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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Administrative unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_mayors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_mayors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lord mayors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_mayors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_local_enterprises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_local_enterprises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Major local enterprises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_local_enterprises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts_of_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts_of_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Courts of Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts_of_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture and places of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_places_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and places of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Orchestras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cultural institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples_of_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples_of_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Notable examples of architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples_of_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Pre-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sites_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sites_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Other sites of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sites_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Honorary citizens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Miscellaneous topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pforzheim</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="بفورتسهايم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بفورتسهايم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforshaym" title="Pforshaym – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pforshaym" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فورتسهایم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فورتسهایم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцгайм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пфорцгайм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцгайм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пфорцгайм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцхайм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пфорцхайм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim_(munisipyo)" title="Pforzheim (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pforzheim (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BC" title="Πφόρτσχαϊμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πφόρτσχαϊμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فورتسهایم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فورتسهایم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%ED%95%98%EC%9E%84" title="포르츠하임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르츠하임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%81%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4" title="Պֆորցհայմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պֆորցհայմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцхайм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пфорцхайм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פפורצהיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פפורצהיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პფორცჰაიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პფორცჰაიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorca" title="Phorca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phorca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforcheima" title="Pforcheima – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pforcheima" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforcheimas" title="Pforcheimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pforcheimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC" title="Пфорцхајм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пфорцхајм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ഫോർസ്ഹൈം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ഫോർസ്ഹൈം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="بفورتسهايم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بفورتسهايم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0" title="プフォルツハイム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プフォルツハイム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцхайм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пфорцхайм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85" title="فورزہائم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فورزہائم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцхайм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пфорцхайм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцхайм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пфорцхайм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فۆرتسھایم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆرتسھایم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC" title="Пфорцхајм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пфорцхајм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцһайм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пфорцһайм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟอทซ์ไฮม์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟอทซ์ไฮม์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Пфорцгайм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пфорцгайм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86" title="普福尔茨海姆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普福尔茨海姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%8C%A8%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86" title="佛茨海姆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佛茨海姆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pforzheim" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pforzheim&params=48_53_42_N_08_42_18_E_type:city(127849)_region:DE-BW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°53′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°42′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.89500°N 8.70500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.89500; 8.70500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pforzheim" title="Special:EditPage/Pforzheim">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pforzheim%22">"Pforzheim"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pforzheim%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pforzheim%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pforzheim%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pforzheim%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pforzheim%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Pforzheim </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Nagold,_Stadtkirche_und_Enz_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Panorama_Nagold%2C_Stadtkirche_und_Enz_%281%29.jpg/250px-Panorama_Nagold%2C_Stadtkirche_und_Enz_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Panorama_Nagold%2C_Stadtkirche_und_Enz_%281%29.jpg/375px-Panorama_Nagold%2C_Stadtkirche_und_Enz_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Panorama_Nagold%2C_Stadtkirche_und_Enz_%281%29.jpg/500px-Panorama_Nagold%2C_Stadtkirche_und_Enz_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3943" data-file-height="1965" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pforzheim.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pforzheim"><img alt="Flag of Pforzheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Pforzheim.svg/120px-Flag_of_Pforzheim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Pforzheim.svg/250px-Flag_of_Pforzheim.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pforzheim.