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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energy resources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_resources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Imported energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imported_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refineries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refineries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Refineries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refineries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_pipelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_pipelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Gas pipelines</span> </div> </a> <ul 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consumed to final energy consumed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_primary_energy_consumed_to_final_energy_consumed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_energy_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_energy_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Primary energy consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_energy_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_energy_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_energy_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Final energy consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_energy_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breakdown_by_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ενέργεια στην Ιταλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενέργεια στην Ιταλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_Italie" title="Énergie en Italie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie en Italie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="イタリアのエネルギー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリアのエネルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_na_It%C3%A1lia" title="Energia na Itália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia na Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Энергетика Италии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергетика Италии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_Italiassa" title="Energia Italiassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Energia Italiassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Енергетика Італії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енергетика Італії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15222076#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civitavecchia_Torrevaldaliga_Sud_vista_da_Torrevaldaliga_Nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Civitavecchia_Torrevaldaliga_Sud_vista_da_Torrevaldaliga_Nord.jpg/220px-Civitavecchia_Torrevaldaliga_Sud_vista_da_Torrevaldaliga_Nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Civitavecchia_Torrevaldaliga_Sud_vista_da_Torrevaldaliga_Nord.jpg/330px-Civitavecchia_Torrevaldaliga_Sud_vista_da_Torrevaldaliga_Nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Civitavecchia_Torrevaldaliga_Sud_vista_da_Torrevaldaliga_Nord.jpg/440px-Civitavecchia_Torrevaldaliga_Sud_vista_da_Torrevaldaliga_Nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption>Thermoelectric plant in <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>, Lazio</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Energy in Italy</b> comes mostly from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. Among the most used resources are <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> (mostly used for the transport sector), <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (used for electric energy production and heating), <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">renewables</a>. Italy has few energy resources, and most supplies are imported.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important share of its electricity is imported, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The share of primary energy dedicated to electricity production is above 35%,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has grown steadily since the 1970s. </p><p>Electricity is produced mainly from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, which accounts for the source of more than half of the total final electric energy produced. Another important source is <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Italy" title="Hydroelectricity in Italy">hydroelectric power</a>, which was practically the only source of electricity until 1960. Wind and solar power grew rapidly between 2010 and 2013 thanks to high incentives. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-legambiente2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legambiente2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Renewable energy in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Eni_building,_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa,_Roma,_Lazio,_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-The_Eni_building%2C_Quartiere_XXXII_Europa%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> is considered one of the world's oil and gas "<a href="/wiki/Supermajors" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermajors">Supermajors</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Energy in Italy come mostly from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. Among the most used resources are <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> (mostly used for the transport sector), <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (used for electric energy production and heating), <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">renewables</a>. Electricity is produced mainly from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, which accounts for the source of more than half of the total final electric energy produced. Another important source is <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Italy" title="Hydroelectricity in Italy">hydroelectric power</a>, which was practically the only source of electricity until 1960. The first power plant in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> was inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, with operations in 79 countries, is considered one of the seven "<a href="/wiki/Supermajor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermajor">Supermajor</a>" oil companies in the world, and one of the world's largest industrial companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Eni_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Val%27d_Agri_oil_field" title="Val'd Agri oil field">Val d'Agri</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, hosts the largest <a href="/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Onshore (hydrocarbons)">onshore</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbon field">hydrocarbon field</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderate natural gas reserves, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and offshore <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, have been discovered in recent years and constitute an important mineral resource.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG/220px-Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG/330px-Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG/440px-Pannelli_solari_Unicoop_Tirreno.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Solar panels in <a href="/wiki/Piombino" title="Piombino">Piombino</a>, Tuscany. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-legambiente2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legambiente2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production_from_renewable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources">largest producers of renewable energy</a>, ranking as the second largest producer in the European Union and the ninth in the world. <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Italy" title="Wind power in Italy">Wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Italy" title="Hydroelectricity in Italy">hydroelectricity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">geothermal power</a> are also important <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Italy" title="Electricity sector in Italy">sources of electricity in the country</a>. Italy was the first country in the world to exploit geothermal energy to produce electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-UNMIG_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMIG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Italian geothermal power plant was built in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, which is where all currently active geothermal plants in Italy are located. In 2014 the geothermal production was 5.92 TWh.