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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-11th_Century_to_16th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_Century_to_16th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>11th Century to 16th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_Century_to_16th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>18th and 19th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-governmental organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images_of_Mikindani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_of_Mikindani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Images of Mikindani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images_of_Mikindani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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title="Mikindani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mikindani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikindani" title="Mikindani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mikindani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikindani" title="Mikindani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mikindani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B" title="ミキンダニ – 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mikindani&params=10_16_54.12_S_40_7_4.08_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°16′54.12″S</span> <span class="longitude">40°7′4.08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.2817000°S 40.1178000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.2817000; 40.1178000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National Historic Site of Tanzania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mikindani</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_scene,_Magengeni_Mikindani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Street_scene%2C_Magengeni_Mikindani.jpg/220px-Street_scene%2C_Magengeni_Mikindani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Street_scene%2C_Magengeni_Mikindani.jpg/330px-Street_scene%2C_Magengeni_Mikindani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Street_scene%2C_Magengeni_Mikindani.jpg/440px-Street_scene%2C_Magengeni_Mikindani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Street Scene in Mikindani Historic Town</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikindani is located in Tanzania"><img alt="Mikindani is located in Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="3143" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.485%;left:86.556%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mikindani"><img alt="Mikindani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Tanzania</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mtwara-Mikindani_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtwara-Mikindani District">Mtwara-Mikindani District</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mtwara_Region" title="Mtwara Region">Mtwara Region</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mikindani&params=10_16_54.12_S_40_7_4.08_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°16′54.12″S</span> <span class="longitude">40°7′4.08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.2817000°S 40.1178000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.2817000; 40.1178000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">10 m (33 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Coral_rag" title="Coral rag">Coral rag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">9th century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Endangered</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Tanzanian Government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Antiquities Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural styles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a> & <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #A8EDEF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="National Historic Sites of Tanzania">National Historic Sites of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Mikndani Historic Town</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mikindani</b> (<i>Mji wa kale wa Mikindani</i> in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>) is a historic coastal town located in <a href="/wiki/Mtwara-Mikindani_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtwara-Mikindani District">Mtwara-Mikindani District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mtwara_Region" title="Mtwara Region">Mtwara Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. The name comes from the Swahili word <i>mikinda</i> which means "young coconut trees". Therefore, the term "Mikindani', literally means "the place where there are young coconut trees" in old <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a>. Mikindani is part of the city of <a href="/wiki/Mtwara" title="Mtwara">Mtwara</a> and is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Mtwara" title="Mtwara">Mtwara Mikindani Municipal Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is a registered <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="National Historic Sites of Tanzania">National Historic Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 50 kilometres north of the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> border, in the Tanzanian Mtwara Region, is the location of settlement of Mikindani. Mikindani was a thriving port in the 19th century, when it participated in the trades of ivory, gum copal, and slaves for the Indian Ocean plantation system. It served as the starting point for <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">Dr. David Livingstone</a>'s final expedition into the interior of Africa in 1866 during that time period. <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>, a significant Swahili city, has been the subject of archaeological studies in the area surrounding Mikindani. Mikindani participated in Indian Ocean trade during the first millennium CE, used marine resources with mixed farming subsistence practises, and extensively shared coastal trends.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as the millennium went on, Mikindani's material culture and economy set itself apart from that of northern coastal settlements. They did not follow <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> patterns of historical development during the second millennium, which was strikingly evident in the absence of distinctive Indian Ocean import <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> and the emergence of a new local ceramics style with ties to the interior and the south rather than Swahili sites further north. By the middle of the second millennium, when the town reintegrated with the Indian Ocean world, these differences from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> were partially erased. However, the significance of interior linkages was still retained, as demonstrated by surviving material culture parallels.