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Pforzheim"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pforzheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wappen_Pforzheim.svg/76px-Wappen_Pforzheim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wappen_Pforzheim.svg/114px-Wappen_Pforzheim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wappen_Pforzheim.svg/152px-Wappen_Pforzheim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="538" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Pforzheim</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_999d7564ef7690ea3bd566ec64a9a722f4b72137"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pforzheim&revid=1280807276&groups=_999d7564ef7690ea3bd566ec64a9a722f4b72137" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pforzheim&revid=1280807276&groups=_999d7564ef7690ea3bd566ec64a9a722f4b72137 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pforzheim is located in Germany"><img alt="Pforzheim is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.544%;left:32.05%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pforzheim"><img alt="Pforzheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Pforzheim </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pforzheim is located in Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Pforzheim is located in Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/250px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg/500px-Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.555%;left:41.16%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pforzheim"><img alt="Pforzheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Pforzheim </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Baden-Württemberg</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pforzheim&params=48_53_42_N_08_42_18_E_type:city(127849)_region:DE-BW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°53′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°42′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.89500°N 8.70500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.89500; 8.70500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(region)" title="Karlsruhe (region)">Karlsruhe </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stadtkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtkreis">Stadtkreis </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">16 <a href="/wiki/Stadtteil" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtteil">Stadtteile</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2017–25) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Boch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Boch (page does not exist)">Peter Boch</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">98.03 km<sup>2</sup> (37.85 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">273 m (896 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">127,849</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,300/km<sup>2</sup> (3,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">75172–75181</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">07231, 07234, 07041</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany" title="Vehicle registration plates of Germany">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">PF</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pforzheim.de/">www.pforzheim.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pforzheim</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈpfɔʁtshaɪm]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6a\/Pforzheim.ogg\/Pforzheim.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pforzheim.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Pforzheim.ogg/Pforzheim.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pforzheim.ogg" title="File:Pforzheim.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">city</a> of over 125,000 inhabitants in the federal state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, in the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>It is known for its jewelry and watch-making industry, and as such has gained the nickname "Goldstadt" ("Golden City"). With an area of 97.8 square kilometres (37.8 sq mi), it is situated about halfway between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> at the confluence of three rivers (<a href="/wiki/Enz" title="Enz">Enz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagold_(river)" title="Nagold (river)">Nagold</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_(Nagold)" title="Würm (Nagold)">Würm</a>). It marks the frontier between <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, being located on Baden territory. From 1535 to 1565, it was the home to the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Margraviate of Baden-Durlach">Margraves of Baden-Durlach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The City of Pforzheim is a <i><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Stadtkreis</a></i>, meaning it is both a <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">district</a> at the same time. Also, it hosts the administrative offices of the <a href="/wiki/Enz_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enz (district)">Enz</a> district that surrounds the city.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Pforzheim was bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> a number of times. The largest raid, and one of the most devastating <a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">area bombardments</a> of World War II, was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) on the evening of 23 February 1945. Nearly one third of the town's population, 17,600 people, were killed in the air raid, and about 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed. The Allies believed that precision instruments were being produced here for use in the German war effort and that the town was a transport centre for the movement of German troops. </p><p>From 1945 to 1948, Pforzheim (after the initial French occupation) was <a href="/wiki/American-occupied_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="American-occupied zone of Germany">administered by the United States military</a> and was part of the short-lived state of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>. In the 20 years following the end of the war, Pforzheim was gradually rebuilt. The town reflects the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">postwar period</a> and has some landmark buildings of the 1950s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pforzheim" title="Special:EditPage/Pforzheim">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pforzheim is located at the northern rim of the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> (Schwarzwald) and the rim of the hilly country of the <a href="/wiki/Kraichgau" title="Kraichgau">Kraichgau</a>, in an open valley at the confluences of the rivers <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm" title="Würm">Würm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagold" title="Nagold">Nagold</a>, as well as the rivers Nagold and <a href="/wiki/Enz" title="Enz">Enz</a>. Due to its location, this city is also called the "three-valleys town" (<i>Drei-Täler Stadt</i>) or the "Gateway to the Black Forest" (<i>Pforte zum Schwarzwald / Porta Hercynia</i>). </p><p>Pforzheim and its surrounding area belongs to the "Densely Populated Area Karlsruhe/Pforzheim". Pforzheim has the functions of a regional center (Mittelzentrum) for the towns and municipalities <a href="/wiki/Birkenfeld_(Enz)" title="Birkenfeld (Enz)">Birkenfeld (Enz)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eisingen" title="Eisingen">Eisingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engelsbrand" title="Engelsbrand">Engelsbrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friolzheim" title="Friolzheim">Friolzheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heimsheim" title="Heimsheim">Heimsheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ispringen" title="Ispringen">Ispringen</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4mpfelbach" title="Kämpfelbach">Kämpfelbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keltern" title="Keltern">Keltern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kieselbronn" title="Kieselbronn">Kieselbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsbach-Stein" title="Königsbach-Stein">Königsbach-Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nsheim" title="Mönsheim">Mönsheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuenb%C3%BCrg" title="Neuenbürg">Neuenbürg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuhausen_(Enz)" title="Neuhausen (Enz)">Neuhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neulingen" title="Neulingen">Neulingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niefern-%C3%96schelbronn" title="Niefern-Öschelbronn">Niefern-Öschelbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96lbronn-D%C3%BCrrn" title="Ölbronn-Dürrn">Ölbronn-Dürrn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remchingen" title="Remchingen">Remchingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straubenhardt" title="Straubenhardt">Straubenhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiefenbronn" title="Tiefenbronn">Tiefenbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiernsheim" title="Wiernsheim">Wiernsheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wimsheim" title="Wimsheim">Wimsheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wurmberg" title="Wurmberg">Wurmberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbouring_communities">Neighbouring communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neighbouring communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following towns and communities share borderlines with the City of Pforzheim. Below they are mentioned in clockwise order, beginning to the north of the city. Except for Unterreichenbach, which belongs to the district of <a href="/wiki/Calw_(district)" title="Calw (district)">Calw</a>, all of them are part of the <a href="/wiki/Enz_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enz (district)">Enz</a> district. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ispringen" title="Ispringen">Ispringen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neulingen" title="Neulingen">Neulingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kieselbronn" title="Kieselbronn">Kieselbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niefern-%C3%96schelbronn" title="Niefern-Öschelbronn">Niefern-Öschelbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wurmberg" title="Wurmberg">Wurmberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wimsheim" title="Wimsheim">Wimsheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friolzheim" title="Friolzheim">Friolzheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiefenbronn" title="Tiefenbronn">Tiefenbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuhausen_(Enz)" title="Neuhausen (Enz)">Neuhausen (Enz)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unterreichenbach" title="Unterreichenbach">Unterreichenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engelsbrand" title="Engelsbrand">Engelsbrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birkenfeld_(Enz)" title="Birkenfeld (Enz)">Birkenfeld (Enz)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keltern_(Baden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keltern (Baden)">Keltern</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4mpfelbach" title="Kämpfelbach">Kämpfelbach</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_wards">City wards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: City wards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Pforzheim consists of 16 city wards. The communities Büchenbronn, <a href="/wiki/Eutingen_an_der_Enz" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutingen an der Enz">Eutingen an der Enz</a>, Hohenwart, Huchenfeld and Würm, which by way of the latest regional administrative reform during the 1970s were incorporated into Pforzheim's <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">administration</a>, are represented by independent <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">community councils</a> and community administrations. In important matters concerning any of these communities the opinions of the respective community councils must be taken into consideration. However, final decisions on the matter will be made by the Pforzheim <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">city council</a>. </p> <ul><li>City center (<i>Innenstadt</i>)</li> <li>Northern ward (<i>Nordstadt</i>)</li> <li>Eastern ward (<i>Oststadt</i>)</li> <li>Southeastern ward (<i>Südoststadt</i>)</li> <li>Southwestern ward (<i>Südweststadt</i>)</li> <li>Western ward (<i>Weststadt</i>)</li> <li>Arlinger</li> <li>Brötzingen</li> <li>Buckenberg and Hagenschieß; including Altgefäll, Haidach and Wald-Siedlung</li> <li>Büchenbronn including Sonnenberg</li> <li>Sonnenhof</li> <li>Dillweißenstein</li> <li>Eutingen an der Enz including Mäuerach</li> <li>Hohenwart</li> <li>Huchenfeld</li> <li>Würm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This climate table an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Climate" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe § Climate</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlsruhe&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Karlsruhe normals 1991-10/2008, Rheinstetten normals 11/2008-2020, extremes 1948–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">-0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.3<br />(11.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.0<br />(−4.0) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.9<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6<br />(5.7) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3<br />(15.3) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.7<br />(−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.0<br />(−4.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0<br />(2.24) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.6<br />(2.07) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.4<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2<br />(1.78) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.2<br />(3.04) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0<br />(2.44) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5<br />(2.62) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.4<br />(2.54) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(2.83) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">750<br />(29.52) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #686868; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.4 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.1 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239.7 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239.9 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.8 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.8 </td> <td style="background: #737373; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.9 </td> <td style="background: #4E4E4E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,839.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Data derived from <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Pforzheim </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81<br />(3.2) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">770<br />(30.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.4<br />(8.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #2B2BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.6 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">160.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.9 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.3 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.1 </td> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.8 </td> <td style="background: #C6C601; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,820.