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id="toc-Origins_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_War_and_accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_War_and_accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Persian War and accession to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_War_and_accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Balkan war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice (emperor)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius_van_Bisantium" title="Mauricius van Bisantium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mauricius van Bisantium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios" title="Maurikios – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maurikios" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="موريكيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موريكيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_I" title="Mauricio I – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mauricio I" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Մորիկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մորիկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="موریس (ایمپراتور) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موریس (ایمپراتور)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Маўрыкій (імператар) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маўрыкій (імператар)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Маврикий (Византийска империя) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маврикий (Византийска империя)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricije" title="Mauricije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mauricije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_(impalaer)" title="Mauritius (impalaer) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mauritius (impalaer)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurici_(emperador)" title="Maurici (emperador) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maurici (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios" title="Maurikios – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maurikios" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius" title="Mauricius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mauricius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios" title="Maurikios – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maurikios" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius" title="Mauricius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mauricius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Μαυρίκιος (αυτοκράτορας) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαυρίκιος (αυτοκράτορας)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_(emperador)" title="Mauricio (emperador) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mauricio (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios" title="Maurikios – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maurikios" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_(agintaria)" title="Maurizio (agintaria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maurizio (agintaria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C)" title="موریس (امپراتور روم شرقی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موریس (امپراتور روم شرقی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(empereur)" title="Maurice (empereur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maurice (empereur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio,_emperador" title="Mauricio, emperador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mauricio, emperador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice" title="Maurice – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Maurice" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%ED%82%A4%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="마우리키우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마우리키우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Մորիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մորիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricije" title="Mauricije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mauricije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikius" title="Maurikius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maurikius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_(imperatore)" title="Maurizio (imperatore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maurizio (imperatore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מאוריקיוס, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאוריקיוס, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="მავრიკიოსი (ბიზანტია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მავრიკიოსი (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius_(imperator)" title="Mauricius (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mauricius (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikiosz_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Maurikiosz bizánci császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maurikiosz bizánci császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Маврикиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маврикиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="მავრიკიოსი (ბიზანტია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მავრიკიოსი (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="موريكيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موريكيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius" title="Mauricius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mauricius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="マウリキウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マウリキウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios" title="Maurikios – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maurikios" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavrikiy" title="Mavrikiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mavrikiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurycjusz_(cesarz_bizanty%C5%84ski)" title="Maurycjusz (cesarz bizantyński) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maurycjusz (cesarz bizantyński)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_(imperador)" title="Maurício (imperador) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maurício (imperador)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauriciu" title="Mauriciu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mauriciu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Маврикий (император) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маврикий (император)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maurice (emperor)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios_I." title="Maurikios I. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maurikios I." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavricij_(bizantinski_cesar)" title="Mavricij (bizantinski cesar) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mavricij (bizantinski cesar)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Маврикије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маврикије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavrikije" title="Mavrikije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mavrikije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios" title="Maurikios – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maurikios" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurikios" title="Maurikios – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maurikios" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maurice (emperor)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิเมาริกิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิเมาริกิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius" title="Mauricius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mauricius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Маврикій (візантійський імператор) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маврикій (візантійський імператор)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81)" title="موریس (شہنشاہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موریس (شہنشاہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius" title="Mauricius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mauricius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_(emperador)" title="Mauricio (emperador) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mauricio (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%EF%BC%89" title="莫里斯（拜占庭） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫里斯（拜占庭）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="莫里斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莫里斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricius" title="Mauricius – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mauricius" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine emperor from 582 to 602</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Maurice</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_of_Maurice_(transitional_issue).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait in gold coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/250px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png/375px-Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Solidus_of_Maurice_%28transitional_issue%29.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="374" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a></i> of Emperor Maurice</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 582 – <span class="nowrap">27 November 602</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a> (590–602)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Mauricius<sup id="cite_ref-mauritius_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauritius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />539<br /><a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Af%C5%9Fin" title="Afşin">Afşin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 November 602 (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mamas_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mamas Monastery">Saint Mamas Monastery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Family">among others</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(daughter_of_Maurice)" title="Maria (daughter of Maurice)">Maria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Tiberius (son of Maurice)">Tiberius</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Tiberius Mauricius (until 588)<br />Mauricius novus Tiberius (from 588)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a> Mauricius novus Tiberius <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_(father_of_Maurice)" title="Paul (father of Maurice)">Paul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Maurice</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Mauricius</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-mauritius_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauritius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μαυρίκιος</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Maurikios</i></i></span>; 539 – 27 November 602) was <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> from 582 to 602 and the last member of the <a href="/wiki/Justinian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian dynasty">Justinian dynasty</a>. A successful general, Maurice was chosen as heir and son-in-law by his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius II">Tiberius II</a>. </p><p>Maurice's reign was troubled by almost constant warfare. After he became emperor, he brought the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591">war with Sasanian Persia</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blarathon" title="Battle of the Blarathon">victorious conclusion</a>. The empire's eastern border in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> was vastly expanded and, for the first time in nearly two centuries, the Romans were no longer obliged to pay the Persians thousands of pounds of gold annually for peace. </p><p>Afterward, Maurice <a href="/wiki/Maurice%27s_Balkan_campaigns" title="Maurice's Balkan campaigns">campaigned extensively</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>—pushing them back across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> by 599. He also conducted campaigns across the Danube, the first Roman emperor to do so in over two centuries. In the west, he established two large semi-autonomous provinces called <a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">exarchates</a>, ruled by <i>exarchs</i>, or viceroys of the emperor. In Italy Maurice established the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Italy</a> in 584, the first real effort by the empire to halt the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. With the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> in 591 he further solidified the power of Constantinople in the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. </p><p>Maurice's successes on battlefields and in foreign policy were counterbalanced by mounting financial difficulties of the empire. Maurice responded with several unpopular measures which alienated both the army and the general populace. In 602, a dissatisfied officer named <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> usurped the throne, having Maurice and his six sons executed. This event would prove a disaster for the empire, sparking a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">twenty-six-year war</a> with a resurgent Sassanid Persia which would leave both empires devastated prior to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a>. </p><p>Maurice's reign is a relatively well-documented era of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, in particular by the historian <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">manual of war</a> which influenced European and Middle Eastern military traditions for well over a millennium, is traditionally attributed to Maurice. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_early_life">Origins and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maurice was born in <a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> in 539. His father was <a href="/wiki/Paul_(father_of_Maurice)" title="Paul (father of Maurice)">Paul</a>. He had one brother, <a href="/wiki/Peter_(curopalates)" title="Peter (curopalates)">Peter</a>, and two sisters, Theoctista and Gordia, the latter of whom was later the wife of the general <a href="/wiki/Philippicus_(comes_excubitorum)" title="Philippicus (comes excubitorum)">Philippicus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992855_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992855-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is recorded to have been a native Greek speaker, unlike the previous emperors since <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997227_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997227-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources call him a native <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocian Greek</a> and the first emperor "from the race of the Greeks".<sup id="cite_ref-Stark,_Freya_2012_390_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark,_Freya_2012_390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corradini,_Richard_2005_57_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corradini,_Richard_2005_57-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2012390_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2012390-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorradini200657_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorradini200657-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser2011199_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2011199-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911318_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911318-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maurice first came to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/Notarius" title="Notarius">notarius</a></i> to serve as secretary to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius II">Tiberius</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_excubitorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes excubitorum">comes excubitorum</a></i> (commander of the <a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a>, the imperial bodyguard). When Tiberius was named <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i> in 574, Maurice was appointed to succeed him as <i>comes excubitorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_War_and_accession_to_the_throne">Persian War and accession to the throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Persian War and accession to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg/300px-Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg/450px-Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg/600px-Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Roman-Persian frontier showing Maurice's gains after he restored Sassanid king Khosrow II to the throne in 591.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591</a></div> <p>In late 577, despite a complete lack of military experience, Maurice was named as <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a> per <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Orientem</a></i>, effectively commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army in the east. He succeeded General <a href="/wiki/Justinian_(magister_militum_per_Orientem)" title="Justinian (magister militum per Orientem)">Justinian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Persian War of 572–591">ongoing war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a>. At about the same time he was raised to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i>, the empire's senior honorific title, which was limited to a small number of holders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856–857_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856–857-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 578, a truce in Mesopotamia came to an end and the main focus of the war shifted to that front. After Persian raids in Mesopotamia, Maurice mounted attacks on both sides of the Tigris, captured the fortress of Aphumon and sacked <a href="/wiki/Singara" title="Singara">Singara</a>. Sassanid emperor Khosrow sought peace in 579, but died before an agreement could be reached and his successor <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> (r. 579–590) broke off the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 580, Byzantium's Arab allies the Ghassanids scored a victory over the Lakhmids, Arab allies of the Sassanids, while Byzantine raids again penetrated east of the Tigris. Around this time the future <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> was put in charge of the situation in Armenia, where he succeeded in convincing most of the rebel leaders to return to Sassanid allegiance, although Iberia remained loyal to the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year an ambitious campaign by Maurice, supported by Ghassanid forces under <a href="/wiki/Al-Mundhir_III_ibn_al-Harith" title="Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith">al-Mundhir III</a>, targeted <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, the Sassanid capital. The combined force moved south along the river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> accompanied by a fleet of ships. The army stormed the fortress of Anatha and moved on until it reached the region of <a href="/wiki/Beth_Aramaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Aramaye">Beth Aramaye</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, near Ctesiphon. There they found the bridge over the Euphrates destroyed by the Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-581_Expedition_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-581_Expedition-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to Maurice's advance, Sassanid general <a href="/wiki/Adarmahan" title="Adarmahan">Adarmahan</a> was ordered to operate in northern Mesopotamia, threatening the Roman army's supply line.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adarmahan pillaged <a href="/wiki/Osrhoene" class="mw-redirect" title="Osrhoene">Osrhoene</a>, and was successful in capturing its capital, <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>. He then marched his army toward <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Callinicum</a> on the Euphrates. With the possibility of a march to Ctesiphon gone Maurice was forced to retreat. The retreat was arduous for the tired army, and Maurice and al-Mundhir exchanged recriminations for the expedition's failure. However, they cooperated in forcing Adarmahan to withdraw, and defeated him at <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Callinicum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mutual recriminations were not laid to rest by this. Despite his successes, al-Mundhir was accused by Maurice of treason during the preceding campaign. Maurice claimed that al-Mundhir had revealed the Byzantine plan to the Persians, who then proceeded to destroy the bridge over the Euphrates. The chronicler John of Ephesus explicitly calls this assertion a lie, as the Byzantine intentions must have been plain to the Persian commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-GL164_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GL164-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Maurice and al-Mundhir wrote letters to Emperor Tiberius, who tried to reconcile them. Maurice visited Constantinople himself, where he was able to persuade Tiberius of al-Mundhir's guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-GL164_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GL164-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charge of treason is almost universally dismissed by modern historians; <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Shah%C3%AEd" title="Irfan Shahîd">Irfan Shahîd</a> says that it probably had more to do with Maurice's dislike of the veteran and militarily successful Arab ruler. This was compounded by the Byzantines' habitual distrust of the "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>" and supposedly innately traitorous Arabs, as well as by al-Mundhir's staunchly Monophysite faith.