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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Naumowitsch_Kaminski" title="Grigori Naumowitsch Kaminski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grigori Naumowitsch Kaminski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Kaminski" title="Grigori Kaminski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grigori Kaminski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Kaminsky" title="Grigory Kaminsky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grigory Kaminsky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="جريجورى كامينسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جريجورى كامينسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigorij_Kaminski" title="Grigorij Kaminski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grigorij Kaminski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Каминский, Григорий Наумович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каминский, Григорий Наумович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Григорий Каминский – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Григорий Каминский" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Камінський Григорій Наумович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Naumovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Kaminsky" title="Kaminsky">Kaminsky</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Grigory Kaminsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Григорий Каминский</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grigory_Kaminsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Grigory_Kaminsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kaminsky in the 1930s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)">People's Commissar for Health</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 February 1934 – 26 June 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vladimirsky" title="Mikhail Vladimirsky">Mikhail Vladimirsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Boldyrev</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">First Secretary of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 October 1920 – 24 July 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Davud_Huseynov" title="Mirza Davud Huseynov">Mirza Davud Huseynov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1895-11-01</span>)</span>1 November 1895<br /><a href="/wiki/Ekaterinoslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekaterinoslav">Ekaterinoslav</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1938<span style="display:none">(1938-02-10)</span> (aged 42)<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Social Democratic Labor Party">RSDLP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>) <span class="nowrap">(1913–1918)</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party</a> (1918–1937)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Grigory Naumovich Kaminsky</b> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <span lang="az" style="font-style: normal;">Ҝригориј Камински Наум оғлу</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Azerbaijani" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Azerbaijani">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Azerbaijani-language romanization"><i lang="az-Latn">Griqoriy Kaminski Naum oğlu</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Григорий Наумович Каминский</span>; 1 November 1895 – 10 February 1938) was a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> politician who was the 2nd <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary">First Secretary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a>, and one of founders of the health care system in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Kaminsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaminsky was born in the family of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ekaterinoslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekaterinoslav">Ekaterinoslav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lists.memo.ru_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lists.memo.ru-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became involved in the revolutionary movement as a 16 year old pupil in a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, distributing <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> to factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-GUvR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUvR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in 1913. In 1915, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomonosov Moscow State University">Lomonosov Moscow State University</a>, to study medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Kaminsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917, while still a student, Kaminsky became a member of Moscow bureau of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>, and had to break off his studies in March when the party sent him to <a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula</a>, where Bolsheviks and <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> were united in a single party organisation, but which split after <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s return to Russia. In May, Kaminsky was elected secretary of the Tula Bolsheviks. In July 1918, he launched <i>Kommunar</i>, Tula's first legally published Bolshevik newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Tula_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tula-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, he was also chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a>, and a political commissar with the 2nd army.<sup id="cite_ref-GUvR_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUvR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was recalled in September 1920, to acting as head of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissariat of Nationalities">People's Commissariat of Nationalities</a>, while the People's Commissar, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, was absent on the front line during the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War_in_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War in 1920">war with Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 1920, Kaminsky was sent to Azerbaijan, soon after it had been reoccupied by the Red Army. Aged only 25, he was First Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> deputies. He was recalled to Moscow in 1921, and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GUvR_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUvR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_co-operatives">Agricultural co-operatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Kaminsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agricultural co-operatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> in 1921, a major concern of the communist party was that the re-introduction of free trade in the countryside would result in rich peasants – known as <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a> exploiting the poor. As a counter measure, the communist party encouraged the formation of peasant co-operatives. Kaminsky was put in charge of their development, as Deputy Chairman of the Agricultural Union, and Chairman of the Union of Agricultural and Forestry Workers (<i>Vserabotzemles</i>), and head of several specialised centres.<sup id="cite_ref-GUvR_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUvR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity, he was a leading champion of co-operatives. </p><p>During a <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> session in January 1925, he warned that most peasants did not yet see the value of co-operating, and called for co-operatives to be given a commercial advantage over individual producers, and for co-operative chairmen to be elected, not appointed, and objected to the ruling which banned kulaks from joining co-operatives, because "it is much more profitable to have a kulak in agricultural co-operatives under our supervision than outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His policy was vehemently by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, who claimed, in July 1926, that it would lead to the co-operatives being run not by communists and poor peasants but by 'middle' peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, after Stalin had decided to drive peasants onto collective farms, Kaminsky was appointed head of Kolkhozsentr, the main farm agency for the Russian republic. In this role, he was an enthusiast advocate of the rapid formation of large collective farms, equipped with tractors and other machinery, which he believed would be the route out of poverty for peasants struggling to subsist on small landholdings. In contrast to his earlier views, he argued that kulaks should be barred from joining kolkhozes, and should be repressed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an agricultural conference in January 1930, he urged delegates not to fear going too far in the drive for collectivisation, because it was a "revolutionary cause".