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makonki_woman,_Mikindani,_Tanganyika_LCCN2001705679.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Makonki_woman%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanganyika_LCCN2001705679.jpg/220px-Makonki_woman%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanganyika_LCCN2001705679.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Makonki_woman%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanganyika_LCCN2001705679.jpg/330px-Makonki_woman%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanganyika_LCCN2001705679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Makonki_woman%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanganyika_LCCN2001705679.jpg/440px-Makonki_woman%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanganyika_LCCN2001705679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Makonde_people" title="Makonde people">Makonde</a> woman in Mikindani late 19th Century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincenti_-_Wali_Mohamed_bin_Salim,_Mikindani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vincenti_-_Wali_Mohamed_bin_Salim%2C_Mikindani.jpg/220px-Vincenti_-_Wali_Mohamed_bin_Salim%2C_Mikindani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vincenti_-_Wali_Mohamed_bin_Salim%2C_Mikindani.jpg/330px-Vincenti_-_Wali_Mohamed_bin_Salim%2C_Mikindani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vincenti_-_Wali_Mohamed_bin_Salim%2C_Mikindani.jpg/440px-Vincenti_-_Wali_Mohamed_bin_Salim%2C_Mikindani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mohamed bin Salim, the Liwali of Mikindani, photographed in 1902.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The settlement of Mikindani is first mentioned in written history in the latter half of the eighteenth century in relation to <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Trade">slave trade</a>, although several of these early records, such as one from David Livingstone in 1866, offer architectural evidence for a much longer habitation. In fact, archaeological study in the area surrounding Mikindani has shown that there has been intensive habitation since the fifth century and that there has been occupation since the final centuries BCE. The original inhabitants were the <a href="/wiki/Makonde_people" title="Makonde people">Makonde people</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparison to other Swahili towns and cities, Makonde communities such as those in Mikindani were modest in size. They struck a balance between a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineally</a> organised ritual authority for the offspring of early settlers and founders and a strong ambivalence towards authority and a propensity to disintegrate through small-scale movements in response to problems like drought and raiding, to acquire new land to support extensive agricultural patterns of bush fallowing, or out of simple ambition. Due to these traits, Makonde communities were able to survive on their own in spite of Portuguese pacification efforts, slave raids, and the actions of many African war leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikindani is situated in the Swahili Coast, a cultural area spanning from Mozambique to Somalia. It is situated 250 kilometres south of Kilwa, a significant Swahili city, at the southernmost point of that coast. Iron Age fishing and agricultural communities gradually became more integrated into the social and economic networks of the Indian Ocean in the second part of the first millennium. This transformation was sparked by the conversion of many coastal populations to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_Century_to_16th_Century">11th Century to 16th Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 11th Century to 16th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the second millennium, <a href="/wiki/Coral_rag" title="Coral rag">stone-built</a> urban centres grew in number and a common, cosmopolitan material culture that mixed Islamic and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> elements with African ones gave rise to a florescence of Swahili culture. During this time, Swahili towns maintained their independence and competitiveness while interacting with Indian Ocean traders, following various forms of Islam, and maintaining connections to the various African groups that made up their respective hinterlands. Even though Swahili people have continuously fought, cooperated with, and been ruled by colonial forces from Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Oman</a> since the sixteenth century, they have managed to preserve their own cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Mikindani, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">early second millennium</a> marks a clear break from the centuries before it. This second phase is mostly a reorientation of Mikindani's exterior linkages away from the sphere of the Indian Ocean and towards the interior <a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">Rovuma River</a> basin. The absence of any imported ceramics—which had become more prevalent elsewhere on the Swahili coast—from the archaeological record in the Mikindani region at this time is arguably the most noticeable feature. Even though tens of thousands of pieces of locally made pottery were found, none of the imported celadon, sgraffito, black-on-yellow, Islamic monochrome, Chinese stoneware, or other types of pottery were found.