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href="#Relations_with_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relations with Stalin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Purge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Purge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Great Purge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Purge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_the_NKVD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_the_NKVD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Head of the NKVD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_the_NKVD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-war politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalin's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalin's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stalin's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Deputy_Premier_and_Soviet_triumvirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Deputy_Premier_and_Soviet_triumvirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>First Deputy Premier and Soviet triumvirate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Deputy_Premier_and_Soviet_triumvirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest,_trial_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest,_trial_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Arrest, trial and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest,_trial_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sexual predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Soviet Republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lavrentiy Beria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenti_Beria" title="Lawrenti Beria – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lawrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لافرينتي بيريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لافرينتي بيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beriya" title="Lavrenti Beriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lavrenti Beriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Берия Лаврентий Павлович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Берия Лаврентий Павлович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лаўрэнцій Паўлавіч Берыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаўрэнцій Паўлавіч Берыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лаўрэнці Берыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лаўрэнці Берыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лаврентий Берия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лаврентий Берия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_B%C3%A9ria" title="Lavrenti Béria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lavrenti Béria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Берия Лаврентий Павлович – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Берия Лаврентий Павлович" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berija" title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lavrentiy Beria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovitj_Berija" title="Lavrentij Pavlovitj Berija – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lavrentij Pavlovitj Berija" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenti_Beria" title="Lawrenti Beria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lawrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Λαβρέντι Μπέρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαβρέντι Μπέρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Berija" title="Lavrentij Berija – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lavrentij Berija" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لاورنتی بریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاورنتی بریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%8C%ED%8B%B0_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%BC" title="라브렌티 베리야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라브렌티 베리야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լավրենտի Բերիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լավրենտի Բերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Berija" title="Lavrentij Berija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lavrentij Berija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrent%C3%ADj_Ber%C3%ADa" title="Lavrentíj Bería – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lavrentíj Bería" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berija" title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="לברנטי בריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לברנטי בריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლავრენტი ბერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლავრენტი ბერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Beria" title="Laurentius Beria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laurentius Beria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentijs_Berija" title="Lavrentijs Berija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lavrentijs Berija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentijus_Berija" title="Lavrentijus Berija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lavrentijus Berija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentyij_Pavlovics_Berija" title="Lavrentyij Pavlovics Berija – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lavrentyij Pavlovics Berija" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лаврентиј Берија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лаврентиј Берија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლავრენტი ბერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლავრენტი ბერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لافرينتى بيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لافرينتى بيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лаврентий Берия – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лаврентий Берия" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4" title="ラヴレンチー・ベリヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラヴレンチー・ベリヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Berija" title="Lavrentij Berija – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lavrentij Berija" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beriya" title="Lavrentiy Beriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lavrentiy Beriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81awrientij_Beria" title="Ławrientij Beria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ławrientij Beria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Pavlovici_Beria" title="Lavrenti Pavlovici Beria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lavrenti Pavlovici Beria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Берия, Лаврентий Павлович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берия, Лаврентий Павлович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Beria" title="Lavrentij Beria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lavrentij Beria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria" title="Lavrenty Beria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lavrenty Beria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berija" title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Pavlovi%C4%8D_Berija" title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lavrentij Pavlovič Berija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لاڤرێنتی بێریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاڤرێنتی بێریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лаврентиј Берија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лаврентиј Берија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Berija" title="Lavrentij Berija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lavrentij Berija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Berija" title="Lavrenti Berija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lavrenti Berija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentij_Berija" title="Lavrentij Berija – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lavrentij Berija" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="லாவெண்டிரி பெரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாவெண்டிரி பெரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лаврентий Берия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лаврентий Берия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ลัฟเรนตีย์ เบรียา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัฟเรนตีย์ เบรียา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beriya" title="Lavrenti Beriya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lavrenti Beriya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Берія Лаврентій Павлович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берія Лаврентій Павлович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenty_Pavlovich_Beria" title="Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" title="Lavrenti Beria – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lavrenti Beria" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%A6%E6%9E%97%E6%A2%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="拉符林梯·贝利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉符林梯·贝利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrent%C4%97jos_Ber%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Lavrentėjos Berėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lavrentėjos Berėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%BF%9E%E5%AD%A3%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="拉夫连季·贝利亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉夫连季·贝利亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q141829#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet secret police chief (1899–1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Beria" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beria (disambiguation)">Beria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Pavlovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Beria</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lavrentiy Beria</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">Лаврентий Берия</span></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ლავრენტი ბერია</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavrentiy_Beria_portrait_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lavrentiy_Beria_portrait_2.jpg/220px-Lavrentiy_Beria_portrait_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lavrentiy_Beria_portrait_2.jpg/330px-Lavrentiy_Beria_portrait_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lavrentiy_Beria_portrait_2.jpg/440px-Lavrentiy_Beria_portrait_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1940s</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers">First Deputy Chairman of the <span class="nowrap">Council of Ministers</span> of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 March – 26 June 1953<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1953-03-05</span> – <span class="dtend">1953-06-26</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 March – 26 June 1953<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1953-03-05</span> – <span class="dtend">1953-06-26</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data">Georgy Malenkov</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sergei Kruglov</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">People's Commissar for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 November 1938 – 15 January 1946<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1938-11-25</span> – <span class="dtend">1946-01-15</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sergei Kruglov</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Additional positions</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers">Deputy Chairman of the <span class="nowrap">Council of Ministers</span> of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 March 1946 – 5 March 1953<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1946-03-19</span> – <span class="dtend">1953-03-05</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party">First Secretary of the <span class="nowrap">Georgian Communist Party</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 January 1934 – 31 August 1938<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1934-01-15</span> – <span class="dtend">1938-08-31</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Petre Agniashvili</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Candide_Charkviani" class="mw-redirect" title="Candide Charkviani">Candide Charkviani</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 November 1931 – 18 October 1932<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1931-11-14</span> – <span class="dtend">1932-10-18</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Kartvelishvili" title="Lavrenty Kartvelishvili">Lavrenty Kartvelishvili</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Petre Agniashvili</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Full member of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th</a> <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 March 1946 – 7 July 1953<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1946-03-18</span> – <span class="dtend">1953-07-07</span>)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Candidate member of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a> <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 March 1939 – 18 March 1946<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1939-03-22</span> – <span class="dtend">1946-03-18</span>)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-03-29</span>)</span>29 March 1899<br /><a href="/wiki/Merkheuli" title="Merkheuli">Merkheuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 1953<span style="display:none">(1953-12-23)</span> (aged 54)<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">Execution by shooting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> (1899–1917)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijani</a> (1918–1920)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> (1920–1953)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1917–1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Nina Gegechkori</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Pavel Beria (father)</li><li>Marta <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jaqeli" title="House of Jaqeli">Jaqeli</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavrentiy_Beria_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lavrentiy Beria's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lavrentiy_Beria_Signature.svg/112px-Lavrentiy_Beria_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lavrentiy_Beria_Signature.svg/168px-Lavrentiy_Beria_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lavrentiy_Beria_Signature.svg/224px-Lavrentiy_Beria_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="91" data-file-height="65" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_Emblem_(Gradient).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NKVD_Emblem_%28Gradient%29.svg/16px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Gradient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NKVD_Emblem_%28Gradient%29.svg/24px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Gradient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NKVD_Emblem_%28Gradient%29.svg/32px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Gradient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="519" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_Marshal_1935_.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Red_Army_Marshal_1935_.svg/18px-Red_Army_Marshal_1935_.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Red_Army_Marshal_1935_.svg/27px-Red_Army_Marshal_1935_.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Red_Army_Marshal_1935_.svg/36px-Red_Army_Marshal_1935_.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Лаврентий Павлович Берия</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[lɐˈvrʲenʲtʲɪj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpavləvʲɪdʑ‿ˈbʲerʲɪjə]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია</span></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <i>Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria</i>; 29 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 March] 1899 – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician and one of the longest-serving and most influential of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> chiefs, serving as head of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs">People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs</a> (NKVD) from 1938 to 1946, during the country's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. Beria was also a prolific <a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">sexual predator</a>, who serially raped scores of girls and young women, and murdered some of his victims. </p><p>An ethnic <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a>, Beria enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> in 1920, and quickly rose through its ranks. He transferred to <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> work in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in the 1930s, and in 1938 was appointed head of the NKVD by Stalin. His ascent marked the end of the Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> carried out by previous chief <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, whom Beria purged. After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, Beria organized the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> of 22,000 Polish officers and intelligentsia, and after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">occupation of the Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">parts of Romania</a> in 1940, he oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union#Western_annexations_and_deportations,_1939–1941" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deportations of hundreds of thousands of Poles, Balts, and Romanians</a> to remote areas or <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> camps. In 1941, Beria began a new <a href="/wiki/1941_Red_Army_Purge" title="1941 Red Army Purge">purge of the Red Army</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union</a> later that year, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">State Defense Committee</a>, overseeing security. </p><p>Beria expanded the system of forced labour, mobilizing millions of Gulag prisoners into wartime production. He also was in charge of NKVD units responsible for <a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">barrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan">partisan</a> intelligence and sabotage operations on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. In 1943–1944, Beria oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union#World_War_II,_1941–1945" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">mass deportations of millions of ethnic minorities from the Caucasus</a>, actions which have been described by many scholars as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Beria was also responsible for supervising secret Gulag detention facilities for scientists and engineers, known as <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">sharashkas</a></i></span>. From 1945, he personally oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a>, which Stalin gave absolute priority; the project's first nuclear device was completed in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Manhattan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manhattan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Beria was made a <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a> in 1945, and promoted to a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> in 1946. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a> in March 1953, Beria became head of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> and a <a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers">First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers</a>, and formed a <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union#troika_of_1953" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">troika</a> with <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> which briefly led the country in Stalin's place. In June 1953, a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, with the support of other members of the leadership and Marshal <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>, removed Beria from power. He was arrested, tried for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and other offences, and executed in December. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_rise_to_power">Early life and rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beria was born in <a href="/wiki/Merkheuli" title="Merkheuli">Merkheuli</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sukhum_Okrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhum Okrug">Sukhum Okrug</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kutais_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutais Governorate">Kutais Governorate</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Gulripshi_District" title="Gulripshi District">Gulripshi District</a>, <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>). He grew up in a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Orthodox">Georgian Orthodox</a> family; his mother, Marta <a href="/wiki/Jaqeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaqeli">Jaqeli</a> (1868–1955), was deeply religious and church-going. Marta was from the <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a> region, descended from a noble Georgian family, and was a widow before marrying Beria's father, Pavle Beria (1872–1922), a landowner in Sukhumi Okrug, from the <a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelian</a> ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199614–16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199614–16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BZhAK_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BZhAK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beria attended a technical school in Sukhumi, and later claimed to have joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> in March 1917 while a student in the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Polytechnicum" title="Baku Polytechnicum">Baku Polytechnicum</a> (subsequently known as the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Oil_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan State Oil Academy">Azerbaijan State Oil Academy</a>). Beria had earlier worked for the anti-Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Mussavatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussavatist">Mussavatists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> captured the city on 28 April 1920, he was saved from execution because there was not enough time to arrange his shooting and replacement; it may also have been that <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a> intervened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva1967138_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva1967138-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in prison, Beria formed a connection with Nina Gegechkori (1905–1991),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his cellmate's niece, and they eloped on a train.