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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle German names from prehistoric and medieval times subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-German_names_from_prehistoric_and_medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Attachments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_names_from_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_names_from_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>German names from modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_names_from_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_place_names_derived_from_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_place_names_derived_from_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>German place names derived from other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_place_names_derived_from_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22German+toponymy%22">"German toponymy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22German+toponymy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22German+toponymy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22German+toponymy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22German+toponymy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22German+toponymy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Placename" class="mw-redirect" title="Placename">Placenames</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> area can be classified by the language from which they originate, and by era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_names_from_prehistoric_and_medieval_times">German names from prehistoric and medieval times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: German names from prehistoric and medieval times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffixes">Suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/-ach" class="mw-redirect" title="-ach">-ach</a></i> ("river"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Echternach" title="Echternach">Echternach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzach" title="Salzach">Salzach</a>.</li> <li><i>-au</i> (from Slavic suffix -ov, -ów). Examples: village and town names' suffixes on former <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> territories: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbbenau" title="Lübbenau">Lübbenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plau_am_See" title="Plau am See">Plau</a>. See also: German naming convention of Polish town names during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as an analogy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>-au</i>, <i>-aue</i> (related to rivers or water), see German words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Au" class="extiw" title="wikt:Au">Au</a> or Aue. This meaning of <i>-au</i> (earlier spelling <i>ow</i>, <i>owe</i>, <i>ouwe</i>) describes settlements by streams and rivers. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a>, the town <a href="/wiki/Aue,_Saxony" title="Aue, Saxony">Aue</a>, rivers named Aue.</li> <li><i>-bach</i> or Low German <i>-bek</i> ("stream"; cf. English <i>beck, bach, batch</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Amorbach" title="Amorbach">Amorbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansbach" title="Ansbach">Ansbach</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinbek" title="Reinbek">Reinbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a>.</li> <li><i>-baum</i> ("tree"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Oranienbaum,_Germany" title="Oranienbaum, Germany">Oranienbaum</a>.</li> <li><i>-berg</i>, <i>-bergen</i> ("mountain"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nürnberg</a> (Nuremberg), <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> ("king's mountain", now Kaliningrad), Landesbergen. Also reduced <i>-burg</i>, e.g. in <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz*Vom_Mittelalter_bis_1772" class="extiw" title="de:Bydgoszcz*Vom Mittelalter bis 1772">Bromberg ← Brahenburg</a></i>.</li> <li><i>-brücken</i> or <i>-brück</i> ("bridge"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>.</li> <li><i>-bühl</i>, or <i>-bühel</i> ("hill"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel" title="Kitzbühel">Kitzbühel</a>.</li> <li><i>-burg</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a>"; cf. English <i>bury, borough, burgh</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Augsburg, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> (on the river Regen), <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> ("Salt City", a Medieval name), <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a> (Strasbourg).</li> <li><i>-dorf</i> or <i>-torf</i>, Low German <i>dorp/torp</i> ("village") cf. English "Thorpe". Examples: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinickendorf" title="Reinickendorf">Reinickendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleinblittersdorf" title="Kleinblittersdorf">Kleinblittersdorf</a>.</li> <li><i>-ey</i> ("island"; cf. English <i>ey, ea,</i> Low German <i>oog</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Norderney" title="Norderney">Norderney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacheney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacheney (page does not exist)">Hacheney</a>.</li> <li><i>-egg</i> ("ridge", Switzerland and western Austria), Examples: <a href="/wiki/Scheidegg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Scheidegg (disambiguation)">Scheidegg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6negg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Schönegg (disambiguation)">Schönegg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felsenegg" title="Felsenegg">Felsenegg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberlangenegg" title="Oberlangenegg">Oberlangenegg</a></li> <li><i>-feld</i> or <i>-felde</i> ("field"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansfeld" title="Mansfeld">Mansfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a>.