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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vugha&params=4_54_17.64_S_38_20_42_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°54′17.64″S</span> <span class="longitude">38°20′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.9049000°S 38.34500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.9049000; 38.34500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National Historic Site of Tanzania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Vuga</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vugha is located in Tanzania"><img alt="Vugha is located in Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Tanzania_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="3143" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.905%;left:73.893%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vugha"><img alt="Vugha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Tanzania</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bumbuli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumbuli District">Bumbuli District</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a>,<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vugha&params=4_54_17.64_S_38_20_42_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°54′17.64″S</span> <span class="longitude">38°20′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.9049000°S 38.34500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.9049000; 38.34500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">18th century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shambaa_people" title="Shambaa people">Shambaa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Endangered</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Tanzanian Government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Antiquities Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #A8EDEF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="National Historic Sites of Tanzania">National Historic Sites of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Vugha Historic Settlement</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vugha</b> or <b>Vuga</b> (<i>Mji wa kale wa Vuga</i> in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> ) is historic village located inside <a href="/wiki/Bumbuli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumbuli District">Bumbuli District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. The settlement was established as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kilindi_dynasty" title="Kilindi dynasty">Kilindi dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vugha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shambaa_people" title="Shambaa people">Shambaa</a> first established a number of small <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> chiefdoms, but they were imperiled by Mbugu, an influx of Cushitic pastoralists whose tribal institutions clashed with the local cultivators' structure. Tradition holds that <a href="/wiki/Mbegha" title="Mbegha">Mbegha</a>, a traveling hunter from <a href="/wiki/Nguru_Mountains" title="Nguru Mountains">Ungulu</a>, was the old culture's savior. He subdued the Shambaa by using force, guile, diplomacy, and <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> into powerful families. His empire was a living example of the previous way of life. Vugha, the royal capital, was created as a sizable Shambaa town and was thought to have 3,000 residents in 1857. The state was founded on kinship.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shambaa monarchy at first aimed to undermine the strength and morality of the clans, but lineages arbitrated internal conflicts and assumed collective responsibility for their members. The Kilindi, a royal descending clan descended from Mbegha's Shambaa wives, were associated with the governmental system. Their maternal uncles, who were commoners, held the sub-chiefs of the Kilindi in check.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">council</a> of commoners served the king. Life and death were in his exclusive hands. He had the authority to take things without paying for them and ladies without <a href="/wiki/Bridewealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridewealth">bridewealth</a>. He collected tribute and gave it to his operatives. Only he had mastery over <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking" title="Rainmaking">rain-making</a>. The populace cried out at his official coronation, "You are our King, but if you don't treat us right, we will get rid of you." The distinction between Shambaa and stranger, hill and plain, farm and forest, and civic society, however, would not exist without him. The Shambaa's kingdom, which was the pinnacle of the Bantu-speaking peoples of Tanganyika's civilisation, was the result of intercultural mingling. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British rediscovered the Shambaa kingdom in 1925. Since Kinyashi's abdication in 1902, akidas had taken the place of the Shambaa kingdom's institutions. The rains stopped and a lion entered Vugha for the first time in a long time prior to Kinyashi's return to power in 1926, but to reconstruct the Shambaa state also meant to repeat the wars that had brought about "the time of rapacity." The kingdom's difficult power relations were the one thing that was unquestionably conventional about it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one of the groups that fought for <a href="/wiki/Kimweri_ye_Nyumbai" title="Kimweri ye Nyumbai">Kimweri ya Nyumbai</a>'s inheritance was represented by Kinyashi. He was an old, feeble, introverted, and superstitious man who was scared of witchcraft, persuaded that Vugha would kill him just as it had killed his father and grandfather, and who was so aware that he was in power because of British favor that he kept his pay in order to return it when he was overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He <a href="/wiki/Abdicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicated">abdicated</a> again in 1929, and the British went to the opposing faction to install two of Semboja's grandchildren in succession. Additionally, the previous argument about the degree of the king's authority over regional sub-chiefs was brought back by the kingdom's reconstruction. After twelve years of struggle, the district office finally agreed with him that "the chief and elders [of Vugha]...have the right to turn out an unsuitable sub-chief" and removed the sub-chief of the long-independent Mlalo for insubordination in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British then established a council of chiefs in 1933 and referred to it as the tribal system after their attempt to impose supremacy over this largely <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> people failed. The establishment of indirect rule into the area surrounding the lower <a href="/wiki/Pangani_River" title="Pangani River">Pangani</a> is one example of tribal aggregation that so perfectly exemplifies the procedure that it merits more in-depth discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old quarrel over the Shambaa kingdom's limits was brought back to life as a result of its restoration. The <a href="/wiki/Zigula_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zigula people">Zigua</a> residents in the valley below the southern mountain face, according to the British, had recognised the king at Vugha "as their Overlord or <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">Paramount Chief</a>," according to the British, who said that they had "dominated the entire Usambara District except the <a href="/wiki/South_Pare_Mountains" title="South Pare Mountains">South Pare mountains</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vugha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">British colonial occupation</a>, The first Shambaa <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> plots were primarily in Vugha and Mlalo, but as land grew limited in the pioneer areas, the focus gradually switched to <a href="/wiki/Bumbuli_District,_Tanga" title="Bumbuli District, Tanga">Bumbuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Usambara in 1930, The Shambaa held 35,324 coffee-bearing trees, 20,788 of which belonged to five of the 250 growers, all of whom lived in Vugha.