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6D6D6D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #898989; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #676767; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #F7F721; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather2visit,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="History of Baden-Württemberg">History of Baden-Württemberg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> earlier than the current centers of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> were. These colonists constructed a <a href="/wiki/Ford_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford (river)">ford</a> through the river, shortly past the confluence of the three rivers, for their military highway. Due to this strategic location, Pforzheim later became a center for the <a href="/wiki/Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">timber-rafting</a> trade, which transported timber from the Black Forest via the rivers Wuerm, Nagold, Enz and down the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to, among other markets, the Netherlands for use in shipbuilding. Their timbers were also used to construct the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, which was built in a swamp. </p><p><b>Since 90:</b> A settlement was established by Roman citizens at the Enz River near the modern <i>Altstädter Brücke</i> (old town bridge). Archeological surveys have unearthed several artifacts of that period which are kept and displayed in the Kappelhof Museum. The settlement was located where the Roman military road connecting the military camp <a href="/wiki/Argentoratum" title="Argentoratum">Argentoratum</a> (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> in France) and the military camp at <a href="/wiki/Cannstatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannstatt">Cannstatt</a> (now a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Germanic Limes">Upper Germanic Limes</a> border line of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Enz" title="Enz">Enz</a> river. </p><p>This place was known as <i>Portus</i> (meaning "river crossing, harbor"), which is believed to be the origin of the first part of the city's name "Pforzheim". A Roman milestone (the so-called 'Leugenstein') from the year 245 was excavated in modern times at present-day <a href="/wiki/Friolzheim" title="Friolzheim">Friolzheim</a>; it is marked with the exact distance to 'Portus' and is the first documented evidence of the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>259/260:</b> The Roman settlement 'Portus' was destroyed completely, as the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> tribes overran the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Germanic Limes">Upper Germanic Limes</a> border line of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and conquered the Roman administered area west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> River. From then on, over an extended period of time, historical records about the settlement were not available.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>6th/7th century:</b> Graves from this period indicate that the settlement had been continued.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p><b>1067:</b> The settlement was mentioned as "Phorzheim" for the first time, in a document by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Visits to Pforzheim by Heinrich IV in 1067 and 1074 are documented.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p><b>Before 1080:</b> The "old town" of Pforzheim was awarded <a href="/wiki/Market_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Market rights">market rights</a> (<i>Marktrecht</i>). At that time Pforzheim belonged to the estate of <a href="/wiki/Hirsau" title="Hirsau">Hirsau</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a>, according to monastery documents.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>From 1150:</b> Establishment of the "new town" west of the "old town" at the foot of the Schlossberg (palais hill) under Margrave <a href="/wiki/Hermann_V,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann V, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Hermann V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1200:</b> The town charter of the "new town" was mentioned for the first time in a document. The "old town" continued to exist as a legally independent entity.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1220:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Baden">Margraves of Baden</a> selected Pforzheim as their residence. This resulted in the "new town" becoming prominent. </p><p><b>1240:</b> A mayor of Pforzheim was mentioned in a document for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>13th/14th century:</b> Pforzheim enjoyed its first period of flourishing. A group of influential <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patricians</a> emerged. They developed the financial markets of those days. The town drew its income from the wood trade, <a href="/wiki/Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">timber rafting</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tannery</a> trade, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> manufacturing, and other crafts. Documents mention <i>mayor, judge, council and citizens</i>. </p><p>The town walls surrounding the new town were completed about 1290. During this era, three <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">orders</a> established their <a href="/wiki/Convents" class="mw-redirect" title="Convents">convents</a> in town (the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> order established their domicile within the town wall at present-day <i>Barfuesserkirche</i> (the choir of which remains), the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">sisters</a> order established their domicile outside the walls of the old town near Auer Bridge, and the Prediger cloister was located east of the Schlossberg, probably inside the town walls). Outside the town wall and across the Enz river, the suburb <i>Flösser Quarters</i> (the home of the timber-floating trade) was established. Next to the western town wall, the suburb of <i>Brötzingen</i> gradually developed. </p><p>The Margraves of Baden considered Pforzheim as their most important power base up to the first half of the 14th century. Under Margrave <a href="/wiki/Bernard_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Bernard I</a> (Bernhard I), Pforzheim became one of the administrative centers of the margraviate.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 39–76">: 39–76 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frei_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1322:</b> Holy Ghost Hospital was founded at Tränk Street (present-day Deimling Street).<sup id="cite_ref-Die_Pest_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Die_Pest-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">fraternities</a>, also known as guilds, among people working in the same trade were established: The fraternity of <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailors</a> in 1410, the fraternity of <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">bakers</a> on 14 May 1422, the fraternity of the <a href="/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver (occupation)">weavers</a> in 1469, the fraternity of the <a href="/wiki/Wine-grower" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-grower">wine-growers</a> in 1491, the fraternity of the <a href="/wiki/Skipper_(boating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skipper (boating)">skippers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timber_raftsmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber raftsmen">timber raftsmen</a> in 1501, and the fraternity of the <a href="/wiki/Carting_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Carting business">carters</a> in 1512. Members of the same fraternity assisted each other in various ways, for example with <a href="/wiki/Funerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerals">funerals</a> and in cases of sickness. In a sense, the fraternities were early forms of health and <a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Die_Pest_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Die_Pest-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>8–9 August 1418:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor</a> visits <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Bernard I</a> (Bernhard I) in Pforzheim. On this occasion the <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> of the Margraves of Baden in Pforzheim was mentioned. Mint master was Jakob Broeglin between 1414 and 1431. The emperor appointed the master of the Pforzheim mint, Jakob Bröglin, and Bois von der Winterbach for five years as Royal Mint Masters of the mints of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a>. The Margrave was appointed as their patron.