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.ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Adam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Buffyverse" title="Buffyverse">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i> character</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam(buffy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Adam%28buffy%29.jpg/220px-Adam%28buffy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Adam%28buffy%29.jpg/330px-Adam%28buffy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Adam%28buffy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="278" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">George Hertzberg portrayed Adam mindful both of "boyish innocence" and a programmed directive to kill.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/The_I_in_Team" title="The I in Team">The I in Team</a>" (2000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Lessons_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Lessons (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Lessons</a>" (2002)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joss_Whedon" title="Joss Whedon">Joss Whedon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Portrayed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Hertzberg" title="George Hertzberg">George Hertzberg</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data">Initiative</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Bio-mechanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demonoid</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable powers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superhuman_strength" title="Superhuman strength">Superhuman strength</a>, stamina, and durability. Skewer, collapsible <a href="/wiki/Minigun" class="mw-redirect" title="Minigun">minigun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launcher</a> housed within arms. <a href="/wiki/Technopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Technopathy">Cybernetic abilities</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adam</b> is a fictional character in the <a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(season_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4)">fourth season</a> of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i>. Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/George_Hertzberg" title="George Hertzberg">George Hertzberg</a>, he is a monster created from a man and the collected parts of demons, vampires, and technology: the product of a perverse experiment carried out by military scientists. The series' main character, <a href="/wiki/Buffy_Summers" title="Buffy Summers">Buffy Summers</a>, encounters and ultimately defeats him in the fourth season. Adam is the creation of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Walsh" title="Maggie Walsh">Maggie Walsh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Crouse" title="Lindsay Crouse">Lindsay Crouse</a>), the head of a military-like organization called The Initiative that studies how to alter the harmful behavior inherent to demons. Adam and the Initiative are the fourth season's primary antagonists, or <a href="/wiki/Big_Bad" title="Big Bad">Big Bad</a>. </p><p>The premise of the series is that Buffy (<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar" title="Sarah Michelle Gellar">Sarah Michelle Gellar</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Slayer_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Slayer (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Slayer</a>, endowed with superhuman strength to fight vampires and evil creatures in the fictional town of <a href="/wiki/Sunnydale" title="Sunnydale">Sunnydale</a>. In the fourth season, Buffy begins attending college, where she discovers that her psychology professor, Walsh, is a scientist for the Initiative. Adam is Dr. Walsh's horrible masterpiece, an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>, whose first conscious act is killing his creator. Adam's search for understanding himself and his true nature, combined for his penchant for chaos, leads him to orchestrate a massacre between demons and humans, after which he will be able use body parts left over from the melee to create an army of monsters to set loose on Sunnydale. Buffy's effectiveness as a Slayer is increased because her close friends and family, called the Scooby Gang, assist her in her battles. By the end of season four the members of the group have become estranged and must come back together in order to defeat the apparently invincible Adam. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buffy_studies" title="Buffy studies">Buffy studies</a> scholars have critically examined the character of Adam, noting that he is a clear reference to <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>. Throughout the action of the novel, the monster constantly asks what he is and why he was created, much like Adam. Whedon wanted Adam to be inquisitive and introspective, directing George Hertzberg to "find the stillness" in the character. The presence of Adam also serves to question tradition and authority, specifically institutional authority, which is a repeated theme on the show. Adam has a "design flaw": Adam finds Dr. Walsh unnecessary (his existence supplemented with technology), and as such kills her—a clear example of rejecting authority. Critical reception to Adam has largely ranged from mixed to negative. Some commentators felt his subplot was confusing and unconvincing. Others enjoyed the concept and praised the make-up and special effects used to create the character. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_arc">Character arc</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Character arc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_appearances">Television appearances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Television appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adam makes his first appearance on the thirteenth episode of season four, "<a href="/wiki/The_I_in_Team" title="The I in Team">The I in Team</a>". The first twelve episodes of the season establish the overarching themes, with increasing focus on the mysterious activities of the Initiative. Buffy and Willow begin attending college, an experience which overwhelms Buffy immediately as she finds herself far outside her comfort zone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the season premiere, Buffy and Willow begin attending a challenging psychology class taught by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Walsh" title="Maggie Walsh">Maggie Walsh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Crouse" title="Lindsay Crouse">Lindsay Crouse</a>). She also meets Dr. Walsh's teaching assistant <a href="/wiki/Riley_Finn" title="Riley Finn">Riley Finn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marc_Blucas" title="Marc Blucas">Marc Blucas</a>) and they become attracted to each other. Riley is in charge of a military commando organization that hunts vampires and demons, and captures them for research. It is not revealed to audiences that Dr. Walsh is the head of the research branch of Riley's military organization, called the Initiative, until the <a href="/wiki/The_Initiative_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="The Initiative (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">seventh episode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Initiative's goals are gradually made clearer. A recurring character since the second