<sup id="cite_ref-Terna_data_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terna_data-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Solar energy</a> production alone accounted for almost 9% of the total electric production in the country in 2014, making Italy the country with the highest contribution from solar energy in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-legambiente2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legambiente2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Montalto_di_Castro_Photovoltaic_Power_Station" title="Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station">Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station</a>, completed in 2010, is the largest photovoltaic power station in Italy with 85 MW. Other examples of large PV plants in Italy are San Bellino (70.6 MW), Cellino san Marco (42.7 MW) and Sant’ Alberto (34.6 MW).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Renewable sources</a> account for the 27.5% of all electricity produced in Italy, with hydro alone reaching 12.6%, followed by solar at 5.7%, wind at 4.1%, bioenergy at 3.5%, and geothermal at 1.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-gse_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gse-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the national demand is covered by fossil fuels (38.2% natural gas, 13% coal, 8.4% oil) and by imports.<sup id="cite_ref-gse_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gse-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy has managed four nuclear reactors until the 1980s, but in 1987, after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, a large majority of Italians passed a <a href="/wiki/Italian_referendums,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian referendums, 1987">referendum</a> opting for phasing out <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Italy" title="Nuclear power in Italy">nuclear power in Italy</a>. The government responded by closing existing nuclear power plants and stopping work on projects underway, continuing to work to the nuclear energy program abroad instead. The national power company <a href="/wiki/Enel" title="Enel">Enel</a> operates seven nuclear reactors in Spain (through <a href="/wiki/Endesa_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endesa (Spain)">Endesa</a>) and four in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A9_elektr%C3%A1rne" title="Slovenské elektrárne">Slovenské elektrárne</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2005 made an agreement with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">Électricité de France</a> for a nuclear reactor in France.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these agreements, Italy has managed to access nuclear power and direct involvement in design, construction, and operation of the plants without placing reactors on Italian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_statistics">General statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Energy in Italy<sup id="cite_ref-AIEBal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEBal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Population</b><sup id="cite_ref-e-60_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-60-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>Primary energy</b><br /><b>consumption</b> </td> <td><b>Production</b> </td> <td><b>Import</b> </td> <td><b>Electricity</b><br /><b>consumption</b> </td> <td><b>CO<sub>2</sub>-emission</b><sup id="cite_ref-e-60_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-60-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>Year</b> </td> <td><b>Million</b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">PJ</a></b> </td> <td><b>PJ</b> </td> <td><b>PJ</b> </td> <td><b>TWh</b> </td> <td><b>Mt</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">1990</td> <td>56.7</td> <td>6,136</td> <td>1,060</td> <td>5,329</td> <td>235</td> <td>389 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2000</td> <td>56.9</td> <td>7,182</td> <td>1,180</td> <td>6,382</td> <td>302</td> <td>420 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2010</td> <td>59.8</td> <td>7,274</td> <td>1,382</td> <td>6,217</td> <td>326</td> <td>392 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2011</td> <td>60.1</td> <td>7,033</td> <td>1,337</td> <td>5,916</td> <td>327</td> <td>384 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2012</td> <td>60.3</td> <td>6,755</td> <td>1,464</td> <td>5,528</td> <td>321</td> <td>367 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2013</td> <td>60.6</td> <td>6,506</td> <td>1,539</td> <td>5,159</td> <td>311</td> <td>338 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2014</td> <td>60.8</td> <td>6,145</td> <td>1,536</td> <td>4,817</td> <td>304</td> <td>319 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2015</td> <td>60.7</td> <td>6,388</td> <td>1,511</td> <td>5,084</td> <td>310</td> <td>330 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2016</td> <td>60.6</td> <td>6,321</td> <td>1,403</td> <td>5,088</td> <td>308</td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2017</td> <td>60.5</td> <td>6,424</td> <td>1,424</td> <td>5,215</td> <td>315</td> <td>322 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2018</td> <td>60.5</td> <td>6,304</td> <td>1,455</td> <td>5,105</td> <td>316</td> <td>317 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">2019</td> <td>60.3</td> <td>6,237</td> <td>1,441</td> <td>5,128</td> <td>314</td> <td>309 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Variation<br />1990-2019</td> <td>+6%</td> <td>+2%</td> <td>+36%</td> <td>-4%</td> <td>+34%</td> <td>-21% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_comparisons">International comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the rankings published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, Italy appears among the top ten countries in the world for several of the indicators: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan-European_Pipeline.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pan-European_Pipeline.PNG/220px-Pan-European_Pipeline.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pan-European_Pipeline.PNG/330px-Pan-European_Pipeline.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Pan-European_Pipeline.PNG 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-European Pipeline">Pan-European Pipeline</a> (red) and its connection to the <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Pipeline" title="Transalpine Pipeline">Transalpine Pipeline</a> (blue)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Italy's position in the world rankings</b> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><b>Energy source</b> </td> <td><b>Indicator</b> </td> <td><b>Rank</b> </td> <td><b>Year</b> </td> <td><b>Quantity</b> </td> <td><b>Unity</b> </td> <td><b>% world</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="1">Crude oil<sup id="cite_ref-e-13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Net import </td> <td>8th </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">65 </td> <td>Mt </td> <td align="right">3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="1">Natural gas<sup id="cite_ref-e-15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Net import </td> <td>4th </td> <td>2020 </td> <td align="right">66 </td> <td>Mds m³ </td> <td align="right">6.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="1">Electricity<sup id="cite_ref-e-33_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Net import </td> <td>2nd </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">38 </td> <td>TWh </td> <td align="right">11.