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 172">: 172 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frei_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1447:</b> The wedding of <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Charles I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Charles I</a> (Karl I) of Baden with <a href="/wiki/Katharina" title="Katharina">Katharina</a> of Austria, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (Friedrich III), was celebrated in Pforzheim with great pomp (including <a href="/wiki/Tournaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Tournaments">tournaments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances">dances</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 223">: 223 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frei_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuchlin-Gymnasium_Pforzheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reuchlin-Gymnasium_Pforzheim.jpg/250px-Reuchlin-Gymnasium_Pforzheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reuchlin-Gymnasium_Pforzheim.jpg/330px-Reuchlin-Gymnasium_Pforzheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Reuchlin-Gymnasium_Pforzheim.jpg/500px-Reuchlin-Gymnasium_Pforzheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Reuchlin-Gymnasium</i> (Reuchlin-Highschool) today near the water tower</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1455:</b> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Reuchlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Reuchlin">Johannes Reuchlin</a>, the great German <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>, was born in Pforzheim on 29 January (he died in Stuttgart on 30 June 1522). He attended the <a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">Latin School</a> section of the monastery school run by the Dominican order of Pforzheim in the late 1460s. Later, partly due to Reuchlin's efforts, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">Latin School</a> of Pforzheim developed into one of the most prominent schools in southwestern Germany, named <i><a href="/wiki/Reuchlin-Gymnasium" title="Reuchlin-Gymnasium">Reuchlin-Gymnasium</a></i>. The school's teachers and pupils played an outstanding role in the dissemination of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">protestant reformation</a> movement. The most famous pupils included Reuchlin himself, Reuchlin's nephew <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Grynaeus" title="Simon Grynaeus">Simon Grynaeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht89_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9–50">: 9–50 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1460:</b> Margrave Charles I established a kind of monastery (Kollegialstift) at the site of Schlosskirche St. Michael, turning the church into a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a>. There were also plans to establish a university in Pforzheim, but this plan had to be abandoned because Margrave Charles I lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seckenheim" title="Battle of Seckenheim">Battle of Seckenheim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 107–150">: 107–150 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1463:</b> Margrave Charles I was forced to transfer the palace and the town of Pforzheim as a <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector Palatine">Elector Palatine</a> after losing the Battle of Seckenheim. He then began to build a new palace in modern <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christoph_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> finally moved the residence of the margraves to Baden-Baden. This gradually ended the first period of Pforzheim's flourishment. The rich merchants gradually left the town, which declined to the status of a country town of mostly small traders.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: ((39-76)), 117">: ((39-76)), 117 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1486:</b> The <i>Weavers Ordinance</i> (<i>Wollweberordnung</i>) for the towns Pforzheim und <a href="/wiki/Ettlingen" title="Ettlingen">Ettlingen</a> was approved by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a>. This was a contract concerning the town privileges of Pforzheim. This regulation of the weaving trade did not allow the formation of a regular <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> (Zunft).<sup id="cite_ref-Becht89_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 39–76">: 39–76 </span></sup> </p><p><b>1491:</b> A contract between <a href="/wiki/Christoph_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> and the citizens of Pforzheim was concluded, granting the town of Pforzheim several privileges concerning taxes and business.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht89_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1496:</b> Foundation of the first printer's shop by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Anshelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Anshelm (page does not exist)">Thomas Anshelm</a>. During the first half of the 16th century Pforzheim's printers contributed significantly to the establishment of this (in those days) new medium.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1501:</b> <a href="/wiki/Christoph_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> enacted the "<a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">Ordinance</a> on the timber rafting profession in Pforzheim". The single timber logs that were floated from the deeper Black Forest areas down the Enz, Nagold and Wuerm rivers were bound together in the Au area to form larger timber rafts. Those rafts were then floated down the lower Enz, Neckar and Rhine rivers. The timber rafting stations of Weissenstein, Dillstein and Pforzheim were well known in the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1501 was also the year for which an outbreak of the plague (probably the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>) is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a> <i>Annalium Suevicorum</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Karls_University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen">Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen</a> professor Martin Grusius, published 1596. It is not known how many of Pforzheim's citizens died in that year, but there are reports of 500 deceased in the close by city of <a href="/wiki/Calw" title="Calw">Calw</a> and about 4000 in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, which accounted for approximately one quarter to one half of the populations of those towns. Outbreaks of the disease were reported for many places in southwestern Germany, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> region in nowadays France, Switzerland, and Italy. <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">Common graves</a> with massive numbers of human bones at the cemetery of St. Michael Church and the cemetery on the estate of the Dominican order near nowadays Waisenhausplatz found during the last century may indicate that hundreds of citizens became the victims of the plague. There are indications that a <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_and_service_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal and service organizations">fraternity</a> for taking care of the sick and removing the bodies of the deceased from houses was formed in 1501, whose members later on stayed together and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Choral_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral society">choral society</a> <i>Singergesellschaft</i>, which is still active today as the <i>Loebliche Singergesellschaft of 1501</i>. (They are probably one of the oldest clubs in Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-Die_Pest_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Die_Pest-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1520s:</b> The ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> movement advanced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> spread rapidly in Pforzheim. Its most prominent promoters were Johannes Schwebel, a preacher at Holy Ghost church (Heiliggeistkirche), and Johannes Unger, the principal of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">Latin school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1535–1565:</b> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">heritage</a> division of the clan of the Margraves of Baden, <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach">Ernst of Baden</a> made Pforzheim the residential town of his family line. He decided to use the Schlosskirche St. Michael as the entombment site for his family line.