</li> <li><i>-fels</i> ("rock"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Rothenfels" title="Rothenfels">Rothenfels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichtenfels,_Hesse" title="Lichtenfels, Hesse">Lichtenfels</a>.</li> <li><i>-furt</i> ("ford"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>.</li> <li><i>-gard</i>, <i>-gart</i>, or <i>-garten</i> ("castle", "farm"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leingarten" title="Leingarten">Leingarten</a></li> <li><i>-hagen</i> ("hedged field or wood"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Hanshagen" title="Hanshagen">Hanshagen</a>.</li> <li><i>-hain</i> ("grove"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Blankenhain" title="Blankenhain">Blankenhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fenhain" title="Großenhain">Großenhain</a>.</li> <li><i>-halde</i> or <i>-halden</i> ("hillside", "slope"; cf. Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Halden" title="Halden">Halden</a>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Haldensee" title="Haldensee">Haldensee</a>, Osshalden near <a href="/wiki/Crailsheim" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a>.</li> <li>-<i>hausen</i> ("houses"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a> (Mulhouse), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>.</li> <li><i>-haven</i>, or <i>-hafen</i> ("haven","harbor", "port"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a>.</li> <li><i>-heim</i> (South and Central Germany, Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>), <i>-ham</i> or <i>-am</i> (Bavaria and Austria), <i>-hem</i> or <i>-em</i> (West), <i>-um</i> (North Germany) ("home", "settlement"; cf. English <i>ham</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet (place)</a></i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Alkersum" title="Alkersum">Alkersum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borkum" title="Borkum">Borkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchham" title="Kirchham">Kirchham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schiltigheim" title="Schiltigheim">Schiltigheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Bad Windsheim</a>.</li> <li><i>-hof</i>, <i>-hoff</i> or <i>-hofen</i> ("farmhouse(s)"; cf. English <i>hope</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Hof,_Bavaria" title="Hof, Bavaria">Hof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bechhofen" title="Bechhofen">Bechhofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Diedenhofen</a> (Thionville).</li> <li><i>-hufe</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hide</a>"). Example: <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnhufe" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünhufe">Grünhufe</a>.</li> <li><i>-hut</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">guard</a>"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a>, Waldshut.</li> <li><i>-ing</i> or <i>-ingen, -ungen, -ung, -ens</i> (meaning "descendants of", used with a personal name as the first part; cf. English <i>ing</i> as in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esens,_Lower_Saxony" title="Esens, Lower Saxony">Esens</a>.</li> <li><i>-kirchen</i> or <i>-kirch</i> ("church", cf. English <i>kirk, church.</i> Dutch <i>kerk</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Feldkirch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Feldkirch (disambiguation)">Feldkirch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neunkirchen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Neunkirchen (disambiguation)">Neunkirchen</a>.</li> <li><i>-münde</i> ("river mouth"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Angerm%C3%BCnde" title="Angermünde">Angermünde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ueckerm%C3%BCnde" title="Ueckermünde">Ueckermünde</a></li> <li><i>-münden</i> ("confluence"). Example: <a href="/wiki/Hann._M%C3%BCnden" title="Hann. Münden">Hannoversch Münden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <i>-oog</i> (Northwestern) or <i>-öhe, -oie, -ee</i> (Northeastern) ("small island"; cf. English <i>ey, ea</i>). Examples: Dutch <a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_(island_and_municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiermonnikoog (island and municipality)">Schiermonnikoog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiddensee" title="Hiddensee">Hiddensee</a>.</li> <li><i>-ow</i> (from Slavic suffix -ov, -ów). Examples: village and town names' suffixes on former <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> territories: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCtzow" title="Bützow">Bützow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neubukow" title="Neubukow">Neubukow</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4below" title="Stäbelow">Stäbelow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malchow" title="Malchow">Malchow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teterow" title="Teterow">Teterow</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCstrow" title="Güstrow">Güstrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>-roth</i>, <i>-rath, -rode, -reuth, or -rade</i> ("clearing"; cf. English <i>rod, rode, royde</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Roth,_Bavaria" title="Roth, Bavaria">Roth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overath" title="Overath">Overath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wernigerode" title="Wernigerode">Wernigerode</a>. It can also be used as the prefix <i>Rade-</i>: <a href="/wiki/Radebeul" title="Radebeul">Radebeul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radevormwald" title="Radevormwald">Radevormwald</a>.