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="1">Electricity production by sources<sup id="cite_ref-e-31_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-31-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Natural gas </td> <td>10th </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">142 </td> <td>TWh </td> <td align="right">2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Italy" title="Wind power in Italy">Wind power</a> </td> <td>Electrical production<sup id="cite_ref-AIEélecI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEélecI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>14th </td> <td>2020 </td> <td align="right">18.7 </td> <td>TWh </td> <td align="right">1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Power installed<sup id="cite_ref-e-23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10th </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">10.7 </td> <td>GW </td> <td align="right">1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Photovoltaic solar energy</a><sup id="cite_ref-e-25_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-25-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Electrical production </td> <td>6th </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td>TWh </td> <td align="right">3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Power installed </td> <td>6th </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">20.9 </td> <td>GW </td> <td align="right">3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>% PV/elec. </td> <td>1st </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">8.1 </td> <td>% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biomass<sup id="cite_ref-AIEélecI_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEélecI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Electrical production </td> <td>8th </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">17.2 </td> <td>TWh </td> <td align="right">3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">Geothermal</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIEélecI_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEélecI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Electrical production </td> <td>6th </td> <td>2019 </td> <td align="right">6.07 </td> <td>TWh </td> <td align="right">6.7% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_resources">Energy resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Energy resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserves">Reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy's <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel reserves">fossil fuel reserves</a> are modest, but its renewable energy potential is significant, especially for hydro and solar. </p> <ul><li>proven and economically recoverable oil reserves are estimated at the end of 2017 at 78 Mt, and additional potential resources at 1,540 Mt; cumulative production up to 2017 reached 205 Mt: Italy has therefore already largely depleted its resources; at the rate of current production (4.1 Mt in 2017), the reserves would be exhausted in 19 years;<sup id="cite_ref-BGR_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>proven and economically recoverable gas reserves are estimated at the end of 2017 at 38 Gm<sup>3</sup>, and additional potential resources at 405 Gm<sup>3</sup>; cumulative production up to 2017 reached 766 Gm<sup>3</sup>: Italy has therefore also largely depleted its resources there; at the rate of current production (5.4 bcm in 2017), proven reserves would be exhausted in 7 years;<sup id="cite_ref-BGR_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>for coal, Italy has only 10 Mt of reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-BGR_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Italy benefits from significant hydroelectric potential, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, but it is already almost fully exploited; During the first half of the 20th century, hydroelectricity covered almost all of the country's electricity needs. </p><p>The map of solar radiation in Italy reveals high potentials in southern Italy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_energy_production">National energy production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National energy production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the country's <a href="/wiki/Energy_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy production">energy production</a> reached 43.42 <a href="/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent" title="Tonne of oil equivalent">Mtoe</a>, up 10.9% compared to 2017, broken down into:<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>fossil fuels: 21.6%, of which: <ul><li>natural gas: 4.46 Mtoe (10.3%), covering 7.5% of domestic gas consumption;</li> <li>oil: 4.68 Mtoe (10.8%), 8% of oil consumption;</li> <li>coal: 0.25 Mtoe (0.6%), 2.7% of coal consumption;</li></ul></li> <li>renewable energies: 34.02 Mtoe, i.e. 78.4%.</li></ul> <p>All of these resources covered only 25.2% of the country's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vale_Seccolo_Geothermal_Power_Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vale_Seccolo_Geothermal_Power_Plant.jpg/220px-Vale_Seccolo_Geothermal_Power_Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vale_Seccolo_Geothermal_Power_Plant.jpg/330px-Vale_Seccolo_Geothermal_Power_Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vale_Seccolo_Geothermal_Power_Plant.jpg/440px-Vale_Seccolo_Geothermal_Power_Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Geothermal power plant in <a href="/wiki/Larderello" title="Larderello">Larderello</a>, Tuscany</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Primary energy production in Italy by source (<a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">PJ</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><b>Source</b> </td> <td><b>1990</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2000</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2010</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><i><b>% 2020</b></i> </td> <td><b>var.<br />2020/1990</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Coal</td> <td>12</td> <td><i>1.1</i></td> <td>0,1</td> <td><i>0.01</i></td> <td>2,7</td> <td><i>0.2</i></td> <td>2,2</td> <td>0</td> <td><i><b>0 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-100 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Oil</td> <td>187</td> <td><i>17.6</i></td> <td>196</td> <td><i>16.7</i></td> <td>235</td> <td><i>17.0</i></td> <td>242</td> <td>241</td> <td><i><b>16.4 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+29 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Natural gas</td> <td>587</td> <td><i>55.4</i></td> <td>570</td> <td><i>48.4</i></td> <td>288</td> <td><i>20.9</i></td> <td>232</td> <td>146</td> <td><i><b>9.9 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-75 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a></b></td> <td><b>786</b></td> <td><i>74.1</i></td> <td><b>767</b></td> <td><i>65.0</i></td> <td><b>526</b></td> <td><i>38.1</i></td> <td><b>477</b></td> <td><b>387</b></td> <td><i><b>26.3 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-51 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Hydraulic</td> <td>114</td> <td><i>10.7</i></td> <td>159</td> <td><i>13.5</i></td> <td>184</td> <td><i>13.3</i></td> <td>164</td> <td>168</td> <td><i><b>11.4 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+48 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Geoth., solar, wind</td> <td>125</td> <td><i>11.8</i></td> <td>181</td> <td><i>15.3</i></td> <td>245</td> <td><i>17.8</i></td> <td>373</td> <td>391</td> <td><i><b>26.6 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+214 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Biomass-waste</td> <td>36</td> <td><i>3.4</i></td> <td>73</td> <td><i>6.2</i></td> <td>426</td> <td><i>30.9</i></td> <td>498</td> <td>526</td> <td><i><b>35.7 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+1381 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a></b></td> <td><b>274</b></td> <td><i>25.9</i></td> <td><b>413</b></td> <td><i>35.0</i></td> <td><b>856</b></td> <td><i>61.9</i></td> <td><b>1,035</b></td> <td><b>1,086</b></td> <td><i><b>73.7 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+296 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>1,060</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>1,180</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>1,382</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>1,511</b></td> <td><b>1,473</b></td> <td><i><b>100 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+39 %</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11"><small>Source of data: <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIEBal_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEBal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imported_energy">Imported energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imported energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy depends on its imports for a very high share of its energy needs: in 2018, its energy imports reached 158.51 <a href="/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent" title="Tonne of oil equivalent">Mtoe</a> against 163.46 Mtoe in 2017; after deducting 31.09 Mtoe of exports (mainly petroleum products), net imports represented 74.0% of the country's total energy consumption, while its national production only covered 25.2% of his needs.