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore200867_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore200867-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, at the age of 20, Beria started his career in state security when the security service of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> hired him while he was still a student at the Polytechnicum. In 1920, he was enlisted in <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>, the original Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, a Bolshevik revolt took place in the <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a>, and the Red Army subsequently <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">invaded</a>. The Cheka became heavily involved in the conflict, which resulted in the defeat of the Mensheviks and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a>. Between 1922 and 1924, Beria was deputy chairman of the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a> (as Cheka had been renamed).<sup id="cite_ref-Zalessky_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zalessky-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then led the repression of a <a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">Georgian nationalist uprising</a> in 1924, after which up to 10,000 people were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sky_History_TV_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky_History_TV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1924 and 1927, he was head of the secret political department of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> OGPU. In December 1926, he was appointed Chairman of the Georgian OGPU, and deputy chairman for the Transcaucasian OGPU.<sup id="cite_ref-Zalessky_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zalessky-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/220px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/330px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/440px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Stalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetlana Stalina">Svetlana Stalina</a> sitting on Beria's lap, with Stalin (in the background) and <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Lakoba" title="Nestor Lakoba">Nestor Lakoba</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berthold_Seewald-2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthold_Seewald-2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Stalin">Relations with Stalin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relations with Stalin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption>Beria in 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>Beria and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> first met in summer 1931, when Stalin took a six-week rest in <a href="/wiki/Tsqaltubo" title="Tsqaltubo">Tsqaltubo</a>, and Beria took personal charge of his security.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976242–3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976242–3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin was unimpressed by most of the local party leaders, chosen by the former Georgian party boss, <a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a>, but writing to <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> in August 1932, Stalin commented that "Beria makes a good impression. He is a good organizer, an efficient, capable functionary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStalinKaganovič2003182_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStalinKaganovič2003182-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to Stalin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was a magnificent specimen of the artful courtier, the embodiment of Oriental perfidy, flattery and hypocrisy who had succeed in confounding even my father, a man whom it was ordinarily difficult to deceive. A good deal that this monster did is now a blot on my father's name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva196715_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva196715-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In October 1931, when Stalin proposed to appoint Beria Second Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party Central Committee and Second Secretary of the Transcaucasian party, the First Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Kartvelishvili" title="Lavrenty Kartvelishvili">Lavrenty Kartvelishvili</a> exclaimed: "I refuse to work with that charlatan!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ordzhonikidze also objected to the promotion. Kartvelishvili was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mamia_Orakhelashvili" title="Mamia Orakhelashvili">Mamia Orakhelashvili</a>, who wrote to Stalin and Ordzhonikidze in August 1932 asking to be allowed to resign because he could not work with Beria as his deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStalinKaganovič2003182_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStalinKaganovič2003182-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 October 1932, Beria was appointed party leader for the whole Transcaucasian region. He also retained his post as First Secretary of the Georgian CP. In 1933, he promoted his old ally, Bagirov, to the head of the Azerbaijani communist party. He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in February 1934. </p><p>During this time, he began to attack fellow members of the Georgian Communist Party, particularly <a href="/wiki/Gaioz_Devdariani" title="Gaioz Devdariani">Gaioz Devdariani</a>, who served as Minister of Education of the Georgian SSR. Beria ordered the executions of Devdariani's brothers George and Shalva. In 1935, Beria cemented his place in Stalin's entourage with a lengthy oration titled, "On the History of the Bolshevik Organisations in Transcaucasia" (later published as a book), which emphasised Stalin's role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199657_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199657-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It quoted from what purported to be police reports from early in the century, which identified Stalin, under his real name Jugashvili, as the leader of the Social Democrats (Marxists) in Georgia and Azerbaijan, though as the historian <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Wolfe" title="Bertram Wolfe">Bertram Wolfe</a> noted: "These new finds tell a different story and even speak another language from all police documents and Bolshevik reminiscences published [...] while <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> was alive. The language sounds uncommonly like Beria's own."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2001420_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2001420-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Great_Purge">The Great Purge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Great Purge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrushchyov,_Beria_and_Khanjian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Khrushchyov%2C_Beria_and_Khanjian.jpg/220px-Khrushchyov%2C_Beria_and_Khanjian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Khrushchyov%2C_Beria_and_Khanjian.jpg/330px-Khrushchyov%2C_Beria_and_Khanjian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Khrushchyov%2C_Beria_and_Khanjian.jpg/440px-Khrushchyov%2C_Beria_and_Khanjian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Lakoba" title="Nestor Lakoba">Nestor Lakoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Beria and <a href="/wiki/Aghasi_Khanjian" title="Aghasi Khanjian">Aghasi Khanjian</a> during the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a> in 1936, the same year that Lakoba and Khanjian were killed by Beria.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first couple of years of mass arrests of members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> and Soviet government that began after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> party boss <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a> (1 December 1934), Beria was one of the few regional party leaders considered ruthless enough to purge the region under his control, without outside interference. On 9 July 1936, the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Communist_Party" title="Armenian Communist Party">Armenian Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aghasi_Khanjian" title="Aghasi Khanjian">Aghasi Khanjian</a> was found dead from a bullet wound. It was officially announced that he had committed suicide, and he was retrospectively denounced as an enemy of the people, but in 1961, the then head of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a> reported that he had been murdered by Beria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976367–68_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976367–68-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 December 1936, Beria summoned the head of the communist party of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Lakoba" title="Nestor Lakoba">Nestor Lakoba</a>, to the Party headquarters in Tbilisi. Beria had Lakoba over for dinner the next day, where he was served fried trout, a favorite of Lakoba's<sup id="cite_ref-Lakoba_2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakoba_2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a glass of poisoned wine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attended the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Opera_Theater" title="Georgian National Opera Theater">opera</a> after the dinner, watching the play <i>Mzetchabuki</i> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">მზეჭაბუკი</span></span>; "Sun-boy" in Georgian).<sup id="cite_ref-Lakoba_2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakoba_2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the performance Lakoba showed the first signs of his poisoning and returned to his hotel room, where he died early the next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, Lakoba was said to have died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, though a previous medical examination in Moscow had showed he had <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a> (thickening of the arteries), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiosclerosis" class="extiw" title="wikt:cardiosclerosis">cardiosclerosis</a> (thickening of the heart), and <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a> (skin inflammation) in the left <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">auricle</a> that had led to his hearing loss.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was returned to Sukhumi, though notably all the internal organs (which could have helped identify the cause of death), were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakoba was accused of "nationalist deviationism", of having helped Trotsky, and of trying to kill both Stalin and Beria.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Lakoba dead, Beria effectively took control of Abkhazia and implemented a policy of "Georgification".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the months that followed Lakoba's death, members of his family were implicated on charges against the state. His two brothers were arrested on 9 April 1937, and his mother and Sariya were arrested on 23 August of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A trial of thirteen members of Lakoba's family was conducted between 30 October and 3 November 1937 in Sukhumi, with charges including <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> activities, <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgent organization</a> in Abkhazia. Nine of the defendants, including Lakoba's two brothers, were shot on the night of 4 November.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rauf, Lakoba's 15-year-old son, tried to speak to Beria, who visited Sukhumi to view the start of the trial. He was promptly arrested as well. Sariya was taken to Tbilisi and tortured in order to extract a statement implicating Lakoba, but refused, even after Rauf was tortured in front of her.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sariya would die in prison in Tbilisi on 16 May 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rauf was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camp</a>, and was eventually shot in a Sukhumi prison on 28 July 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1936, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, the newly appointed People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (<a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>), the ministry which oversaw the <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">state security</a> and police forces, reported that more than 300 people had been arrested in Georgia in the previous few weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGettyNaumov1999304–05_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettyNaumov1999304–05-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1937, Beria said in a speech, "Let our enemies know that anyone who attempts to raise a hand against the will of our people, against the will of the party of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> and Stalin, will be mercilessly crushed and destroyed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1995_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1995-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 20 July, he wrote to Stalin to report that he had had 200 people shot, was about to submit a list of another 350 who were also to be shot, and that <a href="/wiki/Shalva_Eliava" title="Shalva Eliava">Shalva Eliava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Kartvelishvili" title="Lavrenty Kartvelishvili">Lavrenty Kartvelishvili</a>, Maria Orakhelashvili (wife of <a href="/wiki/Mamia_Orakhelashvili" title="Mamia Orakhelashvili">Mamia Orakhelashvili</a>) and numerous others had all confessed to counter-revolutionary activities but Mamia Orakhelashvili himself was holding out, though he repeatedly fainted under interrogation and had to be revived with camphor. The evidence against all of them was found, after Beria's execution, to have consisted of false confessions extracted under torture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reputedly, Orakhelashvili's ear drums were perforated and his eyes gouged out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976264_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976264-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head_of_the_NKVD">Head of the NKVD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Head of the NKVD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpg/220px-Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpg/330px-Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpg/440px-Katyn_-_decision_of_massacre_p1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>The first page of Beria's notice (oversigned by Stalin and several other officials), to kill approximately 15,000 Polish officers and some 10,000 more intellectuals in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn Forest</a> and other places in the Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1938, Stalin brought Beria to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> as deputy head of the NKVD. Under Yezhov, the NKVD carried out the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>: the imprisonment or execution of a huge number, possibly over a million, of citizens throughout the Soviet Union as alleged "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">enemies of the people</a>". By 1938, however, the oppression had become so extensive that it was damaging the infrastructure, economy and even the armed forces of the Soviet state, prompting Stalin to wind the purge down. In September, Beria was appointed head of the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD, and in November he succeeded Yezhov as NKVD head. Yezhov was executed in 1940. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavrenti-Beria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Lavrenti-Beria.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Beria as leader of the NKVD</figcaption></figure> <p>Beria's appointment marked an easing of the repression begun under Yezhov. Over 100,000 people were released from the labour camps. The government officially admitted that there had been some injustice and "excesses" during the purges, which were blamed entirely on Yezhov. But the liberalization was only relative: arrests, torture and executions continued. On 16 January 1940, Beria sent Stalin a list of 457 "enemies of the people" of whom 346 were marked to be shot. They included Yezhov and his brother and nephews; <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frinovsky" title="Mikhail Frinovsky">Mikhail Frinovsky</a> and his wife and teenage son, <a href="/wiki/Yefim_Yevdokimov" title="Yefim Yevdokimov">Yefim Yevdokimov</a> and his wife and teenage son, and dozens more former NKVD officers, and the renowned writer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Babel" title="Isaac Babel">Isaac Babel</a> and the journalist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Koltsov" title="Mikhail Koltsov">Mikhail Koltsov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the NKVD officers Beria promoted, such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rodos" title="Boris Rodos">Boris Rodos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Shvartzman" title="Lev Shvartzman">Lev Shvartzman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Kobulov" title="Bogdan Kobulov">Bogdan Kobulov</a> were brutal torturers who were executed in the 1950s. The theatre director <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold">Vsevolod Meyerhold</a> described being beaten on the spine and soles of his feet until "the pain was so intense that it felt as if boiling water was being poured on these sensitive areas."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interrogation record was signed by Shvartzman. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eikhe" title="Robert Eikhe">Robert Eikhe</a>, a former high ranking party official, was sadistically beaten and had an eye gouged out by Rodos, in Beria's office, while Beria watched.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He not only permitted and encouraged the beating of prisoners, but in some case carried it out in person. One prisoner who survived to give evidence in the 1950s, testified that he was brought to Beria's office and accused of plotting to blow up the Moscow metro, which he denied: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Beria hit me in the face. After that, I was given 30 minutes to think in the next room, next to his office, from where the screams and groans of the beaten could be heard. An hour later, called to the office, I was met with the words of Kobulov: "What shall we start beating?"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In March 1939, Beria was appointed as a candidate member of the Communist Party's <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>. Although he did not rise to full membership until 1946, he was by then one of the senior leaders of the Soviet state. In 1941, he was made a Commissar General of State Security, the highest quasi-military rank within the Soviet police system of that time. In 1940, the pace of the purges accelerated again. During this period, Beria supervised <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">deportations</a> of people identified as "political enemies" from Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia after Soviet <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupation</a> of those countries. </p><p>On 5 March 1940, after the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_Conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestapo–NKVD Conferences">Gestapo–NKVD Third Conference</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a>, Beria sent a note (No. 794/B) to Stalin in which he stated that the Polish <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> kept at camps and prisons in western Belarus and Ukraine were enemies of the Soviet Union, and recommended their execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009140_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009140-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them were military officers, but there were also intelligentsia, doctors, priests, and others in a total of 22,000 people. With Stalin's approval, Beria's NKVD executed them in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From October 1940 to February 1942, the NKVD under Beria carried out a <a href="/wiki/Purge_of_the_Red_Army_in_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Purge of the Red Army in 1941">new purge</a> of the Red Army and related industries. In February 1941, Beria became <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">deputy chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a>, and in June, following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">State Defense Committee</a> (GKO). During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, he took on major domestic responsibilities and mobilised the millions of people imprisoned in NKVD <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> camps into wartime production. He took control of the manufacture of armaments, and (with <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a>) aircraft and aircraft engines. This was the beginning of Beria's alliance with Malenkov, which later became of central importance. </p><p>In 1944, as the Soviet Union had repelled the German invasion, Beria was placed in charge of the various ethnic minorities accused of anti-sovietism and/or collaboration with the invaders, including the <a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Pontic Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1999122_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1999122-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these groups were deported to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a>. </p><p>In December 1944, the NKVD supervised the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a> ("Task No. 1"), which built and tested a bomb by 29 August 1949. The project was extremely labour-intensive. At least 330,000 people, including 10,000 technicians, were involved. The Gulag system provided tens of thousands of people for work in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> mines and for the construction and operation of uranium processing plants. They also constructed test facilities, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site" title="Semipalatinsk Test Site">Semipalatinsk</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> archipelago. </p><p>In July 1945, as Soviet police ranks were converted to a military uniform system, Beria's rank was officially converted to that of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a>. Although he had never held a traditional military command, he made a significant contribution to the victory of the Soviet Union in the war through his organisation of wartime production and his use of partisans. Abroad, Beria had met with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, the future leader of North Korea, several times when the Soviet troops had declared war on <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and occupied the northern half of Korea from August 1945. Beria recommended that Stalin install a communist leader in the occupied territories.