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local pottery provide evidence for how the area thrived despite its residents' withdrawal from trade with the Indian Ocean; they relied on connections with interior communities. The pottery types made in the Mikindani region at the beginning of the second millennium were distinct from those made there in centuries prior as well as from those being developed further north at other Swahili sites along the coast. They are distinguished by thin-walled, well-fired open bowls and necked vessels with flattened, tapered rims and significant areal stamping or shell-edge impressions on their exteriors. In terms of decoration, vessel form, rim type, and production method, these varieties are similar to the Mwamasapa tradition made in northern Malawi and the Lumbo tradition made in northern Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaeological record thus documents a change in cultural and economic ties when Mikindani's residents turned their focus inward rather than towards the Indian Ocean sphere. It is possible to propose a number of explanations for why that change took place. The development of Kilwa as a significant commercial and political hub would have been one crucial factor. That Swahili city was well known for controlling access to trade and imported products even inside its own province, and it even claimed some degree of authority over the southern Tanzanian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second, given that Mikindani appears to have embraced Islam relatively late, rising cultural disparities are likely to have made the economically precarious situation that Mikindani held in the Indian Ocean worse. However, Mikindani's residents may have benefited from additional trade options along the Rovuma River even as their opportunities to take part in Indian Ocean trade grew increasingly limited. The similarities in culture that the local ceramics revealed linked Mikindani to the places that the Makonde's oral traditions identified as their ancestral homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second, given that Mikindani appears to have embraced Islam relatively late, rising cultural disparities are likely to have made the economically precarious situation that Mikindani held in the Indian Ocean worse. However, Mikindani's residents may have benefited from additional trade options along the Rovuma River even as their opportunities to take part in Indian Ocean trade grew increasingly limited. The similarities in culture that the local ceramics revealed linked Mikindani to the places that the Makonde's oral traditions identified as their ancestral homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most Tanzanian accounts place the Makonde's origin in an ill-defined area of northern Mozambique known as Ndonde before crossing the river, the ethnographer Jorge Dias' account of their history in Mozambique suggests that they began along the shores of Lake Malawi and then followed the Rovuma coastward. Given the range of Makonde group movements in southern Tanzania since the middle of the eighteenth century that have been historically documented, it is important to remember that the archaeological record should not be interpreted as confirming these oral stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when combined, these two datasets do indicate that Mikindani's residents, who faced dwindling opportunities in Indian Ocean trade, instead established significant cultural and economic ties with dispersed, expanding, non-Swahili communities in the interior throughout the early second millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of Mikindani gradually started to reintegrate into the Indian Ocean region starting in the sixteenth century. They started buying imported ceramics, such as Chinese blue-on-white porcelain and different knockoffs made overseas. Imports were primarily limited to the communities around Mikindani Bay, which for the first time encompassed the permanent habitation of the majority of Mikindani's town. From such contexts, common Swahili Ware pottery were also found, particularly open bowls painted red and those with bands of punctate ornamentation on the neck. Ruined mosques are further evidence that at least some of the local inhabitants had <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converted</a> to Islam. All of these traits imply that the people of Mikindani were once more a part of Swahili social, economic, and cultural life as well as Indian Ocean networks. Notably, this development took place as Kilwa's authority and influence were waning.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is probably a result of efforts to uphold and preserve the crucial social, cultural, and economic networks that link the area to interior non-Swahili populations. It might also be the outcome of ongoing rivalry and unpredictability around Mikindani's position in Indian Ocean trade. While Kilwa's fall brought about previously unattainable opportunities, it also left a void in southern Tanzania that neighbouring Swahili centres hastened to fill. In fact, the power vacuum sparked rivalry that persisted into the nineteenth century between <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, Zanzibar, the restored Kilwa polity, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_Century">18th and 19th Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Omani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Sultanate">Omani Sultanate</a>'s consolidation of authority was arguably one of the most significant developments along the Swahili coast in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Since the middle of the eighteenth century, the Omanis have actively participated in coastal politics, first joining forces with different Swahili communities to fight the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and later pursuing their own colonial ambitions. As a result, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Omani sovereignty was extended to a number of Swahili cities, most notably Mombasa and Zanzibar. The last time the Omani Bu'Saidi Sultanate defeated Kilwa's "embattled independence" was in 1785, according to southern Tanzania. Omani colonialism was neither uniform nor unwavering at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mazrui" title="Mazrui">Mazrui liwali</a> of Mombasa, who were also Omani, declared independence from Oman after the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Busaid" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Busaid">Bu'Saidi dynasty</a> succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Ya%27rubids" title="Ya'rubids">Ya'rubi sultanate</a> in Oman. From that point on, they pursued a distinct coastal agenda until they were finally overthrown by the Bu'Saidi in 1837. The port town of Sudi, which is twenty kilometres from Mikindani, had stronger relations to Mombasa in the late eighteenth century, but the majority of the evidence points to Mikindani's association with the Bu'Saidi seat in Zanzibar. Naturally, the colonial tactics used by the Omanis, whether Bu'Saidi or Mazrui, led to this exact mistake. This tactic, which mostly left local authority institutions in place and avoided direct control in favour of a scheme of nominal sovereignty and customs taxes, was intended to sustain brisk and profitable trade throughout the Indian Ocean. The Mikindani region appears to have followed a similar path, as European authors noted that the Sultan was unable to assert his authority without the "cordial cooperation" of the Swahili and Makonde populace.