<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil is the main imported energy: in 2018, net imports of oil and oil products reached 51.97 Mt, i.e. 88.7% of the country's domestic oil consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11 refineries in operation in 2018 have a refining capacity of 83.7 Mt/year, down 2.7% compared to 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> biorefinery, the world's first refinery converted to vegetable sources in 2014, has a biodiesel production capacity of 360,000 tonnes /year from used cooking oils and palm oil; this capacity will be increased to 420,000 tonnes/year in 2021, to which will be added the <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> biorefinery (600,000 tonnes/year).<sup id="cite_ref-s-21_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-21-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural gas is the second most imported energy: in 2018, net imports of natural gas reached 53.27 Mtoe, or 92.9% of the country's gas consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy also imported 9.23 Mtoe of coal in 2018, mainly for power plants, coke and heat production plants.<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even electricity is largely imported: 9.66 Mtoe in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 13% of total gross electricity supply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refineries">Refineries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Refineries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SARAS_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SARAS_1.JPG/220px-SARAS_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SARAS_1.JPG/330px-SARAS_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SARAS_1.JPG/440px-SARAS_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Refinery in <a href="/wiki/Sarroch" title="Sarroch">Sarroch</a>, Sardinia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Priolo_Gargallo" title="Priolo Gargallo">Priolo Gargallo</a> complex, in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, includes 2 refineries linked by pipelines: ISAB NORD and ISAB SUD, belonging to the Russian company <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a>, with a total capacity of 16 Mt/year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sarroch" title="Sarroch">Sarroch</a> refinery in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (capacity: 15 Mt/year), i.e. more than 20% of the country's refining capacity, belongs to SARAS (Società Anonima Raffinerie Sarde).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2018, the Algerian company <a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a> bought from <a href="/wiki/Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a> (a 100% subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a> refinery in Sicily (capacity: 9.5 Mt/year), three oil terminals located in Augusta, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and their associated pipeline systems.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The refineries of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Marghera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Marghera">Porto Marghera</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, in Sicily, have been converted into bio-refineries using as raw materials vegetable oils, waste (frying oil, fats, urban waste), algae, etc. ( 230,000 tonnes/year since 2014 in Porto Marghera, 750,000 tonnes/year since 2019 in Gela).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas_pipelines">Gas pipelines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gas pipelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline.png/220px-Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline.png/330px-Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline.png/440px-Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline" title="Trans Adriatic Pipeline">Trans Adriatic Pipeline</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Russian gas is transported to Italy via the <a href="/wiki/Yamal%E2%80%93Europe_pipeline" title="Yamal–Europe pipeline">Yamal–Europe pipeline</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Austria_Gas_Pipeline" title="Trans Austria Gas Pipeline">Trans Austria Gas Pipeline</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mediterranean_Pipeline" title="Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline">Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Mattei" title="Enrico Mattei">Enrico Mattei</a> gas pipeline) transports gas from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. Starting from <a href="/wiki/Hassi_R%27Mel" title="Hassi R'Mel">Hassi R'Mel</a>, it covers 550 km in Algerian territory, then 370 km in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, crosses the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> by an underwater section of 155 km, then <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (340 km), the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, before going up the entire <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, to join the gas network near <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greenstream_pipeline" title="Greenstream pipeline">Greenstream pipeline</a>, commissioned in 2004, the longest underwater gas pipeline in the Mediterranean Sea, connects western <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to Sicily. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transitgas_Pipeline" title="Transitgas Pipeline">Transitgas Pipeline</a>, inaugurated in 2008, connects the gas market in northwestern Europe with Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline" title="Trans Adriatic Pipeline">Trans Adriatic Pipeline</a> project is a gas pipeline project transporting natural gas from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) to the European market. It leaves from the Greek-Turkish border and crosses <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> to arrive in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its construction was completed in October 2020 and its operation should begin in mid-November.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_consumption">Energy consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Energy consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_consumption_by_source,_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Italy.svg/220px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Italy.svg/330px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Italy.svg/440px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Energy consumption by source, Italy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_primary_energy_consumed_to_final_energy_consumed">From primary energy consumed to final energy consumed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From primary energy consumed to final energy consumed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Energy balance 2019</b><sup id="cite_ref-AIEBal_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEBal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Resources</b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">PJ</a></b> </td> <td><i><b>%</b></i> </td> <td align="left"><b>Use</b> </td> <td><b>PJ</b> </td> <td><i><b>%</b></i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Primary energy production</td> <td>1,441</td> <td><i>23.1 %</i></td> <td align="left">Energy branch consumption and losses</td> <td>1,248</td> <td><i>20.0 