season is <a href="/wiki/Spike_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Spike</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Marsters" title="James Marsters">James Marsters</a>), a mercenary vampire who has fought both against and with Buffy in the past, depending on what suits his interests. Recently wanting to kill Buffy, Spike is captured by the Initiative before he can get to her and implanted with a chip in his brain that causes intense pain if he tries to attack humans to feed on them, or even to fight them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buffy begins enthusiastically training with the Initiative, spending more time with Riley, and trying to impress Dr. Walsh. At different times, Willow, Xander, and Giles caution Buffy that she does not know the Initiative's true motives and there are questions about their mission that are unanswered. Buffy begins asking questions during "<a href="/wiki/The_I_in_Team" title="The I in Team">The I in Team</a>". After being sent after a Polgara demon, a being with a skewer in its arm, she wants to know why the demon must be captured alive and unharmed as she is used to killing demons. Her questions at first confound Dr. Walsh—who answers to no one—then cement Dr. Walsh's decision to remove Buffy from the Initiative. After a botched attempt to kill Buffy, Dr. Walsh consoles herself by going into laboratory room 314 and speaking to her pet project, Adam who is laying on a table, apparently unconscious. Adam rises and impales Dr. Walsh with the skewer in his arm—the one taken off the Polgara demon. His first word is "Mommy", which he says as Dr. Walsh falls to the floor, dead.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s231_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riley, meanwhile, learns of Dr. Walsh's death and his comrades <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Forrest Gates">Forrest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Roberts" title="Leonard Roberts">Leonard Roberts</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Miller_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Miller (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Graham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bailey_Chase" title="Bailey Chase">Bailey Chase</a>) suspect Buffy to be her murderer. Extremely agitated and showing signs of drug withdrawal, he follows Buffy and demands to know the truth in "<a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Iowa" title="Goodbye Iowa">Goodbye Iowa</a>". None of them are aware of Adam until he re-emerges in the underground laboratories of the Initiative, killing Dr. Walsh's assistant and another soldier. He tells Riley that he knows Dr. Walsh created them both, that she gave Riley chemicals to strengthen him, which makes them brothers. When Riley refuses to acknowledge their bond, Adam skewers Riley, and knocks Buffy across the room while Forrest and Graham are trying to enter the locked door. Adam leaves and the Initiative are tasked with hunting him down and killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When one of Sunnydale's residents, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Levinson" title="Jonathan Levinson">Jonathan Levinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danny_Strong" title="Danny Strong">Danny Strong</a>), casts a spell making him the center of everyone's attention in "<a href="/wiki/Superstar_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Superstar (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Superstar</a>", Adam is the only character in town who realizes it is an illusion. He explains his insight by saying he is "aware". His uniqueness has set him apart.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adam is interested in how the illusion will play out, however, and watches it unfold. During the illusion, Jonathan—temporarily a part of the Inititative—discovers Adam's only weakness: a uranium power core source which, effectively, will never allow him to die.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spike simultaneously discovers Adam to be communicating with the town's demon underworld, asking for favors through a charisma he has over them. Adam promises if Spike can drive apart Buffy and Riley and their friends, he will remove Spike's microchip.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s242_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s242-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan to drive Buffy, Willow, Xander, and Giles apart works for a while; at their lowest, the four refuse to speak to each other, but each of them realizes in "<a href="/wiki/Primeval_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primeval (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Primeval</a>" that they were manipulated by Spike and return, apologetic. They realize that Adam has been orchestrating the capture of the town's vampires and demons so he can release them in the Initiative; the Initiative's holding cells are becoming overcrowded and the soldiers spread very thin and overworked. The soldiers and demons will then proceed to kill each other. Adam intends to use the resulting carnage to create an army of monsters much like himself.<sup id="cite_ref-holderprimeval_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holderprimeval-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-staffordprimeval_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staffordprimeval-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buffy, Willow, Xander, and Giles realize they must work as one unit to defeat Adam. They are captured sneaking into the Initiative, but Adam trips the power, releasing all the demons and a fight breaks out all over the facility. Buffy, Willow, Xander, and Giles get themselves into a room adjacent to 314 as Willow starts to cast the spell to join them all temporarily. Riley distracts Adam's demonoid minions while Buffy confronts Adam. However, Adam, after modulating his arm to dispense a <a href="/wiki/Minigun" class="mw-redirect" title="Minigun">minigun</a>, is able to overpower her. Suddenly, the spell begins to work: to function as one unit, Willow becomes the spirit, Giles the mind, Xander the heart, and Buffy the hand, or strength, of their ensemble. They work through Buffy to neutralize Adam, telling him "You could never hope to grasp the source of our power". Adam, alone but intrigued, shoots at them to no avail. Adam then shoots a missile, which is changed into doves, and his gun is reverted into his arm. They are able, through Buffy, to punch inside Adam's chest, remove his uranium core, destroying him.<sup id="cite_ref-richardson73_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardson73-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adam's most significant influence following his death is in the next episode "<a href="/wiki/Restless_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Restless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Restless</a>", where the cost of defeating Adam is made apparent. <i>Buffy'</i>s fourth season was a first in the series in that the Scoobies' defeat of the Big Bad did not occur in a two-part grand season finale. "Primeval" is not the last episode of the season. Joss Whedon felt so strongly about the importance of the four core characters that he dedicated the finale to exploring their development.