</li> <li><i>-scheid</i> ("ridge", "watershed"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Burscheid" title="Burscheid">Burscheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><i>-see</i> ("lake"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Falkensee" title="Falkensee">Falkensee</a></li> <li><i>-stadt</i>, <i>-stedt</i>, <i>-stätt</i>, or <i>-stetten</i> ("settlement", "town", "place"; cf. English <i>stead</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Neustadt (disambiguation)">Neustadt</a>.</li> <li><i>-stein</i> ("stone", "rock", "castle"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Allenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Allenstein">Allenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartenstein">Bartenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Königstein (disambiguation)">Königstein</a>.</li> <li><i>-tal</i> or <i>-thal</i> ("valley", "dale"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ro%C3%9Ftal" title="Roßtal">Roßtal</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov" title="Jáchymov">St. Joachimsthal</a>.</li> <li><i>-thurm</i> or <i>-turm</i> ("tower"). Example: <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenthurm" title="Weißenthurm">Weißenthurm</a></li> <li><i>-wald</i> or <i>-walde</i> ("forest"; cf. English <i>weald, wold</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creutzwald" title="Creutzwald">Creutzwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regenwalde" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenwalde">Regenwalde</a>.</li> <li><i>-wang</i>, <i>-wangen</i>, or <i>-wängle</i> ("meadow"; cf. Norwegian <i>vang.</i> English <a href="/wiki/Wetwang" title="Wetwang"><i>wang</i></a>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Feuchtwangen" title="Feuchtwangen">Feuchtwangen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellwangen" title="Ellwangen">Ellwangen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nesselw%C3%A4ngle" title="Nesselwängle">Nesselwängle</a>.</li> <li><i>-weil</i>, <i>-weiler</i>, or <i>-willer</i> ("hamlet"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Annweiler_am_Trifels" title="Annweiler am Trifels">Annweiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eschweiler" title="Eschweiler">Eschweiler</a></li> <li><i>-wend</i>, or <i>-winden</i> (meaning small <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Slavic</a> settlements in Germanic surroundings). Examples: Bernhardwinden near <a href="/wiki/Ansbach" title="Ansbach">Ansbach</a>, Wenden near <a href="/wiki/Ebhausen" title="Ebhausen">Ebhausen</a>.</li> <li><i>-werder</i>, <i>-werth</i>, <i>-wörth</i>, or <i>-ort</i> ("island", "holm"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finkenwerder" title="Finkenwerder">Finkenwerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiserswerth" title="Kaiserswerth">Kaiserswerth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruhrort" title="Ruhrort">Ruhrort</a>.</li> <li><i>-wiese</i>, <i>-wiesen</i> ("meadow"). Example: <a href="/wiki/Scharfenwiese" class="mw-redirect" title="Scharfenwiese">Scharfenwiese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefixes">Prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prefixes can be used to distinguish nearby settlements with an otherwise same name. They can be attached or stand alone. Both settlements that are to be distinguished can have opposing prefixes (e.g. <i>Niederschönhausen</i> and <i>Hohenschönhausen</i>), but it is also common to attach the prefix only to one of them (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Neustettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Neustettin">Neustettin</a></i>). </p> <ul><li><i>Alt-</i>, <i>Alten-</i> or Low German <i>Olden-</i> ("old"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Alt_Eberstein" title="Alt Eberstein">Alt Eberstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altenberg,_Saxony" title="Altenberg, Saxony">Altenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>.</li> <li><i>Groß-</i> or <i>Großen-</i> ("greater"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Kiesow" title="Groß Kiesow">Groß Kiesow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fenhain" title="Großenhain">Großenhain</a>.</li> <li><i>Hoh-</i>, <i>Hohen-</i>, <i>Höch-</i> or <i>Hoch-</i> ("high(er)", "upper"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen" title="Hohenschönhausen">Hohenschönhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Haut-K%C5%93nigsbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg">Hohkönigsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6chstadt" title="Höchstadt">Höchstadt</a>.</li> <li><i>Klein-</i> or Low German <i>Lütten-</i> ("little"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Klein_Kiesow" class="mw-redirect" title="Klein Kiesow">Klein Kiesow</a>.</li> <li><i>Neu-</i>, <i>Neuen-</i> or Low German <i>Nien-</i> ("new"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Neuburg_am_Inn" title="Neuburg am Inn">Neuburg am Inn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuenkirchen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Neuenkirchen (disambiguation)">Neuenkirchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nienburg,_Lower_Saxony" title="Nienburg, Lower Saxony">Nienburg</a>.</li> <li><i>Nieder-</i> ("lower"; cf. English <i>nether</i>). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Niedersch%C3%B6nhausen" title="Niederschönhausen">Niederschönhausen</a>.</li> <li><i>Ober-</i> ("upper", "higher"), or <i>Oberst-</i> ("uppermost", "highest"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberwesel" title="Oberwesel">Oberwesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberstdorf" title="Oberstdorf">Oberstdorf</a>.