190006.png 1857w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /><br /> <a href="https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-us/security-guidance/advisory/ADV190006">https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-us/security-guidance/advisory/ADV190006</a></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>UPDATE (March 21, 2019)</strong></span><br /> Microsoft has changed this to <a href="https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2019-0683">CVE-2019-0683</a> and will fix.聽 The <a href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-ph/help/4490425/updates-to-tgt-delegation-across-incoming-trusts-in-windows-server">Microsoft article 4490425</a> describes the changes to trusts moving forward to protect against this issue.</p> <p>Great talk Will, Lee, & Matt!</p> <div> <div><strong>Talk Slides</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/harmj0y/derbycon-the-unintended-risks-of-trusting-active-directory">https://www.slideshare.net/harmj0y/derbycon-the-unintended-risks-of-trusting-active-directory</a></div> </div> <div><strong>Video explaining the issue</strong></div> <div><a tabindex="-1" title="https://youtu.be/-bcWZQCLk_4?t=2194" href="https://youtu.be/-bcWZQCLk_4?t=2194" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://youtu.be/-bcWZQCLk_4?t=2194</a></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div><strong>References</strong></div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/not-a-security-boundary-breaking-forest-trusts/">Article by Will on this issue</a></li> <li><a href="https://posts.specterops.io/hunting-in-active-directory-unconstrained-delegation-forests-trusts-71f2b33688e1">Article by Roberto for detecting this attack</a></li> <li><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=1667">Article on why Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation is dangerous</a></li> <li><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=227">Kerberos Reference (how it works)</a></li> <li><a href="https://adsecurity.org/?s=DCSync">DCSync</a></li> </ul> <div class="tptn_counter" id="tptn_counter_4056">(Visited 68,255 times, 1 visits today)</div> </div> <ul class="entry-footer"> <li class="post-tags col-sm-8"><i class="fa fa-tags" title="Tags"></i> <span class="terms"><a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1323" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=ad-credential-theft">AD credential theft</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1322" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=constrained-delegation">constrained delegation</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-598" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dcsync">DCSync</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1315" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=delegation">delegation</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1321" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=dod-stig">DoD STIG</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1318" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=domain-controller-spooler">Domain Controller Spooler</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-81" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kerberos">Kerberos</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1145" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kerberos-attack">Kerberos attack</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1165" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kerberos-delegation">Kerberos Delegation</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1314" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=kerberos-unconstrained-delegation">Kerberos unconstrained delegation</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1320" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=ms-rprn">MS-RPRN</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1316" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=print-spooler">Print Spooler</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1313" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=rpcremotefindfirstprinterchangenotification">RpcRemoteFindFirstPrinterChangeNotification</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1317" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=spooler">Spooler</a>, <a class="term term-tagpost_tag term-1319" href="https://adsecurity.org/?tag=spooler-service">Spooler Service</a></span></li> <li class="addthis col-sm-8"><div class="add-this"></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="entry-author"> <div class="row"> <div class="author-avatar col-sm-3"> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?author=2" rel="author"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f3ad5e878e5d0e6096c5a33718a04d0?s=200&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f3ad5e878e5d0e6096c5a33718a04d0?s=400&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-200 photo' height='200' width='200' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> </a> </div> <div class="author-bio col-sm-9"> <h3 class="section-title-sm">Sean Metcalf</h3> <p>I improve security for enterprises around the world working for TrimarcSecurity.com<br /> Read the About page (top left) for information about me. :)<br /> https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=8</p> <ul class="author-social"> <li><a href="mailto:sean@adsecurity.org"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar1" class="sidebar sidebar-right widget-area col-md-4"> <div id="recent-posts-4" class="sidebar-wrap widget_recent_entries"> <h3>Recent Posts</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4436">BSides Dublin – The Current State of Microsoft Identity Security: Common Security Issues and Misconfigurations – Sean Metcalf</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4434">DEFCON 2017: Transcript – Hacking the Cloud</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4432">Detecting the Elusive: Active Directory Threat Hunting</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4430">Detecting Kerberoasting Activity</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://adsecurity.org/?p=4428">Detecting Password Spraying with Security Event Auditing</a> </li> </ul> </div><div id="text-3" class="sidebar-wrap widget_text"><h3>Trimarc Active Directory Security Services</h3> <div class="textwidget">Have concerns about your Active Directory environment? 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