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1549:</b> A large fire caused severe damage to the town. </p><p><b>1556:</b> After the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> in 1555, <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_II,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach">Karl II</a> introduced <i>Lutheranism</i> (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>) as the state religion in the district <a href="/wiki/Baden-Durlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Baden-Durlach">Baden-Durlach</a>, which included Pforzheim. The (Catholic) monasteries were gradually shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1565:</b> Margrave Karl II chose Durlach as the new residential town. Pforzheim stayed one of the administrative centers of Baden.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1618:</b> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the number of inhabitants of Pforzheim is estimated to have been between 2500 and 3000. This was the largest town among all towns in Baden, even though at that time it had already declined somewhat. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pf_meria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pf_meria.jpg/220px-Pf_meria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pf_meria.jpg/330px-Pf_meria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pf_meria.jpg/440px-Pf_meria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>A view of Pforzheim in the early 17th century. It shows all significant landmarks including the city wall, the rivers Enz and Nagold, the three monastery churches and the Margrave's residence on Schlossberg hill.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>1645:</b> Toward the end of the Thirty Years' War the "old town" was burned down by <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> (i.e. Catholic) troops. It was rebuilt, but without the former <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a>, which gave it the status of a village-like settlement. It soon vanished from historical records. The "new town" had survived.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1688–1697:</b> The "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Palatinian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Palatinian Succession">War of the Palatinian Succession</a>" (also called the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War">Nine Years War</a>) caused tremendous destruction in Southwestern Germany. The French "sun king" <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>'s efforts to expand the territory of France up to the Upper Rhine river and to put the <a href="/wiki/Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector Palatine">Elector Palatine</a> under pressure to severe its ties with the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Augsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Augsburg">League of Augsburg</a> included the <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BBlez_le_Palatinat!" class="mw-redirect" title="Brûlez le Palatinat!">Brûlez le Palatinat!</a></i> tactics of destroying major towns on both sides of the Rhine river. These tactics seem to have been mainly the idea of the French war minister, François Michel le Tellier, <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Louvois" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Louvois">Marquis de Louvois</a>. </p><p>Pforzheim was occupied by French troops on 10 October 1688. Commanding officer is said to have been <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Montclar" title="Joseph de Montclar">Joseph de Montclar</a>. The town was forced to accommodate a large number of soldiers and had to pay a large amount of "contributions" to the French. When the army unit was about to depart early in the morning of 21 January 1689 (obviously because an army of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> had been approaching), they set many major buildings on fire, including the palais, the city hall, and vicarages. About 70 houses (i.e. one quarter of all houses) and part of the town's fortifications were reportedly destroyed. </p><p>Between 2 and 4 August, the French army under the general command of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Henri_de_Durfort_de_Duras" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras">Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras</a> again crossed the Rhine river and began the destruction of major towns in Baden. On 10 August 1689, a French army unit under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Ez%C3%A9chiel_du_Mas,_Comte_de_M%C3%A9lac" title="Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac">Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac</a> appeared in front of Pforzheims town gates, but this time the town refused to surrender. In response, the French army began shelling the town with cannons from the Rod hill located southwest of the town, and the several hundred soldiers of the German imperial command, who were defending the town, were forced to surrender. After a short period of looting, the French troops set the inner town area on fire on 15 August, which made that area uninhabitable for several weeks. Then the French moved on. </p><p>During the following two years, French troops stayed away from Pforzheim, but the economic situation of the town was miserable. In addition to this, the reconstruction of the town and the repairs of the fortifications under the supervision of Johann Matthaeus Faulhaber, the chief construction officer of the Margraviate Baden, required a lot of efforts. The accommodation of an imperial garrison under the command of (then) colonel Count <a href="/wiki/Palffy" class="mw-redirect" title="Palffy">Palffy</a> also was a heavy burden. </p><p>In 1691, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Louvois</a> instructed his marshals to destroy those towns which were to serve as winter quarters for imperial troops, explicitly including Pforzheim, and then continue to Wuerttemberg for further destructions. After the French troops had crossed the Rhine river under the command of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Guy_Aldonce_de_Durfort_de_Lorges" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges">Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges</a> at <a href="/wiki/Philippsburg" title="Philippsburg">Philippsburg</a> on 3 August 1691, they assaulted the Margraves' residential town of <a href="/wiki/Durlach" title="Durlach">Durlach</a> and 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> men, 300 <a href="/wiki/Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoons">dragoons</a> and 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> men advanced toward Pforzheim where they arrived in the morning on 9 August and surrounded the town. When the approximately 200 imperial soldiers under the command of Captain Zickwolf and other men in the town refused to surrender, the siege began. After shelling the town during the day and the following night, the resistance of the town broke down and on 10 August in the morning the French forced the town gates open, occupied and looted it (although with little success, as there was not much left to be taken away). On 12 August, the