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Omani sultanate was ultimately confronted with the flaws in their strategy as British and German power grew in the nineteenth century. While they were forced to comply with European expectations, they were also unable to do so without endangering their relationship with their Swahili "subjects." In particular, the British compelled the Zanzibari sultanate to sign <a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">anti-slavery</a> accords and later served as the agreements' de facto enforcers, foreshadowing the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a> system that would take place at the end of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Moresby_Treaty" title="Moresby Treaty">Moresby Treaty of 1822</a>, the Omanis assisted in facilitating the slave trade, which was so important for Mikindani's own expansion. They also started <a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba Island</a> and Zanzibar's clove plantations, the first prosperous, extensive, exploitative colonial operation on the coast. In doing so, they expropriated local people and reimagined the relationship between the owner and the slave, establishing a model for <a href="/wiki/Commercial_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial agriculture">commercial agriculture</a> that was later replicated all along the coast, albeit with other crops. The development of rubber plantations in the hinterland of Mikindani appears to have followed a similar pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">eighteenth century</a>, Mikindani had tremendous growth, and in the nineteenth century, when it participated in the commerce in <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gum_copal" title="Gum copal">gum copal</a> as well as the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslaved people">enslaved people</a> for the Indian Ocean plantation system, it was a profitable port. Its peak occurred later than most Swahili cities because of this, but it was nonetheless a port community like <a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kivinje,_Lindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa Kivinje, Lindi">Kilwa Kivinje</a> that also benefited from shifting trade patterns in the Indian Ocean. Although it happened quite late, Mikindani's expansion and wealth are nevertheless relatively well-known, at least for a town of its clearly average size.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikindani town is documented in European sources from the later eighteenth century, its oral tradition was recorded in the nineteenth century, and in the past ten years, archaeological study has started to gather material culture evidence for the time period. Mikindani started to appear on European-made <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a> and charts in the latter half of the eighteenth century under the name <i>Quindarmis</i>. The notes that go with those records mention that the town is home to a "<i>King's residence</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also observed its increasing affluence over time: in 1881, Captain Foot stated that "Mikindani had prospered immensely since Livingstone visited it," despite David Livingstone's visit to the city in 1866 being mostly unimpressed by its people and business. The archives make it abundantly evident that this prosperity was achieved at the expense of people who were held as slaves and that the slave trade in Mikindani continued long after <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Great Britain</a> convinced the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar Sultanate</a> to outlaw the practise in the 1870s. If anything, the ensuing decline in the cost of slaves made it possible for richer, more affluent people in the area to hire slaves to work on their farms and newly established <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swahili <i>Chronicle of Mikindani</i> is a significant source of historical data during this era. The town's and its area's oral histories were recorded at the request of Carl Velten, the German governor of East Africa's interpreter at the time, in the late nineteenth century. It, too, highlighted the locals' participation in the slave trade and copal exports in the Indian Ocean, as well as the Sultanate of Zanzibar's significant impact in how the town's residents "learned to do business." Periodic mentions of locals who emulate the Swahili cultural ideal of urbane gentlemen (<i>waungwana</i>) are also made.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the chronicle emphasised ethnic tensions and divides in the town that were only hinted at in the texts from Europe. It's interesting to note that the town's founders were Makonde, the biggest non-Swahili ethnic group in this region of Tanzania. In contrast to practically every other Swahili account, the Makonde were not quickly and completely replaced by Muslim immigration but rather remained a significant part of the history.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Makonde and Arab relationships were said to be tense, with <a href="/wiki/Disputes" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputes">disputes</a> requiring Zanzibari mediation and rumours of men from the Arabian Peninsula robbing locals of their slaves. This more complicated situation is reminiscent of European accounts from the 1880s that claimed Makonde groups in southern Tanzania recognised the sultan of Zanzibar as the legitimate ruler, but that his rule was largely ineffective once one moved inland, as evidenced by the continued presence of the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological proof of Mikindani's peak in the nineteenth century is evident. European clay ceramics were the most distinctive artefacts of trade in the Indian Ocean throughout the nineteenth century. These containers were discovered in large quantities at Mikindani, where they made up as much as 34% of the entire assemblage in some areas of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of these ceramics had <a href="/wiki/Underglaze" title="Underglaze">underglaze</a> floral patterns in blue, green, yellow, and maroon colours on white backgrounds. When the vessel's shape could be recreated, it was always a sizable open bowl. These sherds are illustrations of the European ceramics that were reportedly