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Imports</td> <td>6,360</td> <td><i>102.0 %</i></td> <td align="left">Final non-energy consumption</td> <td>293</td> <td><i>4.7 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Exports</td> <td>-1,231</td> <td><i>-19.7 %</i></td> <td align="left">Final energy consumption</td> <td>4,635</td> <td><i>74.3 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Holds</td> <td>-277</td> <td><i>-4.4 %</i></td> <td align="left">Statistical discrepancies</td> <td>61</td> <td><i>1.0 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Inventory change</td> <td>-55</td> <td><i>-0.9 %</i></td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total resources</b></td> <td><b>6,237</b></td> <td><i>100 %</i></td> <td align="left"><b>Total uses</b></td> <td><b>6,237</b></td> <td><i>100 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="3"><b>Energy branch consumption detail</b></td> <td colspan="3"><b>Breakdown of final energy consumption</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Translation losses</td> <td>845</td> <td><i>68 %</i></td> <td align="left">Industry</td> <td>1,048</td> <td><i>22.6 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Own consumption</td> <td>322</td> <td><i>26 %</i></td> <td align="left">Transportation</td> <td>1,501</td> <td><i>32.4 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Transmission/distribution losses</td> <td>81</td> <td><i>6 %</i></td> <td align="left">Residential</td> <td>1,300</td> <td><i>28.0 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td align="left">Tertiary</td> <td>661</td> <td><i>14.3 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td colspan="3"></td> <td align="left">Agriculture + fishing</td> <td>123</td> <td><i>2.7 %</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_energy_consumption">Primary energy consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Primary energy consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total of primary resources produced in Italy or imported in 2018 was 172.3 <a href="/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent" title="Tonne of oil equivalent">Mtoe</a>. Primary energy consumption is massively dominated by fossil fuels: 73.9% (coal: 5.4%; oil: 34.5%; natural gas: 34.0%); renewable energies cover only 20.5% of needs, and the electricity import balance provides the remaining 5.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-s-19_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian primary energy consumption per capita in 2019 was 103.4 GJ, 31% higher than the world average (79.1 GJ).<sup id="cite_ref-e-60_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-60-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electrical renewable energies cover 34.5% of gross domestic electricity consumption;<sup id="cite_ref-s-30_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-30-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thermal renewable energies provide 10.9 Mtoe, including 7.9 Mtoe from biomass and 2.6 Mtoe from heat pumps; <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> provide 1.25 Mtoe (biodiesel).<sup id="cite_ref-s-31_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-31-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carona_centrale_idroelettrica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carona_centrale_idroelettrica.JPG/220px-Carona_centrale_idroelettrica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carona_centrale_idroelettrica.JPG/330px-Carona_centrale_idroelettrica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carona_centrale_idroelettrica.JPG/440px-Carona_centrale_idroelettrica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hydroelectric power plant in <a href="/wiki/Carona,_Lombardy" title="Carona, Lombardy">Carona</a>, Lombardy</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Primary energy consumption in Italy by source (<a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">PJ</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><b>Source</b> </td> <td><b>1990</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2000</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2010</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><i><b>% 2020</b></i> </td> <td><b>var.<br />2020/1990</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Coal</td> <td>613</td> <td><i>10.0</i></td> <td>526</td> <td><i>7.3</i></td> <td>572</td> <td><i>7.9</i></td> <td>515</td> <td>199</td> <td><i><b>3.4 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-68 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Oil</td> <td>3,488</td> <td><i>56.8</i></td> <td>3,636</td> <td><i>50.6</i></td> <td>2,734</td> <td><i>37.6</i></td> <td>2,242</td> <td>1,842</td> <td><i><b>31.9 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-47 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Natural gas</td> <td>1,633</td> <td><i>26.6</i></td> <td>2,426</td> <td><i>33.8</i></td> <td>2,849</td> <td><i>39.2</i></td> <td>2,315</td> <td>2,448</td> <td><i><b>42.4 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+50 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a></b></td> <td><b>5,734</b></td> <td><i>93.4</i></td> <td><b>6,588</b></td> <td><i>91.7</i></td> <td><b>6,155</b></td> <td><i>84.6</i></td> <td><b>5,072</b></td> <td><b>4,490</b></td> <td><i><b>77.7 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-22 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Hydraulic</td> <td>114</td> <td><i>1.9</i></td> <td>159</td> <td><i>2.2</i></td> <td>184</td> <td><i>2.5</i></td> <td>164</td> <td>168</td> <td><i><b>2.9 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+48 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Geoth., solar, wind</td> <td>125</td> <td><i>2.0</i></td> <td>181</td> <td><i>2.5</i></td> <td>245</td> <td><i>3.4</i></td> <td>373</td> <td>391</td> <td><i><b>6.8 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+214 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Biomass-waste</td> <td>39</td> <td><i>0.6</i></td> <td>94</td> <td><i>1.3</i></td> <td>530</td> <td><i>7.3</i></td> <td>611</td> <td>612</td> <td><i><b>10.6 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+1,453 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a></b></td> <td><b>278</b></td> <td><i>4.5</i></td> <td><b>434</b></td> <td><i>6.0</i></td> <td><b>959</b></td> <td><i>13.2</i></td> <td><b>1,148</b></td> <td><b>1,171</b></td> <td><i><b>20.3 %</b></i></td> <td><b>+321 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Electricity tax balance</td> <td>125</td> <td><i>2.0</i></td> <td>160</td> <td><i>2.2</i></td> <td>159</td> <td><i>2.2</i></td> <td>167</td> <td>116</td> <td><i><b>2.0 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-7 %</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>6,136</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>7,182</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>7,274</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>6,388</b></td> <td><b>5,777</b></td> <td><i><b>100 %</b></i></td> <td><b>-6 %</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11"><small>Source of data: <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIEBal_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEBal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_energy_consumption">Final energy consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Final energy consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakdown_by_source">Breakdown by source</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breakdown by source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Final energy consumption (after refining, transformation into electricity or <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>, transport, etc.) was 127.3 <a href="/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent" title="Tonne of oil equivalent">Mtoe</a> in 2018, up 1.5% compared to 2017. It was divided into 73, 2% fossil fuels (1.7% coal, 41.8% oil, 29.7% natural gas), 7.0% thermal renewable energies and 19.8% electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-s-42_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-42-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of electricity was split into 60.3% from fossil fuels and 39.7% from renewables; in total, final consumption was therefore 85% fossil fuel and 15% renewable.