<sup id="cite_ref-ysfine.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ysfine.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mark_O'Neill-2010_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_O'Neill-2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_politics">Post-war politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Stalin nearing 70, a concealed struggle for succession amongst his entourage dominated Soviet politics. At the end of the war, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a>, who had served as the Communist Party leader in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> (now Saint Petersburg) during the war, seemed the most likely candidate. After 1946, Beria formed an alliance with Malenkov to counter Zhdanov's rise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1996143_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1996143-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1946, Beria resigned as chief of the NKVD while retaining general control over national security matters as Deputy Prime Minister and Curator of the Organs of State Security under Stalin. However, the new NKVD chief, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a>, was not a supporter of Beria. Also by the summer of 1946 Beria's man, <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a>, was replaced as head of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry for State Security</a> (MGB) by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Abakumov" title="Viktor Abakumov">Viktor Abakumov</a>. </p><p>Abakumov had headed <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> from 1943 to 1946; his relationship with Beria involved close collaboration (since Abakumov owed his rise to Beria's support and esteem) but also rivalry. Stalin had begun to encourage Abakumov to form his own network inside the MGB to counter Beria's dominance of the power ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrish1996_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrish1996-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kruglov and Abakumov moved expeditiously to replace Beria's men in the security apparatus with new people. Very soon, Deputy Minister Stepan Mamulov of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD) was the only close Beria ally left outside foreign intelligence, on which Beria kept a grip. </p><p>In the following months, Abakumov started carrying out important operations without consulting Beria, often working with Zhdanov, and on Stalin's direct orders. One of the first such moves involved the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a> affair, which commenced in October 1946 and eventually led to the murder of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mikhoels" title="Solomon Mikhoels">Solomon Mikhoels</a> and the arrest of many other members. After Zhdanov died in August 1948, Beria and Malenkov consolidated their power by means of a purge of Zhdanov's associates in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a>". Those executed included Zhdanov's deputy, <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kuznetsov" title="Alexey Kuznetsov">Alexey Kuznetsov</a>; the economic chief, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a>; the Party head in Leningrad, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Popkov" title="Pyotr Popkov">Pyotr Popkov</a>; and the Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodionov" title="Mikhail Rodionov">Mikhail Rodionov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1996151_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1996151-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Beria was unable to purge <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a>, whom he hated. Beria felt increasingly uncomfortable with Suslov's growing relationship with Stalin. Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a> speculates in his book, <i>Neizvestnyi Stalin</i>, that Stalin had made Suslov his "secret heir".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003642n_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003642n-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidently, Beria felt so threatened by Suslov that after his arrest in 1953, documents were found in his safe labelling Suslov the No. 1 person he wanted to "eliminate".<sup id="cite_ref-Skvortsova-2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skvortsova-2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the postwar years, Beria supervised the establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and chose their Soviet-backed leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Mix_Top_Ten_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mix_Top_Ten-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1948, Abakumov initiated several investigations against these leaders, which culminated with the arrest in November 1952 of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Rudolf Slánský">Rudolf Slánský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Geminder" title="Bedřich Geminder">Bedřich Geminder</a> and others in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. These men were frequently accused of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">rootless cosmopolitanism</a>", and providing weapons to Israel. Such charges deeply disturbed Beria, as he had directly ordered the sale of large amounts of Czech arms to Israel. Altogether, fourteen Czechoslovak communist leaders, eleven of them Jewish, were <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">tried, convicted and executed</a> as part of Soviet policy to woo Arab nationalists, which culminated in the major Czech–Egyptian arms deal of 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaslerThompsonGanguly201339_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaslerThompsonGanguly201339-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors' Plot">Doctors' Plot</a> began in 1951, when a number of the country's prominent Jewish physicians were accused of poisoning top Soviet leaders and arrested. Concurrently, the Soviet press began an anti-Semitic <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> campaign, euphemistically termed the "struggle against rootless cosmopolitanism". Initially, 37 men were arrested, but the number quickly grew into hundreds. Scores of Soviet Jews were dismissed from their jobs, arrested, sent to the Gulag, or executed. The "plot" was presumably invented by Stalin. A few days after Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, Beria freed all the arrested doctors, announced that the entire matter was fabricated, and arrested the MGB functionaries directly involved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stalin's_death"><span id="Stalin.27s_death"></span>Stalin's death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stalin's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin</a></div> <p>Stalin's aide, Vasili Lozgachev, reported that Beria and Malenkov were the first members of the Politburo to see Stalin's condition when he was found unconscious. They arrived at Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kuntsevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuntsevo">Kuntsevo</a> at 03:00 on 2 March 1953, after being called by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a>. The latter two did not want to risk Stalin's wrath by entering his private rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003639_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003639-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lozgachev tried to explain to Beria that the unconscious Stalin (still in his soiled clothing) was "sick and needed medical attention". Beria angrily dismissed his claims as panic-mongering and quickly left, ordering him, "Don't bother us, don't cause a panic and don't disturb Comrade Stalin!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003605_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003605-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexsei Rybin, Stalin's bodyguard, recalled, "No one wanted to telephone Beria, since most of the personal bodyguards hated Beria".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybin199661_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybin199661-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calling a doctor was deferred for a full twelve hours after Stalin was rendered paralysed, incontinent and unable to speak. This decision is noted as "extraordinary" by the historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a>, but also consistent with the standard Stalinist policy of deferring all decision-making (no matter how crucial or obvious) without official orders from higher authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003640–644_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003640–644-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria's decision to avoid immediately calling a doctor was tacitly supported (or at least not opposed) by the rest of the Politburo, which was rudderless without Stalin's micromanagement and paralysed by a legitimate fear that he would suddenly recover and take reprisals on anyone who had dared to act without his orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003638–641_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003638–641-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin's suspicion of doctors in the wake of the Doctors' Plot was well known at the time of his sickness; his private physician was being tortured in the basement of the <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka</a> for suggesting the leader required more bed rest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003640_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003640-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that Beria had, immediately after Stalin's stroke, gone about "spewing hatred against [Stalin] and mocking him". When Stalin showed signs of consciousness, Beria dropped to his knees and kissed his hand. When Stalin fell unconscious again, Beria immediately stood and spat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003571_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003571-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, Beria's ambitions sprang into full force. In the uneasy silence following the cessation of Stalin's last agonies, he was the first to dart forward to kiss his lifeless form (a move likened by Montefiore to "wrenching a dead King's ring off his finger").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003649_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003649-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the rest of Stalin's inner circle (even Molotov, saved from certain liquidation) stood sobbing unashamedly over the body, Beria reportedly appeared "radiant", "regenerated" and "glistening with ill-concealed relish".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003649_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003649-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Beria left the room, he broke the sombre atmosphere by shouting loudly for his driver, his voice echoing with what Stalin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> called "the ring of triumph unconcealed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003650_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003650-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alliluyeva noticed how the Politburo seemed openly frightened of Beria and unnerved by his bold display of ambition. "He's off to take power," Mikoyan recalled muttering to Khrushchev. That prompted a "frantic" dash for their own limousines to intercept him at the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003650_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003650-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stalin's death prevented a final purge of <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolsheviks" title="Old Bolsheviks">Old Bolsheviks</a> <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a> and Molotov, for which Stalin had been laying the groundwork in the year prior to his death. Shortly after Stalin's death, Beria announced triumphantly to the Politburo that he had "done [Stalin] in" and "saved [us] all", according to Molotov's memoirs. The assertion that Stalin was poisoned by Beria's associates has been supported by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Edvard Radzinsky</a> and other authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003640_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003640-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1939 to 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services" title="Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services">Soviet Poison Laboratory</a> was under the direct supervision of Beria <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and his deputy <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadzinsky1997_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadzinsky1997-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Radzinsky, Stalin was poisoned by a senior bodyguard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva1967_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva1967-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wines-2003_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wines-2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria's son, Sergo Beria, later recounted that after Stalin's death, his mother Nina told her husband that, "Your position now is even more precarious than when Stalin was alive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerii͡a2001250_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerii͡a2001250-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors have claimed that Stalin "may have been poisoned"<sup id="cite_ref-Wines-2003_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wines-2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>, although others have argued that "the description we have of Stalin's illness does not match the appearance or timeline of patients that experience severe warfarin or warfarin-related overdoses."<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-2023_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-2023-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, towards the end of his life, Stalin was "obsessive about the possibility of being poisoned",<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-2023_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-2023-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that given his paranoia, "it is difficult to imagine a scenario where Beria or another conspirator could have slipped an anticoagulant into his drink."<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-2023_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-2023-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Deputy_Premier_and_Soviet_triumvirate">First Deputy Premier and Soviet triumvirate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Deputy Premier and Soviet triumvirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Stalin's death, Beria was appointed <a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a> and reappointed head of the MVD, which he merged with the MGB. His close ally Malenkov was the new <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a> and initially the most powerful man in the post-Stalin leadership. Beria was second-most powerful, and given Malenkov's personal weakness, was poised to become the <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a> and ultimately leader himself. Khrushchev became Party Secretary. <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> became Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> (the nominal <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>). </p><p>Beria undertook some measures of liberalisation immediately after Stalin's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1996184_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1996184-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reorganised the MVD and drastically reduced its economic power and penal responsibilities. A number of costly construction projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Salekhard%E2%80%93Igarka_Railway" title="Salekhard–Igarka Railway">Salekhard–Igarka Railway</a>, were scrapped, and the remaining industrial enterprises became affiliated under other economic ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlovGilburd2013111_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlovGilburd2013111-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gulag system was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Justice</a>, and a mass release of over a million prisoners was announced, although only prisoners convicted for "non-political" crimes were released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlovGilburd2013112_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlovGilburd2013112-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That amnesty led to a substantial increase in crime and would later be used against Beria by his rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy201623–24_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy201623–24-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlovGilburd2013114_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlovGilburd2013114-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To consolidate power, Beria also took steps to recognise the rights of non-Russian nationalities. As a Georgian, he questioned the traditional policy of Russification and encouraged local officials to assert their own identities. He first turned to Georgia, where Stalin's fabricated <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_affair" title="Mingrelian affair">Mingrelian affair</a> was called off and the republic's key posts were filled by pro-Beria Georgians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1996187_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1996187-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria's policies of granting more autonomy to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> alarmed Khrushchev, for whom Ukraine was a power base. Khrushchev then tried to draw Malenkov to his side, warning that "Beria is sharpening his knives".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1996190_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1996190-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev opposed the alliance between Beria and Malenkov, but he was initially unable to challenge them. Khrushchev's opportunity came in June 1953 when a spontaneous <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> communist regime broke out in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>. Based on Beria's statements, other leaders suspected that in the wake of the uprising, he would consider trading the reunification of Germany and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> for support from the United States, as had been received in the Second World War. </p><p>The cost of the war still weighed heavily on the Soviet economy. Beria craved the vast financial resources that another (more sustained) relationship with the U.S. could provide. According to some later sources, he ostensibly even considered giving the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSRs</a> "serious prospects of national autonomy", possibly similar to the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWydra2007165_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWydra2007165-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2005-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></ref><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight1996189_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight1996189-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria said of East Germany, "It is not even a real state but one kept in being only by Soviet troops."