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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Sirkuit+terpadu" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penemuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Penemuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generasi/pengelompokan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generasi/pengelompokan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Generasi/pengelompokan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Generasi/pengelompokan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Generasi/pengelompokan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Generasi/pengelompokan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SSI,_MSI,_dan_LSI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSI,_MSI,_dan_LSI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>SSI, MSI, dan LSI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSI,_MSI,_dan_LSI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VLSI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VLSI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>VLSI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VLSI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contoh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contoh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sirkuit terpadu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 89 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_stroombaan" title="Geïntegreerde stroombaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geïntegreerde stroombaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierter_Schaltkreis" title="Integrierter Schaltkreis – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Integrierter Schaltkreis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دارة متكاملة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دارة متكاملة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شقفة إليكطرونية – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شقفة إليكطرونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitu_integr%C3%A1u" title="Circuitu integráu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circuitu integráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nteqral_sxem" title="İnteqral sxem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnteqral sxem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Інтэгральная схема – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэгральная схема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Інтэгральная схема – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інтэгральная схема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегрална схема – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интегрална схема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="সমন্বিত বর্তনী – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমন্বিত বর্তনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉིང་ལྷེབ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉིང་ལྷེབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Integralno kolo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_integrat" title="Circuit integrat – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Circuit integrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="سووڕی یەکگرتوو – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سووڕی یەکگرتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrovan%C3%BD_obvod" title="Integrovaný obvod – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Integrovaný obvod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегралла схема – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Интегралла схема" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylched_gyfannol" title="Cylched gyfannol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cylched gyfannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integreret_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Integreret kredsløb – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Integreret kredsløb" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierter_Schaltkreis" title="Integrierter Schaltkreis – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Integrierter Schaltkreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integra_cirkvito" title="Integra cirkvito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Integra cirkvito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrado" title="Circuito integrado – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circuito integrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraall%C3%BClitus" title="Integraallülitus – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Integraallülitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txip" title="Txip – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txip" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آی‌سی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌سی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikropiiri" title="Mikropiiri – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikropiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9" title="Circuit intégré – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circuit intégré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciorcad_ioml%C3%A1naithe" title="Ciorcad iomlánaithe – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciorcad iomlánaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="集成電路 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="集成電路" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circu%C3%ADto_integrado" title="Circuíto integrado – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circuíto integrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiip%C3%BC" title="Chiipü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Chiipü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91" title="מעגל משולב – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעגל משולב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5" title="एकीकृत परिपथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकीकृत परिपथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrirani_krug" title="Integrirani krug – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Integrirani krug" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikui_entegre" title="Sikui entegre – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sikui entegre" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integr%C3%A1lt_%C3%A1ramk%C3%B6r" title="Integrált áramkör – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Integrált áramkör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%BD%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Ինտեգրալ սխեմա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտեգրալ սխեմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrigita_cirkuito" title="Integrigita cirkuito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Integrigita cirkuito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samr%C3%A1s" title="Samrás – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samrás" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrato" title="Circuito integrato – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circuito integrato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E7%A9%8D%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF" title="集積回路 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="集積回路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intigrietid_soerkit" title="Intigrietid soerkit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Intigrietid soerkit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ინტეგრირებული მიკროსქემა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტეგრირებული მიკროსქემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегралды микросхема – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интегралды микросхема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಟಿಗ್ರೇಟೆಡ್ ಸರ್ಕ್ಯೂಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಟಿಗ್ರೇಟೆಡ್ ಸರ್ಕ್ಯೂಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EC%A0%81_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="집적 회로 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집적 회로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitus_integratus" title="Circuitus integratus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circuitus integratus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrinis_grandynas" title="Integrinis grandynas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Integrinis grandynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integr%C4%81l%C4%81_sh%C4%93ma" title="Integrālā shēma – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Integrālā shēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olika_voafintina_anaty" title="Olika voafintina anaty – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olika voafintina anaty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Интеграл микросхеме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Интеграл микросхеме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_tapadu" title="Sirkuit tapadu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sirkuit tapadu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Интегрално коло – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интегрално коло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇൻ്റഗ്രേറ്റഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻ്റഗ്രേറ്റഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Нэгдсэн хэлхээ – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэгдсэн хэлхээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litar_bersepadu" title="Litar bersepadu – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Litar bersepadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="इन्टिग्रेटेड सर्किट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्टिग्रेटेड सर्किट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_schakeling" title="Geïntegreerde schakeling – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geïntegreerde schakeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrert_krets" title="Integrert krets – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Integrert krets" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F" title="ਏਕੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਸਰਕਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਕੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਸਰਕਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_scalony" title="Układ scalony – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ scalony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%BA%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%BC_(IC)" title="مدغم سرکېټ (IC) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مدغم سرکېټ (IC)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrado" title="Circuito integrado – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circuito integrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_integrat" title="Circuit integrat – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Circuit integrat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегральная схема – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интегральная схема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Integralno kolo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AE" title="සංගෘහිත ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංගෘහිත ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrovan%C3%BD_obvod" title="Integrovaný obvod – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Integrovaný obvod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrirano_vezje" title="Integrirano vezje – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Integrirano vezje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarku_i_integruar" title="Qarku i integruar – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qarku i integruar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Интегрисано коло – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интегрисано коло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrerad_krets" title="Integrerad krets – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Integrerad krets" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="தொகுசுற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொகுசுற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1" title="วงจรรวม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงจรรวม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entegre_devre" title="Entegre devre – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Entegre 