imported in significant quantities in the nineteenth century. One piece was a base with a potter's mark made by the French manufacture <i>Opaque du Sarreguemines</i> in the second part of the nineteenth century. Northern Mozambique has also uncovered nineteenth-century contexts with pottery from this French manufacture, highlighting the connections between this region of the coast and French colonies in the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later nineteenth century, other groups of material culture also point to rising prosperity. The test excavations in Mikindani revealed a rise in the era's use of pricey coral-stone structures. There were also a lot of pieces of imported <a href="/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pottery in the Indian subcontinent">Indian pottery</a>, which were identifiable by their thin walls, orange-pink paste, and red or brown slip patterns. Such pottery were ubiquitous along India's western coast, but the Mikindani vessels might also have been regional imitations, probably created by local Indian potters.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispersion of imported ceramics is a clear indicator of Mikindani's rise as a thriving port city and the centre of the surrounding economy. Mikindani's regional dominance may be seen when comparing its import ratio to other settlements in the area.The proportions and numbers of imports from Europe and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were higher at Mikindani, moderate at bigger nearby communities, and low at the farthest and smallest sites. It has been suggested that these patterns of distribution correspond to the stonetown-controlled dispersal of imported products elsewhere on the coast and that they meet expectations from archaeological applications of Central Place Theory. The distribution of imported items, which is concentrated close to the main <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Friday mosque</a>, also points to patterns of distinction within the Mikindani population.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mikindani's experience suggests that, just as Kilwa's emergence contributed to Mikindani's absence from early second millennium networks and Kilwa's decline allowed Mikindani to reengage, the ability to realise this ideal at many Swahili sites would have been constrained by the competition between Swahili cities. In these circumstances, it was possible for different cultural values and concepts of regional identity to arise. At Mikindani, this was tangibly emphasised by the production of local pottery with characteristics similar to those in the interior and the long-term durability of those ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inhabitants of Mikindani were no less "Swahili" when they eventually appeared in the historical record because of their absence from early second-millennium trade or their connections to the interior. In addition to all of that, these locations also contributed to the dynamic coastal economic networks and the coastal culture we regard as Swahili.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikindani town is located on the gently sloping hills of the southern coast of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani_Harbour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikindani Harbour (page does not exist)">Mikindani Harbour</a>, a small roughly heart shaped natural harbour off <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikindani Bay (page does not exist)">Mikindani Bay</a>. The southern arm of the harbour mouth contains a small collection of houses (and a holiday complex) called Litingi. On the far side of the mouth is a small village called Pemba. There are <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(evaporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt pan (evaporation)">salt pans</a> located just past the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a>, on the ocean side. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_684_Mtwara_and_Mikindani_Harbours,_Published_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Admiralty_Chart_No_684_Mtwara_and_Mikindani_Harbours%2C_Published_1950.jpg/220px-Admiralty_Chart_No_684_Mtwara_and_Mikindani_Harbours%2C_Published_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Admiralty_Chart_No_684_Mtwara_and_Mikindani_Harbours%2C_Published_1950.jpg/330px-Admiralty_Chart_No_684_Mtwara_and_Mikindani_Harbours%2C_Published_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Admiralty_Chart_No_684_Mtwara_and_Mikindani_Harbours%2C_Published_1950.jpg/440px-Admiralty_Chart_No_684_Mtwara_and_Mikindani_Harbours%2C_Published_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8458" data-file-height="12298" /></a><figcaption>Admiralty Chart No 684 Mtwara and Mikindani Harbours, Published 1950</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Town is located on the main <a href="/wiki/Mtwara" title="Mtwara">Mtwara</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lindi" title="Lindi">Lindi</a> road, about 10 km from <a href="/wiki/Mtwara" title="Mtwara">Mtwara</a>. The main economic activity in Mikindani is trade at 84% of the adult population engaging in the activity, followed by 12.4% of the residents working in small scale agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Boma_Hotel,_Mikindani,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/250px-Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/375px-Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/500px-Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Top left clockwise the lounge, the outdoor swimming pool, a bedroom and the staircases of the Old Boma hotel.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-governmental_organizations">Non-governmental organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-governmental organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradeaiduk.org/"><b>Trade Aid</b></a> has been based in Mikindani since 1997 when it undertook the renovation of the old German Boma to create the vocational training centre and tourist development hub at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mikindani.com/"><b>Old Boma Hotel</b></a>. Trainees undertake a course of vocational training in the hospitality and tourism sector as well as undertaking English and IT tuition. Other trainees have had instruction in accountancy, renovation, driving and heritage. The employment rate of trainees is over 80% with employment across Tanzania, the Middle East and Europe. </p><p>The environmental and cultural conservation of Mikindani is also a focus of Trade Aid with the ongoing conservation of historic buildings and working with Tanzanian government to declare Mikindani as a protected Conservation Zone in 2017. As well as the Old Boma significant buildings that have been renovated are the old market, the old bank and the reputed dwelling place of Dr David Livingstone which now houses the town's museum also run by Trade Aid. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradeaiduk.org/mikindani-museum/"><b>Mikindani Museum</b></a> was established in 2018 the museum features a collection of historic and personal items that each tell a unique story about the people of Mikindani. The museum features an ongoing oral history project aiming at memorialising the history of the Mikindani as the people remember it. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edukaid.com/"><b>EdUKaid</b></a> has been working in Mikindani since 2003 in partnership with local communities to improve the quality of education through supporting; primary school development, pre-primary education, inclusive education, extra tuition, child sponsorship and vocational training. To date (2023) over 50,000 children have benefitted through improved education due to EdUKaid's support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images_of_Mikindani">Images of Mikindani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Images of Mikindani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boys_in_Mikindani,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Boys posing for the camera near the bay at Mikindani."><img alt="Boys posing for the camera near the bay at Mikindani." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Boys_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-Boys_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Boys_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-Boys_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Boys_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-Boys_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boys posing for the camera near the bay at Mikindani.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Mikindani_2,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Street with the Livingstone House on the right."><img alt="The Street with the Livingstone House on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Downtown_Mikindani_2%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-Downtown_Mikindani_2%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Downtown_Mikindani_2%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-Downtown_Mikindani_2%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Downtown_Mikindani_2%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-Downtown_Mikindani_2%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Street with the Livingstone House on the right.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_in_Mikindani,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A street scene with a cyclist."><img alt="A street scene with a cyclist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Scene_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-Scene_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Scene_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-Scene_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Scene_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-Scene_in_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A street scene with a cyclist.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingstone_House,_Mikindani,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Livingstone House."><img alt="The Livingstone House." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-Livingstone_House%2C_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Livingstone House.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikindani_livingstone_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A plaque on the Livingstone House."><img alt="A plaque on the Livingstone House." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mikindani_livingstone_house.jpg/120px-Mikindani_livingstone_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mikindani_livingstone_house.jpg/180px-Mikindani_livingstone_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mikindani_livingstone_house.jpg/240px-Mikindani_livingstone_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A plaque on the Livingstone House.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Mikindani_3,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the quiet street in central Mikindani."><img alt="One of the quiet street in central Mikindani." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Downtown_Mikindani_3%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-Downtown_Mikindani_3%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Downtown_Mikindani_3%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-Downtown_Mikindani_3%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Downtown_Mikindani_3%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-Downtown_Mikindani_3%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the quiet street in central Mikindani.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikindani_Bay_from_Old_Boma_Hotel,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mikindani Bay seen from the Old Boma Hotel."><img alt="The Mikindani Bay seen from the Old Boma Hotel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mikindani_Bay_from_Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-Mikindani_Bay_from_Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mikindani_Bay_from_Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-Mikindani_Bay_from_Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mikindani_Bay_from_Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-Mikindani_Bay_from_Old_Boma_Hotel%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Mikindani Bay seen from the Old Boma Hotel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikindani_church,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The former Mikindani slave market."><img alt="The former Mikindani slave market." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mikindani_church%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-Mikindani_church%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mikindani_church%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-Mikindani_church%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mikindani_church%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-Mikindani_church%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The former Mikindani slave market.