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Petrofina - Wikipedia

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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Storia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primi_anni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primi_anni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Primi anni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primi_anni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dopoguerra,_ricostruzione_ed_espansione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dopoguerra,_ricostruzione_ed_espansione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dopoguerra, ricostruzione ed espansione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dopoguerra,_ricostruzione_ed_espansione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultimi_anni_e_sparizione_del_marchio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultimi_anni_e_sparizione_del_marchio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ultimi anni e sparizione del marchio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultimi_anni_e_sparizione_del_marchio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Petrofina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un&#039;altra lingua. Disponibile in 7 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Петрофина - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петрофина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrofina" title="Petrofina - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petrofina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrofina" title="Petrofina - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Petrofina" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="پتروفینا - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتروفینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrofina" title="Petrofina - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Petrofina" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrofina" title="Petrofina - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Petrofina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrofina" title="Petrofina - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Petrofina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1658505#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Petrofina" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Petrofina" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Petrofina"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Petrofina"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Petrofina" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Petrofina" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;oldid=141892403" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&amp;page=Petrofina&amp;id=141892403&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPetrofina"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPetrofina"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Petrofina"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Petrofina&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Petrofina" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1658505" title="Collegamento all&#039;elemento connesso dell&#039;archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l&#039;enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="color: black;background:#FCE3C6">PETROFINA SA</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fina_enamel_advert_sign_at_the_den_hartog_ford_museum_pic-092.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fina_enamel_advert_sign_at_the_den_hartog_ford_museum_pic-092.JPG/200px-Fina_enamel_advert_sign_at_the_den_hartog_ford_museum_pic-092.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fina_enamel_advert_sign_at_the_den_hartog_ford_museum_pic-092.JPG/300px-Fina_enamel_advert_sign_at_the_den_hartog_ford_museum_pic-092.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fina_enamel_advert_sign_at_the_den_hartog_ford_museum_pic-092.JPG/400px-Fina_enamel_advert_sign_at_the_den_hartog_ford_museum_pic-092.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="2427" /></a><figcaption>Logo</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Stato" title="Stato">Stato</a></th><td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belgio (bandiera)"><img alt="Belgio (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Belgio" title="Belgio">Belgio</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Fondazione</th><td><a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Fondata da</th><td>Hector e Fernand Carlier </td></tr><tr><th>Chiusura</th><td><a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a> (Fusione con la <a href="/wiki/Total_(azienda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Total (azienda)">Total</a>) </td></tr><tr><th>Sede principale</th><td><a href="/wiki/Bruxelles" title="Bruxelles">Bruxelles</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Gruppo_societario" title="Gruppo societario">Gruppo</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Settore_economico" title="Settore economico">Settore</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industria_petrolchimica" title="Industria petrolchimica">petrolchimica</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Prodotti</th><td><a href="/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio">petrolio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrolchimica" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrolchimica">petrolchimica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stazione_di_servizio" title="Stazione di servizio">stazioni di servizio</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Fatturato" title="Fatturato">Fatturato</a></th><td>20,25 miliardi US$ (1997) </td></tr><tr><th>Dipendenti</th><td>19.000 (1969) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></th><td>«Fina ti benzina» </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658505" class="extiw" title="d:Q1658505"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Petrofina