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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Statement that represents something in an excessive manner</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Catastrophisation" redirects here. For the television episode, see <a href="/wiki/Catastrophisation_(Twenty_Twelve)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catastrophisation (Twenty Twelve)">"Catastrophisation" (<i>Twenty Twelve</i>)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippies-of-1796-caricature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tippies-of-1796-caricature.jpg/250px-Tippies-of-1796-caricature.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tippies-of-1796-caricature.jpg/375px-Tippies-of-1796-caricature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tippies-of-1796-caricature.jpg/500px-Tippies-of-1796-caricature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>1796 fashion caricature by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Newton_(caricaturist)" title="Richard Newton (caricaturist)">Richard Newton</a> parodying a woman's headdress using exaggeration</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exaggeration" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:exaggeration">exaggeration</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Exaggeration</b> is the representation of something as more extreme or dramatic than it is, intentionally or unintentionally. It can be a <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">rhetorical device</a> or <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">figure of speech</a>, used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression. </p><p>Amplifying achievements, obstacles and problems to <a href="/wiki/Attention_seeking" title="Attention seeking">seek attention</a> is an everyday occurrence<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inflating the difficulty of achieving a goal after attaining it, can be used to bolster <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the arts, exaggerations are used to create emphasis or effect. As a <a href="/wiki/Literary_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary device">literary device</a>, exaggerations are often used in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, and is frequently encountered in casual speech.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many times the usages of hyperbole describes something as better or worse than it really is. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of hyperbole is: "The bag weighed a ton."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperbole makes the point that the bag was very heavy, though it probably does not weigh a ton.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exaggerating is also a type of <a href="/wiki/Deception#Types" title="Deception">deception</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guerrero,_Andersen,_&_Afifi,_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerrero,_Andersen,_&_Afifi,_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a means of malingering – magnifying small injuries or discomforts as an excuse to <a href="/wiki/Malingering" title="Malingering">avoid responsibilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word has origins in the mid-16th century: from Latin exaggerat- 'heaped up', from the verb exaggerare, from ex- 'thoroughly' + aggerare 'heap up' (from agger 'heap'). The word originally meant 'pile up, accumulate', later 'intensify praise or blame', giving rise to current senses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exaggerator has been a familiar figure in Western culture since at least <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Alazon" title="Alazon">alazon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressionism">Expressionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expressionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist art">expressionist art</a> as attempting to "intensify the expression of feeling and attitude by exaggeration".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Osborne_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Osborne (writer) (page does not exist)">Harold Osborne</a> writes that in its wake, even the "new and hard <a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">realism</a>...kept much of the distortion and exaggeration which had been one of the chief devices of earlier Expressionism".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tragedy">Tragedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tragedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIles_Gloriosus_(Grupo_Parrocha)_(6985293553).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MIles_Gloriosus_%28Grupo_Parrocha%29_%286985293553%29.jpg/220px-MIles_Gloriosus_%28Grupo_Parrocha%29_%286985293553%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MIles_Gloriosus_%28Grupo_Parrocha%29_%286985293553%29.jpg/330px-MIles_Gloriosus_%28Grupo_Parrocha%29_%286985293553%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MIles_Gloriosus_%28Grupo_Parrocha%29_%286985293553%29.jpg/440px-MIles_Gloriosus_%28Grupo_Parrocha%29_%286985293553%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="3026" /></a><figcaption>The "braggart soldier" Pyrgopolynices in a 2012 production of the play <i>Miles Gloriosus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Although primarily a comic figure, the boastful <i><a href="/wiki/Alazon" title="Alazon">alazon</a></i> may be one aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Tragic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic">tragic</a> hero as well: the touch of <i>miles gloriosus</i> ("braggart soldier") in <a href="/wiki/Tamburlaine_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamburlaine (play)">Tamburlaine</a>, even in <a href="/wiki/Othello_(character)" title="Othello (character)">Othello</a>, has been commented upon, as has the touch of the obsessed philosopher in <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humour">Humour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Humour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emil_Draitser" title="Emil Draitser">Emil Draitser</a> writes that "Some theoreticians of the comic consider exaggeration to be a universal comic device."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may take different forms in different genres, but in the words of M. Eastman and W. Fry, all rely on the fact that 'the easiest way to make things laughable is to exaggerate to the point of absurdity their salient traits'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> that exaggerates or distorts the essence of a person or thing to create an easily identifiable visual likeness: <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Baldinucci" title="Filippo Baldinucci">Filippo Baldinucci</a> describes this as "disproportionately increasing and emphasizing the defects of the features".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics and <a href="/wiki/Oversimplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversimplification">oversimplification</a> of others.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> is the recourse to humor involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of common sense.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These exaggerated depictions are often found in cartoons, and light film comedies aimed at younger audiences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overacting">Overacting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overacting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overacting is the exaggeration of <a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a> and speech when <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>. It may be unintentional, particularly in the case of a bad <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actor</a>, or be required for the role. For the latter, it is commonly used in comical situations or to stress the <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a>. Since the perception of acting quality differs between people the extent of overacting can be subjective. </p><p>Exaggeration is an effect especially useful for <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, as perfect imitation of reality can look static and dull in cartoons.