<sup id="cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourthoverview-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Restless" opens with Buffy, Willow, Xander, and Giles arriving at Buffy's mother's house still brimming with the energy of the spell that bound them together in "Primeval". Each of them falls asleep quickly, however, and their dreams are a pastiche of enigmatic episodes that both reveal much about each character, but also foreshadow what will occur in seasons to come. Their dreams also mirror their roles in the spell they performed to kill Adam. The magic they used to defeat the influence of science creates an inverse crisis, violating the series' set of laws.<sup id="cite_ref-richardson73_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardson73-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Riley and Adam, now only in human form, appear in Buffy's dream. They are wearing business suits, sitting together at a glass conference table as Buffy walks into the room, telling her they are naming things—as <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> did in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>—and making plans to take over the world. Buffy asks Adam what his name was before he was a monster, but he cannot tell her. Adam appears once more in the series as one of the faces of the <a href="/wiki/First_Evil" title="First Evil">First Evil</a>, the seventh season's Big Bad, in "<a href="/wiki/Lessons_(Buffy_episode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lessons (Buffy episode)">Lessons</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_novel_appearance">Graphic novel appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Graphic novel appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the comic book series <i><a href="/wiki/Haunted_(Buffy_comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haunted (Buffy comic)">Haunted</a></i>, Adam was once a human member of the Initiative tasked with protecting Professor Walsh. The ghost of <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Mayor (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Mayor Richard Wilkins</a>, however, took over the body of a vampire, which was then captured by the Initiative. Desperate to escape, the Mayor moved to the body of a dead demon and killed Adam. Having been one of her favorite agents, Professor Walsh vowed to bring him back to life and placed his body in her 314 Project.<sup id="cite_ref-comicbook_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comicbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the <a href="/wiki/Buffyverse_canon" title="Buffyverse canon">complex nature of the Buffyverse</a>, this chain of events may not, in fact, be canonical.<sup id="cite_ref-silverbullet_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverbullet-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_and_casting">Creation and casting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation and casting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #CCCCFF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I think there is a boyish innocence to Adam, that coupled with his programming—which is basically to kill—makes him an evil demon being-man-machine-person. Is he evil or misunderstood? I don't think he's misunderstood. Can he be reprogrammed? I think it's possible, but if he was, I don't know how interesting that would be. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/George_Hertzberg" title="George Hertzberg">George Hertzberg</a>, outlining his character.<sup id="cite_ref-mag_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Series writer <a href="/wiki/David_Fury" title="David Fury">David Fury</a> cited graphic novel author <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Promethea" title="Promethea">Promethea</a></i>—a story combining science fiction, mysticism, and a female superhero—as inspiration for the storyline, and another nod to <i>Frankenstein</i> as its original title was <i>Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourthoverview-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilcox133_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, series creator, Joss Whedon has long been interested in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>. He wrote the script for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_Resurrection" title="Alien Resurrection">Alien Resurrection</a></i> (1997), where an extraterrestrial creature is bred from a human and an alien in a laboratory, and went on to develop the <a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">space Western</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)" title="Firefly (TV series)">Firefly</a></i>. <i>Buffy</i> uses both science and magic as narrative devices. According to author Andrew Aberdein, the series employs science in three ways: to demonstrate what contemporary science explains, to posit what science may be able to accomplish, and the dominance of supernatural forces over science. According to Aberdein, Adam, a "kinematically redundant, bio-mechanical demonoid", is the series' deepest exploration of scientific potential.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Series writer <a href="/wiki/Doug_Petrie" title="Doug Petrie">Doug Petrie</a> states that Adam is the embodiment of the invasion of science in a world where magic is the most powerful force. The series relied on its own form of magic to explain Buffy's superpowers and other supernatural occurrences up to the fourth season. Adam is "what happens when people who believe in science use demons for military gain", according to Petrie. The result is that science "gets its ass kicked" by magic.<sup id="cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourthoverview-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i> had been very successful in its first three seasons on television, but some of the characters left the series and storylines ended, creating a need for an entire shift in location and mission. Buffy and the core group of friends who fight with her graduate from high school, while the school itself was blown up in the third-season finale. The fourth season, therefore, presents viewers with Buffy, her best friends <a href="/wiki/Willow_Rosenberg" title="Willow Rosenberg">Willow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alyson_Hannigan" title="Alyson Hannigan">Alyson Hannigan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Xander_Harris" title="Xander Harris">Xander</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brendon" title="Nicholas Brendon">Nicholas Brendon</a>), and mentor <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Giles" title="Rupert Giles">Giles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Head" title="Anthony Head">Anthony Head</a>) at a crossroads. Series creator <a href="/wiki/Joss_Whedon" title="Joss Whedon">Joss Whedon</a> called it a "strange, sort of schizophrenic season" with a "weird incoherence", but also stated that the episodes in the fourth season were among the series' best. The writers set out to explore the characters' trials as they discover more about themselves following the defining years of high school. Although they had been a cohesive group of friends in the first three seasons, situations arise in the fourth to separate them. The writers focused on each of the four core characters individually throughout the season to increase the impact of their finally coming back together in the penultimate episode, "<a href="/wiki/Primeval_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primeval (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Primeval</a>", when they merge their essences to form a super-Buffy in order to defeat Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourthoverview-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Hertzberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/George_Hertzberg.jpg/200px-George_Hertzberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/George_Hertzberg.jpg/300px-George_Hertzberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/George_Hertzberg.jpg/400px-George_Hertzberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Actor <a href="/wiki/George_Hertzberg" title="George Hertzberg">George Hertzberg</a> portrayed Adam in the series.