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikindani,_Tanzania,_building_in_colonial_style.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Colonial style building (school?)."><img alt="A Colonial style building (school?)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mikindani%2C_Tanzania%2C_building_in_colonial_style.JPG/120px-Mikindani%2C_Tanzania%2C_building_in_colonial_style.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mikindani%2C_Tanzania%2C_building_in_colonial_style.JPG/180px-Mikindani%2C_Tanzania%2C_building_in_colonial_style.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mikindani%2C_Tanzania%2C_building_in_colonial_style.JPG/240px-Mikindani%2C_Tanzania%2C_building_in_colonial_style.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Colonial style building (school?).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_over_Mikindani,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A view over the town during the daytime."><img alt="A view over the town during the daytime." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/View_over_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/120px-View_over_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/View_over_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/180px-View_over_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/View_over_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG/240px-View_over_Mikindani%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view over the town during the daytime.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swahili_settlements_of_the_East_African_coast" title="List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast">Historic Swahili Settlements</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maliasili.go.tz/sectors/category/antiquities">"Antiquities Division"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Jul</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiquities+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maliasili.go.tz%2Fsectors%2Fcategory%2Fantiquities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikindani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtwaramikindanimc.go.tz/historia">"Mtwara Mikindani Municipal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mtwara+Mikindani+Municipal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmtwaramikindanimc.go.tz%2Fhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikindani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maliasili.go.tz/uploads/ANTIQUITIES_SITES_LOCATION_AND_ACCESSBILITY.pdf">"Antiquities Sites"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Jul</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiquities+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maliasili.go.tz%2Fuploads%2FANTIQUITIES_SITES_LOCATION_AND_ACCESSBILITY.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikindani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawlowicz, Matthew, et al. “Environmental Archaeology at Mikindani, Tanzania: Towards a Historical Ecology of the Southern Swahili Coast.” Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 12, no. 2, 2014, pp. 119–39. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26505460">http://www.jstor.org/stable/26505460</a>. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Chau Johnsen. “Asha Binti Awadh’s ‘Awqaf’: Muslim Endurance Despite Colonial Law in Mikindani, Tanganyika.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 47, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1–20. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24393326">http://www.jstor.org/stable/24393326</a>. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowicz,_Matthew_C._2015,_pp._335_6-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawlowicz, Matthew C. “Competition and Ceramics on the East African Coast: Long-Term Perspectives on Nineteenth-Century History at the Swahili Port Town of Mikindani, Tanzania.” History in Africa, vol. 42, 2015, pp. 335–55. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362120">https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362120</a>. Accessed 6 Sept. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1950" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Sir John (1950). "Mikindani Bay Before 1887". <i>Tanganyika Notes and Records</i>. <b>28</b>: 29–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tanganyika+Notes+and+Records&rft.atitle=Mikindani+Bay+Before+1887&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=29-37&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMikindani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Likombe" title="Likombe">Likombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majengo,_Mtwara-Mikindani" title="Majengo, Mtwara-Mikindani">Majengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway,_Mtwara-Mikindani" title="Railway, Mtwara-Mikindani">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangani,_Mtwara-Mikindani" title="Shangani, Mtwara-Mikindani">Shangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufukoni" title="Ufukoni">Ufukoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigaeni" title="Vigaeni">Vigaeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahaleo" title="Rahaleo">Rahaleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naliendele" title="Naliendele">Naliendele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitengo" title="Mitengo">Mitengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtonya" title="Mtonya">Mtonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magengeni" title="Magengeni">Magengeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisungule" title="Kisungule">Kisungule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangwani,_Mtwara-Mikindani" title="Jangwani, Mtwara-Mikindani">Jangwani</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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style="width:1%">National Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ruvuma River</li> <li>Makonde Plateau</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nyerere House, Mikindani</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tanzania&#124;link=Tanzania_National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tanzania&#124;link=Tanzania_National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="National Historic Sites of Tanzania">National Historic Sites of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetoli" title="Laetoli">Laetoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaruka" title="Engaruka">Engaruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasera_Rockshelter" title="Nasera