</li> <li><i>Wendisch-</i>, <i>Windisch- (Slovene) </i> ("Wendish") . Examples: <a href="/wiki/Wendisch_Baggendorf" title="Wendisch Baggendorf">Wendisch Baggendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windischgarsten" title="Windischgarsten">Windischgarsten</a>. This sometimes refers (particularly in present and former Austrian territories) to the original language of the inhabitants. Other examples: Böhmisch Krummau (Česky Krumlov), Unter-Deutschau (Nemška Loka).</li> <li><i>Unter-</i> ("lower"; literally "under"). Examples: <a href="/wiki/Unterliederbach_(Frankfurt_am_Main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterliederbach (Frankfurt am Main)">Unterliederbach</a>.</li></ul> <p>Prefixes can also have a descriptive character. Examples are <i>Lichten-</i> or <i>Lichter-</i> ("open range", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lichtenhagen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lichtenhagen (disambiguation)">Lichtenhagen</a>), <i>Schön-</i> or <i>Schöne-</i> ("nice", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nwalde_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Schönwalde (disambiguation)">Schönwalde</a>), <i>Grün-</i> or <i>Grüne-</i> ("green", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Grunwald_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Grunwald (disambiguation)">Grunwald</a>). </p><p>Prefixes can also be used to indicate an (earlier) possession of the site. Examples are <i>Kirch-</i> ("ecclesial possession", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kirch_Jesar" title="Kirch Jesar">Kirch Jesar</a>), <i>Bischofs-</i> ("a bishop's possession", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bischofswerda" title="Bischofswerda">Bischofswerda</a>), <i>Grafen-</i> ("a count's possession", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Grafenw%C3%B6hr" title="Grafenwöhr">Grafenwöhr</a>), <i>Königs-</i> ("the king's", e.g. <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigs_Wusterhausen" title="Königs Wusterhausen">Königs Wusterhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>), <i>Kron-</i> (possession of the crown, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgenwalde" class="mw-redirect" title="Rügenwalde">Rügenwalde</a> (once belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">princes of Rügen</a>). </p><p>The prefix <i>Bad</i> ("bath") indicates the place is an officially acknowledged spa. See Bad Kissingen, Bad Pyrmont, etc. Some places, like Aachen, do not use it although they could. </p><p>Often the name of the village founder or of the first settler constitute the first part of the place name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Oettingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oettingen">Oettingen</a>, the founder was Otto; <a href="/wiki/Gerolfingen" title="Gerolfingen">Gerolfingen</a>, the founder was Gerolf, <a href="/wiki/Ribeauvill%C3%A9" title="Ribeauvillé">Rappoltsweiler</a>, the founder was Ratbald or Ratbert). Mostly in the former <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a> area, the locator's name was sometimes included as the first part of the name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hanshagen" title="Hanshagen">Hanshagen</a>, the locator was Hans). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachments">Attachments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attachments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some settlements have the name of a river or the province attached to their name to distinguish it from an (even distant) one carrying the same name. The distinguishing word can be added in parentheses, or connected to the name with prepositions <i>an der</i>/<i>am</i> ("at"), <i>ob der</i> ("upon"), <i>auf</i> ("on") or <i>in</i>/<i>im</i> ("in"), or separated by a slash. Examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a> (also written <i>Frankfurt an der Oder</i> or <i>Frankfurt/Oder</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_auf_R%C3%BCgen" title="Bergen auf Rügen">Bergen auf Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_in_Pommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauenburg in Pommern">Lauenburg in Pommern</a> (former German name of the Polish town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochel_am_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochel am See">Kochel am See</a> ("at the lake", without the specific name of <a href="/wiki/Kochelsee" title="Kochelsee">the lake</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchheim_unter_Teck" title="Kirchheim unter Teck">Kirchheim unter Teck</a> ("under the castle Teck")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahr/Schwarzwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahr/Schwarzwald">Lahr/Schwarzwald</a>, etc.</li></ul> <p>Often, attachments or prepositions are abbreviated in the official names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Berg,_Upper_Palatinate" title="Berg, Upper Palatinate">Berg b.Neumarkt i.d.OPf.</a> ("Berg bei Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz"), or compare <a href="/wiki/Landau_in_der_Pfalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Landau in der Pfalz">Landau in der Pfalz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landau_an_der_Isar" title="Landau an der Isar">Landau a.d.Isar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Langenfeld_(Rheinland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Langenfeld (Rheinland)">Langenfeld (Rheinland)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stolberg_(Rhld.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolberg (Rhld.)">Stolberg (Rhld.)</a> </p><p>Sometimes, a descriptive word is attached to a new settlement, that was once budding of another one and except for the attached word has the same name. </p> <ul><li><i>(...)-Siedlung</i> ("settlement")</li> <li><i>(...)