French moved on, this time refraining from setting houses on fire. The fortification had again been damaged, though (the White Tower, the Auer Bridge Gate, the Upper Mill and the Nonnen Mill were burnt down). The French also stole all church bells, except for one minor one. </p><p>On 20 September 1692, again crossed the Rhine river under the general command of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Aldonce_de_Durfort_de_Lorges" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges">Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges</a>, and advanced toward <a href="/wiki/Durlach" title="Durlach">Durlach</a> and Pforzheim. On 24 September, 2,000 cavalry soldiers and 1,200 infantry and artillery troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Bouton_de_Chamilly" title="Noël Bouton de Chamilly">Noël Bouton de Chamilly</a>, moved to Pforzheim, where the town and 600 soldiers of the imperial German army in town surrendered without any military engagements. The rest of the French army arrived on 27 September under the command of Marshal de Lorges. On the same day, the French army moved on to Oetisheim near <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlacker" title="Mühlacker">Mühlacker</a> and attacked an imperial army unit of 4,000 cavalry men under the command of Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Charles_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Winnental" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Charles of Württemberg-Winnental">Frederick Charles of Württemberg-Winnental</a> in their camp. As they were taken by surprise, they withdrew hastily and lost several hundred men, either killed or captured by the French. (The Duke himself was among the French prisoners.) On 28 September, the French army returned to Pforzheim and established a camp. It was reported that the entire <a href="/wiki/Enz" title="Enz">Enz</a> valley between the village of Eutingen east of Pforzheim and the village of Birkenfeld west of Pforzheim was occupied by the 30,000 French soldiers' camps. From their base in Pforzheim, French army units obviously under the leadership of Marshal de Chamilly advanced along the river valleys of <a href="/wiki/Nagold" title="Nagold">Nagold</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_(Nagold)" title="Würm (Nagold)">Würm</a> and looted and destroyed the villages and towns of Huchenfeld, <a href="/wiki/Calw" title="Calw">Calw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsau" title="Hirsau">Hirsau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liebenzell" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebenzell">Liebenzell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zavelstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavelstein">Zavelstein</a>. They also destroyed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liebeneck_castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liebeneck castle (page does not exist)">Liebeneck castle</a> about 10 kilometres from Pforzheim towering above the Würm valley, where part of the Pforzheim town archives were hidden. The archive was burned. Another part of the town archive as well as documents of Baden administrative office had been brought to Calw, where they went up in flames, too. </p><p>When the French troops left after about one week of occupation, they again looted Pforzheim and put it on fire. This time, all houses which had survived the two previous fires, were destroyed. In the Au suburb, only three houses survived. The Au bridge was heavily damaged. Only four houses survived in the Broetzingen suburb. The town church of St. Stephen and a large part of the Dominican monastery complex were also destroyed. The Castle Church (Schlosskirche) of St. Michael was heavily damaged, and the family tombs of the Margraves of Baden in the church were desecrated by the soldiers. The last remaining church bell and the churches' clockworks were stolen as well. The town wall was damaged again, including the town gates. After the week-long presence of 30,000 soldiers in a town of only a few thousand citizens, all food was gone, including the seeds saved for next spring's sowing season. Every tree and <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapevine</a> on the valley slopes had been used up as firewood. The French army reached their camp in <a href="/wiki/Philippsburg" title="Philippsburg">Philippsburg</a> on 5 October 1692.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht89_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 81–116">: 81–116 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1718:</b> Inauguration of the "institution for orphans, the mad, the sick, for discipline and work" in a building of the former <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican order</a> <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">Convent</a> by the Enz river. Fifty years later this institution was to become the incubator of Pforzheim's jewellery and watchmaking industries.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1715–1730:</b> During this period, there was a prolonged dispute between Pforzheim's citizens and the Margrave of Baden concerning the privileges granted to the town in 1491, which the Margrave considered obsolete and therefore demanded significantly higher tax payments from Pforzheim citizens. The issue was taken all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Court of Justice">Imperial Court of Justice</a>, where the town's motion was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht89_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 81–116">: 81–116 </span></sup> </p><p><b>1767:</b> Establishment of a watch and jewellery factory in the orphanage. This led to Pforzheim's jewellery industries. Watchmaking was given up later on.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1805–06:</b> A <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> in Pforzheim caused many deaths, disrupting the town's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1809:</b> The Administrative District Pforzheim of Baden was split into a <i>Municipal District Administration Pforzheim</i> and two Rural Districts. </p><p><b>1813:</b> The two Rural Districts were combined to form the <i>Rural District Administration Pforzheim</i>. </p><p><b>1819:</b> <i>Municipal District Pforzheim</i> and <i>Rural District Pforzheim</i> are merged to form the <i>Higher District Administration Pforzheim</i>. </p><p><b>1836:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C3%96chsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Öchsle">Ferdinand Öchsle</a> in Pforzheim invented a device for measuring the sugar content in freshly <a href="/wiki/Pressed_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed (wine)">pressed</a> grape juice for assessing the future quality of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> (<i>Mostwaage</i>). It is still in use in the winery business. </p><p><b>1861–62:</b> Pforzheim was connected to the <a href="/wiki/German_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="German railway">German railway</a> network with the completion of a section of the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe%E2%80%93M%C3%BChlacker_railway" title="Karlsruhe–Mühlacker railway">Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Wilferdingen" title="Wilferdingen">Wilferdingen</a> and Pforzheim.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1863:</b> The railway section between Pforzheim and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlacker" title="Mühlacker">Mühlacker</a> was completed, thus establishing railway traffic between the capital of <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, and the capital of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1864:</b> The <i>Higher District Administration Pforzheim</i> was made the <i>Regional Administration Pforzheim</i>. </p><p><b>1868:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Enz_Valley_Railway" title="Enz Valley Railway">Enz Valley Railway</a> between Pforzheim and <a href="/wiki/Wildbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildbad">Wildbad</a> was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1869:</b> Establishment of the first workers' union in Pforzheim, the "Pforzheim Gold(-metal) Craftsmen's Union".