<sup id="cite_ref-Sky_History_TV_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky_History_TV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East German uprising convinced Molotov, Malenkov and Bulganin that Beria's policies were dangerous and destabilizing to Soviet power. </p><p>On 21 June 1953, Khrushchev was contacted by MVD Chief Timofei Strokach, a wartime colleague of his, who warned him that Beria was preparing for a coup in Moscow and had threatened him personally, saying "we shall expel you from the MVD, arrest you and allow you to rot in the camps." He claimed that Beria intended to send special MVD divisions to Moscow to help him seize power, and that several MVD agents had boasted that the MVD would become independent of Party bodies and "a regional MVD chief would no longer be answerable to the Party secretary." Within days, Khrushchev persuaded the other leaders to support a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a></i> against Beria.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest,_trial_and_execution"><span id="Arrest.2C_trial_and_execution"></span>Arrest, trial and execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arrest, trial and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavrenty_Beria-TIME-1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lavrenty_Beria-TIME-1953.jpg/220px-Lavrenty_Beria-TIME-1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lavrenty_Beria-TIME-1953.jpg/330px-Lavrenty_Beria-TIME-1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Lavrenty_Beria-TIME-1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Beria on <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> cover, 20 July 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Beria, as first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers and an influential Politburo member, saw himself as Stalin's successor, while wider Politburo members had contrasting thoughts on future leadership. On 26 June 1953, Beria was arrested and held in an undisclosed location near Moscow. Accounts of his downfall vary considerably. The historical consensus is that Khrushchev prepared an elaborate ambush, convening a meeting of the Presidium on 26 June, where he suddenly launched a scathing attack on Beria, accusing him of being a traitor and spy in the pay of <a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a>. Beria was taken completely by surprise. He asked, "What's going on, Nikita Sergeyevich? Why are you picking fleas in my trousers?" When Beria finally realised what was happening and plaintively appealed to Malenkov to speak for him, Malenkov silently hung his head and pressed a button on his desk. This was an arranged signal to <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> and a group of armed officers in a nearby room, who burst in and arrested Beria.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Beria's men were guarding the Kremlin at the time, he was held there in a special cell until nightfall and then smuggled out in the trunk of a car.<sup id="cite_ref-Remnick_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remnick-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was taken first to the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">guardhouse</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunker</a> of the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence Minister Bulganin ordered the <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="4th Guards Tank Division">Kantemirovskaya Tank Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division">Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division</a> to move into Moscow to prevent security forces loyal to Beria from rescuing him. Many of Beria's subordinates, proteges and associates were also arrested and later executed, among them Merkulov, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Kobulov" title="Bogdan Kobulov">Bogdan Kobulov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergo_Goglidze" title="Sergo Goglidze">Sergey Goglidze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dekanozov" title="Vladimir Dekanozov">Vladimir Dekanozov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Meshyk" title="Pavlo Meshyk">Pavel Meshik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Vlodzimirsky" title="Lev Vlodzimirsky">Lev Vlodzimirsky</a>. </p><p>Following Beria's arrest, the Politburo issued a decree formally removing him from his posts as a "traitor and capitalist agent" and accused him and his co-defendants of attempting to place the MVD above the party in a bid to seize power and liquidate the Soviet regime. A <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> editorial on 10 July repeated these charges and made a number of further accusations, claiming that Beria had caused food shortages by undermining the Soviet collective farm system, and claimed his policies of liberalization (in which a number of Russian officials in Latvia were dismissed from their posts) were meant to incite ethnic hatred and undermine the friendship of the Soviet people.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Malyshev" title="Vyacheslav Malyshev">Vyacheslav Malyshev</a> succeeded Beria as head of the Soviet nuclear weapons project. After a review of project documentation during the summer of 1953 it was found that Beria had started <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapons</a> development without approval from the Central Committee, which was "shocked" by the revelation. Beria had even scratched out the signature block for Malenkov's signature and signed it himself. "Evidently Beria had been confident enough of his ascent to power to assume that he would command sole authority by the time the thermonuclear design was ready to be tested."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1995519_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1995519-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beria and his men were tried by a "special session" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">специальное судебное присутствие</span></span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court of the Soviet Union</a> on 23 December 1953 with no defence counsel and no right of appeal. <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a> was the chairman of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz-1953_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-1953-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria was found guilty of: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a>. It was alleged that he had maintained secret connections with foreign intelligence services. In particular, attempts to initiate peace talks with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1941 through the ambassador of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> were classified as treason, though Beria had been acting on the orders of Stalin and Molotov. It was also alleged that Beria, who in 1942 helped organise <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">the defence of the North Caucasus</a>, tried to let the Germans occupy the Caucasus. Beria's suggestion to his assistants that to improve foreign relations it was reasonable to transfer the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> to Germany, <a href="/wiki/Karelian_question_in_Finnish_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian question in Finnish politics">part of Karelia</a> to Finland, the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a> to <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> to Japan also formed part of the allegations against him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a>. Beria's participation in the <a href="/wiki/1941_Red_Army_Purge" title="1941 Red Army Purge">purge of the Red Army in 1941</a> was classified as an act of terrorism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a> activity during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. In 1919, Beria worked in the security service of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Beria maintained that he was assigned to that work by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Muslim Social Democratic Party">Hummet</a> party, which subsequently merged with the Adalat Party, the <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_Party_(Azerbaijan)" title="Ahrar Party (Azerbaijan)">Ahrar Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> Bolsheviks to establish the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party">Azerbaijan Communist Party</a>.</li></ol> <p>Beria and all the other defendants were sentenced to death on the day of the trial. The other six defendants – Dekanozov, Merkulov, Vlodzimirsky, Meshik, Goglidze and Kobulov – were shot immediately after the trial ended.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria was executed separately; he allegedly pleaded on his knees before collapsing to the floor wailing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1995523_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1995523-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was shot through the forehead by General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Batitsky" title="Pavel Batitsky">Pavel Batitsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5WqvZ_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5WqvZ-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His final moments bore great similarity to <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov#Trial" title="Nikolai Yezhov">those of his own predecessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, who begged for his life before his execution in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria's body was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> and the remains buried in Communal Grave No. 3 at Donskoi Monastery Cemetery in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-WW2_Gravestone_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW2_Gravestone-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beria's personal archive (said to have included "compromising" material on his former colleagues) was destroyed on Khrushchev's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev200386_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev200386-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_predation">Sexual predation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sexual predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Beria's trial in 1953, it became known that he had committed numerous <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rapes</a> during the years he was NKVD chief.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montefiore concludes that the information "reveals a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">sexual predator</a> who used his power to indulge himself in obsessive depravity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003506_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003506-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite evidence, charges of sexual abuse were disputed by his wife Nina and their son Sergo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudoplatov199597_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESudoplatov199597-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the testimony of Colonel Rafael Semyonovich Sarkisov and Colonel Sardion Nikolaevich Nadaraia – two of Beria's bodyguards – on warm nights during the war, Beria was often driven around Moscow in his limousine. He would point out young women that he wanted to be taken to his dacha, where wine and a feast awaited them. After dining, Beria would take the women into his soundproofed office and rape them. Additionally, an American report from 1952 quoted a former Muscovite as having "learned from one of Beria's mistresses that it was Beria's habit to order various women to become intimate with him and that he threatened them with prison if they refused."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His bodyguards reported that their duties included handing each victim a flower bouquet as she left the house. Accepting it implied that the sex had been consensual; refusal would mean arrest. Sarkisov reported that after one woman rejected Beria's advances and ran out of his office, Sarkisov mistakenly handed her the flowers anyway. The enraged Beria declared, "Now, it is not a bouquet, it is a wreath! May it rot on your grave!" The NKVD arrested the woman the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003506_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003506-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The testimony of Sarkisov and Nadaraia has been partially corroborated by Edward Ellis Smith, an American who served in the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">US embassy in Moscow</a> after the war. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Amy_Knight" title="Amy Knight">Amy Knight</a>, "Smith noted that Beria's escapades were common knowledge among embassy personnel because his house was on the same street as a residence for Americans, and those who lived there saw girls brought to Beria's house late at night in a limousine."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199697_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199697-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women also submitted to Beria's sexual advances in exchange for the promise of freedom for imprisoned relatives. In one case, Beria picked up <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Okunevskaya" title="Tatiana Okunevskaya">Tatiana Okunevskaya</a>, a well-known Soviet actress, under the pretence of bringing her to perform for the Politburo. Instead he took her to his dacha, where he offered to free her father and grandmother from prison if she submitted. He then raped her, telling her, "Scream or not, it doesn't matter". In fact, Beria knew that Okunevskaya's relatives had been executed months earlier. Okunevskaya was arrested shortly afterwards and sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> in the gulag, which she survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003507_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003507-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stalin and other high-ranking officials came to distrust Beria.<sup id="cite_ref-Montefiore-2010_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montefiore-2010-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one instance, when Stalin learned that his then-teenage daughter, <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana</a>, was alone with Beria at his house, he telephoned her and told her to leave immediately. When Beria complimented <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poskrebyshev" title="Alexander Poskrebyshev">Alexander Poskrebyshev</a>'s daughter on her beauty, Poskrebyshev quickly pulled her aside and instructed her, "Don't ever accept a lift from Beria".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003508_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003508-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking an interest in <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>'s daughter-in-law during a party at their summer dacha, Beria shadowed their car closely all the way back to the Kremlin, terrifying his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Montefiore-2010_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montefiore-2010-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and during the war, Beria directed Sarkisov to keep a list of the names and phone numbers of the women that he had sex with. Eventually, he ordered Sarkisov to destroy the list as a security risk, but Sarkisov retained a secret copy. When Beria's fall from power began, Sarkisov passed the list to Viktor Abakumov, the former wartime head of SMERSH and now chief of the MGB – the successor to the NKVD. Abakumov was already aggressively building a case against Beria. Stalin, who was also seeking to undermine Beria, was thrilled by the detailed records kept by Sarkisov, demanding: "Send me everything this asshole writes down!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003507_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003507-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the Russian government acknowledged Sarkisov's handwritten list of Beria's victims, which reportedly contains hundreds of names. The victims' names were also released to the public in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard-2003_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard-2003-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests that Beria also murdered some of these women. In 1993, construction workers installing streetlights unearthed human bones near Beria's <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> villa (now the Tunisian embassy). Skulls, pelvises and leg bones were found.<sup id="cite_ref-Grim_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grim-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the skeletal remains of five young women were discovered during work carried out on the water pipes in the garden of the same villa.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, building workers digging a ditch in Moscow city centre unearthed a common grave near the same residence containing a pile of human bones, including two children's skulls covered with <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. The lack of articles of clothing and the condition of the remains indicate that these bodies were buried naked. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sixsmith" title="Martin Sixsmith">Martin Sixsmith</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary, "Beria spent his nights having teenagers abducted from the streets and brought here for him to rape. Those who resisted were strangled and buried in his wife's rose garden."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimir Zharov, head of the Department of Forensic Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> and then the head of the criminal forensics bureau, said a torture chamber existed in the basement of Beria's villa and that there was probably an underground passage to burial sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Grim_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grim-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beria was stripped of all titles and awards on 23 December 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-kaskadtuning.ru_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaskadtuning.ru-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> (1935, 1943, 1945, 1949, 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Order of the Red Banner</a> (1924, 1942, 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov" title="Order of Suvorov">Order of Suvorov</a>, 1st class (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Victory_over_Germany_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Defence_of_Stalingrad%22" title="Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"">Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Defence_of_Moscow%22" title="Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"">Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Defence_of_the_Caucasus%22" title="Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"">Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus"</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2230_Years_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Navy%22" title="Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"">Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_800th_Anniversary_of_Moscow%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"</a> (1947)</li> <li>Honorary State Security Officer, twice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">Stalin Prize</a> (1949, 1951)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Republics">Soviet Republics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet Republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Soviet_Republics#Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Republics">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">Armenian SSR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Soviet_Republics#Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Republics">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Soviet_Republics#Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Republics">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Soviet_Republics#Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Republics">Order of the Red Banner</a> (Georgian SSR)</li> <li>Order of the Republic (<a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Sukhbaatar" title="Order of Sukhbaatar">Order of Sukhbaatar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_(Mongolia)" title="Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia)">Order of the Red Banner</a> (Mongolia)</li> <li>Medal "25 Years of the Mongolian People's Revolution" (Mongolia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beria is the central character in <i>Good Night, Uncle Joe</i> by Canadian playwright David Elendune. The play is a fictionalised account of the events leading up to Stalin's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Joe_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joe-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgian film director <a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Abuladze" title="Tengiz Abuladze">Tengiz Abuladze</a> based the character of dictator Varlam Aravidze on Beria in his 1984 film <i><a href="/wiki/Repentance_(1987_film)" title="Repentance (1987 film)">Repentance</a></i>. Although banned in the Soviet Union for its semi-allegorical critique of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, it premiered at the <a href="/wiki/1987_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1987 Cannes Film Festival">1987 Cannes Film Festival</a>, winning the <a href="/wiki/FIPRESCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPRESCI">FIPRESCI</a> Prize, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)" title="Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)">Grand Prize of the Jury</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prize_of_the_Ecumenical_Jury" title="Prize of the Ecumenical Jury">Prize of the Ecumenical Jury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cannes_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannes-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beria was played by British actor <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoskins" title="Bob Hoskins">Bob Hoskins</a> in the 1991 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Inner_Circle_(1991_film)" title="The Inner Circle (1991 film)">Inner Circle</a></i>, and by <a href="/wiki/David_Suchet" title="David Suchet">David Suchet</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Monarch" title="Red Monarch">Red Monarch</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale" title="Simon Russell Beale">Simon Russell Beale</a> played Beria in the 2017 satirical film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Stalin" title="The Death of Stalin">The Death of Stalin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Death_of_Stalin_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Death_of_Stalin-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1958 <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> production of "<a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Kill_Stalin" title="The Plot to Kill Stalin">The Plot to Kill Stalin</a>" for <i><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_90" title="Playhouse 90">Playhouse 90</a></i>, Beria was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/E._G._Marshall" title="E. G. Marshall">E. G. Marshall</a>. In the 1992 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin_(1992_film)" title="Stalin (1992 film)">Stalin</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Roshan_Seth" title="Roshan Seth">Roshan Seth</a> was cast as Beria. </p><p>In the 1999 film adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1999_film)" title="Animal Farm (1999 film)">Animal Farm</a></i> based on <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s novel, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a>'s bodyguard Pincher represents Beria. </p><p>Beria appears in the third episode ("Superbomb") of the four-part 2007 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> docudrama series <i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets" title="Nuclear Secrets">Nuclear Secrets</a></i>, played by Boris Isarov. In the 2008 BBC documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/World_War_II:_Behind_Closed_Doors" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II: Behind Closed Doors">World War II: Behind Closed Doors</a></i>, Beria was portrayed by Polish actor <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Dracz" title="Krzysztof Dracz">Krzysztof Dracz</a>. </p><p>In the 1969 <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> story <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Games" title="The War Games">The War Games</a></i>, actor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Madoc" title="Philip Madoc">Philip Madoc</a> based the coldly evil War Lord on Beria, even wearing his <a href="/wiki/Pince-nez" title="Pince-nez">pince-nez</a> glasses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Williams_(novelist)" title="Alan Williams (novelist)">Alan Williams</a> wrote a spy novel titled <i>The Beria Papers</i>, the plot of which revolves around Beria's alleged secret diaries recording his political and sexual depravities. </p><p>At the opening of <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alteration" title="The Alteration">The Alteration</a></i>, Beria appears as "<a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> Laurentius", paired with the similarly black-clad cleric "Monsignor Henricus" (<a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. </p><p>Beria is a significant character in the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">alien invasion</a> novel series <i><a href="/wiki/Worldwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwar">Worldwar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>, as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Time" title="Axis of Time">Axis of Time</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/John_Birmingham" title="John Birmingham">John Birmingham</a>. </p><p>In the 1981 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Noble_House_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble House (book)">Noble House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Clavell" title="James Clavell">James Clavell</a>, set in 1963 <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the main character Ian Dunross receives a set of secret documents regarding a Soviet spy-ring in Hong Kong code-named "Sevrin" signed by an LB (Lavrentiy Beria). </p><p>The arrest and execution of Beria is recreated in the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moss" title="Robert Moss">Robert Moss</a> novel <i>Moscow Rules</i> as part of the rise of main character Alexander Preobrazensky's father-in-law Marshall Zotov, a character who stands in for <a href="/wiki/Zhukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhukov">Zhukov</a>. </p><p>Beria is a significant character in the opening chapters of the 1998 novel <a href="/wiki/Archangel_(Robert_Harris_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel (Robert Harris novel)"><i>Archangel</i></a> by British novelist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>. </p><p>Beria is a minor character in the 2009 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-Year-Old_Man_Who_Climbed_Out_the_Window_and_Disappeared_(novel)" title="The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared (novel)">The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Jonasson" title="Jonas Jonasson">Jonas Jonasson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonasson2012_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonasson2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As "der Kleine Große Mann" ("the Little Big Man"), Beria appears as the abuser of one of the leading characters, Christine, in the 2014 novel <i>Das achte Leben (Für Brilka)</i> (translated as "The Eighth Life (For Brilka)") by <a href="/wiki/Nino_Haratischwili" title="Nino Haratischwili">Nino Haratischwili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaratischwili2014_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaratischwili2014-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2015–2017 <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serialised</a> science fiction novel <i>Unsong</i> by writer <a href="/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a>, Beria is mentioned as being in the nicest part of hell, reserved for the worst sinners, along with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delphine_LaLaurie" title="Delphine LaLaurie">LaLaurie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A character based on Beria, named "Loria" with his predatorial tendencies, appears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saga_of_Tanya_the_Evil" title="The Saga of Tanya the Evil">The Saga of Tanya the Evil</a></i> light novel.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loria is also depicted in the series' <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Tanya_the_Evil:_The_Movie" title="Saga of Tanya the Evil: The Movie">animated movie adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Totalitarianism" title="Democracy and Totalitarianism">Democracy and Totalitarianism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This fits an account from Khrushchev's perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewGordievsky1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailskgbinsidestoryof00chripage423_423–424]_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewGordievsky1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailskgbinsidestoryof00chripage423_423–424]-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manhattan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manhattan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1942-1945/espionage.htm">"Manhattan Project: Espionage and the Manhattan Project, 1940–1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Energy">US Department of Energy</a> – Office of History and Heritage Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manhattan+Project%3A+Espionage+and+the+Manhattan+Project%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Energy+%E2%80%93+Office+of+History+and+Heritage+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fopennet%2Fmanhattan-project-history%2FEvents%2F1942-1945%2Fespionage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199614–16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199614–16_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight1996">Knight 1996</a>, pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BZhAK-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BZhAK_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_s/lastSt.html">"Последние Годы Правления Сталина"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Flibris%2Flib_s%2FlastSt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva1967138-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva1967138_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlliluyeva1967">Alliluyeva 1967</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМікалай_Аляксандравіч_ЗяньковічНиколай_Зенькович2005" class="citation book cs1">Мікалай Аляксандравіч Зяньковіч; Николай Зенькович (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXJEF6HHyH0C&q=Нино+Теймуразовна+Гегечкори&pg=PA20"><i>Самые секретные родственники</i></a>. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5948504087" title="Special:BookSources/978-5948504087"><bdi>978-5948504087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9C%D0%90+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-5948504087&rft.au=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87+%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87&rft.au=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXJEF6HHyH0C%26q%3D%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%2B%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%2B%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore200867-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore200867_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2008">Montefiore 2008</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalessky" class="citation web cs1">Zalessky, K.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrono.ru/biograf/bio_b/bagirov_mda.php">"Багиров Мир Джафар Аббасович 1896–1956 Биографический Указатель"</a>. <i>Khronos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khronos&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+1896%E2%80%931956+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.aulast=Zalessky&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrono.ru%2Fbiograf%2Fbio_b%2Fbagirov_mda.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zalessky-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zalessky_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zalessky_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalessky" class="citation web cs1">Zalessky, K.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_b/beria1lp.php">"Берия Лаврентий Павлович 1899–1953 Биографический Указатель"</a>. <i>Khronos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khronos&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+1899%E2%80%931953+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.aulast=Zalessky&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fbiograf%2Fbio_b%2Fberia1lp.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sky_History_TV-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sky_History_TV_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sky_History_TV_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.co.uk/article/historys-forgotten-people-lavrentiy-beria">"History's Forgotten People Lavrentiy Beria"</a>. <i>Sky History TV</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky (United Kingdom)">Sky TV</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+History+TV&rft.atitle=History%27s+Forgotten+People+Lavrentiy+Beria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fhistorys-forgotten-people-lavrentiy-beria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2003">Montefiore 2003</a>, pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berthold_Seewald-2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berthold_Seewald-2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthold_Seewald2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berthold Seewald (10 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article124705617/Als-Sotschi-das-Zentrum-des-Terrors-war.html">"Ferien mit Stalin: Als Sotschi das Zentrum des Terrors war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Ferien+mit+Stalin%3A+Als+Sotschi+das+Zentrum+des+Terrors+war&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft.au=Berthold+Seewald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fgeschichte%2Farticle124705617%2FAls-Sotschi-das-Zentrum-des-Terrors-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976242–3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976242–3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedev1976">Medvedev 1976</a>, pp. 242–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStalinKaganovič2003182-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStalinKaganovič2003182_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStalinKaganovič2003182_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStalinKaganovič2003">Stalin & Kaganovič 2003</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva196715-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlliluyeva196715_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlliluyeva1967">Alliluyeva 1967</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedev1976">Medvedev 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199657-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199657_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight1996">Knight 1996</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2001420-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2001420_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2001">Wolfe 2001</a>, pp. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976367–68-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedev1976367–68_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedev1976">Medvedev 1976</a>, pp. 367–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lakoba_2004-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lakoba_2004_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lakoba_2004_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakoba2004">Lakoba 2004</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShenfield2010">Shenfield 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotkin2017">Kotkin 2017</a>, p. 506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewitt2013">Hewitt 2013</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotkin2017">Kotkin 2017</a>, pp. 506–507</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlauvelt2007">Blauvelt 2007</a>, pp. 217–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakoba2004">Lakoba 2004</a>, pp. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakoba2004">Lakoba 2004</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakoba2004">Lakoba 2004</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakoba2004">Lakoba 2004</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakoba2004">Lakoba 2004</a>, pp. 120–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettyNaumov1999304–05-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span> – via Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+On+The+Beria+Purge+%7C+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F660964782%2FCIA-on-the-Beria-Purge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1995519-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1995519_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1995">Rhodes 1995</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925014">"The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 2)"</a>. <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 3–38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925014">26925014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Early+Post-Stalin+Succession+Struggle+and+Upheavals+in+East-Central+Europe%3A+Internal-External+Linkages+in+Soviet+Policy+Making+%28Part+2%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-38&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26925014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26925014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-1953-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz-1953_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1953" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Harry (24 December 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1953/12/24/archives/beria-trial-shows-armys-rising-role-beria-trial-shows-armys-rising.html">"Beria Trial Shows Army's Rising Role; BERIA TRIAL SHOWS ARMY'S RISING ROLE"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beria+Trial+Shows+Army%27s+Rising+Role%3B+BERIA+TRIAL+SHOWS+ARMY%27S+RISING+ROLE&rft.date=1953-12-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1953%2F12%2F24%2Farchives%2Fberia-trial-shows-armys-rising-role-beria-trial-shows-armys-rising.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/opb/citizenk/coldwar/">"Citizen Kurchatov Stalin's Bomb Maker"</a> (documentary). PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizen+Kurchatov+Stalin%27s+Bomb+Maker&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fopb%2Fcitizenk%2Fcoldwar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1995523-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1995523_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1995">Rhodes 1995</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5WqvZ-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5WqvZ_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsru.com/russia/24jun2010/beria.html">"Лаврентия Берию в 1953 году расстрелял лично советский маршал"</a> (in Russian). 24 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B2+1953+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BB+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsru.com%2Frussia%2F24jun2010%2Fberia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenPetrov2002" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Marc; Petrov, Nikita (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinsloyalexec00jans/page/186"><i>Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinsloyalexec00jans/page/186">186–189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-2902-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-2902-9"><bdi>0-8179-2902-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Loyal+Executioner%3A+People%27s+Commissar+Nikolai+Ezhov%2C+1895%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=186-189&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8179-2902-9&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Petrov%2C+Nikita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinsloyalexec00jans%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW2_Gravestone-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WW2_Gravestone_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2gravestone.com/people/beria-lavrenti-pavlovich/">"Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich"</a>. <i>WW2 Gravestone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WW2+Gravestone&rft.atitle=Beria%2C+Lavrenti+Pavlovich.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2gravestone.com%2Fpeople%2Fberia-lavrenti-pavlovich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev200386-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev200386_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedevMedvedev2003">Medvedev & Medvedev 2003</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2005" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C&pg=RA10-PT11"><i>Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 466–467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75771-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75771-6"><bdi>978-0-375-75771-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+His+Hangmen%3A+The+Tyrant+and+Those+Who+Killed+for+Him&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=466-467&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-375-75771-6&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYi3ow3TU8-4C%26pg%3DRA10-PT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003506-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003506_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003506_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2003">Montefiore 2003</a>, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESudoplatov199597-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESudoplatov199597_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSudoplatov1995">Sudoplatov 1995</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Soviet Union as Reported by Former Soviet Citizens</i>; Interview Report No.5 (Washington D.C.: United States Department of State, September 1952), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199697-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight199697_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight1996">Knight 1996</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003507-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003507_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003507_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2003">Montefiore 2003</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montefiore-2010-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montefiore-2010_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montefiore-2010_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2010" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon Sebag (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kZNnKlKNp4C&q=terrifying+Voroshilov%27s+wife+beria++daughter-in-law&pg=PT419"><i>Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar</i></a>. Orion. pp. chapter 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-86385-4"><bdi>978-0-297-86385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.pages=chapter+45&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.isbn=978-0-297-86385-4&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kZNnKlKNp4C%26q%3Dterrifying%2BVoroshilov%2527s%2Bwife%2Bberia%2B%2Bdaughter-in-law%26pg%3DPT419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003508-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2003508_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2003">Montefiore 2003</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepard-2003-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shepard-2003_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard2003" class="citation news cs1">Shepard, Robin (18 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/berias-terror-files-are-opened-97hj6kxwsrb">"Beria's terror files are opened"</a>. <i>The Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Beria%27s+terror+files+are+opened&rft.date=2003-01-18&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fberias-terror-files-are-opened-97hj6kxwsrb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grim-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grim_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grim_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12574528.grim-reminder-of-beria-terror/">"Grim reminder of Beria terror"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. Glasgow<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Grim+reminder+of+Beria+terror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F12574528.grim-reminder-of-beria-terror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSixsmith2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sixsmith" title="Martin Sixsmith">Sixsmith, Martin</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfnHzGVz5C4C&q=embassy%20moscow%20beria%20bodies&pg=PA396"><i>Russia: A 1,000-Year Chronicle of the Wild East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-1688-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-1688-4"><bdi>978-1-4464-1688-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+1%2C000-Year+Chronicle+of+the+Wild+East&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-1688-4&rft.aulast=Sixsmith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfnHzGVz5C4C%26q%3Dembassy%2520moscow%2520beria%2520bodies%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSixsmith2011" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sixsmith" title="Martin Sixsmith">Sixsmith, Martin</a> (2 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b012wjcx/Russia_The_Wild_East_Series_2_The_Secret_Speech_Scramble_for_Power/">"The Secret Speech/The Scramble For Power"</a>. <i>Russia, The Wild East</i>. Season 2. Episode 17. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+The+Wild+East&rft.series=Season+2.+Episode+17&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-08-02&rft.aulast=Sixsmith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fiplayer%2Fepisode%2Fb012wjcx%2FRussia_The_Wild_East_Series_2_The_Secret_Speech_Scramble_for_Power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaskadtuning.ru-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kaskadtuning.ru_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404073145/https://kaskadtuning.ru/en/tips/gosudarstvennyi-deyatel-lavrentii-pavlovich-beriya-kratkaya-biografiya.html">"Statesman Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria. Brief biography of Lavrenty Beria"</a>. <i>kaskadtuning.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaskadtuning.ru/en/tips/gosudarstvennyi-deyatel-lavrentii-pavlovich-beriya-kratkaya-biografiya.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaskadtuning.ru&rft.atitle=Statesman+Lavrenty+Pavlovich+Beria.+Brief+biography+of+Lavrenty+Beria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaskadtuning.ru%2Fen%2Ftips%2Fgosudarstvennyi-deyatel-lavrentii-pavlovich-beriya-kratkaya-biografiya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joe-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joe_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220092313/http://www.stageplays.com/products/good_night_uncle_joe_-_one_act_versioncategorycyberpresscode220/David%20Elendune">"Good Night Uncle Joe – One Act Version"</a>. stageplays.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stageplays.com/products/good_night_uncle_joe_-_one_act_versioncategorycyberpresscode220/David%20Elendune">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Night+Uncle+Joe+%E2%80%93+One+Act+Version&rft.pub=stageplays.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stageplays.com%2Fproducts%2Fgood_night_uncle_joe_-_one_act_versioncategorycyberpresscode220%2FDavid%2520Elendune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cannes-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cannes_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/432/year/1987.html">"Festival de Cannes: Repentance"</a>. <i>festival-cannes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=festival-cannes.com&rft.atitle=Festival+de+Cannes%3A+Repentance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2FficheFilm%2Fid%2F432%2Fyear%2F1987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Death_of_Stalin-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Death_of_Stalin_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiff.net/tiff/the-death-of-stalin/">"The Death of Stalin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Stalin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiff.net%2Ftiff%2Fthe-death-of-stalin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonasson2012-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonasson2012_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonasson2012">Jonasson 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaratischwili2014-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaratischwili2014_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaratischwili2014">Haratischwili 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2016" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Scott (22 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unsongbook.com/interlude-י-the-broadcast/">"Interludeי: The Broadcast"</a>. <i>unsongbook.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unsongbook.com&rft.atitle=Interlude%D7%99%3A+The+Broadcast&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funsongbook.com%2Finterlude-%D7%99-the-broadcast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffney2023" class="citation web cs1">Gaffney, Sean (23 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suitablefortreatment.mangabookshelf.com/2023/09/23/the-saga-of-tanya-the-evil-mundus-vult-decipi-ergo-decipiatur/">"The Saga of Tanya the Evil: Mundus Vult Decipi, Ergo Decipiatur"</a>. <i>A Case Suitable for Treatment</i>. Manga Bookshelf<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Case+Suitable+for+Treatment&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Tanya+the+Evil%3A+Mundus+Vult+Decipi%2C+Ergo+Decipiatur&rft.date=2023-09-23&rft.aulast=Gaffney&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuitablefortreatment.mangabookshelf.com%2F2023%2F09%2F23%2Fthe-saga-of-tanya-the-evil-mundus-vult-decipi-ergo-decipiatur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/NightmareFuel/TheSagaOfTanyaTheEvil">"The Saga of Tanya the Evil"</a>. <i>TV Tropes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV+Tropes&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Tanya+the+Evil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvtropes.org%2Fpmwiki%2Fpmwiki.php%2FNightmareFuel%2FTheSagaOfTanyaTheEvil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlliluyeva1967" class="citation book cs1">Alliluyeva, Svetlana (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8dW_OAH1xUC&q=Twenty%20Letters%20to%20a%20Friend"><i>Twenty Letters to a Friend</i></a>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010099-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010099-5"><bdi>978-0-06-010099-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+Letters+to+a+Friend&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-06-010099-5&rft.aulast=Alliluyeva&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8dW_OAH1xUC%26q%3DTwenty%2520Letters%2520to%2520a%2520Friend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewGordievsky1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a>; Gordievsky, Oleg (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kgbinsidestoryof00chri/page/423">"11"</a>. <i>KGB: The Inside Story</i> (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kgbinsidestoryof00chri/page/423">423–424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016605-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016605-3"><bdi>0-06-016605-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=KGB%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=423-424&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-06-016605-3&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Gordievsky%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkgbinsidestoryof00chri%2Fpage%2F423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerii͡a2001" class="citation book cs1">Berii͡a, Sergo Lavrentʹevich (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-JoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Beria, My Father: Inside Stalin's Kremlin</i></a>. Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3062-4"><bdi>978-0-7156-3062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beria%2C+My+Father%3A+Inside+Stalin%27s+Kremlin&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3062-4&rft.aulast=Berii%CD%A1a&rft.aufirst=Sergo+Lavrent%CA%B9evich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-JoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlauvelt2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_K._Blauvelt" title="Timothy K. Blauvelt">Blauvelt, Timothy</a> (May 2007), "Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era", <i>Nationalities Papers</i>, <b>35</b> (2): 203–232, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990701254318">10.1080/00905990701254318</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128803263">128803263</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Abkhazia%3A+Patronage+and+Power+in+the+Stalin+Era&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-232&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990701254318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128803263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blauvelt&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Archie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjgGDYoPapMC&pg=PA140"><i>The Rise and Fall of Communism</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061138799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061138799"><bdi>978-0061138799</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618122750/http://books.google.com/books?id=SjgGDYoPapMC&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0061138799&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjgGDYoPapMC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarnewhistor00gadd"><i>The Cold War: a new history</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-062-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-062-9"><bdi>1-59420-062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+a+new+history&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59420-062-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarnewhistor00gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettyNaumov1999" class="citation book cs1">Getty, John Arch; Naumov, Oleg V. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1GDmAEACAAJ"><i>The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07772-8"><bdi>978-0-300-07772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Terror%3A+Stalin+and+the+Self-destruction+of+the+Bolsheviks%2C+1932-1939&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07772-8&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=John+Arch&rft.au=Naumov%2C+Oleg+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1GDmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaratischwili2014" class="citation book cs1">Haratischwili, Nino (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXV3DwAAQBAJ"><i>Das achte Leben (Für Brilka)</i></a>. Frankfurter Verlagsanstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-627-02208-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-627-02208-2"><bdi>978-3-627-02208-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+achte+Leben+%28F%C3%BCr+Brilka%29&rft.pub=Frankfurter+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-627-02208-2&rft.aulast=Haratischwili&rft.aufirst=Nino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXV3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2016" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Jeffrey S. (18 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-5IDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Gulag After Stalin: Redefining Punishment in Khrushchev's Soviet Union, 1953–1964</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0604-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0604-2"><bdi>978-1-5017-0604-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulag+After+Stalin%3A+Redefining+Punishment+in+Khrushchev%27s+Soviet+Union%2C+1953%E2%80%931964&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0604-2&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-5IDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2013" class="citation cs2">Hewitt, George (2013), <i>Discordant Neighbours: A Reassessment of the Georgian–Abkhazian and Georgian–South Ossetian Conflicts</i>, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24892-2"><bdi>978-90-04-24892-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discordant+Neighbours%3A+A+Reassessment+of+the+Georgian%E2%80%93Abkhazian+and+Georgian%E2%80%93South+Ossetian+Conflicts&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24892-2&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonasson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jonasson, Jonas (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQGZAAAAQBAJ"><i>The 100-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared</i></a>. Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0439-3"><bdi>978-1-4013-0439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+100-Year-Old+Man+Who+Climbed+Out+the+Window+and+Disappeared&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0439-3&rft.aulast=Jonasson&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQGZAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Kotkin, Stephen</a> (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_Waiting_for_Hitler,_1929%E2%80%931941" title="Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941">Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941</a></i>. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Waiting+for+Hitler%2C+1929%E2%80%931941&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1996" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Amy (1996). <i>Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03257-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03257-2"><bdi>0-691-03257-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804864639">804864639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beria%3A+Stalin%27s+First+Lieutenant&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804864639&rft.isbn=0-691-03257-2&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozlovGilburd2013" class="citation book cs1">Kozlov, Denis; Gilburd, Eleonory (2013). <i>The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442618954" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442618954"><bdi>978-1442618954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thaw%3A+Soviet+Society+and+Culture+during+the+1950s+and+1960s&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1442618954&rft.aulast=Kozlov&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Gilburd%2C+Eleonory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakoba2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Lakoba" title="Stanislav Lakoba">Lakoba, Stanislav</a> (2004), <i>Абхазия после двух империй. XIX–XXI вв.</i> [<i>Abkhazia after two empires: XIX–XXI centuries</i>] (in Russian), Moscow: Materik, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85646-146-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-85646-146-0"><bdi>5-85646-146-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9.+XIX%E2%80%93XXI+%D0%B2%D0%B2.&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Materik&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-85646-146-0&rft.aulast=Lakoba&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott1995" class="citation journal cs1">McDermott, K. (1995). "Stalinist Terror in the Comintern: New Perspectives". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 111–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949503000105">10.1177/002200949503000105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260924">260924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161318303">161318303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Stalinist+Terror+in+the+Comintern%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-130&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161318303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949503000105&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1976" class="citation book cs1">Medvedev, Roy Aleksandrovich (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0lXPwAACAAJ"><i>Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism</i></a>. Spokesman Books for the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85124-150-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85124-150-0"><bdi>978-0-85124-150-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+History+Judge%3A+The+Origins+and+Consequences+of+Stalinism&rft.pub=Spokesman+Books+for+the+Bertrand+Russell+Peace+Foundation+Limited&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85124-150-0&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy+Aleksandrovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0lXPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedevMedvedev2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Medvedev, Zhores</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev, Roy</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7aKDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Unknown Stalin</i></a>. Translated by Dahrendorf, Ellen. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-769-6"><bdi>978-0-85771-769-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Stalin&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-769-6&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Zhores&rft.au=Medvedev%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7aKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2003" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-HerzgvxssC"><i>Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400076789" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400076789"><bdi>978-1400076789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1400076789&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-HerzgvxssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2008" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrkl5e1joNMC"><i>Young Stalin</i></a>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400096138" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400096138"><bdi>978-1400096138</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276996699">276996699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276996699&rft.isbn=978-1400096138&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrkl5e1joNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrish1996" class="citation book cs1">Parrish, Michael (1996). <i>The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-53: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lesser+Terror%3A+Soviet+State+Security%2C+1939-53%3A+Soviet+State+Security%2C+1939-1953&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1999" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, Jonathan Otto (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnLANpCfDn4C"><i>Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949</i></a>. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313309212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313309212"><bdi>978-0313309212</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40158950">40158950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+USSR%2C+1937%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40158950&rft.isbn=978-0313309212&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnLANpCfDn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadzinsky1997" class="citation book cs1">Radzinsky, Edvard (18 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6E6KDQAAQBAJ"><i>Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47954-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47954-7"><bdi>978-0-385-47954-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+First+In-depth+Biography+Based+on+Explosive+New+Documents+from+Russia%27s+Secret+Archives&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997-08-18&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47954-7&rft.aulast=Radzinsky&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6E6KDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaslerThompsonGanguly2013" class="citation book cs1">Rasler, Karen; Thompson, William R.; Ganguly, Sumit (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2kUBAAAQBAJ"><i>How Rivalries End</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0829-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-0829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rivalries+End&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0829-0&rft.aulast=Rasler&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Thompson%2C+William+R.