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Hertzberg" title="George Hertzberg">George Hertzberg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> graduate with experience in sitcoms and commercials, was chosen based on one of Adam's monologues he was given to read for the audition. Hertzberg counted luck and being in the right place at the right time in helping him get the role. Many recurring characters on <i>Buffy</i> start with one or two episodes, and when the writers or producers like their chemistry with other actors, they often make them a regular part of the cast. Hertzberg, however, understood at his reading that Adam was to be a major part of the fourth season.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casting Director Amy Britt needed someone physically imposing for the part, with the 6-foot-4-inch (1.93 m) Hertzberg fitting the bill. Britt stated, "this is a guy we're going to want eventually to have some affinity for. We can't just see him as an evil being. He is evil to the core [and] should scare us with his actions; but there's also innocence. Like the Frankenstein monster, you realize that they're only doing what they know. Or what they've been programmed to do. These aren't born creatures, these are creations."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Make-up">Make-up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Make-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When he auditioned, Hertzberg had no idea what Adam would look like in full costume and make-up. <i>Buffy</i> used a company named Optic Nerve to build the materials to make Hertzberg look like a demonoid. Almost immediately after Hertzberg got the part, Optic Nerve sketched and sculpted Adam's appearance. They had Hertzberg come in to have molds made for prosthetic parts to fit his head and face, arms, chest, and legs, then he was fitted for contact lenses. They also created separate hands and a chest to film for close-up shots. Adam has a <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk drive</a> mounted on his chest which, when used, had to be filmed without Hertzberg behind it. The entire construction of Adam's appearance took about two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hertzberg's voice was also modified post-production. When he saw the full Adam prosthetic and costume, his biggest concern was being able to show nuanced facial expressions under so much latex. It took hours to get Hertzberg into his full costume, but even after it was fully applied on set, often he would have to wait even longer before he went in front of the cameras. He spoke of the need to stay focused during all the waiting while sweating underneath everything he wore for the part.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein%27s_monster_(Boris_Karloff).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/200px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/300px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/400px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>Adam serves as an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Buffy_studies" title="Buffy studies">Buffy studies</a> scholar Roz Kaveney states that estrangement from the self and others is the primary theme of the fourth season. To illustrate the absolute search for identity, the series writers created Adam, who is more truly alone than is anyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a creature assembled from a man, vampires, demons, and cutting edge cybernetic technology. Adam was not the first re-animated corpse to be presented in the series. "<a href="/wiki/Some_Assembly_Required_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Some Assembly Required (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Some Assembly Required</a>" in the second season also had a Frankenstein monster-like creation and "<a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beasts" title="Beauty and the Beasts">Beauty and the Beasts</a>" in the third includes references to <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a></i>; both touch on the misuse or abuse of science.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adam is a clear reference to <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>, who in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> (1818) tells his creator that he is the "Adam of your labours". <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> wrote the novel to highlight the problems progress, science, and industry create for humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the action, the monster constantly asks what he is and why he was created. Likewise, Adam escapes from 314 and makes his way out into the world, and much like Frankenstein's monster, he finds a little boy and asks the boy who and what he (Adam) is, then murders and dissects him. Adam is a curious character, seeking the truth and pontificating on what he has learned, even if he gained the knowledge through heartless violence. Whedon wanted Adam to be inquisitive and introspective, directing George Hertzberg to "find the stillness" in the character. Roz Kaveney notes that Hertzberg's "flawed but impressive performance" includes Adam's interesting idiosyncrasy of pausing each time he speaks, as if he is creating meaning with his own words and must consider the implications of what he is saying.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author Nikki Stafford connects Adam's need to learn about the world around him to Frankenstein's monster: Adam must understand why other people are here and why he has emotions, a peculiarity of his creation as Dr. Walsh never encouraged others to question her.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Buffy studies writer draws comparisons between Dr. Walsh and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a>, both of whom build monsters out of body parts "to compensate for human vulnerability".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moral of Shelley's novel is that what science can accomplish is not necessarily what it should.