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mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT180398_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT180398_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT000503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Allemagne : carte administrative" href="/media/allemagne-carte-administrative-at000503/"><img id="AT000503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Essen est une ville d’<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Allemagne de Berlin : différente et semblable : le titre de l'ouvrage du politologue Alfred Grosser (2002) exprime les paradoxes de la construction historique du pays et renvoie à leurs multiples implications sur l'organisation territoriale. Finalistes et déterministes, les théories explicatives du Sonderweg (la « voie particulière ») ne suffisent pas à expliquer les contradicti..." title="Article : ALLEMAGNE (Géographie) - Géographie économique et régionale" href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-geographie-geographie-economique-et-regionale/">Allemagne</a>, située dans le Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie. La ville comptait 583 000 habitants en 2017 et se trouve au centre du bassin minier, industriel et urbain de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Rivière de 235 kilomètres de longueur, affluent de la rive droite du Rhin , dans lequel elle se jette à Duisburg. La Ruhr a donné son nom au plus puissant bassin industriel du monde (Ruhrgebiet). Les besoins en eau des villes et des usines de celui-ci ont entraîné l'établissement de barrages-réservoirs dans son cours amont, dans le Sauerland : barrage de la Bigge (140 millions de mètre..." title="Article : RUHR" href="/encyclopedie/ruhr/">Ruhr</a>. Elle est bordée dans sa partie sud par la Ruhr, affluent du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Rhin, par son insertion dans un ensemble territorial qui a joué un rôle éminent dans le façonnement de la civilisation occidentale – européenne et mondiale –, n'a pas été uniquement générateur d'un imposant bassin fluvial, mais aussi de dynamiques socio-économiques d'avant-garde ainsi que de cadres de vie enviables, tant urbains que ruraux. Son image a une connotation séculaire..." title="Article : RHIN" href="/encyclopedie/rhin/">Rhin</a>, et se situe à 530 kilomètres de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec 3,52 millions d’habitants en 2015 et une superficie de 891,82 kilomètres carrés, Berlin est, de loin, la plus grande ville de l‘Allemagne. Elle surprend souvent par la faible densité du tissu urbain, la démultiplication des centres et l’absence de banlieue . Elle étonne aussi par l’étendue de ses parcs (12 p. 100) et forêts (18 p. 100), et l’impression d’omniprése..." title="Article : BERLIN" href="/encyclopedie/berlin/">Berlin</a> et à 75 kilomètres de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec un million d’habitants en 2017, Cologne (Köln en allemand) est la plus grande ville du Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie. Nœud de communication à la croisée du Rhin et d’un axe ouest-est reliant façade atlantique et plaine germano-polonaise , Cologne s’est avant tout construite sur des activités commerciales et n’a jamais exercé de fonction politique d’envergure, hor..." title="Article : COLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/cologne/">Cologne</a>.</p><p>Essen a été fondée au <span class="pc">ix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle autour d’un couvent destiné à accueillir des femmes de la noblesse. Centre commercial un temps prospère au <span class="pc">xii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la ville est longtemps restée un simple relais sur la voie du Hellweg, axe établi à l’époque carolingienne pour relier la vallée du Rhin et les régions orientales du monde germanique. À partir de 1620, elle se développe, avec pour principale activité la production d’armures et de pistolets, qui périclitera à la fin du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. </p><p>Passée dans le giron prussien en 1802, Essen ne compte que 5 000 habitants au début du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, avant de connaître une véritable poussée démographique, favorisée par des fusions successives avec les communes limitrophes et surtout l’extraordinaire expansion de l’activité minière et industrielle. Celle-ci s’accélère à partir de l’arrivée du chemin de fer en 1847 et de l’augmentation de la demande en charbon et en acier dans l’Allemagne des années 1860. Elle s’opère par des arrivées nombreuses de travailleurs venus des régions rurales d’Allemagne, mais aussi de Pologne. La population va ainsi atteindre 118 000 habitants en 1900 et connaîtra un pic à 730 000 habitants dans les années 1960.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH190106" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Villa Hügel, Essen" href="/media/villa-hugel-essen-ph190106/"><img id="PH190106" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/3/csm_ph190106_3a67053fe4.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Villa Hügel, Essen - crédits : imageBroker/ hemis.fr" data-description="D'une superficie de 8 000 mètres carrés, la villa Hügel construite à Essen par Alfred Krupp dans les années 1870 témoigne de la puissance de cette grande famille d'industriels (Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie)." data-copyright="imageBroker/ hemis.fr" width="1024" height="683" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Villa Hügel, Essen </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> imageBroker/ hemis.fr </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>À partir de la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, Essen devient une des plus grandes villes d’Allemagne et une des villes pivots du bassin de la Ruhr avec <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dortmund est une ville d’Allemagne, située dans le Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie, qui comptait 580 000 habitants en 2017. Son agglomération constitue l’extrémité est du bassin minier, industriel et urbain de la Ruhr . La ville, traversée par l’Emscher, affluent du Rhin , se situe à 490 kilomètres de Berlin et à 100 kilomètres de Cologne .. On retient de l’hist..." title="Article : DORTMUND" href="/encyclopedie/dortmund/">Dortmund</a> et Duisbourg, située au débouché sur le Rhin. Cette position de leadership est renforcée pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et l’entre-deux-guerres par la fourniture quasi exclusive du pays en armement par l’entreprise <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de LES KRUPP. L'ascension de l'entreprise Krupp au début du xix e siècle, sa toute-puissance de 1870 à 1960 et sa dislocation en 1967 constituent un parfait symbole de l'évolution de la sidérurgie à l'époque contemporaine en Allemagne, ainsi que des armements et des guerres modernes.. Venue du commerce, la famille Krupp s'intéresse à la fonderie à la fin du xviii e si�..." title="Article : LES KRUPP" href="/encyclopedie/les-krupp/"> Krupp</a>. Cette dernière joue un rôle déterminant dans le développement d’Essen en raison de son poids dans l’emploi total et de son emprise spatiale sur la ville. Sa croissance a conduit à compartimenter l’espace urbain entre de grandes emprises industrielles et des quartiers ouvriers, un centre-ville bloqué dans ses extensions et une partie sud, plus éloignée des puits de mine et beaucoup plus boisée. La villa Hügel, ancienne demeure de la famille Krupp, qui surplombe les méandres de la Ruhr, y fut édifiée dans les années 1870. Reconvertie en musée, elle offre de nos jours un témoignage de ces grandes fortunes créées à l’époque de la révolution industrielle. Dans les années 1930, un barrage construit sur la Ruhr et son lac artificiel, le lac Baldeney, ont permis de développer des infrastructures de loisirs autour d’activités nautiques.