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href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terintegrasi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirkuit terintegrasi">Sirkuit terintegrasi</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IC" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk singkatan sinetron Indonesia, lihat <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_Cinta" title="Ikatan Cinta">Ikatan Cinta</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Diopsis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Diopsis.jpg/200px-Diopsis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Diopsis.jpg/300px-Diopsis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Diopsis.jpg/400px-Diopsis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Rangkaian terpadu <a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> Diopsis 740 <i>System on Chip</i> yang menunjukkan blok memori, logika dan <i>pad</i> masukan/keluaran di sekitar periferal</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sirkuit terpadu</b> atau <b>rangkaian terpadu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en"><i>chip, integrated circuit, <b>IC</b></i></span>) adalah komponen dasar yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> dan lain-lain. IC adalah komponen yang dipakai sebagai otak peralatan <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronika</a>. </p><p>IC yang paling kompleks terletak dalam <a href="/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a> dan dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Mikroprosesor" title="Mikroprosesor">mikroprosesor</a>. Dalam sebuah mikroprosesor Intel <a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a> (diproduksi pada tahun 2000–2008) dengan ferkuensi sampai 3.8 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a> terdapat sampai 125 juta transistor, belum termasuk komponen lain. Dalam sebuah mikroprosesor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_Core&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel Core (halaman belum tersedia)">Intel Core</a> (diproduksi mulai tahun 2006) dengan ferkuensi sampai 5 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a> terdapat sampai 2 * 10^9 transistor, belum termasuk komponen lain. </p><p>Sirkuit terpadu dimungkinkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">teknologi</a> pertengahan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrikasi_(semikonduktor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrikasi (semikonduktor) (halaman belum tersedia)">fabrikasi alat semikonduktor</a> dan penemuan percobaan yang menunjukkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Alat_semikonduktor" title="Alat semikonduktor">alat semikonduktor</a> dapat melakukan fungsi yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Tabung_vakum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabung vakum">tabung vakum</a>. Integrasi <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> kecil yang banyak jumlahnya ke dalam sebuah chip yang kecil merupakan peningkatan yang sangat besar bagi perakitan tabung-vakum sebesar-jari. Ukuran IC yang kecil, tepercaya, kecepatan "switch", konsumsi <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaga listrik">listrik</a> rendah, <a href="/wiki/Produksi_massal" title="Produksi massal">produksi massal</a>, dan kemudahan dalam menambahkan jumlahnya dengan cepat menyingkirkan tabung vakum. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:IC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/2/29/IC.jpg/250px-IC.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/2/29/IC.jpg/375px-IC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/2/29/IC.jpg/500px-IC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>IC di dalam sebuah rangkaian elektronik</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanya setengah abad setelah penemuannya, IC telah digunakan di mana-mana. Radio, televisi, <a href="/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telepon_genggam" title="Telepon genggam">telepon genggam</a>, dan peralatan <a href="/wiki/Digital" title="Digital">digital</a> lainnya yang merupakan bagian penting dari masyarakat modern. Contohnya, sistem <a href="/wiki/Transportasi" title="Transportasi">transportasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, dll tergantung dari keberadaan alat ini. Banyak <a href="/wiki/Cendekiawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendekiawan">cendekia</a> percaya bahwa <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolusi digital">revolusi digital</a> yang dibawa oleh rangkaian terpadu merupakan salah satu kejadian penting dalam sejarah umat <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>. </p><p>IC mempunyai ukuran seukuran tutup <a href="/wiki/Pena" title="Pena">pena</a> sampai ukuran ibu jari dan dapat diisi sampai 250 kali dan digunakan pada alat elektronika seperti: </p> <ul><li>Telepon</li> <li>Kalkulator</li> <li>Ponsel</li> <li>Radio</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penemuan">Penemuan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Penemuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penemuan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penemuan awal sirkuit terpadu dimulai sejak tahun 1949, ketika engineer Jerman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Jacobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Jacobi (halaman belum tersedia)">Werner Jacobi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://integratedcircuithelp.com/invention.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011022241/http://integratedcircuithelp.com/invention.