<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox133_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dial67_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial67-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Questioning tradition and authority, specifically institutional authority, is a repeated theme on the show. Buffy was created to subvert the media trope of a young, petite girl who easily falls prey to a male monster. Resisting <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a> is exhibited in Buffy's opposing the first season's <a href="/wiki/Master_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Master (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Master</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mark_Metcalf" title="Mark Metcalf">Mark Metcalf</a>), the leader of a cult determined to cause the apocalypse, and again in the third season where exploring the issues of power and its abuse is a primary theme. Buffy opposes Sunnydale's secretly evil <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Mayor (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Mayor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Groener" title="Harry Groener">Harry Groener</a>), who is planning to transform into a giant demon and feed on the graduating class of Sunnydale High School. The military-industrial complex is at the heart of the authority question in season four, again drawing comparisons to <i>Frankenstein</i>. Where Frankenstein's monster had no parental love, Adam has a "design flaw". Unlike Frankenstein's monster, who needs his creator to make him a mate, Adam supplants Dr. Walsh's existence with technology, finding her unnecessary and thus he kills her. Adam is the embodiment of the lack of moral guidance in pursuing scientific and technological advancement. He represents the cannibalistic nature of relentless and unchecked power: what that power wreaks comes back to devour its source.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Buffy</i>, however, subverts Shelley's novel in the way Adam is defeated. Both Frankenstein and the monster must suffer alone. <i>Frankenstein</i> itself is an inversion of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era">Romantic era</a> ideal of a solitary hero who must endure struggles, by portraying the monster and its creator as isolated and miserable. Buffy, as the embodiment of the postfeminist <a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic hero</a>, further subverts this because the source of her success, according to Anita Rose, is that she fights with friends. Only then is she able to defeat Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox133_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critical reception to Adam was largely mixed, with critics' opinions ranging from negative to positive. Nikki Stafford, in her book <i>Bite Me!: The 10th Buffyversary Guide to the World of Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i>, was critical of Adam as well as the series doing several Frankenstein-inspired episodes so close together, noting that "Some Assembly Required" was aired "just two seasons" prior.<sup id="cite_ref-s231_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stafford called the entire ending sequence of "<a href="/wiki/Primeval_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primeval (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Primeval</a>", which featured the reanimated corpses of several minor characters as well as the death of Adam, "stupid and disgusting" and wrote that the scene was a main reason she was "happily bidding adieu" to the plot involving Adam and the Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-s242_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s242-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenna Busch, in her book <i>Joss Whedon: The Complete Companion</i>, called Adam "one of <i>Buffy'</i>s least interesting Big Bads" and argued that his story-arc involving the Initiative was "rather unconvincing and somewhat off-putting".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reviews were more accepting of the character. Noel Murray from <i><a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a></i> was slightly more positive towards the concept of Adam. He wrote that he "love[d] the idea of Adam" but was having a hard time understanding the coherence of his application to the main plot. He cited inconsistencies in Adam's existence, noting, "Adam killed Professor Walsh weeks ago, and yet The Initiative is still fully operational, and no one seems overly bothered by the fact that one of their leaders was building a monster."<sup id="cite_ref-avclubyoko_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avclubyoko-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray, however, did conclude that the show's writers and producers "did a decent job of bringing [the plot involving Adam] to a conclusion".<sup id="cite_ref-avclubyoko_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avclubyoko-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite critiquing the larger plot, Murray was "always impressed with [Adam's] costume/make-up".<sup id="cite_ref-avclubsuper_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avclubsuper-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he was positively surprised that it "took [him] a minute to recognize" Adam's appearance in "Restless" sans makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-avclubsuper_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avclubsuper-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/48px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/64px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffyverse_villains_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Buffyverse villains and supernatural beings">List of Buffyverse villains and supernatural beings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 196–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, pp. 215–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 196–212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, pp. 215–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 212–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, pp. 222–225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 227–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s231-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s231_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s231_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, pp. 231–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 231–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson and Rabb, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 237–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 239–244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s242-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s242_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s242_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, pp. 239–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holderprimeval-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holderprimeval_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 246–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-staffordprimeval-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-staffordprimeval_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, pp. 242–244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardson73-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richardson73_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richardson73_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson and Rabb, pp. 