Rockshelter">Nasera Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumba_Cave" title="Mumba Cave">Mumba Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninj" title="Peninj">Peninj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam_Region" title="Dar es Salaam Region">Dar es Salaam Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunduchi_Ruins" title="Kunduchi Ruins">Kunduchi Ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dodoma_Region" title="Dodoma Region">Dodoma Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kondoa_Rock-Art_Sites" title="Kondoa Rock-Art Sites">Kondoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahi_Rock-Art_Sites" title="Bahi Rock-Art Sites">Bahi Rock-Art Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iringa_Region" title="Iringa Region">Iringa Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isimila_Stone_Age_Site" title="Isimila Stone Age Site">Isimila Stone Age Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenga" title="Kalenga">Kalenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlambalasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlambalasi">Mlambalasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kagera_Region" title="Kagera Region">Kagera Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites" title="Kemondo Iron Age Sites">KM2 and KM3 sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuruka" title="Katuruka">Katuruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyabusora" title="Nyabusora">Nyabusora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuruka" title="Katuruka">Katuruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bweranyange" title="Bweranyange">Bweranyange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kigoma_Region" title="Kigoma Region">Kigoma Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvinza_Salt_Works" title="Uvinza Salt Works">Uvinza Salt Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marangu_Defences" title="Marangu Defences">Marangu Defences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lindi_Region" title="Lindi Region">Lindi Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa Kisiwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivinje" title="Kivinje">Kivinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo_Mnara" title="Songo Mnara">Songo Mnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanje_ya_Kati" title="Sanje ya Kati">Sanje ya Kati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindi_Historic_Town" title="Lindi Historic Town">Lindi Historic Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manyara_Region" title="Manyara Region">Manyara Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxmanda" title="Luxmanda">Luxmanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mtwara_Region" title="Mtwara Region">Mtwara Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikindani</a> Historic Town</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pwani_Region" title="Pwani Region">Pwani Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaole" title="Kaole">Kaole Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chole_Island_Ruins" title="Chole Island Ruins">Chole Island Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisimani_Mafia" title="Kisimani Mafia">Kisimani Mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rukwa_Region" title="Rukwa Region">Rukwa Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalambo_Falls_Prehistoric_Site" title="Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site">Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tabora_Region" title="Tabora Region">Tabora Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone%27s_Tembe" title="Livingstone's Tembe">Livingstone's Tembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongoni_Ruins" title="Tongoni Ruins">Tongoni Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toten_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Toten Island">Toten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vugha" title="Vugha">Vugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_Island" title="Yambe Island">Yambe Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unguja_North_Region" title="Unguja North Region">Zanzibar North Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumbatu" title="Tumbatu">Tumbatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magharibi_District" title="Magharibi District">Zanzibar West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Stonetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unguja_South_Region" title="Unguja South Region">Zanzibar South Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unguja_Ukuu" title="Unguja Ukuu">Unguja Ukuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuumbi_Cave" title="Kuumbi Cave">Kuumbi Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pemba_North_Region" title="Pemba North Region">Pemba North Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chwaka,_Pemba" title="Chwaka, Pemba">Chwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbe" title="Tumbe">Tumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkia_wa_Ng%27ombe" title="Mkia wa Ng'ombe">Mkia wa Ng'ombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msuka_Mjini_Ruins" title="Msuka Mjini Ruins">Msuka Mjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mduuni" title="Mduuni">Mduuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichokochwe_Ruins" title="Kichokochwe Ruins">Kichokochwe Ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pemba_South_Region" title="Pemba South Region">Pemba South Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mkama_Ndume" title="Mkama Ndume">Mkama Ndume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujini_Ruins" title="Pujini Ruins">Pujini Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambani" title="Chambani">Chambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Mkumbuu_Ruins" title="Ras Mkumbuu Ruins">Ras Mkumbuu Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamiani" title="Shamiani">Shamiani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614234448/http://tanzaniatouristboard.com/places_to_go/towns_and_cities/mikindani">Tanzania Tourist Board - Mikindani</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&oldid=1219655222">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikindani&oldid=1219655222</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swahili_people" title="Category:Swahili people">Swahili people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swahili_city-states" title="Category:Swahili city-states">Swahili 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