-Hof</i> ("farm"), sometimes carrying an additional Roman number (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanz_Hof_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanz Hof IV (page does not exist)">Sanz Hof IV</a>)</li> <li><i>(...)-Ausbau</i> ("expansion")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The old Germanic <i><a href="/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau (country subdivision)">Gaue</a></i> districts were established by Charlemagne; earlier derivations were <i>Gowe" and "Gouwe.</i> One can still find the old <i>Gouwe</i> (Gau) for example in Haspengouw (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> name of <a href="/wiki/Hesbaye" title="Hesbaye">Hesbaye</a>) or Gäu as in <a href="/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u" title="Allgäu">Allgäu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_names_from_modern_times">German names from modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German names from modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They usually follow the established patterns. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Wupper" title="Wupper">Wupper</a> dale/valley"), <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Karl-Marx-Stadt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> city", name for Chemnitz during the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">DDR</a> era), <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> ("William's haven/harbor", referring to King <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I of Prussia</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_place_names_derived_from_other_languages">German place names derived from other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: German place names derived from other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> names</b>, used in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> times in the southern and western parts of the German language area. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> (from Latin <i>Moguntiacum</i>, derived from a Celtic name), <a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">Remagen</a> (from Celtic <i>Rigomagos</i> ("king's field"), Latinized as <i>Rigomagus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Wien</a> (Vienna) (from Celtic <i>Windobona</i> ("fair bottom country") [Latinized as <i>Vindobona</i>] or Celtic <i>Wedunia</i> ("forest brook") [Latinized as <i>Vedunia</i>]), <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> (from the Celtic word <i>turicon</i>, derived from <i>turus</i>; the old name of the town in its Romanized form was <i>Turicum.</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names</b>: <ul><li>from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> times, when the southern and western parts of the German language area belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> (from <i>Confluentes</i> "joining rivers"), <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln">Köln</a> (Cologne) (from <i>Colonia</i> "colony"), <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> (from <i>Aquae</i> "springs"), <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augst" title="Augst">Augst</a> (from <i>Augusta</i> "city of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>" and the Germanic suffix <i>-burg</i>).</li> <li>from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times, when Latin was the language of church and administration. Examples: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="München">München</a> (Munich) (from <i>monachus</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>", ultimately from Greek μοναχός - <i>monachos</i>), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> (from <i>monasterium</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>", ultimately from Greek μοναστήριον - <i>monastērion</i>), <a href="/wiki/Neum%C3%BCnster" title="Neumünster">Neumünster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraum%C3%BCnster" title="Fraumünster">Fraumünster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grossm%C3%BCnster" title="Grossmünster">Grossmünster</a>. See also <i><a href="/wiki/Minster_(cathedral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minster (cathedral)">minster</a></i>.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> names</b>: Prior to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a> were spoken in the eastern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The German settlers and administration in many cases adopted existing <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wendish</a> placenames, for example <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> (from Old Polabian <i>rostok</i>, "<a href="/wiki/River_fork" title="River fork">river fork</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> (from Sorbian <i>Drežďany</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (possibly from a Polabian word meaning "Swamp"). For the same reason, many German placenames ending in <i>-anz</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ummanz" title="Ummanz">Ummanz</a>), <i>-gard</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Burg_Stargard" title="Burg Stargard">Burg Stargard</a>), <i>-gast</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wolgast" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a>), <i>-itz</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lancken-Granitz" title="Lancken-Granitz">Lancken-Granitz</a>), <i>-ow</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtzkow" title="Gützkow">Gützkow</a>), and <i>-vitz</i> or <i>-witz</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Malschwitz" title="Malschwitz">Malschwitz</a>) have Slavic roots. Due to spelling and pronunciation changes over the centuries, the original Wendish term in most cases is not