&rft.au=Ganguly%2C+Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2kUBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Rayfield, Donald</a> (2012), <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>, London: Reaktion Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6"><bdi>978-1-78023-030-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-030-6&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1995" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darksunmakingofh00rhod/page/523"><i>Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82414-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82414-0"><bdi>0-684-82414-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Sun%3A+The+Making+of+the+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-684-82414-0&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarksunmakingofh00rhod%2Fpage%2F523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybin1996" class="citation book cs1">Rybin, Alekseĭ Trofimovich (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MA0hAQAAMAAJ"><i>Next to Stalin: Notes of a Bodyguard</i></a>. Northstar Compass Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Next+to+Stalin%3A+Notes+of+a+Bodyguard&rft.pub=Northstar+Compass+Journal&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rybin&rft.aufirst=Alekse%C4%AD+Trofimovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMA0hAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenfield2010" class="citation cs2">Shenfield, Stephen (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield"><i>The Stalin-Beria Terror in Abkhazia, 1936–1953</i></a>, Sukhum: Abkhaz World<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin-Beria+Terror+in+Abkhazia%2C+1936%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Sukhum&rft.pub=Abkhaz+World&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shenfield&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabkhazworld.com%2Faw%2Fhistory%2F499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalinKaganovič2003" class="citation book cs1">Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič; Kaganovič, Lazarʹ M. (2003). Davies, R. W.; Khlevniuk, Oleg; Rees, E. A. (eds.). <i>The Stalin - Kaganovich correspondence, 1931-36</i>. Annals of communism. Translated by Shabad, Steven. New Haven, Conn. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09367-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09367-4"><bdi>978-0-300-09367-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+-+Kaganovich+correspondence%2C+1931-36&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.+London&rft.series=Annals+of+communism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09367-4&rft.aulast=Stalin&rft.aufirst=Josif+Vissarionovi%C4%8D&rft.au=Kaganovi%C4%8D%2C+Lazar%CA%B9+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudoplatov1995" class="citation book cs1">Sudoplatov, Pavel (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specialtasksmemo00sudo"><i>Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster</i></a></span>. Boston: Little Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-77352-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-77352-2"><bdi>0-316-77352-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35547754">35547754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Tasks%3A+The+Memoirs+of+an+Unwanted+Witness+%E2%80%93+A+Soviet+Spymaster&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35547754&rft.isbn=0-316-77352-2&rft.aulast=Sudoplatov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecialtasksmemo00sudo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Bertram David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqCRUbd51cAC"><i>Three who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1177-2"><bdi>978-0-8154-1177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+who+Made+a+Revolution%3A+A+Biographical+History&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1177-2&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Bertram+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqCRUbd51cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWydra2007" class="citation book cs1">Wydra, Harald (8 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQDwFB-k2LcC"><i>Communism and the Emergence of Democracy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46218-1"><bdi>978-1-139-46218-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+and+the+Emergence+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46218-1&rft.aulast=Wydra&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQDwFB-k2LcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrentNaumov2003" class="citation book cs1">Brent, Jonathan; Naumov, Vladimir Pavlovich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zKxQgAACAAJ"><i>Stalin's Last Crime: The Doctor's Plot</i></a>. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5448-3"><bdi>978-0-7195-5448-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Last+Crime%3A+The+Doctor%27s+Plot&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5448-3&rft.aulast=Brent&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Naumov%2C+Vladimir+Pavlovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zKxQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangHalliday2005" class="citation book cs1">Chang, June; Halliday, Jon (2005). <i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i>. New York: Alfred a Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+a+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=June&rft.au=Halliday%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtois2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Courtois, Stephane</a> (2010). "Raphael Lemkin and the Question of Genocide under Communist Regimes". In Bieńczyk-Missala, Agnieszka; Dębski, Sławomir (eds.). <i>Rafał Lemkin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Institute_of_International_Affairs" title="Polish Institute of International Affairs">PISM</a>. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389607850" title="Special:BookSources/9788389607850"><bdi>9788389607850</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012380710">2012380710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Question+of+Genocide+under+Communist+Regimes&rft.btitle=Rafa%C5%82+Lemkin&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=PISM&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012380710&rft.isbn=9788389607850&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=Stephane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Williams, Brian Glyn</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYJ7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"><i>Inferno in Chechnya: The Russian-Chechen Wars, the Al Qaeda Myth, and the Boston Marathon Bombings</i></a>. University Press of New England. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611688016" title="Special:BookSources/9781611688016"><bdi>9781611688016</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015002114">2015002114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inferno+in+Chechnya%3A+The+Russian-Chechen+Wars%2C+the+Al+Qaeda+Myth%2C+and+the+Boston+Marathon+Bombings&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015002114&rft.isbn=9781611688016&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian+Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYJ7CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonov-Ovseenko2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904234615/http://apsnyteka.org/file/Antonov_Ovseenko_A_Berja_2007.pdf"><i>Берия</i></a> [<i>Beria</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Sukhumi: Дом печати. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apsnyteka.org/file/Antonov_Ovseenko_A_Berja_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Sukhumi&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Antonov-Ovseenko&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapsnyteka.org%2Ffile%2FAntonov_Ovseenko_A_Berja_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvtorkhanov1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Avtorkhanov, Abdurahman (1991). "The Mystery of Stalin's Death". <i>Novyi Mir</i> (in Russian). pp. 194–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+Stalin%27s+Death&rft.btitle=Novyi+Mir&rft.pages=194-233&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Avtorkhanov&rft.aufirst=Abdurahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_Peasants:_Resistance_and_Survival_in_the_Russian_Village_after_Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization">Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Peasants%3A+Resistance+and+Survival+in+the+Russian+Village+after+Collectivization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/Everyday_Stalinism:_Ordinary_Life_in_Extraordinary_Times:_Soviet_Russia_in_the_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s">Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Stalinism%3A+Ordinary+Life+in+Extraordinary+Times%3A+Soviet+Russia+in+the+1930s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2015" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2015). <i>The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945</i>. London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2"><bdi>978-0-00-750374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War%3A+Spies%2C+Codes+and+Guerrillas+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-00-750374-2&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhruschev1977" class="citation book cs1">Khruschev, Nikita (1977). <i>Khruschev Remembers: Last Testament</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-17547-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-17547-9"><bdi>0-517-17547-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khruschev+Remembers%3A+Last+Testament&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-517-17547-9&rft.aulast=Khruschev&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKikodze2003" class="citation book cs1">Kikodze, Geronti (2003). <i>ქიქოძე, გერონტი, თანამედროვის ჩანაწერები. – [1-ლი გამოც.]. – თბ. : არეტე</i> [<i>Writings of Contemporary Records</i>]. Arete. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99940-745-6-3" title="Special:BookSources/99940-745-6-3"><bdi>99940-745-6-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59109649">59109649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%2C+%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%2C+%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98.+%E2%80%93+%5B1-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA.%5D.+%E2%80%93+%E1%83%97%E1%83%91.+%3A+%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94&rft.pub=Arete&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59109649&rft.isbn=99940-745-6-3&rft.aulast=Kikodze&rft.aufirst=Geronti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStove2003" class="citation book cs1">Stove, Robert (2003). <i>The Unsleeping Eye: Secret Police and Their Victims</i>. San Francisco: Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893554-66-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-893554-66-X"><bdi>1-893554-66-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470173678">470173678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unsleeping+Eye%3A+Secret+Police+and+Their+Victims&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470173678&rft.isbn=1-893554-66-X&rft.aulast=Stove&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukhomlinov2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sukhomlinov, Andrey (2004). <i>Кто вы, Лаврентий Берия? : неизвестные страницы уголовного дела</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Detektiv-Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89935-060-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-89935-060-1"><bdi>5-89935-060-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62421057">62421057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%8B%2C+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%3F+%3A+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Detektiv-Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62421057&rft.isbn=5-89935-060-1&rft.aulast=Sukhomlinov&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittlin1972" class="citation book cs1">Wittlin, Thaddeus (1972). <i>Commissar: The Life and Death of Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria</i>. New York: The Macmillan Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462215687">462215687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commissar%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+Lavrenty+Pavlovich+Beria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Co&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462215687&rft.aulast=Wittlin&rft.aufirst=Thaddeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakovlevNaumovSigachev1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yakovlev, A.N.; Naumov, V.; Sigachev, Y., eds. (1999). <i>Lavrenty Beria, 1953. Stenographic Report of July's Plenary Meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Other Documents</i> (in Russian). Moscow: International Democracy Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89511-006-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-89511-006-1"><bdi>5-89511-006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavrenty+Beria%2C+1953.+Stenographic+Report+of+July%27s+Plenary+Meeting+of+the+Central+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union+and+Other+Documents&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=International+Democracy+Foundation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=5-89511-006-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalessky2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Залесский, Константин Александрович">Zalessky, Konstantin</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (2000). <i>Империя Сталина: Биографический энциклопедический словарь</i> (in Russian). Veche. p. 605. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7838-0716-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-7838-0716-8"><bdi>5-7838-0716-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237410276">237410276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft.pages=605&rft.pub=Veche&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237410276&rft.isbn=5-7838-0716-8&rft.aulast=Zalessky&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victory+of+the+National+Policy+of+Lenin+and+Stalin&rft.pub=Marxists&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Beria&rft.aufirst=Lavrentiy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fberia%2F1936%2F05%2Fnational_policy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeria1950" class="citation cs2">Beria, Lavrentiy (1950), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/beria/1950/01/contrast.htm"><i>The Great Contrast</i></a>, Marxists</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Contrast&rft.pub=Marxists&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Beria&rft.aufirst=Lavrentiy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fberia%2F1950%2F01%2Fcontrast.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALavrentiy+Beria" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125115050/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FBeria%2C+Lavrenti">Annotated bibliography for Lavrentiy Beria from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li>Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711041744/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/CAESAR/caesar-04.pdf"><i>The Reversal of the Doctors' Plot and Its Immediate Aftermath</i></a>, 17 July 1953.</li> <li>Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711041734/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/CAESAR/caesar-10.pdf"><i>Purge of L.P. Beria</i></a>, 17 April 1954.</li> <li>Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711041734/http://www.foia.cia.gov/CPE/CAESAR/caesar-10.pdf"><i>Summarization of Reports Preceding Beria Purge</i></a>, 17 August 1954.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/001552">Newspaper clippings about Lavrentiy Beria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Alexander_Yegorov_(soldier)" title="Alexander Yegorov (soldier)">Yegorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Blyukher" title="Vasily Blyukher">Blyukher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Timoshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Kulik" title="Grigory Kulik">Kulik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shaposhnikov" title="Boris Shaposhnikov">Shaposhnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Vasilevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Konev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Govorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Rokossovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Malinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Tolbukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Meretskov" title="Kirill Meretskov">Meretskov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Sokolovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan" title="Ivan Bagramyan">Bagramyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Biryuzov" title="Sergey Biryuzov">Biryuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Grechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeryomenko" title="Andrey Yeryomenko">Yeryomenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Moskalenko" title="Kirill Moskalenko">Moskalenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Chuikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Zakharov" title="Matvei Zakharov">Zakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Golikov" title="Filipp Golikov">Golikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krylov_(marshal)" title="Nikolay Krylov (marshal)">Krylov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yakubovsky" title="Ivan Yakubovsky">Yakubovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Batitsky" title="Pavel Batitsky">Batitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Koshevoy" title="Pyotr Koshevoy">Koshevoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kulikov" title="Viktor Kulikov">Kulikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ogarkov" title="Nikolai Ogarkov">Ogarkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Akhromeyev" title="Sergey Akhromeyev">Akhromeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Kurkotkin" title="Semyon Kurkotkin">Kurkotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Petrov_(marshal)" title="Vasily Petrov (marshal)">Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Yazov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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Lenin">Lenin</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a> (1924–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1930–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> (1941–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> (1958–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1964–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Ryzhkov</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (Jan.–Aug. 1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a></i> (Aug. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Silayev</a> (Aug.–Dec. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Kuybyshev</a> (1934–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Voznesensky</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1942–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1950–1955)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beria</a> (Mar.–June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Kaganovich</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a> (1955–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Pervukhin</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Saburov</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kuzmin" title="Joseph Kuzmin">Kuzmin</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a> (1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Ustinov</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a> (1965–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1976–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Arkhipov" title="Ivan Arkhipov">Arkhipov</a> (1980–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Aliyev</a> (1982–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Talyzin</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Murakhovsky" title="Vsevolod Murakhovsky">Murakhovsky</a> (1985–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Maslyukov</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Voronin" title="Lev Voronin">Voronin</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li>Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Velichko" title="Vladimir Velichko">Velichko</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_Ministers_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Prime Ministers of Russia">Prime Ministers of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Georgia_since_1918" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Template:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Georgia_since_1918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Leaders of Georgia</a> since 1918</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><small>Prime Minister</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia_(1918%E2%80%931921,_1-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Republic of Georgia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Ramishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a><br /><small>Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Makharadze" title="Filipp Makharadze">Makharadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarp_Mdivani" title="Polikarp Mdivani">Mdivani</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a><br /><small>First Secretaries of Georgian Communist Party</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Lominadze" title="Vissarion Lominadze">Lominadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Kakhiani" title="Mikheil Kakhiani">Kakhiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_Gogoberidze" title="Levan Gogoberidze">Gogoberidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Mamulia" title="Samson Mamulia">Mamulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Kartvelishvili" title="Lavrenty Kartvelishvili">Kartvelishvili</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandid_Charkviani" title="Kandid Charkviani">Charkviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akaki_Mgeladze" title="Akaki Mgeladze">Mgeladze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandre_Mirtskhulava" title="Aleksandre Mirtskhulava">Mirtskhulava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumber_Patiashvili" title="Jumber Patiashvili">Patiashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givi_Gumbaridze" title="Givi Gumbaridze">Gumbaridze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avtandil_Margiani" title="Avtandil Margiani">Margiani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimi_Mikeladze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimi Mikeladze (page does not exist)">Mikeladze</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Modern