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vugha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilindi_dynasty" title="Kilindi dynasty">Kilindi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbegha" title="Mbegha">Mbegha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambaa_people" title="Shambaa people">Shambaa People</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vugha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maliasili.go.tz/sectors/category/antiquities">"Antiquities Division"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 Jul</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiquities+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maliasili.go.tz%2Fsectors%2Fcategory%2Fantiquities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, Justin (August 1993). "The nature of a mission community: the Universities' Mission to Central Africa in Bonde: the mission in African history". <i>Past & Present</i>. <b>140</b> (1): 127–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F140.1.127">10.1093/past/140.1.127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651215">651215</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA13293795">A13293795</a> <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3862275">3862275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+a+mission+community%3A+the+Universities%27+Mission+to+Central+Africa+in+Bonde%3A+the+mission+in+African+history&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-155&rft.date=1993-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F140.1.127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe1979" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (1979). <i>A Modern History of Tanganyika</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584114" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584114"><bdi>9780511584114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Tanganyika&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780511584114&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vugha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawawi1987" class="citation journal cs1">Zawawi, Sharifa M. (July 1987). "The gift of a mountain: a 19th century Swahili document". <i>Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 356–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666958708716044">10.1080/02666958708716044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+gift+of+a+mountain%3A+a+19th+century+Swahili+document&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=356-377&rft.date=1987-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666958708716044&rft.aulast=Zawawi&rft.aufirst=Sharifa+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeunier1977" class="citation journal cs1">Meunier, Roger (1977). "Review of The Shambaa Kingdom: A History". <i>Cahiers d'Études Africaines</i>. <b>17</b> (66/67): 396–397. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391542">4391542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+Africaines&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Shambaa+Kingdom%3A+A+History&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=66%2F67&rft.pages=396-397&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4391542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meunier&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuijzendveld2008" class="citation journal cs1">Huijzendveld, Frans D. (2008). "Changes in Political Economy and Ecology in West-Usambara, Tanzania: ca. 1850–1950". <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 383–409. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40282525">40282525</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21527110">21527110</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/229653078">229653078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Political+Economy+and+Ecology+in+West-Usambara%2C+Tanzania%3A+ca.+1850%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-409&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40282525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Huijzendveld&rft.aufirst=Frans+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1992" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, Justin (1992). "The Makings of a Tribe: Bondei Identities and Histories". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 191–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700032205">10.1017/S0021853700032205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182998">182998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153930635">153930635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Makings+of+a+Tribe%3A+Bondei+Identities+and+Histories&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-208&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153930635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700032205&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinola1975" class="citation journal cs1">Akinola, G. A. (1975). "The East African Coastal Rising, 1888-1890". <i>Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 609–630. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971217">41971217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society+of+Nigeria&rft.atitle=The+East+African+Coastal+Rising%2C+1888-1890&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=609-630&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41971217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Akinola&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarler1879" class="citation journal cs1">Farler, J. P. (February 1879). "The Usambara Country in East Africa". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 81–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1800252">10.2307/1800252</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1800252">1800252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+and+Monthly+Record+of+Geography&rft.atitle=The+Usambara+Country+in+East+Africa&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-97&rft.date=1879-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1800252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1800252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Farler&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVugha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanga_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bumbuli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumbuli District">Bumbuli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handeni_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Handeni District">Handeni District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handeni_Town_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Handeni Town Council">Handeni Town Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilindi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilindi District">Kilindi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korogwe_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Korogwe District">Korogwe District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korogwe_Urban_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Korogwe Urban District">Korogwe Urban District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushoto_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushoto District">Lushoto District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkinga_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkinga District">Mkinga District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muheza_District" title="Muheza District">Muheza District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangani_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangani District">Pangani District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga District">Tanga District</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shambaa_people" title="Shambaa people">Sambaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigua_people" title="Zigua people">Zigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_people" title="Digo people">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaiso_people" title="Dhaiso people">Dhaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segeju_people" title="Segeju people">Segeju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondei">Bondei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngulu_people" title="Ngulu people">Ngulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbugu_people" title="Mbugu people">Mbugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Historic Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongoni_Ruins" title="Tongoni Ruins">Tongoni Ruins</a></li> <li>Bombo Kaburi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Island" title="Tanga Island">Tanga Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhembo" title="Muhembo">Muhembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnarani,_Tanzania" title="Mnarani, Tanzania">Mnarani</a></li> <li>Ndumi</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_Island" title="Yambe Island">Yambe Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mwewe_Island" title="Mwewe Island">Mwewe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulenge_Island" title="Ulenge Island">Ulenge Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirui_Island" title="Kirui Island">Kirui Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwale_Island" title="Kwale Island">Kwale Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karange_Island" title="Karange Island">Karange Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_Island" title="Yambe Island">Yambe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Island" title="Tanga Island">Tanga Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maziwi_Island" title="Maziwi Island">Maziwe Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers and Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangani_River" title="Pangani River">Pangani River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigi River">Sigi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkulumuzi_River" title="Mkulumuzi River">Mkulumuzi River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mligasi_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mligasi River (page does not exist)">Mligasi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunyi_River" title="Saunyi River">Saunyi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umba_River_(Tanzania)" title="Umba River (Tanzania)">Umba River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msangazi_River" title="Msangazi River">Msangazi River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soni_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soni River (page does not exist)">Soni River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwengera_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lwengera River (page does not exist)">Lwengera River</a></li> <li>Lake Manka</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Cities and Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muheza" title="Muheza">Muheza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korogwe" title="Korogwe">Korogwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushoto" title="Lushoto">Lushoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handeni" title="Handeni">Handeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Parks and Reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amani_Nature_Reserve" title="Amani Nature Reserve">Amani Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkomazi_National_Park" title="Mkomazi National Park">Mkomazi National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadani_National_Park" title="Saadani National Park">Saadani National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handeni_Game_Controlled_Area" title="Handeni Game Controlled Area">Handeni National Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Coelacanth_Marine_Park" title="Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park">Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park</a></li> <li>Magoroto Forest Reserve</li> <li>Mhamba Forest Reserve</li> <li>Nilo Forest Reserve</li> <li>Baga Forest Reserve</li> <li>Magamba Forest Reserve</li> <li>Ndelemi Forest Reserve</li> <li>Kisima Gonja Forest Reserve</li> <li>Shagayu Forest Reserve</li> <li>Kitumbi Forest Reserve</li> <li>Gole Forest Reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Marine_Reserves" title="Tanga Marine Reserves">Tanga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirui_Island" title="Kirui Island">Kirui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwewe_Island" title="Mwewe Island">Mwewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwale_Island" title="Kwale Island">Kwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulenge_Island" title="Ulenge Island">Ulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_Island" title="Yambe Island">Yambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maziwi_Island" title="Maziwi Island">Maziwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Island" title="Tanga Island">Tanga Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks of Tanga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboni_Caves" title="Amboni Caves">Amboni Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usambara_Mountains" title="Usambara Mountains">Usambara Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguu_Mountains" title="Nguu Mountains">Nguu Mountains</a></li> <li>Irente Views</li> <li>Mkuzi Falls</li> <li>Chambolo Peak (2,289m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage Monuments of Tanga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Urithi Tanga Museum</li> <li>Shabaan Robert's House, Duga</li> <li>Shabaan Robert Museum, Machui</li> <li>Old Korogwe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulenge_Island_Front_Range_Lighthouse" title="Ulenge Island Front Range Lighthouse">Ulenge Island Front Range Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulenge_Island_Rear_Range_Lighthouse" title="Ulenge Island Rear Range Lighthouse">Ulenge Island