<sup id="cite_ref-s-36_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-36-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Final energy consumption changed as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Final energy consumption in Italy by source (<a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">PJ</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><b>Source</b> </td> <td><b>1990</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2000</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2010</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><i><b>% 2019</b></i> </td> <td><b>var.<br />2019/1990</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Coal</td> <td>149</td> <td><i>3.1</i></td> <td>112</td> <td><i>2.1</i></td> <td>79</td> <td><i>1.4</i></td> <td>40</td> <td>34</td> <td><i><b>0.7 %</b></i></td> <td><i>-78 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Oil products</td> <td>2,573</td> <td><i>53.5</i></td> <td>2,608</td> <td><i>48.4</i></td> <td>2,279</td> <td><i>40.7</i></td> <td>1,974</td> <td>1,896</td> <td><i><b>38.5 %</b></i></td> <td><i>-26 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Natural gas</td> <td>1,273</td> <td><i>26.4</i></td> <td>1,616</td> <td><i>30.0</i></td> <td>1,636</td> <td><i>29.2</i></td> <td>1,405</td> <td>1,410</td> <td><i><b>28.6 %</b></i></td> <td><i>+11 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a></b></td> <td><b>3,995</b></td> <td><i>83.0</i></td> <td><b>4,336</b></td> <td><i>80.4</i></td> <td><b>3,994</b></td> <td><i>71.3</i></td> <td><b>3,419</b></td> <td><b>3,340</b></td> <td><i><b>67.8 %</b></i></td> <td><i>-16 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal">Solar thermal</a></td> <td>9</td> <td><i>0.2</i></td> <td>9</td> <td><i>0.2</i></td> <td>11</td> <td><i>0.2</i></td> <td>13</td> <td>15</td> <td><i><b>0.3 %</b></i></td> <td><i>+75 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Biomass-waste</td> <td>36</td> <td><i>0.8</i></td> <td>66</td> <td><i>1.2</i></td> <td>378</td> <td><i>6.7</i></td> <td>349</td> <td>349</td> <td><i><b>7.1 %</b></i></td> <td><i>+866 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Electricity</td> <td>773</td> <td><i>16.1</i></td> <td>983</td> <td><i>18.2</i></td> <td>1,078</td> <td><i>19.2</i></td> <td>1,035</td> <td>1,051</td> <td><i><b>21.3 %</b></i></td> <td><i>+36 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">District heating</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td>140</td> <td><i>2.5</i></td> <td>161</td> <td>174</td> <td><i><b>3.5 %</b></i></td> <td><i>ns</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>4,813</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>5,394</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>5,600</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>4,976</b></td> <td><b>4,929</b></td> <td><i><b>100 %</b></i></td> <td><i>+2 %</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11"><small>Source of data : <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIEBal_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEBal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The share of renewable energies evolved as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Giorgio_la_Molara_-_lago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/San_Giorgio_la_Molara_-_lago.jpg/220px-San_Giorgio_la_Molara_-_lago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/San_Giorgio_la_Molara_-_lago.jpg/330px-San_Giorgio_la_Molara_-_lago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/San_Giorgio_la_Molara_-_lago.jpg/440px-San_Giorgio_la_Molara_-_lago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Wind power plant in <a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_La_Molara" title="San Giorgio La Molara">San Giorgio La Molara</a>, Campania</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Gross final consumption of renewable energy in Italy<sup id="cite_ref-g-15_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-15-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Mtep) </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><b>Sector</b> </td> <td><b>2010</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><i>variation %<br />2017/2010</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Electrical sector</b></td> <td><b>5.92</b></td> <td><b>9.43</b></td> <td><b>9.50</b></td> <td><b>9.73</b></td> <td><i>+64 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Hydraulic (corrected)*</td> <td>3.73</td> <td>3.95</td> <td>3.97</td> <td>3.96</td> <td><i>+6 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Wind (corrected)*</td> <td>0.76</td> <td>1.32</td> <td>1.42</td> <td>1.48</td> <td><i>+95 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Solar</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>1.97</td> <td>1.90</td> <td>2.10</td> <td><i>+1,212 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Geothermal</td> <td>0.46</td> <td>0.53</td> <td>0.54</td> <td>0.53</td> <td><i>+15 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Bioenergy**</td> <td>0.81</td> <td>1.67</td> <td>1.67</td> <td>1.66</td> <td><i>+105 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Thermal sector</b></td> <td><b>10.02</b></td> <td><b>10.69</b></td> <td><b>10.54</b></td> <td><b>11.21</b></td> <td><i>+12 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Geothermal</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.15</td> <td><i>+7 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Solar thermal</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>0.21</td> <td><i>+62 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Bioenergy**</td> <td>7.65</td> <td>7.78</td> <td>7.59</td> <td>8.20</td> <td><i>+7 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Heat pumps***</td> <td>2.09</td> <td>2.58</td> <td>2.61</td> <td>2.65</td> <td><i>+27 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Transport sector</b></td> <td><b>1.42</b></td> <td><b>1.16</b></td> <td><b>1.04</b></td> <td><b>1.06</b></td> <td><i>-25 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total renewable energies</b></td> <td><b>17.36</b></td> <td><b>21.29</b></td> <td><b>21.08</b></td> <td><b>22.00</b></td> <td><i>+27 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Share of gross final consumption</b></td> <td><b>13.0 %</b></td> <td><b>17.5 %</b></td> <td><b>17.4 %</b></td> <td><b>18.3 %</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">* <small>production corrected for the effects of variations in precipitation (hydro) and wind (wind), according to the rules of Directive 2009/28/EC.<br />**including renewable share of urban waste.<br />*** renewable share</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakdown_by_sector">Breakdown by sector</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Breakdown by sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The breakdown of final energy consumption by use was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-s-42_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-42-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>non-energy uses: 5.7 Mtep (4.5%; mainly chemicals);</li> <li>bunkers: 3.15 <a href="/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent" title="Tonne of oil equivalent">Mtoe</a> (2.5%; aircraft consumption excluding domestic flights and international ferry lines);</li> <li>domestic energy use: 118.5 Mtoe (93.1%), of which: <ul><li>industry: 27.2 Mtoe (21.4%);</li> <li>transport: 40.1 Mtoe (31.5%);</li> <li>residential-tertiary: 48.1 Mtoe (37.8%);</li> <li>agriculture: 3.0 Mtoe (2.4%).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Note: the International Energy Agency does not take into account international bunkers, which are not domestic consumption. </p><p>The breakdown by sector of final energy consumption changed as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Final energy consumption in Italy by sector (<a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">PJ</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><b>Sector</b> </td> <td><b>1990</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2000</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2010</b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><i><b>% 2019</b></i> </td> <td><i>var.