su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Azienda/man" title="Template:Azienda/man"><span title="Manuale del template Azienda">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La <b>Petrofina</b> (o semplicemente <b>Fina</b>, localmente anche conosciuta come <b>Purfina</b>) è stata una compagnia petrolifera <a href="/wiki/Belgio" title="Belgio">belga</a>, fondata nel 1920 da Hector Carlier, attiva fino al 1999, anno di fusione con la <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">francese</a> <a href="/wiki/Total_(azienda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Total (azienda)">Total</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primi_anni">Primi anni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Primi anni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Primi anni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <i>Petrofina</i> viene costituita ad <a href="/wiki/Anversa" title="Anversa">Anversa</a> il 25 febbraio 1920 grazie all'iniziativa di un gruppo di industriali e finanzieri locali, tra cui i fratelli Hector e Fernand Carlier<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, con il nome di <b>Compagnie Financière Belge des Pétroles</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, con un capitale iniziale di 50 milioni di <a href="/wiki/Franco_belga" title="Franco belga">franchi belgi</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Il nome Petrofina, derivante dall'<a href="/wiki/Indirizzo_telegrafico" title="Indirizzo telegrafico">indirizzo telegrafico</a> dell'azienda, si diffuse a partire dal 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fin da subito, la compagnia stabilisce delle basi in <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Romania" title="Regno di Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, controllando diverse società, tra cui la <i>Concordia</i>, e una fitta rete di oleodotti. Sin dalla sua fondazione, la Fina punta all'espansione in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> e nel <a href="/wiki/Medio_Oriente" title="Medio Oriente">Medio Oriente</a>, sviluppando una rete economica che va dalla <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> alla <a href="/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia">Turchia</a>, e porta avanti attività di ricerca petrolifera anche in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, soprattutto nel <a href="/wiki/Camerun_francese" title="Camerun francese">Camerun francese</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel maggio 1920 la <i>Petrofina</i> e la <i>Pure Oil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>) fondano il marchio <i>Purfina</i>, responsabile della distribuzione in Belgio e <a href="/wiki/Paesi_Bassi" title="Paesi Bassi">Paesi Bassi</a>; l'anno successivo, il marchio passa sotto il pieno controllo della compagnia belga<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel 1927, in piena espansione, il capitale della società, già cresciuto a 85 milioni di franchi, conosce un nuovo balzo in avanti, toccando i 200 milioni; nello stesso periodo, la compagnia si diffonde anche in <a href="/wiki/Regno_d%27Italia_(1861-1946)" title="Regno d&#39;Italia (1861-1946)">Italia</a>, con la costituzione di alcune società locali dipendenti dalla Fina<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel 1930 il capitale raggiunge i 300 milioni (suddivisi, nel 1938, in 600.000 azioni da 500 franchi<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), e nel corso del decennio, nonostante la concorrenza, la società rafforza le proprie posizioni, soprattutto in Romania<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>; proprio le attività in Romania e nell'est Europa vengono però cedute a società <a href="/wiki/Germania_nazista" title="Germania nazista">tedesche</a> in occasione della <a href="/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale">Seconda Guerra Mondiale</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, al punto che la società, dopo la fine del conflitto, viene condannata per <a href="/wiki/Collaborazionismo" title="Collaborazionismo">collaborazionismo</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e posta sotto sequestro dallo Stato fino al 1946<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Tra gli imputati vi sono anche i fratelli Carlier; Hector muore suicida prima della sentenza mentre Fernand, condannato a 7 anni, riesce a fuggire in <a href="/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile">Brasile</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dopoguerra,_ricostruzione_ed_espansione"><span id="Dopoguerra.2C_ricostruzione_ed_espansione"></span>Dopoguerra, ricostruzione ed espansione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Dopoguerra, ricostruzione ed espansione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dopoguerra, ricostruzione ed espansione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duramente provata dalla guerra, la società inizia a riprendersi a partire dal 1947, con un programma di ricostruzione a lungo termine dei propri impianti, a partire dalla Francia; nell'ambito di queste attività nasce in <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, il 15 luglio 1954<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, la <i>Purfina Italiana S.p.A.</i>, che acquisisce il controllo di quattro <a href="/wiki/Raffineria_di_petrolio" title="Raffineria di petrolio">raffinerie</a> a <a href="/wiki/Milano" title="Milano">Milano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze">Firenze</a> e <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>. Nel 1946 viene inoltre stipulato un accordo con la <i><a href="/wiki/BP_(azienda)" title="BP (azienda)">BP</a></i>, che si impegna a rifornire di petrolio la compagnia belga in cambio della cessione della raffineria di <a href="/wiki/Dunkerque" title="Dunkerque">Dunkerque</a>, danneggiata durante la guerra<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Sempre insieme alla <i>BP</i>, nel 1949 viene costituita (in parti uguali) la <i>Société industrielle Belge des Pétroles</i>, per la costruzione di una raffineria ad <a href="/wiki/Anversa" title="Anversa">Anversa</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>; l'impianto, situato in un terreno di 150 ettari, viene inaugurato il 23 giugno 1952<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Nello stesso anno, la Fina espande la sua attività in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, dove apre una filiale locale nel 1953<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, e in <a href="/wiki/Svizzera" title="Svizzera">Svizzera</a>, dove acquisisce la locale SOCAL per formare la Socal-Fina.