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_official">Party official</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Kaminsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Party official"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late in 1929, Kaminsky was appointed head of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> department for agitation and mass campaigns. From 1930 until his arrest, he was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee. In 1930, he was appointed the Secretary of Moscow State Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party">Communist Party</a>, rising to the rank of Second Secretary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissar_for_Health">Commissar for Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Kaminsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commissar for Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaminsky served as the for the Russian Federal Republic from 15 February 1934. In August, he was given the additional title of USSR Chief Sanitory Inspector. In July 1936, he was appointed the first USSR <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)">People's Commissar for Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GUvR_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUvR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with extensive work in establishing production of medicine, preparation of medical personnel, fighting <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> in Soviet Union and promotion of medical science in education system.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaminsky tried to protect scientists working in the field of health from being harassed for political reasons. On 26 December 1936, <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> published an article deploring the suppression of a bulletin that had been prepared ahead of the Second Congress of Neurologists and Psychiatrists. Kaminsky had ordered it to be withdrawn because of a paragraph which accused three named scientists of 'pseudoscience' linked to fascism and racism. He was rebuked for that, and for proposing that <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levit" title="Solomon Levit">Solomon Levit</a>, the founder of soviet genetics, should be elected to the praesidium of the congress, when he had recently been expelled from the communist party. In an unpublished speech, he maintained that Professor Levit could still contribute usefully to science from outside the party, and warned that "If you declare people to be fascists, you need to know that this threatens them with prison".<sup id="cite_ref-Tula_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tula-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Professor Levit was arrested and shot in 1938)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaminsky also protested against the practice of suppressing information about epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Tula_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tula-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Kaminsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 February 1937, <a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a> – whom Kaminsky had known since his time in Azerbaijan in 1920<sup id="cite_ref-GUvR_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUvR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – committed suicide, and Kaminsky was required to sign an official medical report falsely claiming that he had had a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have prompted him to take a stand against the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Terror</a>. </p><p>The speech that Kaminsky reputedly delivered during a plenary session of the Central Committee of June 1937 was not included in the report, and is known only from hearsay. The historian, Robert Conquest, was told by an unnamed source that he spoke "with particular effect and firmness, presenting a full but calm indictment of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Yezhov</a> (head of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>) and his methods."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is reputed to have told Stalin: "The NKVD is still arresting honest people." To which Stalin retorted: "They are enemies of the people, and you are a bird of the same feather."<sup id="cite_ref-Tula_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tula-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Larina" title="Anna Larina">Anna Larina</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> was told years later that Kaminsky spoke out against her husband's arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Larina_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larina-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also credited with denouncing the future NKVD chief <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, then the party boss in Transcaucasia, mentioning that Beria had worked for the counterintelligence of the <a href="/wiki/Musavat" title="Musavat">Musavat</a> party in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> corrobated this in his memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaminsky was arrested that same day, 25 June 1937. He told the arresting officers: "Comrades, it's provocation!".<sup id="cite_ref-Larina_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larina-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accused of having been recruited by Bukharin into an anti-soviet organisation in 1929, and of having created a wrecking organisation with the commissariat of health. He admitted the charges under interrogation, probably under torture, but at his trial on 8 February 1938, which lasted 15 minutes, he said that he did not feel that he was an 'enemy of the people.'<sup id="cite_ref-Zapiska_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapiska-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to death and <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a> the same day. </p><p>Kaminsky was posthumously 'rehabilitated' in March 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Kaminsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kaminsky-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaminsky_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaminsky_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article058281.html">"Большая Советская Энциклопедия. Каминский Григорий Наумович"</a> [Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Kaminsky Grigory Naumovich]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle058281.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lists.memo.ru-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lists.memo.ru_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.memo.ru/index11.htm">"Жертвы политического террора в СССР"</a>. Lists.memo.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.pub=Lists.memo.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.memo.ru%2Findex11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUvR-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUvR_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUvR_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUvR_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUvR_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUvR_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUvR_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deduhova.ru/statesman/grigorij-naumovich-kaminskij/">"Григорий Наумович Каминский"</a>. <i>Госудаственное Управление в России</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeduhova.ru%2Fstatesman%2Fgrigorij-naumovich-kaminskij%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tula-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tula_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tula_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tula_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tula_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131090041/http://stipendiat.memo.ru/redko/redko_kaminsky.html">"Грирорий Каминский – первый редактор Тульской губернской газеты "Коммунар" (1918–1920 гг.): судьба и публицистика"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stipendiat.memo.ru/redko/redko_kaminsky.html">the original</a> on 2011-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%22%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%22+%281918%E2%80%931920+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29%3A+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstipendiat.memo.ru%2Fredko%2Fredko_kaminsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1969" class="citation book cs1">Carr, E.H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fistmat.org%2Fnode%2F58832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1974" class="citation book cs1">Carr, E.H. (1974). <i>Foundations of a Planned Economy, volume 1</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft.atitle=28+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+1926+%D0%B3.