<br />2019/1990</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Industry</td> <td>1,427</td> <td><i>29.7</i></td> <td>1,602</td> <td><i>29.7</i></td> <td>1,262</td> <td><i>22.5</i></td> <td>1,046</td> <td>1,048</td> <td><b>21.3 %</b></td> <td><i>-27 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Transportation</td> <td>1,369</td> <td><i>28.5</i></td> <td>1,662</td> <td><i>30.8</i></td> <td>1,615</td> <td><i>28.8</i></td> <td>1,523</td> <td>1,501</td> <td><b>30.5 %</b></td> <td><i>+10 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Residential</td> <td>1,091</td> <td><i>22.7</i></td> <td>1,155</td> <td><i>21.4</i></td> <td>1,482</td> <td><i>26.5</i></td> <td>1,360</td> <td>1,300</td> <td><b>26.4 %</b></td> <td><i>+19 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Tertiary</td> <td>342</td> <td><i>7.1</i></td> <td>483</td> <td><i>9.0</i></td> <td>711</td> <td><i>12.7</i></td> <td>644</td> <td>661</td> <td><b>13.4 %</b></td> <td><i>+93 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Agriculture</td> <td>122</td> <td><i>2.5</i></td> <td>122</td> <td><i>2.3</i></td> <td>114</td> <td><i>2.0</i></td> <td>112</td> <td>114</td> <td><b>2.3 %</b></td> <td><i>-6 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Fishing</td> <td>8</td> <td><i>0.2</i></td> <td>11</td> <td><i>0.2</i></td> <td>9</td> <td><i>0.2</i></td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td><b>0.2 %</b></td> <td><i>+5 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Unspecified</td> <td>16</td> <td><i>0.3</i></td> <td>7</td> <td><i>0.1</i></td> <td>7</td> <td><i>0.1</i></td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td><b>0.1 %</b></td> <td><i>-81 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">Non-energy uses (chemistry)</td> <td>436</td> <td><i>9.1</i></td> <td>353</td> <td><i>6.5</i></td> <td>400</td> <td><i>7.1</i></td> <td>277</td> <td>293</td> <td><b>5.9 %</b></td> <td><i>-33 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>4,813</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>5,394</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>5,600</b></td> <td><i>100</i></td> <td><b>4,976</b></td> <td><b>4,929</b></td> <td><i><b>100 %</b></i></td> <td><i>+2 %</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11"><small>Source of data : <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIEBal_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEBal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity">Electricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:448px;max-width:448px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Italy_electricity_production.svg/220px-Italy_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Italy_electricity_production.svg/330px-Italy_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Italy_electricity_production.svg/440px-Italy_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_renewable_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Italy_renewable_electricity_production.svg/220px-Italy_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Italy_renewable_electricity_production.svg/330px-Italy_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Italy_renewable_electricity_production.svg/440px-Italy_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Electricity production in Italy by source (left), and production of renewable electricity in Italy by source (right)</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Italy" title="Electricity sector in Italy">Electricity sector in Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy#Electricity_sector" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Renewable energy in Italy § Electricity sector</a></div> <p>In 2014 Italy consumed 291.083 TWh (4,790 kWh/person) in electricity, consumption in household were 1057 kWh/person.<sup id="cite_ref-Terna_data_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terna_data-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy is a net importer of electricity: the country imported 46,747.5 GWh and exported 3,031.1 GWh in 2014. Gross production in 2014 was 279.8 TWh. The main power sources are natural gas and hydroelectricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Terna_data_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terna_data-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy has no nuclear power since it was banished <a href="/wiki/Italian_referendums,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian referendums, 1987">in 1987 by referendum</a>. Italy was the <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">first country to exploit geothermal energy to produce electricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNMIG_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMIG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Italian geothermal power plant was built in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, which is where all currently active geothermal plants in Italy are located. In 2014 the geothermal production was 5.92 TWh.<sup id="cite_ref-Terna_data_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terna_data-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gross_production_Italy_2014_by_sources.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gross_production_Italy_2014_by_sources.png/220px-Gross_production_Italy_2014_by_sources.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gross_production_Italy_2014_by_sources.png/330px-Gross_production_Italy_2014_by_sources.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gross_production_Italy_2014_by_sources.png/440px-Gross_production_Italy_2014_by_sources.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Gross electricity production in Italy in 2014 by sources</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Italian gross electricity production by sources in 2014 [TWh] <sup id="cite_ref-Terna_data_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terna_data-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Hydroelectric</td> <td>60.256</td> <td>21.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Thermal</td> <td>176.171</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>of which by Geothermal</td> <td>5.919</td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>of which by Natural Gas</td> <td>93.637</td> <td>33.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>of which by Coal</td> <td>43.455</td> <td>15.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>of which by Oil</td> <td>4.764</td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>of which by Biomass</td> <td>18.732</td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Wind</td> <td>15.178</td> <td>5.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Solar</td> <td>22.306</td> <td>8.0% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_heating">District heating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: District heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrale_elettrica_moncalieri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Centrale_elettrica_moncalieri.jpg/220px-Centrale_elettrica_moncalieri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Centrale_elettrica_moncalieri.jpg/330px-Centrale_elettrica_moncalieri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Centrale_elettrica_moncalieri.jpg/440px-Centrale_elettrica_moncalieri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>The cogeneration plant of <a href="/wiki/Moncalieri" title="Moncalieri">Moncalieri</a>, which supplies heat to the district heating network of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a> is widespread in central, eastern and northern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since the early 1970s it has also begun to spread to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Italian city to adopt a district heating network was <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, which since 2011 has the largest city district heating network in Italy and one of the largest in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Italian region</a> that has the largest extension of the district heating network is <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heat produced by <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> plants (94%) as well as by boiler rooms (6%) and distributed by district heating represented 174 PJ in 2019, or 3.5% of the country's final energy consumption, intended for 71% to industry, 21% to the residential sector and 7% to the tertiary sector.