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Dal 1955 la compagnia inizia le proprie attività in <a href="/wiki/Germania_Ovest" title="Germania Ovest">Germania</a>, e dal 1964 si potenzia anche la presenza in <a href="/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito">Gran Bretagna</a>, con la costruzione di un nuovo impianto a <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fina_-_Hallset_Trafikksenter_(1998)_(8588793489).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fina_-_Hallset_Trafikksenter_%281998%29_%288588793489%29.jpg/220px-Fina_-_Hallset_Trafikksenter_%281998%29_%288588793489%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fina_-_Hallset_Trafikksenter_%281998%29_%288588793489%29.jpg/330px-Fina_-_Hallset_Trafikksenter_%281998%29_%288588793489%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fina_-_Hallset_Trafikksenter_%281998%29_%288588793489%29.jpg/440px-Fina_-_Hallset_Trafikksenter_%281998%29_%288588793489%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4458" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>Una <a href="/wiki/Stazione_di_servizio" title="Stazione di servizio">stazione di servizio</a> Fina in <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a> nel 1998</figcaption></figure><p>La Fina si espande anche fuori dall'Europa, in Canada, negli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d&#39;America">Stati Uniti</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, nel <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> e altrove; rinuncia tuttavia a una parte dei propri interessi nel <a href="/wiki/Congo_belga" title="Congo belga">Congo Belga</a> al momento dell'indipendenza del <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Democratica_del_Congo" title="Repubblica Democratica del Congo">paese</a>. Negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1950" title="Anni 1950">anni '50</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anni_1960" title="Anni 1960">'60</a> la società collabora inoltre in varie partnership con compagnie straniere, come la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phillips_Petroleum_Company&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phillips Petroleum Company (la pagina non esiste)">Phillips Petroleum</a></i> e la <i><a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Attorno al 1959 le stazioni di servizio italiane<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">francesi</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> abbandonano il marchio <i>Purfina</i> per adottare la semplice dicitura <i>Fina</i>, per "standardizzarlo [il marchio] in tutto il mondo"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nell'aprile 1968 la Purfina italiana viene premiata con il <i>Mercurio d'Oro</i> (o <i>Oscar del Commercio Europeo</i>) per il suo apporto produttivo e commerciale all'economia del Paese<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Al 1969, il capitale societario si aggira intorno agli 8 miliardi di Franchi, con circa 200 società sussidiarie controllate dalla compagnia<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Al 1970 la Petrofina, dalla sola raffineria di Anversa rimastale dopo la guerra, controlla direttamente 9 raffinerie in tutto il mondo, dislocate in Belgio, Germania, Italia, Regno Unito, Canada, Stati Uniti e Angola<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p> Negli anni '60 e l'attività si diversifica, e la società, direttamente o tramite sussidiarie, risulta attiva in campi molto differenti, tra cui la commercializzazione di <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olio_alimentare" title="Olio alimentare">olii alimentari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapone" title="Sapone">sapone</a>, tenute stagne, <a href="/wiki/Vernice" title="Vernice">vernici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastica" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastica">plastica</a>, complessi immobiliari, <a href="/wiki/Gas_liquido" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas liquido">gas liquido</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abandoned_Fina_in_Busto_Garolfo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abandoned_Fina_in_Busto_Garolfo.jpg/180px-Abandoned_Fina_in_Busto_Garolfo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abandoned_Fina_in_Busto_Garolfo.jpg/270px-Abandoned_Fina_in_Busto_Garolfo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abandoned_Fina_in_Busto_Garolfo.jpg/360px-Abandoned_Fina_in_Busto_Garolfo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Una ex stazione di servizio Fina in disuso, fotografata in Italia nel 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Con la <a href="/wiki/Crisi_energetica_(1973)" title="Crisi energetica (1973)">crisi petrolifera</a> del 1973, la Fina dà nuovo impulso alle ricerche petrolifere nel <a href="/wiki/Mare_del_Nord" title="Mare del Nord">Mare del Nord</a> (già iniziate negli anni '60 in partnership con la <i>Phillips</i> e con l'<i><a href="/wiki/Agip" title="Agip">Agip</a></i>), scoprendo nuovi giacimenti<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Nel 1981 vengono invece cedute a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petro-Canada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Petro-Canada (la pagina non esiste)">Petro-Canada</a></i> le attività nel territorio canadese.