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mundhir was arrested the following year on suspicion of treachery, triggering war between Byzantines and Ghassanids and marking the beginning of the end of the Ghassanid kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girdle_with_Coins_and_Medallions_MET_dp30688_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Girdle_with_Coins_and_Medallions_MET_dp30688_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Girdle_with_Coins_and_Medallions_MET_dp30688_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Girdle_with_Coins_and_Medallions_MET_dp30688_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Girdle_with_Coins_and_Medallions_MET_dp30688_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Girdle_with_Coins_and_Medallions_MET_dp30688_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Girdle_with_Coins_and_Medallions_MET_dp30688_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Gold medallion of Maurice circa 583, from a girdle found in Karavas, near Kyrenia, Cyprus.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June of 582 Maurice scored a decisive victory against Adarmahan near <a href="/wiki/Constantina_(Osrhoene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantina (Osrhoene)">Constantina</a>. Adarmahan barely escaped the field, while his co-commander <a href="/wiki/Tamkhosrau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamkhosrau">Tamkhosrau</a> was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month Emperor Tiberius was struck down by an illness which shortly thereafter killed him. In this state Tiberius initially named two heirs, each of whom was to marry one of his daughters. Maurice was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanus_(Caesar)" title="Germanus (Caesar)">Germanus</a>, related through blood to the great emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, was married to Charito. It appears that the plan was to divide the empire in two, with Maurice receiving the eastern provinces and Germanus the western.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997226_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997226-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a>, Germanus was Tiberius' favored candidate for the throne but declined out of humility.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 August, Tiberius was on his deathbed and civilian, military and ecclesiastical dignitaries awaited the appointment of his successor. He then chose Maurice and named him <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>, after which he adopted the name "Tiberius". Maurice was <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">crowned emperor</a> soon after, on 13 August.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992859–860_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992859–860-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiberius had reportedly prepared a speech on the matter but at this point was too weak to speak. The <i><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">quaestor sacri palatii</a></i> (the senior judicial official of the empire) read it for him. The speech proclaimed Maurice as <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> and sole successor to the throne. On 14 August 582 Tiberius died and his last words were spoken to his successor:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Let my sovereignty be delivered to thee with this girl. Be happy in the use of it, mindful always to love equity and justice." Maurice became sole emperor, marrying Constantina in the autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after his ascension the advantage he had gained at the Battle of Constantina was lost when his successor as <i>magister militum</i> of the east, <a href="/wiki/John_Mystacon" title="John Mystacon">John Mystacon</a>, was defeated at the River Nymphios by <a href="/wiki/Kardarigan_(6th_century)" title="Kardarigan (6th century)">Kardarigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was difficult:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674–75_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674–75-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maurice ruled a bankrupt Empire;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was at war with Persia; he was paying extremely high tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, 80,000 gold <a href="/wiki/Solidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidi">solidi</a> a year;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007406_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007406-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Balkan provinces were being thoroughly devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013379_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013379-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Follis_Maurice_Constantinople.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Follis_Maurice_Constantinople.jpg/300px-Follis_Maurice_Constantinople.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Follis_Maurice_Constantinople.jpg/450px-Follis_Maurice_Constantinople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Follis_Maurice_Constantinople.jpg/600px-Follis_Maurice_Constantinople.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">Follis</a></i> with Maurice in consular uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>Maurice had to continue the war against the Persians. In 586 his troops defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solachon" title="Battle of Solachon">Battle of Solachon</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a>. In 588, a mutiny by unpaid Byzantine troops against their new commander, <a href="/wiki/Priscus_(magister_militum)" title="Priscus (magister militum)">Priscus</a>, seemed to offer the Sassanids a chance for a breakthrough, but the mutineers themselves repulsed the ensuing Persian offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the year they secured a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martyropolis_(588)" title="Battle of Martyropolis (588)">major victory</a> before <a href="/wiki/Silvan,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Silvan, Diyarbakır">Martyropolis</a>. The Sassanid commander, <a href="/wiki/Maruzas" title="Maruzas">Maruzas</a>, was killed, several of the Persian leaders were captured along with 3,000 other prisoners, and only a thousand men survived to reach refuge at Nisibis. The Byzantines secured much booty, including the Persian battle standards, and sent them, along with Maruzas' head, to Maurice in Constantinople. </p><p>In 590, two <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> brothers, <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinduyih" title="Vinduyih">Vinduyih</a>, overthrew King <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> and made the latter's son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>, the new king. The former Persian commander-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_civil_war_of_589%E2%80%93591" title="Sasanian civil war of 589–591">who had rebelled against Hormizd IV</a>, claimed the throne for himself and defeated Khosrow. Khosrow and the two Parthians fled to the Byzantine court. Although the Senate unanimously advised against it, Maurice helped Khosrow regain his throne with an army of 35,000 men. In 591 the combined Byzantine-Persian army under generals <a href="/wiki/John_Mystacon" title="John Mystacon">John Mystacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narses_(magister_militum_per_Orientem)" title="Narses (magister militum per Orientem)">Narses</a> defeated Bahram Chobin's forces near <a href="/wiki/Ganzak" title="Ganzak">Ganzak</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blarathon" title="Battle of the Blarathon">Battle of the Blarathon</a>. The victory was decisive; Maurice finally brought the war to a successful conclusion with the re-accession of Khosrow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195673_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195673-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273–274_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273–274-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, Khosrow was adopted by the emperor in order to seal their alliance. The adoption was made through a rite of <i>adoptio per arma</i>, which ordinarily assumed the Christian character of its partakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015164_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015164-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the chief Byzantine bishops, "despite their best attempts", failed to convert Khosrow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015164_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015164-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khosrow rewarded Maurice by ceding to the empire western <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> up to the lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Van</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Sevan</a>, including the large cities of <a href="/wiki/Silvan,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Silvan, Diyarbakır">Martyropolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigranocerta" title="Tigranocerta">Tigranokert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manzikert" class="mw-redirect" title="Manzikert">Manzikert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>. Maurice's treaty brought a new status-quo to the east territorially. Byzantium was enlarged to an extent never before achieved by the empire. During the new "perpetual peace" millions of solidi were saved by the remission of tribute to the Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_war">Balkan war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Balkan war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maurice%27s_Balkan_campaigns" title="Maurice's Balkan campaigns">Maurice's Balkan campaigns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_6th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/220px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/330px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/440px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Northern Balkans in the 6th century</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> in 568. Almost immediately they launched an attack on <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, the keystone to the Byzantine defences on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, but were repulsed. They then sent 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kotrigur Huns</a> to invade the Byzantine province of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There followed a period of consolidation, during which the Byzantines paid them 80,000 gold solidi a year. In 579, his treasury empty, Tiberius II stopped the payments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007405_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007405-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Avars retaliated with <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirmium" title="Siege of Sirmium">another siege of Sirmium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378–379_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378–379-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city