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-10-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. mengajukan hak paten untuk amplifying device semikonduktor dengan struktur mirip dengan struktur sirkuit terpadu <sup id="cite_ref-jacobi1949_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobi1949-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menggunakan lima transistor yang dimuat pada sebuah substrat dalam susunan <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> 2-tahap. Jacobi mengemukakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alat_bantu_pendengaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alat bantu pendengaran (halaman belum tersedia)">alat bantu pendengaran</a> sebagai contoh tipikal aplikasi industri dari hak paten tersebut. Tetapi, tidak ada kabar mengenai pemakaian hak paten ini secara komersial. </p><p>Gagasan sirkuit terpadu dipikirkan oleh seorang ilmuwan radar yang bekerja untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Radar_Establishment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Radar Establishment (halaman belum tersedia)">Royal Radar Establishment</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ministry of Defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Dummer" title="Geoffrey Dummer">Geoffrey W.A. Dummer</a> (1909–2002). Dummer mencetuskan gagasannya di depan publik pada the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components di <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> pada 7 Mei 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia mencetuskan idenya di beberapa simposium lainnya, dan berusaha untuk membuat rangkaian seperti itu pada 1956, tetapi tanpa keberhasilan. </p><p>Gagasan pendahulu dari sirkuit terpadu yaitu membuat kotak persegi kecil dari keramik (<i>wafers</i>), dan setiap persegi memuat satu miniatur komponen. Komponen tersebut kemudian disatukan dan dihubungkan dengan kabel untuk membentuk kisi 2 atau 3 dimensi. Gagasan ini terlihat meyakinkan, dan pada tahun 1957 diajukan kepada US Army oleh <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a>, yang menghasilkan proyek Micromodule Program (sama dengan 1951's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Tinkertoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Tinkertoy (halaman belum tersedia)">Project Tinkertoy</a>) yang berumur pendek.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetapi, seiring berjalannya proyek ini, Kilby memikirkan sebuah gagasan lain yang sekarang dikenal sebagai rangkaian terpadu (<i>integrated circuit</i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> mengakui peranan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Lehovec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Lehovec (halaman belum tersedia)">Kurt Lehovec</a> yang bekerja di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sprague_Electric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sprague Electric (halaman belum tersedia)">Sprague Electric</a>, dalam artikel "Microelectronics" yang ditulisnya pada <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, September 1977, Volume 23, Number 3, pp. 63–9, untuk <i>prinsip isolasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambungan_p-n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambungan p-n (halaman belum tersedia)">sambungan p-n</a></i>, yang disebabkan oleh sambungan p-n yang di-bias (diode), sebagai komponen dasar sirkuit terpadu.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kilby yang baru dipekerjakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> menuliskan idenya tentang sirkuit terpadu pada Juli 1958, dan kemudian sukses membuat sebuah sirkuit terpadu yang dapat bekerja pada 12 September 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-TIJackBuilt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIJackBuilt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam aplikasi patennya pada 6 Februari 1959, Kilby mendeskripsikan perangkat barunya sebagai “tubuh dari bahan semikonduktor ... di mana semua komponen sirkuit elektronik terpadukan sepenuhnya.”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penemuan baru ini pertama kali digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kilby dihargai Nobel Prize pada tahun 2000 di bidang Fisika untuk peranannya dalam penemuan sirkuit terpadu.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karya Kilby diberi nama <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Milestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE Milestone (halaman belum tersedia)">IEEE Milestone</a> pada tahun 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noyce juga memikirkan ide mengenai sirkuit terpadu setengah tahun lambat setelah Kilby. Chip yang dibuatnya dapat menangani beberapa masalah praktikal yang tidak dapat ditangani oleh chip oleh Kilby. Chip oleh Noyce dibuat di <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>, menggunakan material <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, sedangkan chip oleh Kilby menggunakan material <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> juga adalah asal teknologi sirkuit terpadu menggunakan silikon dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-aligned_gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-aligned gate (halaman belum tersedia)">self-aligned gate</a>, yang merupakan dasar dari teknologi CMOS yang digunakan di hampir semua chip komputer saat ini. Tekhnologi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-aligned_gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-aligned gate (halaman belum tersedia)">self-aligned gate</a> ini dikembangkan oleh fisikawan Italia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Faggin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Faggin (halaman belum tersedia)">Federico Faggin</a> pada tahun 1968. Ia kemudian pindah ke Intel untuk mengembangkan Central Processing Unit (CPU) pertama dalam sebuah chip (<a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>), yang kemudian membawanya pada penghargaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation (halaman belum tersedia)">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> pada tahun 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generasi/pengelompokan"><span id="Generasi.2Fpengelompokan"></span>Generasi/pengelompokan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Generasi/pengelompokan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Generasi/pengelompokan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada mulanya sirkuit terpadu hanya dapat memuat beberapa transistor dalam sebuah chip, akibat ukuran transistor yang besar dan produksinya yang belum efisien. Karena jumlah transistor yang sedikit ini, proses mendesain sirkuit terpadu tergolong mudah. Seiring berkembangnya teknologi ini, jutaan, bahkan baru-baru ini miliaran<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of transistor dapat dimuat dalam sebuah chip, dan dibutuhkan perencanaan yang baik untuk membuat desain yang baik. Saat ini, desain sirkuit terpadu dilaksanakan dengan bantuan software yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=CAD_tools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAD tools (halaman belum tersedia)">CAD tools</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSI,_MSI,_dan_LSI"><span id="SSI.2C_MSI.2C_dan_LSI"></span>SSI, MSI, dan LSI <span id="SSI,_MSI_and_LSI"></span><span id="SSI"></span><span id="MSI"></span><span id="LSI"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: SSI, MSI, dan LSI" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: SSI, MSI, dan LSI"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirkuit terpadu awal hanya memuat beberapa transistor dan digolongkan sebagai "<b>small-scale integration</b>" (<b>SSI</b>), yaitu sirkuit digital yang memuat beberapa puluh transistor atau beberapa logic gate. Contoh SSI yaitu linear IC seperti <a href="/wiki/Plessey" title="Plessey">Plessey</a> SL201 atau <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> TAA320 yang hanya memiliki dua transistor. Istilah Large Scale Integration pertama kali digunakan oleh ilmuwan <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Landauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Landauer (halaman belum tersedia)">Rolf Landauer</a> saat menjelaskan konsep<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since March 2011" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup>, yang selanjutnya melahirkan istilah SSI, MSI, VLSI, dan ULSI. </p><p>SSI digunakan pada proyek-proyek awal <a href="/wiki/Kedirgantaraan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedirgantaraan">kedirgantaraan</a>, dan mendorong perkembangan teknologi sirkuit terpadu sebagaimana teknologi-teknologi lainnya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minuteman_missile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minuteman missile (halaman belum tersedia)">Minuteman missile</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo program (halaman belum tersedia)">Apollo program</a> menggunakan konputer digital yang ringan untuk system inertial guidance-nya; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_guidance_computer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo guidance computer (halaman belum tersedia)">Apollo guidance computer</a> mendorong kemajuan teknologi sirkuit terpadu hingga dapat diproduksi secara massal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Program misail Minuteman dan banyak program Navy lainnya adalah pasar bagi sirkuit terpadu yang bernilai sebesar $4 miliar pada tahun 1962, dan pada tahun 1968, budget pemerintah A.S. merupakan 37% dari total produksi sebesar $312 million. Budget dari pemerintah A.S. ini mendorong teknologi baru ini hingga biaya produksi turun hingga dapat diaplikasikan dalam industri dan kemudian konsumen. Harga rata-rata sebuah chip turun dari $50.00 pada 1962 menjadi $2.33 pada 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirukuit terpadu mulai muncul pada produk konsumen di akhir dekade, dan aplikasi tipikalnya yaitu <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> inter-carrier sound processing pada penerima signal di televisi. </p><p>SSI Sirkuit terpadu berkembang menjadi "<b>medium-scale integration</b>" (MSI) pada akhir tahun 1960an, ditandai dengan munculnya chip yang memuat beberapa ratus transistor. MSI memiliki keuntungan ekonomis karena walaupun harganya lebih mahal sedikit dibandingkan SSI, MSI memungkinkan sistem yang lebih kompleks diwujudkan dalam sebuah chip dan menghasilkan lebih sedikit komponen untuk dirakit pada circuit board. </p><p>Pada pertengahan tahun 1970an, "<b>large-scale integration</b>" (<b>LSI</b>), yaitu sirkuit terpadu dengan beberapa puluh ribu transistor per chip berhasil diwujudkan. Sirkuit terpadu seperti 1K-bit RAM, chip untuk kalkulator, dan mikroprocesor awal, yang diproduksi pada awal tahun 1970an, mempunyai sekitar 4000 transistor. LSI dengan kurang lebih 10,000 transistor diproduksi sekitar tahun 1974 untuk main memory pada komputer dan mikroprocesor generasi kedua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VLSI">VLSI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: VLSI" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: VLSI"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Very-large-scale_integration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Very-large-scale integration (halaman belum tersedia)">Very-large-scale integration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:80486DX2_200x.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/80486DX2_200x.png/220px-80486DX2_200x.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/80486DX2_200x.png/330px-80486DX2_200x.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/80486DX2_200x.png/440px-80486DX2_200x.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Lapisan interkoneksi atas pada mikroprosesor <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" title="Intel 80486">Intel 80486</a>DX2 mati</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejak tahun 1980an hingga saat ini, "very large-scale integration" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=VLSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VLSI (halaman belum tersedia)">VLSI</a>) telah diproduksi untuk banyak aplikasi. Pada awal tahun 1980an, jumlah transistor dalam sebuah chip berkisar beberapa ratus transistor dan mencapai beberapa miliar transistors pada tahun 2009. </p><p>Beragam teknologi dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan densitas sirkuit terpadu. Produsen beralih pada proses teknologi yang lebih kecil untuk memuat lebih banyak transistor dalam sebuah chip <a href="/wiki/Hukum_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Moore">hukum Moore</a>. Rangkuman dan prediksi mengenai proses teknologi sirkuit terpadu dituangkan dalam <a href="/wiki/International_Technology_Roadmap_for_Semiconductors" title="International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors">International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors</a> (ITRS). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Design_Automation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic Design Automation (halaman belum tersedia)">Design tools</a> telah memudahkan automasi bagi desain sirkuit terpadu. Akibat membengkaknya konsumsi daya seiring naiknya densitas sirkuit terpadu, teknologi <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a>, yang memiliki disipasi daya yang lebih rendah, digunakan untuk menggantikan teknologi <a href="/w/index.php?title=NMOS_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NMOS logic (halaman belum tersedia)">NMOS</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMOS_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMOS logic (halaman belum tersedia)">PMOS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contoh">Contoh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Contoh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Contoh"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pewaktu_555" title="Pewaktu 555">Pewaktu 555</a></li> <li>IC <a href="/wiki/Seri_7400" class="mw-redirect" title="Seri 7400">seri 7400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_seri_x86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel seri x86 (halaman belum tersedia)">Intel seri x86</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelangkaan_sirkuit_terpadu" title="Kelangkaan sirkuit terpadu">Kelangkaan sirkuit terpadu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jacobi1949-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacobi1949_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE833366">DE 833366</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=833366&rft.cc=DE&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> W. Jacobi/SIEMENS AG: „Halbleiterverstärker“ priority filing on 14 April 1949, published on 15 May 1952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epn-online.com/page/22909/the-hapless-tale-of-geoffrey-dummer-this-is-the-sad-.html">"The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025045943/http://www.epn-online.com/page/22909/the-hapless-tale-of-geoffrey-dummer-this-is-the-sad-.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-10-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., (n.d.), (HTML), <i>Electronic Product News</i>, accessed 8 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Rostky, (n. d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/special/special_issues/millennium/milestones/kilby.html">"Micromodules: the ultimate package"</a>, (HTML), <i>EE Times</i>, accessed 8 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hak paten milik Kurt Lehovec mengenai isolasi sambungan p-n: <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/patents/US3029366">U.S. Patent 3.029.366</a></span> disetujui pada 10 April 1962 (tanggal diajukannya adalah 22 April 1959).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIJackBuilt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIJackBuilt_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml"><i>The Chip that Jack Built</i></a>, (c. 2008), (HTML), Texas Instruments, Retrieved 29 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winston, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gfeCXlElJTwC&pg=RA2-PA221&dq=%22wherein+all+the+components+of+the+electronic+circuit%22&lr=&client=firefox#v=onepage&q=%22wherein%20all%20the%20components%20of%20the%20electronic%20circuit%22&f=false"><i>Media technology and society: a history: from the telegraph to the Internet</i></a>, (1998), Routeledge, London, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/041514230X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-14230-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780415142304" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-14230-4</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1960/docs/61-first_ic.htm">http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1960/docs/61-first_ic.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobel Web AB, (10 October 2000),(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/press.html"><i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000</i></a>, Retrieved 29 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:First_Semiconductor_Integrated_Circuit_%28IC%29,_1958">"Milestones:First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AFirst+Semiconductor+Integrated+Circuit+%28IC%29%2C+1958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3AFirst_Semiconductor_Integrated_Circuit_%2528IC%2529%2C_1958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASirkuit+terpadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Clarke, <i>Intel enters billion-transistor processor era</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051">EE Times, 14 October 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510121557/http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-05-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mindell, David A. (2008). <i>Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-262-13497-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-262-13497-2">978-0-262-13497-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Apollo%3A+Human+and+Machine+in+Spaceflight&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13497-2&rft.aulast=Mindell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASirkuit+terpadu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, E., Kuhn, J.W., Schnee, J., & Yavitz, B. (1975). Economic Impact of Large Public Programs: The NASA Experience. (pp. 57–60). Salt Lake City, U.S.: Olympus Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0913420689" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-913420-68-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&oldid=24505786">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirkuit_terpadu&oldid=24505786</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Kategori:Sirkuit terpadu">Sirkuit terpadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sirkuit_elektronik" title="Kategori:Sirkuit elektronik">Sirkuit elektronik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Perangkat_semikonduktor" title="Kategori:Perangkat semikonduktor">Perangkat semikonduktor</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_pranala_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN">Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan_Oktober_2023" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Oktober 2023">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Oktober 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 11 Oktober 2023, pukul 13.16.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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