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1976 inizia una <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint-venture</a> con la <i><a href="/wiki/Montedison" title="Montedison">Montedison</a></i> per la produzione di materiale plastico<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, dando vita alla <i>Montefina</i>; <i>Montedison</i> cede poi l'intera proprietà alla <i>Petrofina</i> nel 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1980" title="Anni 1980">anni '80</a> la Fina acquisisce diverse società straniere, e nel 1988 rileva le attività della <i>Tenneco</i> negli USA, espandendo il proprio giro d'affari<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TotalFina_reproduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TotalFina_reproduction.jpg/220px-TotalFina_reproduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TotalFina_reproduction.jpg/330px-TotalFina_reproduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TotalFina_reproduction.jpg/440px-TotalFina_reproduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Riproduzione di un'insegna a logo TotalFina, conservata al <a href="/wiki/Museo_Fisogni" title="Museo Fisogni">Museo Fisogni</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultimi_anni_e_sparizione_del_marchio">Ultimi anni e sparizione del marchio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Ultimi anni e sparizione del marchio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ultimi anni e sparizione del marchio"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tra il 1993 e il 1994, la rete della compagnia in Angola viene gravemente danneggiata a causa dello scoppio della <a href="/wiki/Guerra_civile_in_Angola" title="Guerra civile in Angola">guerra civile</a>; in quegli anni, inoltre, la Fina disinveste dal continente africano, rimanendo attiva solo nello <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> e, appunto, in Angola<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il 3 settembre 1997<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> diviene la prima società belga quotata alla <a href="/wiki/Borsa_di_New_York" title="Borsa di New York">Borsa di New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, che vedeva già la presenza della succursale statunitense <i>Fina Inc.</i> dal 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1999, anche in conseguenza delle recenti fusioni tra <i>Amoco</i> e <i>BP</i> e tra <i><a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Esso" class="mw-redirect" title="Esso">Exxon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, la Fina viene acquistata dalla <i><a href="/wiki/Total_(azienda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Total (azienda)">Total</a></i>, dando vita alla <i>Total Fina</i>, poi <i>TotalFinaElf</i> con l'acquisizione della <a href="/wiki/Elf_Aquitaine" title="Elf Aquitaine"><i>Elf</i></a>. Dal 2003 il nome Fina scompare definitivamente dalla denominazione sociale<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, sparendo gradualmente anche dalle stazioni di servizio, e la compagnia riprende il nome <i>Total</i>. </p><p>Negli Stati Uniti i diritti sul marchio Fina vengono ceduti ad <i>Alon USA</i> (oggi parte del gruppo <i>Delek</i>), assieme alla raffineria di <a href="/wiki/Big_Spring_(Texas)" title="Big Spring (Texas)">Big Spring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Le 1.200 stazioni Fina, diffuse in sette stati del sud-ovest tra cui Texas, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Messico" title="Nuovo Messico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> e <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, mantengono così lo storico marchio fino al 2012 quando, alla scadenza dell'accordo con Total, la proprietà decide di rimarchiarle con il brand <i>Alon</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503234632/http://www.harryvanleffe.net/carlier.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">carlier</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">web.archive.org</span>, 3 maggio 2011. <small>URL consultato il 13 ottobre 2020</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.harryvanleffe.net/carlier.htm">url originale</abbr> il 3 maggio 2011)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.company-histories.com/PetroFina-SA-Company-History.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">PetroFina S.A. -- Company History</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">company-histories.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º maggio 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6">g</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia del Petrolio e del Gas Naturale</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.totalenergies.com/en/country/total-belgium"><span style="font-style:italic;">Total's history in Belgium | WikiTotal</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">wiki.totalenergies.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 marzo 2023</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Marius S. Vassiliou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=BdNjTbcB__0C&amp;pg=PA392&amp;lpg=PA392&amp;dq=petrofina+fina+nazi+war&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=zDN5yxClL7&amp;sig=ACfU3U34wlfxlmuwwDdW8Tpp98BFyfZE7g&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj7jpaon97gAhWRUlAKHXgiCc4Q6AEwCHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=petrofina%20fina%20nazi%20war&amp;f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry</span></a>, Scarecrow Press, 24 settembre 2009, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780810870666" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780810870666">9780810870666</a>. <small>URL consultato il 1º maggio 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-pompe.fr/enseignes-a-travers-monde/groupe-total/petrofina-plus-de-80-ans-dhistoire/"><span style="font-style:italic;">PetroFina&#160;: plus de 80 ans d’histoire – Musée de la STATION-SERVICE et de la POMPE…</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">musee-pompe.fr</span>. <small>URL consultato l'8 novembre 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Compagnie Financière Belge des Pétroles (Petrofina)-Status, 7me Edition</span>, conservato presso il <a href="/wiki/Museo_Fisogni" title="Museo Fisogni">Museo Fisogni</a>, 1938.