fell in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 581. After the capture of Sirmium, the Avars demanded 100,000 solidi a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007406_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007406-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refused, they used the strategically important city as a base of operations against several poorly defended forts along the Danube and began pillaging the northern and eastern Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013379_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013379-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slavs began settling the land from the 580s on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674–75_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674–75-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378–379_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378–379-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 584, the Slavs threatened the capital and in 586 the Avars besieged <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, while the Slavs went as far as the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988274_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988274-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his victory on the eastern frontier in 591, Maurice was free to focus on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. He launched several campaigns against the Slavs and Avars. In 592 his troops retook <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> (modern Belgrade) from the Avars. His commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Priscus_(magister_militum)" title="Priscus (magister militum)">Priscus</a> defeated the Slavs, Avars and <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a> south of the Danube in 593. The same year he crossed the Danube into modern-day <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> to continue his series of victories. In 594, Maurice replaced Priscus with his rather inexperienced brother Peter, who, despite initial failures, scored another victory in Wallachia. Priscus, now in command of another army further upstream, defeated the Avars again in 595. The latter now only dared to attack peripherally, in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> two years later. In the same year the Byzantines concluded a peace treaty with the Avar leader <a href="/wiki/Bayan_I" title="Bayan I">Bayan I</a>, which allowed the Byzantines to send expeditions into <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2002154_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002154-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 598, Maurice broke the treaty to permit a retaliation campaign inside the Avar homeland. In 599 and 601 the Byzantine forces wreaked havoc amongst the Avars and Gepids. In 602, the Slavs suffered a crushing defeat in Wallachia. The Byzantine troops were now able to hold the Danube line again. Meanwhile, Maurice was making plans for repopulating devastated areas in the Balkans by using Armenian settlers. Maurice also planned to lead further campaigns against the Avar Khaganate, so as to either destroy them or force them into submission.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195675_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195675-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exarchate_of_Ravenna_600_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Exarchate_of_Ravenna_600_AD.png/220px-Exarchate_of_Ravenna_600_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Exarchate_of_Ravenna_600_AD.png/330px-Exarchate_of_Ravenna_600_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Exarchate_of_Ravenna_600_AD.png/440px-Exarchate_of_Ravenna_600_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Exarchate of Italy under Maurice</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png/220px-Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png/330px-Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png/440px-Exarchate_of_Africa_600_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Exarchate of Africa under Maurice</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the west, Maurice organised the threatened Byzantine dominions in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Italy</a>. The Late Roman administrative system provided for a clear distinction between civil and military offices, primarily to lessen the possibility of rebellion by over-powerful provincial governors. In 584, Maurice created the office of exarch, which combined the supreme civil authority of a <i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a></i> and the military authority of a <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a></i> and enjoyed considerable autonomy from Constantinople. The Exarchate was successful in slowing the Lombard advance in Italy. In 591, he created a <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">second Exarchate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a>, along similar lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 597, an ailing Maurice wrote his last will, in which he described his ideas of governing the empire. His eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>, would rule the eastern provinces from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>; his second son, Tiberius, would rule the western exarchates from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Some historians believe he intended for his younger sons to rule from Alexandria, Carthage, and Antioch. His intent was to maintain the unity of the empire; this idea bears a strong resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> of Diocletian. However, Maurice's violent death prevented these plans from coming to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In religious matters, Maurice was tolerant towards <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a>, although he was a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>. He clashed with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> over the latter's defence of Rome against the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195676_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195676-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maurice's efforts to consolidate the empire slowly but steadily succeeded, especially after the peace with Persia. His initial popularity apparently declined during his reign, mostly because of his fiscal policies. In 588 he announced a cut in military wages by a quarter, leading to a serious mutiny by troops on the Persian front. He refused to pay a small ransom in 599 or 600 to free 12,000 Byzantine soldiers taken prisoner by the Avars. The prisoners were killed, and a protesting military delegation, headed by an officer named <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a>, was humiliated and rejected in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maurice's marriage produced nine known children:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988277_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988277-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a> (4 August 583/585 – after 27 November 602). According to John of Ephesus, he was the first heir born to a reigning emperor since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (408–450). He was appointed Caesar in 587 and co-emperor on 26 March 590.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby198818_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby198818-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Tiberius (son of Maurice)">Tiberius</a> (died 27 November 602)</li> <li>Petrus (died 27 November 602)</li> <li>Paulus (died 27 November 602)</li> <li>Justin (died 27 November 602)</li> <li>Justinian (died 27 November 602)</li> <li>Anastasia (died c. 605)</li> <li>Theoctista (died c. 605)</li> <li>Cleopatra (died c. 605)</li></ul> <p>A daughter, <a href="/wiki/Maria_(daughter_of_Maurice)" title="Maria (daughter of Maurice)">Miriam/Maria</a>, is recorded by the 12th-century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a> and other eastern sources as married to <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> but not in any Byzantine Greek ones; she is probably legendary.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum24_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum24-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His brother <a href="/wiki/Peter_(curopalates)" title="Peter (curopalates)">Petrus</a> (c. 550 – 602) became the <i><a href="/wiki/Curopalates" class="mw-redirect" title="Curopalates">curopalates</a></i> and was killed at the same time as Maurice. Petrus married Anastasia Aerobinda (born c. 570), daughter of Areobindus (born c. 550), and had female issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby19885_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby19885-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maurice's nephew <a href="/wiki/Domitian_of_Melitene" title="Domitian of Melitene">Domitian of Melitene</a> was probably a son of Petrus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992411_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992411-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 602, Maurice, with the lack of money as always dictating policy, decreed that the army should stay for winter beyond the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. The exhausted troops mutinied against the emperor. Probably misjudging the situation, Maurice repeatedly ordered his troops to start a new offensive rather than return to winter quarters. His troops gained the impression that Maurice no longer understood the military situation and proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> their leader. They demanded that Maurice abdicate and proclaim as successor either his son Theodosius or General <a href="/wiki/Germanus_(patricius)" title="Germanus (patricius)">Germanus</a>. Both men were accused of treason. As riots broke out in Constantinople, the emperor, taking his family with him, left the city on a warship heading to <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>. Theodosius was put ashore with direction to seek support from the Persians, but apparently never reached his destination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston202116–18_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston202116–18-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phocas entered Constantinople in November and was crowned emperor. His troops captured Maurice and his remaining family, and brought them to the <a href="/wiki/Harbor_of_Eutropius" title="Harbor of Eutropius">Harbor of Eutropius</a> at Chalcedon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maurice was murdered at the harbor of Eutropius on 27 November 602.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992860._Some_sources_give_23_November,_but,_as_the_''[[Chronicon_Paschale]]''_[httpsarchiveorgdetailschronicon-ppage142mode1up_(O.345)]_points_out,_this_was_the_date_of_Phocas'_coronation._62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992860._Some_sources_give_23_November,_but,_as_the_''[[Chronicon_Paschale]]''_[httpsarchiveorgdetailschronicon-ppage142mode1up_(O.345)]_points_out,_this_was_the_date_of_Phocas'_coronation.