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fistmat.org%2Fnode%2F61170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1980" class="citation book cs1">Davies, R.W. (1980). <i>The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, volume 1 – The Socialist Offensive</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U.P. pp. 159–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-81480-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-81480-0"><bdi>0-674-81480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Industrialisation+of+Soviet+Russia%2C+volume+1+%E2%80%93+The+Socialist+Offensive&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=159-60&rft.pub=Harvard+U.P.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-674-81480-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation book cs1">Davies. <i>The Socialist Offensive</i>. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Offensive&rft.pages=216&rft.au=Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.openlist.wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1894)">"Левит Соломон Григорьевич (1894)"</a>. <i>Открытый список (Open List)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%28Open+List%29&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%281894%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fru.openlist.wiki%2F%25D0%259B%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD_%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587_%281894%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1971" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert (1971). <i>The Great Terror</i>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terror&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest" class="citation book cs1">Conquest. <i>The Great Terror</i>. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terror&rft.pages=269&rft.au=Conquest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larina-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larina_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larina_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarina1993" class="citation book cs1">Larina, Anna (Nikolai Bukharin's wife) (1993). <i>This I Cannot Forget</i>. London: Pandora. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-440887-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-440887-0"><bdi>0-04-440887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+I+Cannot+Forget&rft.place=London&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Pandora&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-04-440887-0&rft.aulast=Larina&rft.aufirst=Anna+%28Nikolai+Bukharin%27s+wife%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1976" class="citation book cs1">Medvedev, Roy (1976). <i>Let History Judge, The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism</i>. Nottingham: Spokesman. p. 312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+History+Judge%2C+The+Origins+and+Consequences+of+Stalinism&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Spokesman&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchevKhrushchev2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Khrushchev, Sergei</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev, Nikita</a> (2004). "Some Consequences of the Kirov Assassination". <i>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev</i>. University Park: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02332-8"><bdi>978-0-271-02332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Consequences+of+the+Kirov+Assassination&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Nikita+Khrushchev&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02332-8&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft.au=Khrushchev%2C+Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zapiska-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zapiska_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://istmat.org/node/57890">"Записка П.В. Баранова и И.А. Серова в ЦК КПСС о реабилитации Г.Н. Каминского. 22 февраля 1955 г. (Note by P.V.Baranova and I.A.Serovto the Central Committee of the CPSU on the rehabilitation of G.N.Kaminsky. 22 February 1955"</a>. <i>Исторические Материалы</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9F.%D0%92.+%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%98.%D0%90.+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A6%D0%9A+%D0%9A%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%A1+%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%93.%D0%9D.+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE.+22+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+1955+%D0%B3.+%28Note+by+P.V.Baranova+and+I.A.Serovto+the+Central+Committee+of+the+CPSU+on+the+rehabilitation+of+G.N.Kaminsky.+22+February+1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fistmat.org%2Fnode%2F57890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.openlist.wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1895)">"Каминский Григорий Наумович (1895)"</a>. <i>Открытый список (Open List)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%28Open+List%29&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%281895%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fru.openlist.wiki%2F%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587_%281895%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrigory+Kaminsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Davud_Husseynov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Davud Husseynov">Mirza Davud Husseynov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Executive Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party </b><br />1920–1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Heads of state of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Azerbaijan_since_1918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Azerbaijan" title="List of heads of state of Azerbaijan">Leaders of Azerbaijan since 1918</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Heads of Parliament (1918-1920)</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh">Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimardan_Topchubashov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimardan Topchubashov">Alimardan Topchubashov</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic<br />(1920-1991)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>First secretaries of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1920)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a> (1920-1991)</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Davud_Huseynov" title="Mirza Davud Huseynov">Mirza Davud Huseynov</a> (1920)</li> <li>Viktor Naneyshvily (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (1920)</li> <li>Vladimir Dumbadze (1920)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grigory Kaminsky</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a> (1921–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhulla_Akhundov" title="Ruhulla Akhundov">Ruhulla Akhundov</a> (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Mirzoyan" title="Levon Mirzoyan">Levon Mirzoyan</a> (1926–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gikalo" title="Nikolai Gikalo">Nikolai Gikalo</a> (1929–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Polonsky" title="Vladimir Polonsky">Vladimir Polonsky</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_Rubenov" title="Ruben Rubenov">Ruben Rubenov</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a> (1933–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Teymur_Yagubov" title="Mir Teymur Yagubov">Mir Teymur Yagubov</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mustafayev" title="Imam Mustafayev">Imam Mustafayev</a> (1954–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_Akhundov" title="Vali Akhundov">Vali Akhundov</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> (1969–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Baghirov" title="Kamran Baghirov">Kamran Baghirov</a> (1982–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Vazirov" title="Abdurrahman Vazirov">Abdurrahman Vazirov</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan<br />(1991-present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Presidents of Azerbaijan Republic (1991-)</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagub_Mammadov_(politician)" title="Yagub Mammadov (politician)">Yagub Mammadov</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Gambar" title="Isa Gambar">Isa Gambar</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(a) Denotes acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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