Georgia</a><br /><small>Presidents</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia_(1990%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)"><img alt="Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President"><img alt="Standard of the President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Standard of the President</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Gamsakhurdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Burjanadze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Saakashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Burjanadze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Saakashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Margvelashvili" title="Giorgi Margvelashvili">Margvelashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1991 Georgian presidential election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Georgian_general_election" title="1992 Georgian general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1995 Georgian presidential election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2000 Georgian presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2004 Georgian presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2008 Georgian presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2013 Georgian presidential election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2018 Georgian presidential election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2024 Georgian presidential election">2024</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>* Acting head of state</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Secretaries_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TranscaucasiaPres" title="Template:TranscaucasiaPres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TranscaucasiaPres" title="Template talk:TranscaucasiaPres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TranscaucasiaPres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TranscaucasiaPres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Secretaries_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Miasnikyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Miasnikyan">Aleksandr Miasnikyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamia_Orakhelashvili" title="Mamia Orakhelashvili">Mamia Orakhelashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukholla_Akhundov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rukholla Akhundov (page does not exist)">Rukholla Akhundov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Lominadze" title="Vissarion Lominadze">Vissarion Lominadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamia_Orakhelashvili" title="Mamia Orakhelashvili">Mamia Orakhelashvili</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR"><img alt="Flag of Transcaucasian SFSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chiefs_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chiefs_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template:Chiefs of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chiefs_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template talk:Chiefs of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chiefs_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chiefs of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chiefs_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chiefs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Soviet secret police agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> (1917–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabs_Peterss" title="Jēkabs Peterss">Yakov Peters</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–22)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/USSR%2C_Flag_KGB_commander_1964.svg/100px-USSR%2C_Flag_KGB_commander_1964.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/USSR%2C_Flag_KGB_commander_1964.svg/150px-USSR%2C_Flag_KGB_commander_1964.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/USSR%2C_Flag_KGB_commander_1964.svg/200px-USSR%2C_Flag_KGB_commander_1964.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a> (1922–1934)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–26)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Menzhinsky" title="Vyacheslav Menzhinsky">Vyacheslav Menzhinsky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926–34)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> (1934–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934–36)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–38)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavrentiy Beria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938–46)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a> (1946–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Abakumov" title="Viktor Abakumov">Viktor Abakumov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–51)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ogoltsov" title="Sergei Ogoltsov">Sergei Ogoltsov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Ignatiev" title="Semyon Ignatiev">Semyon Ignatiev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951–53)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavrentiy Beria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–54)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> (1954–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–58)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958–61)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semichastny" title="Vladimir Semichastny">Vladimir Semichastny</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–67)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967–82)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Fedorchuk" title="Vitaly Fedorchuk">Vitaly Fedorchuk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982–88)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988–91)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Shebarshin" title="Leonid Shebarshin">Leonid Shebarshin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Bakatin" title="Vadim Bakatin">Vadim Bakatin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People&#039;s_Commissariat_of_Internal_Affairs_(NKVD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NKVD" title="Template:NKVD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NKVD" title="Template talk:NKVD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NKVD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NKVD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People&#039;s_Commissariat_of_Internal_Affairs_(NKVD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (<a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NKVD Collegium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frinovsky" title="Mikhail Frinovsky">Mikhail Frinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Belsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Belsky (page does not exist)">Lev Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Zakovsky" title="Leonid Zakovsky">Leonid Zakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semyon_Zhukovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semyon Zhukovsky (page does not exist)">Semyon Zhukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasiliy_Chernyshov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasiliy Chernyshov (page does not exist)">Vasiliy Chernyshov</a></li> <li>Aleksandr Kovalyov</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasiliy_Karutsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasiliy Karutsky (page does not exist)">Vasiliy Karutsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NKVD Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Bulanov" title="Pavel Bulanov">Pavel Bulanov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Deich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Deich (page does not exist)">Yakov Deich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaak_Shapiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaak Shapiro (page does not exist)">Isaak Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Petrov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Petrov (politician) (page does not exist)">Mikhail Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Sharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Sharia (page does not exist)">Pyotr Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepan_Mamulov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepan Mamulov (page does not exist)">Stepan Mamulov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Camps and Places of Imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Workers' and Peasants' Militia</a></li> <li>Border and Internal Security</li> <li>Fire Security</li> <li>State Filming and Cartography</li> <li>Highways</li> <li>Measurements and Weights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalstroy" title="Dalstroy">Construction at the Far North</a></li> <li>Archives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">State Security</a></li> <li>Economy</li> <li>Transportation</li> <li>Jail</li> <li>Border Troops</li> <li>Troops in Security of Railway Infrastructure</li> <li>Troops in Security of Industrial Infrastructure of Specially Importance</li> <li>Escort Troops</li> <li>Military Logistics</li> <li>Military Construction</li> <li>Railway Construction Camps</li> <li>Political Propaganda of Troops</li> <li>Camps of Hydrotechnical Construction</li> <li>Local Anti-Air Defense</li> <li>Railway Construction Camps</li> <li>Railway Construction Camps</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russia</li> <li>Belorussia</li> <li>Ukraine</li> <li>Georgia</li> <li>Armenia</li> <li>Azerbaijan</li> <li>Estonia</li> <li>Latvia</li> <li>Lithuania</li> <li>Moldavia</li> <li>Kazakhstan</li> <li>Kyrgyzstan</li> <li>Turkmenistan</li> <li>Uzbekistan</li> <li>Tajikistan</li> <li>Karelia-Finland</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1952–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Andrianov_(politician)" title="Vasily Andrianov (politician)">Vasily Andrianov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averky_Aristov" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Ignatyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Ignatyev">Semyon Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Malyshev" title="Vyacheslav Malyshev">Vyacheslav Malyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Mikhailov_(politician)" title="Nikolai Mikhailov (politician)">Nikolai Mikhailov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Chesnokov_(politician)" title="Dmitry Chesnokov (politician)">Dmitry Chesnokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Shkiryatov" title="Matvei Shkiryatov">Matvei Shkiryatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseny_Zverev" title="Arseny Zverev">Arseny Zverev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Nikolai Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kabanov" title="Ivan Kabanov">Ivan Kabanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patolichev" title="Nikolai Patolichev">Nikolai Patolichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pegov" title="Nikolai Pegov">Nikolai Pegov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Alexander Puzanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tevosian" title="Ivan Tevosian">Ivan Tevosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yudin" title="Pavel Yudin">Pavel Yudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1939–1952)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1939–1952)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1939–1952)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_(20th-century_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)">Alexander Shcherbakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141829#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141829#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109591132">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20471281">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2128/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJht8qp8jkVDv376CDyGHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118509586">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50007693">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942705t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942705t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620357">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35928729">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700157&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000079462&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1271411">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26403">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070207070">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90745400">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000066406&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000077471&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000287303">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnh8ms412fx05">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568887805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258404105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000103643">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058619955406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0748195X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1150037">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118509586.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118509586">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027370712">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=39423">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&oldid=1258546760">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lavrentiy_Beria&oldid=1258546760</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Category:Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_births" title="Category:1899 births">1899 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_deaths" title="Category:1953 deaths">1953 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atheists_from_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Atheists from Georgia (country)">Atheists from Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_of_the_Politburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Category:Candidates of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Candidates of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cheka" title="Category:Cheka">Cheka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commissars_General_of_State_Security" title="Category:Commissars General of State Security">Commissars General of State Security</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists_from_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Communists from Georgia (country)">Communists from Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Russia" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Russia">Deaths by firearm in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Directors of intelligence agencies">Directors of intelligence agencies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_Soviet_people_from_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Executed Soviet people from Georgia (country)">Executed Soviet people from Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_convocation_members_of_the_Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Category:First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union">First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_secretaries_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="Category:First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party">First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Georgian_Orthodox_Christians" title="Category:Former Georgian Orthodox Christians">Former Georgian Orthodox Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_perpetrators" title="Category:Genocide perpetrators">Genocide perpetrators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Perpetrators_of_Indigenous_genocides" title="Category:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides">Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heroes_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Category:Heroes of Socialist Labour">Heroes of Socialist Labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marshals_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Marshals of the Soviet Union">Marshals of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_executed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union">Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Politburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Category:Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Presidium_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mingrelians" title="Category:Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NKVD_officers" title="Category:NKVD officers">NKVD officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_weapons_program_of_the_Soviet_Union_people" title="Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union people">Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Bolsheviks" title="Category:Old Bolsheviks">Old Bolsheviks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_by_the_Soviet_Union_by_firearm" title="Category:People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm">People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_for_treason_against_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:People executed for treason against the Soviet Union">People executed for treason against the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Georgia_(country)_executed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:People from Georgia (country) executed by the Soviet Union">People from Georgia (country) executed by the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Gulripshi_District" title="Category:People from Gulripshi District">People from Gulripshi District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Sukhumi_okrug" title="Category:People from Sukhumi okrug">People from Sukhumi okrug</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_World_War_II_from_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:People of World War II from Georgia (country)">People of World War II from Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People%27s_commissars_and_ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union">People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Lenin" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin">Recipients of the Order of Lenin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Suvorov,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class">Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner">Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_convocation_members_of_the_Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Category:Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union">Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Georgian_generals" title="Category:Soviet Georgian generals">Soviet Georgian generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Georgian_NKVD_officials" title="Category:Soviet Georgian NKVD officials">Soviet Georgian NKVD officials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_rapists" title="Category:Soviet rapists">Soviet rapists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spymasters" title="Category:Spymasters">Spymasters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Stalin_Prize" title="Category:Recipients of the Stalin Prize">Recipients of the Stalin Prize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_Great_Purge_perpetrators" title="Category:Executed Great Purge perpetrators">Executed Great Purge perpetrators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_suspected_serial_killers" title="Category:Executed suspected serial killers">Executed suspected serial killers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Third_convocation_members_of_the_Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Category:Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union">Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFRaslerThompsonGanguly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemnick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenfield2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShentalinsky1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSixsmith2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSkvortsova2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlezkine2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStalinKaganovič2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStove2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudoplatov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukhomlinov2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWines2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittlin1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWydra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakovlevNaumovSigachev1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalessky\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZalessky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFМікалай_Аляксандравіч_ЗяньковічНиколай_Зенькович2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)\"] = 1,\n [\"19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Chiefs of Soviet secret police agencies\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Cn-span\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Beria, Lavrenty\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 13,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang-ka\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marshals of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"NKVD\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Page missing\"] = 5,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Premiers of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of Georgia\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 59,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Start and end dates\"] = 8,\n [\"TranscaucasiaPres\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","28.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","18.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.6"],["dataWrapper 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