</p><p>Le centre-ville est détruit à 90 p. 100 par les bombardements durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Malgré une restauration rapide de l’appareil industriel et une courte période de croissance, Essen amorce un déclin à partir des années 1960, conduisant la ville à perdre 22 p. 100 de sa population en cinquante ans. La crise touche en premier lieu l’industrie minière et la sidérurgie avant de s’étendre aux secteurs plus indirects (bâtiment, outillage, mécanique). </p><p>Durant cette période, le profil de l’emploi s’est en grande partie réorienté vers le secteur tertiaire. Essen s’est ainsi maintenue comme un pôle économique essentiel du bassin de la Ruhr. La ville abrite des sièges et des directions stratégiques de grandes entreprises telles que ThyssenKrupp (sidérurgie), Aldi, Deichmann et Karstadt (grande distribution), Ruhrgas et RWE (énergie) ou Ferrostaal (machines-outils), ce qui la distingue des autres pôles du bassin. De plus, elle a gardé des administrations nombreuses et le siège de grandes fédérations syndicales. Depuis 1972, elle possède également une université, bien que<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" 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class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180398_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie par pays" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/"> Géographie par pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie de l'Europe" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/"> Géographie de l'Europe </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Allemagne, géographie"> <a title="Classification : Allemagne, géographie" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/allemagne-geographie/"> Allemagne, géographie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie urbaine" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-urbaine/"> Géographie urbaine </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Villes d'Europe"> <a title="Classification : Villes d'Europe" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-urbaine/villes-d-europe/"> Villes d'Europe </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180398_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT000503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Allemagne : carte administrative" href="/media/allemagne-carte-administrative-at000503/"> <img id="AT000503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH190106" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Villa Hügel, Essen" href="/media/villa-hugel-essen-ph190106/"> <img id="PH190106" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/3/csm_ph190106_3a67053fe4.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Villa Hügel, Essen - crédits : imageBroker/ hemis.fr" data-description="D'une superficie de 8 000 mètres carrés, la villa Hügel construite à Essen par Alfred Krupp dans les années 1870 témoigne de la puissance de cette grande famille d'industriels (Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie)." data-copyright="imageBroker/ hemis.fr" width="1024" height="683" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Villa Hügel, Essen </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> imageBroker/ hemis.fr </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH190013" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Mine de Zollverein, Essen" href="/media/mine-de-zollverein-essen-ph190013/"> <img id="PH190013" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/0/csm_ph190013_58b6200f72.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Mine de Zollverein, Essen - crédits : Jochen Tack/ Image Broker/ Age Fotostock" data-description="Le complexe industriel de la mine de charbon de Zollverein, près d'Essen, figure sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 2001. Construit dans les années 1920 par les architectes Fritz Schupp et Martin Kremmer, le puits n° 12 est remarquable pour ses bâtiments de style Bauhaus qui…" data-copyright="Jochen Tack/ Image Broker/ Age Fotostock" width="1024" height="682" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Mine de Zollverein, Essen </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jochen Tack/ Image Broker/ Age Fotostock </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180398_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/rhenanie-du-nord-westphalie/"> <span class="rg">RHÉNANIE-DU-NORD-WESTPHALIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Antoine LAPORTE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 326 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : RH&Eacute;NANIE-DU-NORD-WESTPHALIE" href="/encyclopedie/rhenanie-du-nord-westphalie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_bb164b3a34.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie (Nordrhein-Westfalen en allemand, abrégé en NRW) est un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme allemand das Land ( die Länder au pluriel) désigne un État dans son ensemble mais également, dans le cas des fédérations et confédérations, les parties constitutives de cet État. L'actuelle République fédérale autrichienne est ainsi divisée en neuf Bundesländer (États fédérés) : Basse-Autriche, Burgenland, Carinthie, Haute-Autriche, Salzbourg, Styrie, Tyrol, Vienn..." title="Article : LAND" href="/encyclopedie/land/">Land</a> situé dans la partie ouest de l’Allemagne. Un peu plus étendu que la Belgique (34 100 km²), ce territoire est à la fois le plus peuplé, avec 17,75 millions d’habitants (2017), et le plus gros producteur...</p> </div> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180398_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ZOLLVEREIN" href="/index/zollverein/"> <span class="rg">ZOLLVEREIN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, géographie" href="/index/allemagne-geographie/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">géographie</em> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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