<sup id="cite_ref-AIEBal_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEBal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was produced in 2020 from coal for 2.7%, oil for 12.9%, natural gas for 63.1%, biomass for 15.6%, waste for 5.3% and geothermal energy for 0.4%. Production increased by 19% between 2005 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-AIEélecI_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEélecI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy's heat production reached 231 PJ in 2019, i.e. 1.5% of the world total (10th in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-AIEélecI_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIEélecI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emissions">Emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/CO2_emissions_Italy.svg/220px-CO2_emissions_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/CO2_emissions_Italy.svg/330px-CO2_emissions_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/CO2_emissions_Italy.svg/440px-CO2_emissions_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Italy's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a> reached 5.13 tonnes per capita in 2019, 17% higher than the world average (4.39 t/inhab).<sup id="cite_ref-e-60_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-60-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Evolution of energy-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#f7f8ff" align="center"> <td> </td> <td><b>1971</b> </td> <td><b>1990</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>var.<br />2018/1971</b> </td> <td><b>var.<br />2018/1990</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Emissions</b><sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Mt CO<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>289.4</td> <td>389.4</td> <td>317.1</td> <td><i>+9.6 %</i></td> <td><i>-18.6 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Emissions/capita</b><sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (t CO<sub>2</sub>)</td> <td>5.35</td> <td>6.87</td> <td>5.25</td> <td><i>-1.9 %</i></td> <td><i>-23.6 %</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><small>Source : <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The International Energy Agency also provides the emissions for 2019: 302.8 MtCO<sub>2</sub>, down 4.5% compared to 2018h 1; per capita: 5.02 tCO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Italy experienced strong growth until 2005: 456.4 Mt, i.e. +58% in 34 years, then fell to 428.9 Mt in 2008, collapsed in 2009 due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>: -10.5% and continued to decline thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per capita, Italy emitted 14.5% less than the European Union average (6.14 t/cap) in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Breakdown by fuel of energy-related CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#f7f8ff" align="center"> <td><b>Combustible</b> </td> <td><b>1971<br />Mt CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></b> </td> <td><b>1990<br />Mt CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></b> </td> <td><b>2018<br />Mt CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></b> </td> <td><b>%</b> </td> <td><b>var.<br />2018/1990</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Coal</b><sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>32.6</td> <td>56.6</td> <td>34.3</td> <td><i>11 %</i></td> <td><i>-39.4 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Oil</b><sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>232.7</td> <td>244.8</td> <td>140.2</td> <td><i>44 %</i></td> <td><i>-42.7 %</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Natural gas</b><sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>24.1</td> <td>87.1</td> <td>137.6</td> <td><i>43 %</i></td> <td><i>+58 %</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><small>Source : <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Energy-related CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions by consumption sector* </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#f7f8ff" align="center"> <td> </td> <td><b>2018 emissions</b> </td> <td><i><b>sector share</b></i> </td> <td><b>Emissions/capita</b> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#f7f8ff" align="center"> <td><b>Sector</b> </td> <td><b>Million tons CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></b> </td> <td><i>%</i> </td> <td><b>tons CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>/hab.</b> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Energy sector</b> excluding elect.</td> <td>18.1</td> <td><i>6 %</i></td> <td>0.30 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Industry and building</b></td> <td>71.3</td> <td><i>22 %</i></td> <td>1.18 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Transport</b></td> <td>103.6</td> <td><i>33 %</i></td> <td>1.72 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><i>of which road transport</i></td> <td><i>94.9</i></td> <td><i>30 %</i></td> <td><i>1.57</i> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Residential</b></td> <td>67.0</td> <td><i>21 %</i></td> <td>1.11 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Tertiary</b></td> <td>47.7</td> <td><i>15 %</i></td> <td>0.79 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>317.1</b></td> <td><i>100 %</i></td> <td><b>5.25</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><small>Source : <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />* after re-allocation of emissions from electricity and heat generation to consumption sectors.</small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy#Energy_and_natural_resources" title="Economy of Italy">Energy and natural resources of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Italy" title="Electricity sector in Italy">Electricity sector in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Renewable energy in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Power_Exchange" title="Italian Power Exchange">Italian Power Exchange</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centrale+accesa.+Teleriscaldati+altri+150+mila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.lastampa.it%2Ftorino%2Fsezioni%2Fcronaca%2Farticolo%2Flstp%2F425007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expoclima.net/impianti-di-teleriscaldamento-e-teleraffrescamento-in-italia">"Impianti di teleriscaldamento e teleraffrescamento in Italia"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impianti+di+teleriscaldamento+e+teleraffrescamento+in+Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expoclima.net%2Fimpianti-di-teleriscaldamento-e-teleraffrescamento-in-italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legambiente.it/sites/default/files/docs/rapp_tlr_2014_web.pdf">"Il teleriscaldamento in Italia. Stato attuale e potenzialità"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+teleriscaldamento+in+Italia.+Stato+attuale+e+potenzialit%C3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legambiente.it%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2Frapp_tlr_2014_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CO2-FC-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2-FC_46-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416081459/https://webstore.iea.org/co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-2020-highlights">"CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2020 : Highlights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iea.org/co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-2020-highlights">the original</a> on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CO2+Emissions+from+Fuel+Combustion+2020+%3A+Highlights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iea.org%2Fco2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-2020-highlights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Austria" title="Energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Denmark" title="Energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liechtenstein" title="Energy in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Luxembourg" title="Energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Monaco" title="Energy in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovenia" title="Energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Energy in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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