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, pp. 146–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fourthoverview-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourthoverview_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joss_Whedon" title="Joss Whedon">Joss Whedon</a> et al. (2000). <i>Fourth Season Overview</i> (DVD). <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(season_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer Fourth Season</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/The_WB_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The WB Television Network">The WB Television Network</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Season+Overview&rft.place=%27%27Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer+Fourth+Season%27%27&rft.pub=The+WB+Television+Network&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+%28Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruditis, pp. 167–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comicbook-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comicbook_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Espenson, <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silverbullet-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silverbullet_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaso" class="citation web cs1">Naso, Markisan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807070912/http://www.silverbulletcomicbooks.com/features/110791695145851.htm">"Jeff Mariotte: Cursed"</a>. Silver Bullet Comicbooks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicsbulletin.com/features/110791695145851.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jeff+Mariotte%3A+Cursed&rft.pub=Silver+Bullet+Comicbooks&rft.aulast=Naso&rft.aufirst=Markisan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comicsbulletin.com%2Ffeatures%2F110791695145851.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+%28Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mag-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mag_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, Mike (April 2001). "Young Frankenstein". <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_Magazine_incorporating_Angel_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer Magazine incorporating Angel Magazine">Buffy the Vampire Slayer Magazine</a></i> (19): 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer+Magazine&rft.atitle=Young+Frankenstein&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2001-04&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+%28Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilcox133-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox133_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox133_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox133_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcox and Lavery, pp. 133–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South, pp. 79–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 305–307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, p. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 380–384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hertzberg, George. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/buffy/interviews/nocturnal/interviews/george/index.shtml">Interviews with George Hertzberg</a>", BBC Cult Buffy News (2005). Retrieved on 26 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaveney, pp. 23–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden and Holder, pp. 83–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holder, <i>et al.</i>, pp. 147–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaveney, pp. 77–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford, pp. 232–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South, pp. 91–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dial67-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dial67_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dial-Driver, pp. 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcox, pp. 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, pp. 130–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2012" class="citation web cs1">Busch, Jenna (26 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626053600/http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2012/04/joss-whedon-the-complete-companion-read-an-excerpt-now.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Joss Whedon: The Complete Companion': Read an excerpt now"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Joss+Whedon%3A+The+Complete+Companion%27%3A+Read+an+excerpt+now&rft.pub=Zap2It&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.zap2it.com%2Fpop2it%2F2012%2F04%2Fjoss-whedon-the-complete-companion-read-an-excerpt-now.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+%28Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avclubyoko-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avclubyoko_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avclubyoko_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Noel (4 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831062015/http://www.avclub.com/articles/superstar-etc%2C32290/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Yoko Factor' etc"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. 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(2008), <i>The Truth of Buffy: Essays on Fiction Illuminating Reality</i>, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3799-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3799-3">978-0-7864-3799-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspenson2002" class="citation book cs1">Espenson, Jane (2002). <a href="/wiki/Haunted_(Buffy_comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haunted (Buffy comic)"><i>Haunted</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse Comics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56971-737-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56971-737-0"><bdi>978-1-56971-737-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunted&rft.pub=Dark+Horse+Comics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56971-737-0&rft.aulast=Espenson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+%28Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Golden, Christopher; Holder, Nancy (1998). <i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Watcher's Guide, Volume 1</i>, Pocket Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-02433-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-02433-7">0-671-02433-7</a></li> <li>Holder, Nancy; Mariotte, Jeff; Hart, Maryelizabeth (2000). <i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Watcher's Guide, Volume 2</i>, Pocket Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-04260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-04260-2">0-671-04260-2</a></li> <li>Jowett, Lorna (2005). <i>Sex and the Slayer: A Gender Studies Primer for the Buffy Fan</i>, Wesleyan University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6758-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6758-1">978-0-8195-6758-1</a></li> <li>Kaveney, Roz (ed.) (2004). <i>Reading the Vampire Slayer: The New, Updated, Unofficial Guide to Buffy and Angel</i>, Tauris Parke Paperbacks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-984-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-984-X">1-86064-984-X</a></li> <li>Pateman, Matthew (2006). <i>The Aesthetics of Culture in Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i>, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2249-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2249-1">0-7864-2249-1</a></li> <li>Richardson, J. Michael; Rabb, J. Douglas (2007). <i>The Existential Joss Whedon: Evil and Human Freedom in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Firefly and Serenity</i>, McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2781-7">0-7864-2781-7</a></li> <li>Ruditis, Paul (2004). <i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Watcher's Guide, Volume 3</i>, Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-86984-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-86984-3">0-689-86984-3</a></li> <li>South, James (ed.) (2003). <i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy: Fear and Trembling in Sunnydale</i>, Open Court Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9531-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9531-3">0-8126-9531-3</a></li> <li>Stafford, Nikki (2007). <i>Bite Me! The Unofficial Guide to Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i>, ECW Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-807-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-807-6">978-1-55022-807-6</a></li> <li>Stevenson, Gregory (2003). <i>Televised Morality: The Case of Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i>, Hamilton Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2833-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2833-8">0-7618-2833-8</a></li> <li>Wilcox, Rhonda (2005). <i>Why Buffy Matters: The Art of Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i>, I. B. Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-029-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-029-3">1-84511-029-3</a></li> <li>Wilcox, Rhonda and Lavery, David (eds.) (2002). <i>Fighting the Forces: What's at Stake in Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i>, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1681-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1681-4">0-7425-1681-4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buffyverse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Template:Buffy the Vampire Slayer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Template talk:Buffy the Vampire Slayer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buffy the Vampire Slayer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buffyverse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Buffyverse" title="Buffyverse">Buffyverse</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffyverse_canon" title="Buffyverse canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Index of articles related to Buffy the Vampire Slayer">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_and_Angel" title="List of awards and nominations received by Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel">Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(film)" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (film)">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer">TV series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_episodes" title="List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes">Episodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaired_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_pilot" title="Unaired Buffy the Vampire Slayer pilot">Unaired pilot</a></li> <li>Seasons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_season_1" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_season_2" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_season_3" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_season_4" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_season_5" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_season_6" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_season_7" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_home_video_releases" title="List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer home video releases">Home video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_comics" title="List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_Season_Eight" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight">Season Eight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_Season_Nine" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine">Season Nine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_Season_Ten" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten">Season Ten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_Season_Twelve" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Twelve">Season Twelve</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(Boom!_Studios)" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Boom! Studios)">Boom! Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_novels" title="List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer novels">Novels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)" title="Angel (1999 TV series)">Angel</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Angel_episodes" title="List of Angel episodes">Episodes</a></li> <li>Seasons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_season_1" title="Angel season 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_season_2" title="Angel season 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_season_3" title="Angel season 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_season_4" title="Angel season 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_season_5" title="Angel season 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Angel_comics" title="List of Angel comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel:_After_the_Fall" title="Angel: After the Fall">After the Fall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spike_(IDW_Publishing)" title="Spike (IDW Publishing)">Spike</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Angel_novels" title="List of Angel novels">Novels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_Summers" title="Buffy Summers">Buffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xander_Harris" title="Xander Harris">Xander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Rosenberg" title="Willow Rosenberg">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordelia_Chase" title="Cordelia Chase">Cordelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Giles" title="Rupert Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Kendall" title="Harmony Kendall">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oz_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Oz (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anya_Jenkins" title="Anya Jenkins">Anya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Wyndam-Pryce" title="Wesley Wyndam-Pryce">Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_Finn" title="Riley Finn">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Maclay" title="Tara Maclay">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Summers" title="Dawn Summers">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Francis_Doyle" title="Allen Francis Doyle">Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gunn_(Angel)" title="Charles Gunn (Angel)">Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Burkle" title="Winifred Burkle">Fred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaka_Fray" title="Melaka Fray">Fray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connor_(Angel)" title="Connor (Angel)">Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyria_(Angel)" title="Illyria (Angel)">Illyria</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters" title="List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters"><i>Buffy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Angel_characters" title="List of Angel characters"><i>Angel</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recurring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Summers" title="Joyce Summers">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darla_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Darla (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Darla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Calendar" title="Jenny Calendar">Jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Snyder" title="Principal Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Drusilla (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Levinson" title="Jonathan Levinson">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Lockley" title="Kate Lockley">Kate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfrek" title="Halfrek">Halfrek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wells" title="Andrew Wells">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wood_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Robin Wood (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Kennedy (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsu_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Satsu (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Satsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Angel_characters" title="List of minor Angel characters">List of minor <i>Angel</i> characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Master (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">The Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Mayor (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">The Mayor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Glory (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Evil" title="First Evil">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hoffryn" title="D'Hoffryn">D'Hoffryn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anointed_One_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Anointed One (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Anointed One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Madison" title="Amy Madison">Amy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Walsh" title="Maggie Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mears" title="Warren Mears">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trio_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Trio (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">The Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Caleb (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Caleb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bad" title="Big Bad">Big Bads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffyverse_villains_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Buffyverse villains and supernatural beings">Monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slayer_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Slayer (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Slayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnydale" title="Sunnydale">Sunnydale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Vampire (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Watcher (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Watchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spin-offs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fray_(comics)" title="Fray (comics)">Fray</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undeveloped_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_spinoffs" title="Undeveloped Buffy the Vampire Slayer spinoffs">Undeveloped spinoffs</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy:_The_Animated_Series" title="Buffy: The Animated Series">Buffy: The Animated Series</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_Collectible_Card_Game" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer Collectible Card Game">Card game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffyverse_comics" title="List of Buffyverse comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffyverse_literature" title="List of Buffyverse literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnydale_High_Yearbook" title="Sunnydale High Yearbook">High School yearbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffyverse_role-playing_games" title="Buffyverse role-playing games">Role-playing games</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_Roleplaying_Game" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer Roleplaying Game">Buffy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_Roleplaying_Game" title="Angel Roleplaying Game">Angel</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_and_Angel" title="Music in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer:_The_Album" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Album">The Album</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_More,_with_Feeling_(Buffy_soundtrack)" title="Once More, with Feeling (Buffy soundtrack)">Once More, with Feeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer:_Radio_Sunnydale_%E2%80%93_Music_from_the_TV_Series" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Radio Sunnydale – Music from the TV Series">Radio Sunnydale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer:_The_Score" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Score">The Score</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_video_games" title="List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(2000_video_game)" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2000 video game)"><i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i> (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(2002_video_game)" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2002 video game)"><i>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</i> (2002)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer:_Wrath_of_the_Darkhul_King" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Wrath of the Darkhul King">Wrath of the Darkhul King</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer:_Chaos_Bleeds" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Chaos Bleeds">Chaos Bleeds</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buffy_studies" title="Buffy studies"><i>Buffy</i> studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_and_Philosophy" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy">Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fighting_the_Forces" title="Fighting the Forces">Fighting the Forces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reading_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Reading the Vampire Slayer">Reading the Vampire Slayer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Seasons_of_Buffy" title="Seven Seasons of Buffy">Seven Seasons of Buffy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slayer_Slang" title="Slayer Slang">Slayer Slang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Televised_Morality" title="Televised Morality">Televised Morality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Buffy_Do%3F" title="What Would Buffy Do?">What Would Buffy Do?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Buffy_Matters" title="Why Buffy Matters">Why Buffy Matters</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fandom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffering_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffering the Vampire Slayer"><i>Buffering the Vampire Slayer</i> podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_productions" title="Unofficial Buffy the Vampire Slayer productions">Fan productions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_in_popular_culture" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whedonverse_(comics)" title="Whedonverse (comics)">Whedonverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whedonesque.com" title="Whedonesque.com">Whedonesque.com</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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