Rear Range Lighthouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tanzania&#124;link=Tanzania_National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="Template:National Historic Sites of Tanzania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:National Historic Sites of Tanzania (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Historic Sites of Tanzania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tanzania&#124;link=Tanzania_National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Tanzania" title="National Historic Sites of Tanzania">National Historic Sites of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetoli" title="Laetoli">Laetoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaruka" title="Engaruka">Engaruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasera_Rockshelter" title="Nasera Rockshelter">Nasera Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumba_Cave" title="Mumba Cave">Mumba Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninj" title="Peninj">Peninj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam_Region" title="Dar es Salaam Region">Dar es Salaam Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunduchi_Ruins" title="Kunduchi Ruins">Kunduchi Ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dodoma_Region" title="Dodoma Region">Dodoma Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kondoa_Rock-Art_Sites" title="Kondoa Rock-Art Sites">Kondoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahi_Rock-Art_Sites" title="Bahi Rock-Art Sites">Bahi Rock-Art Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iringa_Region" title="Iringa Region">Iringa Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isimila_Stone_Age_Site" title="Isimila Stone Age Site">Isimila Stone Age Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenga" title="Kalenga">Kalenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlambalasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlambalasi">Mlambalasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kagera_Region" title="Kagera Region">Kagera Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemondo_Iron_Age_Sites" title="Kemondo Iron Age Sites">KM2 and KM3 sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuruka" title="Katuruka">Katuruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyabusora" title="Nyabusora">Nyabusora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuruka" title="Katuruka">Katuruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bweranyange" title="Bweranyange">Bweranyange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kigoma_Region" title="Kigoma Region">Kigoma Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvinza_Salt_Works" title="Uvinza Salt Works">Uvinza Salt Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro_Region" title="Kilimanjaro Region">Kilimanjaro Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marangu_Defences" title="Marangu Defences">Marangu Defences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lindi_Region" title="Lindi Region">Lindi Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa Kisiwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivinje" title="Kivinje">Kivinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo_Mnara" title="Songo Mnara">Songo Mnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanje_ya_Kati" title="Sanje ya Kati">Sanje ya Kati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindi_Historic_Town" title="Lindi Historic Town">Lindi Historic Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manyara_Region" title="Manyara Region">Manyara Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxmanda" title="Luxmanda">Luxmanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mtwara_Region" title="Mtwara Region">Mtwara Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikindani" title="Mikindani">Mikindani</a> Historic Town</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pwani_Region" title="Pwani Region">Pwani Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaole" title="Kaole">Kaole Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chole_Island_Ruins" title="Chole Island Ruins">Chole Island Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisimani_Mafia" title="Kisimani Mafia">Kisimani Mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rukwa_Region" title="Rukwa Region">Rukwa Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalambo_Falls_Prehistoric_Site" title="Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site">Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tabora_Region" title="Tabora Region">Tabora Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livingstone%27s_Tembe" title="Livingstone's Tembe">Livingstone's Tembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongoni_Ruins" title="Tongoni Ruins">Tongoni Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toten_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Toten Island">Toten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yambe_Island" title="Yambe Island">Yambe Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unguja_North_Region" title="Unguja North Region">Zanzibar North Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumbatu" title="Tumbatu">Tumbatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magharibi_District" title="Magharibi District">Zanzibar West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Stonetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unguja_South_Region" title="Unguja South Region">Zanzibar South Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unguja_Ukuu" title="Unguja Ukuu">Unguja Ukuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuumbi_Cave" title="Kuumbi Cave">Kuumbi Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pemba_North_Region" title="Pemba North Region">Pemba North Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chwaka,_Pemba" title="Chwaka, Pemba">Chwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbe" title="Tumbe">Tumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkia_wa_Ng%27ombe" title="Mkia wa Ng'ombe">Mkia wa Ng'ombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msuka_Mjini_Ruins" title="Msuka Mjini Ruins">Msuka Mjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mduuni" title="Mduuni">Mduuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichokochwe_Ruins" title="Kichokochwe Ruins">Kichokochwe Ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pemba_South_Region" title="Pemba South Region">Pemba South Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mkama_Ndume" title="Mkama Ndume">Mkama Ndume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujini_Ruins" title="Pujini Ruins">Pujini Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambani" title="Chambani">Chambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Mkumbuu_Ruins" title="Ras Mkumbuu Ruins">Ras Mkumbuu Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamiani" title="Shamiani">Shamiani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Tanzania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_map_of_Tanzania.svg/30px-Flag_map_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_map_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_map_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_map_of_Tanzania.svg/60px-Flag_map_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Tanga_Region" title="Tanga Region">Tanga Region</a> location article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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