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Le procés de la Pétrofina</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">La Libre Belgique</span>, 14 dicembre 1945.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Petrofina a vendu aux Allemands 2 millions de titres</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Le Drapeau Rouge</span>, 7 dicembre 1945.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">La Cour militaire condamne le dirigeants de la Pétrofina</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">La Cité Nouvelle</span>, 23/24 giugno 1946.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/storia-automobile-petrofina-nazisti"><span style="font-style:italic;">Storia dell'Automobile: l'Affaire Petrofina - Focus.it</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">focus.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 30 ottobre 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.total/en/country/total-belgium"><span style="font-style:italic;">Total's history in Belgium | WikiTotal</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">wiki.total</span>. <small>URL consultato il 13 ottobre 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesoir.be/art/m/petrofina-un-lourd-heritage_t-20080515-00G2Q7.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Carlier choisit le suicide plutôt que la honte</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Le Soir</span>, 15/05/2008. <small>URL consultato il 13 ottobre 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Editoriale</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Rivista Purfina</span>, n.&#160;1, estate 1959.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Storia ed evoluzione del gruppo Petrofina</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Rivista Petrofina</span>, autunno 1959.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Société Industrielle Belge des Pétroles, <span style="font-style:italic;">Raffinerie du Kruisschans-Anverse</span>, conservato presso il <a href="/wiki/Museo_Fisogni" title="Museo Fisogni">Museo Fisogni</a>, 1952.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Socal Fina in Svizzera</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Rivista Purfina</span>, rivista conservata presso il <a href="/wiki/Museo_Fisogni" title="Museo Fisogni">Museo Fisogni</a>, n.&#160;11, dicembre 1961.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">I Trofeo Purfina in Versilia. 23-24 maggio 1959</span>, Opuscolo conservato al <a href="/wiki/Museo_Fisogni" title="Museo Fisogni">Museo Fisogni</a>, 1959.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Dominique Pascal, <span style="font-style:italic;">Stations Service</span>, ETAI, 1999.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Alla Fina Italiana il Mercurio d'Oro 1968</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Rivista Purfina</span>, n.&#160;32/33, giugno 1968.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Petrofina, <span style="font-style:italic;">Petrofina 1920/1970</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">Montedison cede 50% Montefina</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Corriere della Sera</span>, 25 febbraio 1995.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Marius S. Vassiliou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=bBvz_YxlB-AC&amp;pg=PA392&amp;lpg=PA392&amp;dq=petrofina+fina+nazi+war&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=XRnb5Wtedu&amp;sig=ACfU3U06HdzkqefVsVTS1mom7QUdMrkVGw&amp;hl=it&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj7jpaon97gAhWRUlAKHXgiCc4Q6AEwCXoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=petrofina%20fina%20nazi%20war&amp;f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry</span></a>, Scarecrow Press, 2 marzo 2009, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780810862883" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780810862883">9780810862883</a>. <small>URL consultato il 1º maggio 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Massimo Longoni, <span style="font-style:italic;">PetroFina approda a Wall Street</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Fina Rosso&amp;Blu</span>, rivista conservata al <a href="/wiki/Museo_Fisogni" title="Museo Fisogni">Museo Fisogni</a>, n.&#160;16, luglio-agosto 1997.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Mar. 22, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cspdailynews.com/company-news/alons-fina-chapter-coming-end"><span style="font-style:italic;">Alon's Fina Chapter Coming to End</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">CSP Daily News</span>. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csnews.com/alon-usa-completes-rebranding-fina-alon"><span style="font-style:italic;">Alon USA Completes Rebranding From FINA to ALON</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Convenience Store News</span>, 9 agosto 2012. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_degli_idrocarburi" title="Enciclopedia degli idrocarburi">Enciclopedia del Petrolio e del Gas Naturale</a></i>, Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi, ed. Carlo Colombo, vol. VII.</li> <li>Marius S. Vassiliou, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry</i>, Scarecrow Press, 2 marzo 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Petrofina"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Petrofina?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Petrofina?uselang=it">Petrofina</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrofina&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Petrofina-SA"><span style="font-style:italic;">Petrofina SA</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658505#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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