-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deposed emperor was forced to watch his five younger sons executed before he was beheaded himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Empress Constantina</a> and her three daughters were temporarily spared and sent to a monastery. The palace eunuch Scholasticus aided their escape to St. Sophia, but the church turned them over to Phocas, who sent them back to the monastery. A few years later, they were all executed at the harbor of Eutropius when Constantina was found guilty of a conspiracy against Phocas. The entire family of Maurice and Constantina was buried at the monastery of St. Mamas or Nea Metanoia that had been founded by Maurice's sister Gordia.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian king Khosrow II used this coup and the murder of his patron as an excuse for a renewed war against the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_600_AD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Empire_600_AD.PNG/300px-Roman_Empire_600_AD.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Empire_600_AD.PNG/450px-Roman_Empire_600_AD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Empire_600_AD.PNG/600px-Roman_Empire_600_AD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Roman Empire in 600</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maurice is seen as an able emperor and commander-in-chief, though the description of him by Theophylact may exaggerate these traits. He possessed insight, public spirit, and courage. He proved his expertise on military and foreign affairs during his campaigns against the Persians, Avars and Slavs, and during peace negotiations with Khosrow II. His administrative reforms reveal him as a farsighted statesman, all the more since they outlasted his death by centuries and were the basis for the later introduction of <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themes</a> as military districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maurice promoted science and the arts and he is traditionally named as author of the military treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon</a></i>, which is praised in military circles as the only sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> theory until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Some historians now believe the <i>Strategikon</i> is the work of his brother or another general in his court, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195624_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195624-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His greatest weakness was his inability to judge how unpopular his decisions were. The historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Previt%C3%A9-Orton" title="Charles Previté-Orton">C. W. Previté-Orton</a> listed a number of character flaws in the emperor's personality: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His fault was too much faith in his own excellent judgment without regard to the disagreement and unpopularity which he provoked by decisions in themselves right and wise. He was a better judge of policy than of men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952203_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952203-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It was this flaw that cost him throne and life, and thwarted most of his efforts to prevent the disintegration of the empire of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. The death of Maurice was a turning point. The war against Persia which it caused weakened both empires, enabling the Slavs to permanently settle the Balkans and paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab-Muslim expansion</a>. </p><p>His court still used <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, as did the army and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990260_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990260-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198724_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198724-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">A. H. M. Jones</a> characterises the death of Maurice as the end of the era of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>, as the turmoil that shattered the empire over the next four decades permanently and thoroughly changed society and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278–279_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278–279-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Maurice, Emperor of the Romans, With His Six Sons</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:82_-_Maurice_(Mutinensis_-_color).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/82_-_Maurice_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/220px-82_-_Maurice_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/82_-_Maurice_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/330px-82_-_Maurice_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/82_-_Maurice_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png/440px-82_-_Maurice_%28Mutinensis_-_color%29.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="682" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">From the <a href="/wiki/Mutinensis_gr._122" title="Mutinensis gr. 122">Mutinensis gr. 122</a> codex</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Emperor</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> modern day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul, Turkey">Istanbul, Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Imperial Vestment</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p>The first legendary accounts of Maurice's life are recorded in the ninth century, in the work of the Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>. According to his chronicle <i>Chronographia</i>, the death of the imperial family is due to divine intervention: Christ asked the emperor to choose between a long reign or death and acceptance in the kingdom of heaven. Maurice preferred the second choice.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same story has been recorded in a short <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> hagiography on the life of the emperor. It is of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">East Syrian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby198821_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby198821-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock197629_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock197629-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later sanctified by the Eastern Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Syriac author, the emperor asked in prayer to receive a punishment in this world and a "perfect reward" in the kingdom of heaven. The choice was offered by an angel.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony Alcock has published an English translation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcock2018_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcock2018-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another legend in the same text, Maurice prevented a nurse from substituting one of his sons so as to save at least one of the heirs of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proposed that the name of the Albanian folk hero <a href="/wiki/Muji_(Albanian_mythology)" title="Muji (Albanian mythology)">Muji</a> derives from that of Emperor Maurice (Murik, Muji). Similarly, the name of the folk hero's wife, Ajkuna (or Kuna), corresponds to that of the Empress Aelia Constantina, the wife of Maurice, if we take into account the laws of phonetic evolution of the Albanian language since Late Antiquity. Though this proposition remains a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">List of Byzantine emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mauritius-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mauritius_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mauritius_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes, <i>Mauricius</i> is spelled as <i>Mauritius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mauritius_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauritius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full imperial titulature of Maurice, attested in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a>, was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a> Mauricius Tiberius fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus [Francicus Germanicus] Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Erulicus Gepidicus Afric[an]us pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i></span> ("Emperor Caesar Flavius Maurice Tiberius, faithful in Christ, mild, majestic, bountiful, peaceable; <a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">victor over</a> the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, [<a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and Germans,] the <a href="/wiki/Antae" class="mw-redirect" title="Antae">Antae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruls" class="mw-redirect" title="Heruls">Heruls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">in Africa</a>; pious, fortunate, renowned, victorious and triumphant, ever august").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889165–166_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889165–166-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERösch1978169_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERösch1978169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commemorated on 28 November according to the Typikon of the Great Church and on 28 August, according to the Palestinian-Georgian Synaxarion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWortley1980_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWortley1980-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mauritius-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mauritius_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeary2015" class="citation book cs1">Geary, Patrick (2015). <i>Readings in Medieval History, Fifth Edition</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442634411" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442634411"><bdi>978-1442634411</bdi></a>. <q>Given the seventeenth of June, in the nineteenth year of the reign of our most religious lord, <i>Mauritius Tiberius Augustus</i>, the eighteenth year of the consulship of our said lord, and the fourth indiction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Medieval+History%2C+Fifth+Edition&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1442634411&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Shaler_BagnallKlaas_Anthony_Worp2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Roger Shaler Bagnall</a>; <a href="/wiki/Klaas_Worp" title="Klaas Worp">Klaas Anthony Worp</a> (2004). <i>Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt</i> (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004136540" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004136540"><bdi>978-9004136540</bdi></a>. <q>The formula is Oxyrhynchite, but our one Mephite and one Arsinoite document also show it. In Oxyrhynchos, Νέος is consistently absent up to 588, with the names in the order <i>Tiberius Mauricius</i>; after that one finds <i>Mauricius Novus Tiberius</i> in almost all examples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+Systems+of+Byzantine+Egypt&rft.pages=261&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9004136540&rft.au=Roger+Shaler+Bagnall&rft.au=Klaas+Anthony+Worp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889165–166-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889165–166_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERösch1978169-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERösch1978169_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRösch1978">Rösch 1978</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992855-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992855_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, p. 855.