preserved. Also, some placenames combine a German with a Wendish term (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Altentreptow" title="Altentreptow">Altentreptow</a>). The German suffix <i>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/au" class="extiw" title="wikt:au">au</a></i> can be related to the Slavic <i>-ow</i> and <i>-ov</i> when derived from the Old German spelling (u= w =double u; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Prenzlau" title="Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> was earlier spelled <i>Prenzlow</i>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian</a> names</b>: The region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig" title="Southern Schleswig">Southern Schleswig</a> was part of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> on the Jutland peninsula, which belonged to the Crown of Denmark until Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark in 1864, leading to dozens of placenames of Danish origin, except in North Frisia and the southernmost area. Typical Scandinavian endings include -by, -bøl, -trup, -lund, -ved, -toft (in German form: -by, -büll, -trup, -lund, -witt, -toft). In some cases the South Jutlandic form has been eradicated from the Standard Danish variety of the name, but is still visible in the Germanised version:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard Danish</th> <th>South Jutlandic</th> <th>German </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Meden</i></td> <td><i>Mejn</i></td> <td><i>Meyn</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Bilskov</i></td> <td><i>Bilskau</i></td> <td><i>Billschau</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Agtrup</i></td> <td><i>Achtrup</i></td> <td><i>Achtrup</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Jydbæk</i></td> <td><i>Jybæk</i></td> <td><i>Jübek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sønderup</i></td> <td><i>Synnerup</i></td> <td><i>Sünderup</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In many other cases the Germanised versions are out of <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymological</a> context. Examples include the Danish ending <i>-næs</i> (peninsula) being replaced by <i>-nitz</i>, an unrelated Slavic ending which is common in eastern Germany. Such arbitrary translations were often made by the central Prussian government after the whole of Slesvig was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Second War of Schleswig">war of 1864</a>. </p><p>The South Jutlandic name of the town of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> (Slesvig), from which the region derives its name, was <i>Sljasvig</i> with the stress on the second syllable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_toponymy" title="Germanic toponymy">Germanic toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_toponymy" title="Celtic toponymy">Celtic toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_exonyms" title="German exonyms">German exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_names_for_Central_European_towns" title="German names for Central European towns">German names for Central European towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_exonyms_for_German_toponyms" title="List of English exonyms for German toponyms">List of English exonyms for German toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_exonyms" title="List of European exonyms">List of European exonyms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=87575"><i>Danzig-Putzig</i></a>. Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme. 1943.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig-Putzig&rft.pub=Reichsamt+f%C3%BCr+Landesaufnahme&rft.date=1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkpbc.umk.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdoccontent%3Fid%3D87575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+toponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/*lang=en&lat=53.983146&lon=11.958618&z=11&m=b">"Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wikimapia+-+Let%27s+describe+the+whole+world%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikimapia.org%2F%2Alang%3Den%26lat%3D53.983146%26lon%3D11.958618%26z%3D11%26m%3Db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+toponymy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graenseforeningen.dk/artikel/3845">Stednavne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117081652/http://www.graenseforeningen.dk/artikel/3845">Archived</a> 2006-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger,_Dieter1999" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Dieter (1999). <i>Geographische Namen in Deutschland</i>. Mannheim: Duden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-411-06252-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-411-06252-5"><bdi>3-411-06252-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographische+Namen+in+Deutschland&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pub=Duden&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-411-06252-5&rft.au=Berger%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+toponymy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_toponymy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onomastik.com/on_grundwoerter.php">Grundwörter in Ortsnamen</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.isoglosse.de/2015/07/cluster-von-toponymsuffixen-in-deutschland/">http://www.isoglosse.de/2015/07/cluster-von-toponymsuffixen-in-deutschland/</a> clusters of <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> suffixes in Germany</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssz.fr/places/#//">https://ssz.fr/places/#//</a> Placename pattern visualization using regular expressions</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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