<sup id="cite_ref-AT_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of exaggeration depends on whether one seeks realism or a particular style, like a caricature or the style of a specific artist. The classical definition of exaggeration, employed by <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, was to remain true to reality, just presenting it in a wilder, more extreme form.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of exaggeration can involve the supernatural or surreal, alterations in the physical features of a character; or elements in the storyline itself.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important to employ a certain level of restraint when using exaggeration. If a scene contains several elements, there should be a balance in how those elements are exaggerated in relation to each other, to avoid confusing or overawing the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-PoA_E_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoA_E-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shock_jockery">Shock jockery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shock jockery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Shock_jock" title="Shock jock">shock jock</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> broadcaster or <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a>, entertains listeners or attracts attention using <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramatic</a> exaggeration that some portion of the listening audience may find offensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_journalism">In journalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> saw exaggeration as essential to <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have overstated this case, but <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a> thrived on exaggeration,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact-checking</a> and independent verification have not succeeded in suppressing <a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">clickbait</a> or hyperbolic <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headlines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics">In politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Adams_A18236.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_Adams_A18236.jpg/170px-John_Adams_A18236.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_Adams_A18236.jpg/255px-John_Adams_A18236.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/John_Adams_A18236.jpg/340px-John_Adams_A18236.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6811" data-file-height="8259" /></a><figcaption>During the election of 1800, surrogates of John Adams' political campaign warned voters that if Thomas Jefferson won the election, "murder, robbery, rape, adultery and incest will openly be taught and practiced."<sup id="cite_ref-Unger_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politicians</a> can exaggerate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the electoral process one may expect exaggeration.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside, the exaggerations of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can bolster an incumbent's position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychology">In psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with the following mental health issues are prone to make exaggerated representations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malingering" title="Malingering">malingering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-introduction-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Substance related and addictive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stress disorder">Acute stress disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-introduction-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Post traumatic stress disorder">Post traumatic stress disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-introduction-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant personality disorder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-introduction-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-introduction-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Factitious disorder is when a person acts as if they have a physical or psychological illness. People with this disorder created the symptoms and are willing to undergo painful or risky tests to get sympathy and special attention.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, The <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Fork" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty Fork">Dirty Fork</a> sketch demonstrates an absurd level of catastrophization where restaurant staff commit suicide and murder each other because of a customer complaint of a dirty fork. Compare with the scene in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving the <a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(Monty_Python)" title="Black Knight (Monty Python)">Black Knight character</a> which is the opposite extreme of absurdity (<a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">minimisation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">Caricature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">Hyperbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overacting" title="Overacting">Overacting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_jock" title="Shock jock">Shock jock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Goleman, <i>Emotional Intelligence</i> (London 1996) p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beth Azar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun07/sciencewatch.aspx">"All puffed up"</a> <i>Monitor on Psychology</i>, June 2007, Vol 38, No. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literarydevices.net/hyperbole/">"Definition of Hyperbole"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Hyperbole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliterarydevices.net%2Fhyperbole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hyperbole">"Definition of HYPERBOLE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+HYPERBOLE&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhyperbole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahony2003" class="citation book cs1">Mahony, David (2003). <i>Literacy Tests Year 7</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exaggeration&rft.pub=Electronic+Visualization+Laboratory%2C+University+of+Illinois+at+Chicago&rft.aulast=De+Stefano&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evl.uic.edu%2Fralph%2F508S99%2Fexaggera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajkkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Delphi Collected Works of Arthur Schopenhauer</i></a>. Delphi Series Eight. Vol. 12. Hastings, East Susse: Delphi Classics. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786560889" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786560889"><bdi>978-1786560889</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Exaggeration of every kind is as essential to journalism as it is to the dramatic art; for the object of journalism is to make events go as far as possible. Thus it is that all journalists are, in the very nature of their calling, alarmists; and this is their way of giving interest to what they write.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Collected+Works+of+Arthur+Schopenhauer&rft.place=Hastings%2C+East+Susse&rft.series=Delphi+Series+Eight&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786560889&rft.aulast=Schopenhauer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajkkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2018" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Brett (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vKCDwAAQBAJ"><i>Yellow Journalism, Sensationalism, and Circulation Wars</i></a>. The Fourth Estate: Journalism in North America. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1502634719" title="Special:BookSources/978-1502634719"><bdi>978-1502634719</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>yellow journalism[: ...] a style of reporting that relied on exaggerted or invented stories of scandal and crime to attract readers; attention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yellow+Journalism%2C+Sensationalism%2C+and+Circulation+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Fourth+Estate%3A+Journalism+in+North+America&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1502634719&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vKCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unger-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unger_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger" class="citation web cs1">Unger, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2012/08/20/the-dirtiest-presidential-campaign-ever-not-even-close/?sh=6da96db43d84">"The Dirtiest Presidential Campaign Ever? Not Even Close!"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Dirtiest+Presidential+Campaign+Ever%3F+Not+Even+Close%21&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frickungar%2F2012%2F08%2F20%2Fthe-dirtiest-presidential-campaign-ever-not-even-close%2F%3Fsh%3D6da96db43d84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnchimbe2012" class="citation book cs1">Anchimbe, Eric A. (2012). "Private dialogue in public space: 'Motions of support' letters as response to political action". In Berlin, Lawrence N.; Fetzer, Anita (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5CeShRyDoMC"><i>Dialogue in Politics</i></a>. Dialogue studies. Vol. 18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027210357" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027210357"><bdi>978-9027210357</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Several communicative strategies commonly identified with political discourse produced by politicians can be found in the MoS written by the common people in a bid to represent their voices in the political process in Cameroon. Among these strategies are persuasion, exaggeration, manipulation, vagueness, and falsehood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Private+dialogue+in+public+space%3A+%27Motions+of+support%27+letters+as+response+to+political+action&rft.btitle=Dialogue+in+Politics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Dialogue+studies&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9027210357&rft.aulast=Anchimbe&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5CeShRyDoMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Tony (2009). "Trinidad and Tobago". In Esipisu, Manoah; Khaguli, Isaac E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Ju9ZdlwU0C"><i>Eyes of Democracy: The Media and Elections</i></a>. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850928983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850928983"><bdi>978-0850928983</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>The first requirement of a journalist covering an election in Trinidad and Tobago is to understand the multicultural nature and culture of the people, the disposition to exaggeration of politicians and political parties, the apparent contradictions of the culture and to vow not to take the country's politics too seriously.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.btitle=Eyes+of+Democracy%3A+The+Media+and+Elections&rft.place=London&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0850928983&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_Ju9ZdlwU0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJowettO'Donnell2006" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Garth; O'Donnell, Victoria (2006). "How to Analyze Propaganda". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIC92PdJ0l0C"><i>Propaganda and Persuasion</i></a> (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412908986" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412908986"><bdi>978-1412908986</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Exaggeration is often associated with propaganda. Goebbels said that outrageous charges evoked more belief than milder statements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+Analyze+Propaganda&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Persuasion&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=283&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1412908986&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIC92PdJ0l0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM-5-introduction-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM-5-introduction_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2013" class="citation book cs1">American Psychiatric Association (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/5"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/5">5–25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0890425558" title="Special:BookSources/978-0890425558"><bdi>978-0890425558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.pages=5-25&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0890425558&rft.au=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiagnosticstatis0005unse%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9832-an-overview-of-factitious-disorders">"Factitious Disorders"</a>. <i>Cleveland Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic&rft.atitle=Factitious+Disorders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F9832-an-overview-of-factitious-disorders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSims2015" class="citation web cs1">Sims, David (9 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/04/how-monty-python-and-the-holy-grail-influenced-cinema-by-satirizing-it/390195/">"How 'Monty Python and the Holy Grail' Influenced Film By Satirizing It"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+%27Monty+Python+and+the+Holy+Grail%27+Influenced+Film+By+Satirizing+It&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2015%2F04%2Fhow-monty-python-and-the-holy-grail-influenced-cinema-by-satirizing-it%2F390195%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literarydevices.net/overstatement/">"Overstatement - Examples and Definition of Overstatement"</a>. <i>Literary Devices</i>. 29 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Devices&rft.atitle=Overstatement+-+Examples+and+Definition+of+Overstatement&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliterarydevices.net%2Foverstatement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExaggeration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Duttmann, AG; Phillips, J <i>Philosophy of Exaggeration (Continuum Studies in Continental Philosophy)</i> (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_papers">Academic papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Academic papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Demaree, HA; Schmeichel, BJ; Robinson, JL; Everhart, D. Erik "Behavioural, affective, and physiological effects of negative and positive emotional exaggeration". <i>Cognition and Emotion</i>, Volume 18, Number 8, 2004, 1079–1097(19)</li> <li>Pieper, WJ <i>Exaggeration, puffery, <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inferential</a> beliefs and deception in advertising</i> – 1976 – University of South Carolina.</li> <li>Sperling, OE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=PAQ.032.0553A">"Exaggeration as a Defense".</a> <i>Psychoanal Q.</i>, 32:553–548. (1963).</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&oldid=1275954107">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exaggeration&oldid=1275954107</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cognitive_biases" title="Category:Cognitive biases">Cognitive biases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defence_mechanisms" title="Category:Defence mechanisms">Defence mechanisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diversionary_tactics" title="Category:Diversionary tactics">Diversionary tactics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deception" title="Category:Deception">Deception</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_relations_techniques" title="Category:Public relations techniques">Public relations techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tall_tales" title="Category:Tall tales">Tall tales</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 01:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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