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997227-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997227_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark,_Freya_2012_390-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stark,_Freya_2012_390_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark,_Freya2012" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Freya (2012). <i>Rome on the Euphrates: The Story of a Frontier</i>. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-314-0"><bdi>978-1-84885-314-0</bdi></a>. <q>Byzantium reverted to Greek (Maurice, born in Cappadocia, was its first Greek emperor); and trade and diplomacy were honored from the very founding of the Imperial city as never in Rome before.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+on+the+Euphrates%3A+The+Story+of+a+Frontier&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-314-0&rft.au=Stark%2C+Freya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corradini,_Richard_2005_57-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corradini,_Richard_2005_57_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorradini,_Richard2006" class="citation book cs1">Corradini, Richard (2006). <i>Texts and identities in the early Middle Ages</i>. Verl. der Österr. Akad. der Wiss. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-3747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-3747-4"><bdi>978-3-7001-3747-4</bdi></a>. <q>Emperor Maurice who is said to be the first emperor "from the race of the Greeks," ex Graecorum genere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+and+identities+in+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Verl.+der+%C3%96sterr.+Akad.+der+Wiss&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-3747-4&rft.au=Corradini%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2012390-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2012390_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStark2012">Stark 2012</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorradini200657-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorradini200657_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorradini2006">Corradini 2006</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2011199-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser2011199_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosser2011">Rosser 2011</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911318-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911318_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 1318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, p. 856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856–857-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992856–857_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris1992</a>, pp. 856–857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, pp. 160–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, pp. 162–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-581_Expedition-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-581_Expedition_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahîd1995">Shahîd 1995</a>, pp. 413–419; <a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, pp. 163–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahîd1995">Shahîd 1995</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahîd1995">Shahîd 1995</a>, p. 416; <a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GL164-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GL164_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL164_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahîd1995">Shahîd 1995</a>, pp. 439–443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahîd1995">Shahîd 1995</a>, pp. 444–455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, pp. 163–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, pp. 859, 1215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997226-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997226_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nikiu2_chronicle.htm">"John, Bishop of Nikiu: Chronicle. Chapter XCV (95), 25–26. 1916 translation by R. H. Charles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109164225/http://tertullian.org/fathers/nikiu2_chronicle.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Chronicle.+Chapter+XCV+%2895%29%2C+25%E2%80%9326.+1916+translation+by+R.+H.+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fnikiu2_chronicle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicon-p/page/139/mode/1up">(Olympiad 340)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992859–860-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992859–860_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, pp. 859–860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt3jZ69vJKQC&pg=PA113">III, ch. 15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Lynda Garland</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/sophia.htm">Sophia, Wife of Justin II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730071222/http://www.roman-emperors.org/sophia.htm">Archived</a> 30 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674–75-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674–75_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674–75_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007406-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007406_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007406_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2007">Mitchell 2007</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013379-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013379_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013379_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2013">Petersen 2013</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002">Greatrex & Lieu 2002</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195673-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195673_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273–274-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273–274_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, pp. 273–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015164-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015164_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015164_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2015">Payne 2015</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988273_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2013">Petersen 2013</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007405-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2007405_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2007">Mitchell 2007</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378–379-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378–379_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013378–379_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2013">Petersen 2013</a>, pp. 378–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988274-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988274_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2002154-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2002154_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl2002">Pohl 2002</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Armenian History attributed to Sebēos, Part 1, translation and notes, trans. R.W. Thomson; comm. J.D. Howard-Johnston, Translated Texts for Historians 31 (Liverpool, 1999) p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195675-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195675_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195674_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescuen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fortescuen, Adrian (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Maurice"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Maurice">"Maurice" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maurice&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fortescuen&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195676-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195676_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988275–278_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, pp. 275–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988277-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988277_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213752/http://www.roman-emperors.org/tina.htm">"Roman Emperors – DIR Constantina"</a>. <i>www.roman-emperors.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/tina.htm">the original</a> on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.roman-emperors.org&rft.atitle=Roman+Emperors+%E2%80%93+DIR+Constantina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Ftina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby198818-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby198818_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitby1988">Whitby 1988</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum24-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baum24_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baum (2004), pp. 24–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby19885-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby19885_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitby1988">Whitby 1988</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992411-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992411_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston202116–18-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston202116–18_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward-Johnston2021">Howard-Johnston 2021</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992860._Some_sources_give_23_November,_but,_as_the_''[[Chronicon_Paschale]]''_[httpsarchiveorgdetailschronicon-ppage142mode1up_(O.345)]_points_out,_this_was_the_date_of_Phocas'_coronation.-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleJonesMorris1992860._Some_sources_give_23_November,_but,_as_the_''[[Chronicon_Paschale]]''_[httpsarchiveorgdetailschronicon-ppage142mode1up_(O.345)]_points_out,_this_was_the_date_of_Phocas'_coronation._62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992">Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992</a>, p. 860. Some sources give 23 November, but, as the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicon-p/page/142/mode/1up">(O.345)</a> points out, this was the date of Phocas' coronation..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland1999" class="citation web cs1">Garland, Lynda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/tina.htm">"Constantina (Wife of the emperor Maurice)"</a>. <i>roman-emperors.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roman-emperors.org&rft.atitle=Constantina+%28Wife+of+the+emperor+Maurice%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Ftina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195624-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky195624_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1956">Ostrogorsky 1956</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCotter2003" class="citation web cs1">McCotter, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120022142/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/mccotter2.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Nation which Forgets its Defenders will Itself be Forgotten': Emperor Maurice and the Persians"</a>. <i>Queen's University of Belfast</i>. deremilitari.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/mccotter2.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.atitle=%27The+Nation+which+Forgets+its+Defenders+will+Itself+be+Forgotten%27%3A+Emperor+Maurice+and+the+Persians&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=McCotter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deremilitari.org%2Fresources%2Farticles%2Fmccotter2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952203-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrevité-Orton1952203_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrevité-Orton1952">Previté-Orton 1952</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1990260-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1990260_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1990">Davis 1990</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198724-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198724_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278–279-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988278–279_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1988">Norwich 1988</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophanes (1997) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>815]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicle-of-theophanes-the-confessor">Chronicle</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Cyril Mango</a> & Roger Scott. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 410 (AM 6094).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitby198821-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitby198821_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitby1988">Whitby 1988</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock197629-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock197629_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1976">Brock 1976</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWortley1980-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWortley1980_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWortley1980">Wortley 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnhout: Brepols, 1981, pp. 774–775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcock2018-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcock2018_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlcock2018">Alcock 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nau, 1981, pp. 776–778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ashak.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/WEB_Studime-shoqerore-9.pdf">Akademia e Shkencave te Kosoves; Shuka Gj. (2023). "Nenshtresa ne tri kenge te Ciklit te Kosoves". Studime Shoqerore (9)</a>: 245–285.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock2018" class="citation journal cs1">Alcock, Anthony (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36515704">"Maurice the Emperor: A Short Syriac Text"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Maurice+the+Emperor%3A+A+Short+Syriac+Text&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36515704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2004" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Wilhelm (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgdRHNpHLeIC&pg=PA27"><i>Christian, queen, myth of love, a woman of late antiquity, historical reality and literary effect</i></a>. Gorgias Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-282-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-282-3"><bdi>1-59333-282-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian%2C+queen%2C+myth+of+love%2C+a+woman+of+late+antiquity%2C+historical+reality+and+literary+effect&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59333-282-3&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbgdRHNpHLeIC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brock" title="Sebastian Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1976). "Syriac Sources for Seventh-Century History". <i>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 17–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F030701376790206207">10.1179/030701376790206207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162305771">162305771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=Syriac+Sources+for+Seventh-Century+History&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-36&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F030701376790206207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162305771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.B._Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Bury">Bury, J.B.</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro02buryuoft"><i>A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, 395 A.D. to 800 A.D.</i></a> Vol. II. MacMillan & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/168739195">168739195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire+from+Arcadius+to+Irene%2C+395+A.D.+to+800+A.D.&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F168739195&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflaterro02buryuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorradini2006" class="citation book cs1">Corradini, Richard (2006). <i>Texts and identities in the early Middle Ages</i>. Wien: Verl. der Österr. Akad. der Wiss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3700137474" title="Special:BookSources/978-3700137474"><bdi>978-3700137474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+and+identities+in+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Verl.+der+%C3%96sterr.+Akad.+der+Wiss&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3700137474&rft.aulast=Corradini&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1990" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Leo Donald (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418"><i>The first seven ecumenical councils (325–787): their history and theology</i></a></span>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5616-1"><bdi>0-8146-5616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+seven+ecumenical+councils+%28325%E2%80%93787%29%3A+their+history+and+theology&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8146-5616-1&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Leo+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreatrexLieu2002" class="citation book cs1">Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zc8iAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)</i></a>. New York, London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14687-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14687-6"><bdi>978-0-415-14687-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Eastern+Frontier+and+the+Persian+Wars+%28Part+II%2C+363%E2%80%93630+AD%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14687-6&rft.aulast=Greatrex&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Lieu%2C+Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzc8iAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward-Johnston2021" class="citation book cs1">Howard-Johnston, James (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-last-great-war-of-antiquity-9780198830191"><i>The Last Great War of Antiquity</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198830191" title="Special:BookSources/9780198830191"><bdi>9780198830191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+War+of+Antiquity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780198830191&rft.aulast=Howard-Johnston&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-last-great-war-of-antiquity-9780198830191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1987" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1987). <i>Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6667-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6667-4"><bdi>0-8020-6667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Imperial+Centuries%2C+AD+610-1071&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8020-6667-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly+James+Heald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/1318/mode/1up">"Maurice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 1318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maurice&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1318&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodb_20210521%2Fpage%2F1318%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">Martindale, J.R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A.H.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, J.</a>, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plre-iii"><i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5"><bdi>978-0-521-20160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+Volume+III%3A+A.D.+527%E2%80%93641&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20160-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplre-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Stephen (2007). <i>A History of the Later Roman Empire</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0856-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-0856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0856-0&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1988" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John (1988). <i>Byzantium: The Early Centuries</i>. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670802517" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670802517"><bdi>978-0670802517</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18834505">18834505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Early+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18834505&rft.isbn=978-0670802517&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1">Ostrogorsky, George (1956). <i>History of The Byzantine State</i>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422217218">422217218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Byzantine+State&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422217218&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_the_Deacon2011" class="citation book cs1">Paul the Deacon (2011). Peters, Edward (ed.). <i>History of the Lombards</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812205589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812205589"><bdi>978-0812205589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Lombards&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812205589&rft.au=Paul+the+Deacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2015" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Richard E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtjsCQAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29245-1"><bdi>978-0-520-29245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+State+of+Mixture%3A+Christians%2C+Zoroastrians%2C+and+Iranian+Political+Culture+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29245-1&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtjsCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2013" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013). <i>Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 AD) Byzantium, the West and Islam</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004254466" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004254466"><bdi>978-9004254466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Warfare+and+Military+Organization+in+the+Successor+States+%28400%E2%80%93800+AD%29+Byzantium%2C+the+West+and+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004254466&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Leif+Inge+Ree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pohl, Walter (2002). <i>The Avars: a Steppe People in Central Europe, 567–822 AD</i> (in German). Munich: Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406489693" title="Special:BookSources/9783406489693"><bdi>9783406489693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Avars%3A+a+Steppe+People+in+Central+Europe%2C+567%E2%80%93822+AD&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783406489693&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevité-Orton1952" class="citation book cs1">Previté-Orton, Charles William (1952). <i>The shorter Cambridge medieval history</i>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263439650">263439650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shorter+Cambridge+medieval+history&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263439650&rft.aulast=Previt%C3%A9-Orton&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRösch1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rösch, Gerhard (1978). <i>Onoma Basileias: Studien zum offiziellen Gebrauch der Kaisertitel in spätantiker und frühbyzantinischer Zeit</i>. Byzantina et Neograeca Vindobonensia (in German). Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0260-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0260-1"><bdi>978-3-7001-0260-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onoma+Basileias%3A+Studien+zum+offiziellen+Gebrauch+der+Kaisertitel+in+sp%C3%A4tantiker+und+fr%C3%BChbyzantinischer+Zeit&rft.series=Byzantina+et+Neograeca+Vindobonensia&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-0260-1&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6sch&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosser2011" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, John H. (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. Boston: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810874770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810874770"><bdi>978-0810874770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0810874770&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahîd1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Shahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Irfan Shahid">Shahîd, Irfan</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEvEV9OVzacC"><i>Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 1</i></a>. Washington, District of Columbia: Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-214-5"><bdi>978-0-88402-214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+Sixth+Century%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Washington%2C+District+of+Columbia&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-214-5&rft.aulast=Shah%C3%AEd&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEvEV9OVzacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2012" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Freya (2012). <i>Rome on the Euphrates: The Story of a Frontier</i>. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848853140" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848853140"><bdi>978-1848853140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+on+the+Euphrates%3A+The+Story+of+a+Frontier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848853140&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Freya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). <i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford, CA">Stanford, CA</a>: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-2630-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2630-6&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walford, Edward, transl. (1846) <i>The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594</i>, Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, Merchantville, NJ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-88-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-88-6">978-1-889758-88-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitby1988" class="citation book cs1">Whitby, Michael (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAcAJfJP9KUC"><i>The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822945-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822945-2"><bdi>978-0-19-822945-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Maurice+and+his+Historian+%E2%80%93+Theophylact+Simocatta+on+Persian+and+Balkan+Warfare&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822945-2&rft.aulast=Whitby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAcAJfJP9KUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortley1980" class="citation book cs1">Wortley, J. (1980). "The legend of the Emperor Maurice". <i>Actes du XVe Congrès International d'Etudes byzantines, Athènes, 1976</i>. Vol. IV. Athens. pp. 382–391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+legend+of+the+Emperor+Maurice&rft.btitle=Actes+du+XVe+Congr%C3%A8s+International+d%27Etudes+byzantines%2C+Ath%C3%A8nes%2C+1976&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=382-391&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Wortley&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_(emperor)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE5"><i>The Christian Roman Empire series</i></a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolpub.com. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-87-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-87-9"><bdi>978-1-889758-87-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Roman+Empire+series&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Evolpub.com&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-889758-87-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evolpub.com%2FCRE%2FCREseries.html%23CRE5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlosser1994" class="citation book cs1">Shlosser, Franziska E. (1994). <i>The Reign of the Emperor Maurikios (582–602). A reassessment (Historical Monographs 14)</i>. Montreal: McGill University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9607100788" title="Special:BookSources/978-9607100788"><bdi>978-9607100788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+the+Emperor+Maurikios+%28582%E2%80%93602%29.+A+reassessment+%28Historical+Monographs+14%29&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9607100788&rft.aulast=Shlosser&rft.aufirst=Franziska+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitbyWhitby1986" class="citation book cs1">Whitby, Michael; Whitby, Mary (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtRfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of Theophylact Simocatta</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822799-1"><bdi>978-0-19-822799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Theophylact+Simocatta&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822799-1&rft.aulast=Whitby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Whitby%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtRfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitby2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Whitby, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/maurice-emperor">"Maurice"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59605200">59605200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maurice&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59605200&rft.aulast=Whitby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmaurice-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Maurice (emperor) </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Justinian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian dynasty">Justinian dynasty</a> </b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 539 </span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 602</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> </b><br />582–602<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></i> <i> (582)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i> <i> (590–602)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius Constantinus Augustus</a> in 579</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Consul">Roman Consul</a> I </b><br />584 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Mauricius Tiberius Augustus in 602</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Mauricius Tiberius Augustus in 584</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Consul">Roman Consul</a> II </b><br />6 July 602–31 December 602 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas"> Phocas Augustus</a> in 603</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181764#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181764#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXJQ74dJJPGW766QWxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118579258">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82211141">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129792396">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb129792396">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mauricius <imperatore d'Oriente>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV127806">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1154743">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074035622">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8042599">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000350107&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=63136">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bcpkg2wc4hfn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664497505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/3019">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265288905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118579258.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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