<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1874:</b> The section of the <a href="/wiki/Nagold_Valley_Railway" title="Nagold Valley Railway">Nagold Valley Railway</a> between Pforzheim and <a href="/wiki/Calw" title="Calw">Calw</a> was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1877:</b> Inauguration of the Arts and Crafts School (<a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbeschule" title="Kunstgewerbeschule">Kunstgewerbeschule</a>; now incorporated into Hochschule (University) Pforzheim).<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1888:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz" title="Bertha Benz">Bertha Benz</a> and her two sons arrived in Pforzheim on the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile in a car manufactured by her husband <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a> in order to visit relatives. She had started her drive in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, which is located about 106 kilometres (66 miles) from Pforzheim. The very first <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> of the inventor had hit the roads only two years earlier after a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for this new technology had been granted to Karl Benz on 29 January 1886. She bought the gasoline necessary for her trip back home in a "<a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a>" in Pforzheim. During the trip, Bertha Benz had to make repairs with a <a href="/wiki/Hairpin_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairpin (fashion)">hairpin</a> to open a blocked fuel line, and after returning home, suggested to her husband that another <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gear</a> be provided in his automobile for climbing hills.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To commemorate this first long-distance journey by automobile, the <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Route" title="Bertha Benz Memorial Route">Bertha Benz Memorial Route</a> was officially approved as a route of industrial heritage of mankind in 2008. Now everybody can follow the 194 km (121 miles) of signposted route from <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> via <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> to Pforzheim and back. </p><p><b>1893:</b> Inauguration of the Pforzheim Synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company <a href="/wiki/Wellendorff" title="Wellendorff">Wellendorff</a>, a family-owned jewellery producing until now, is founded by Ernst Alexander Wellendorff. The enterprise sells many kinds of jewelry at the highest level worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>From 1900:</b> Revival of the Pforzheim watchmaking industry.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1905:</b> The western borough Brötzingen was incorporated into the administration Pforzheim. </p><p><b>1906:</b> The 1. FC Pforzheim football club was defeated by VfB Leipzig with a score of 1–2 in the final game of the German football championship.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1907:</b> Julius Epple founded Aristo, the watch brand, benefitting from the bull market for wristwatches in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-montres_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montres-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1914–1918:</b> Pforzheim was not a battlefield in World War I, but 1600 men from Pforzheim lost their lives as soldiers on the battlefields.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1920s:</b> The Pforzheim watchmaking industry thrived due to the new popularity of wrist-watches.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1927:</b> Stowa, another well-known German watch brand from Pforzheim, was founded by Walter Storz in Hornberg, moving the business to Pforzheim in 1935. Walter's son, Werner, eventually takes over the business.<sup id="cite_ref-montres_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montres-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <b>1933:</b> Along with the installation of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> government in Germany the local subsidiaries of all political parties, groups and organizations other than the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> were gradually disbanded in town. Public life as well as individual affairs were increasingly affected by Nazi influences. Persecution of Jewish fellow citizens occurred in Pforzheim, too, with boycotts of Jewish shops and companies.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1938:</b> Establishment of the municipal Jewellery Museum. </p><p><b>1938:</b> On 9 November, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, the Pforzheim <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardvictor.com/pforzheim_main.htm">see WWW-site</a>) of the Jewish community was so badly damaged by <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> activists that it had to be demolished later on. </p><p><b>1939:</b> <i>Regional Administration Pforzheim</i> (Bezirksamt) was converted to the <i>Rural District Pforzheim</i> (Landkreis) with Pforzheim city as its administrative site. However, the town itself became a district-less administrative body. </p><p><b>1940:</b> <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a> of Jewish citizens of Pforzheim to the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gurs" title="Gurs">Gurs</a> (France). Only 55 of the 195 deported persons escaped from the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II</a></div> <p>In 1944, many factories were converted to produce weaponry such as anti-aircraft <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuses</a> for bombs, and allegedly even parts for the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>. </p><p>On the evening of 23 February 1945, Pforzheim was bombed in one of the most devastating <a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">area bombardments</a> of World War II. Carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the air raid killed about one quarter of the town's population, over 17,000 people,<sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and destroyed about 83% of the town's buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission order to bomb Pforzheim issued by <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> states as the intention of the raid on Pforzheim "to destroy built up area and associated industries and rail facilities".<sup id="cite_ref-Groh_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombardment was carried out as part of the British <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> campaign. The town was put on the target list for bombardments in November 1944 because it was thought by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> to be producing precision instruments for use in the German war effort and as transport centre for the movement of German troops.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also several minor raids in 1944 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitung52_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitung52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the main attack, about 30,000 people had to be fed by makeshift public kitchens because their housing had been destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 90% of the buildings in the core city area had been destroyed. Many Pforzheim citizens were buried in mass graves at Pforzheim's main cemetery because they could not be identified. There are also many graves of complete families. Among the dead were several hundred foreigners who had been in Pforzheim as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> workers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner-city districts were severely depopulated. According to the State Statistics Bureau (<i>Statistisches Landesamt</i>), in the Market Square area (<i>Marktplatzviertel</i>) in 1939 there were 4,112 registered inhabitants, in 1945 none (0). In the Old Town area (<i>Altstadtviertel</i>) in 1939 there were 5,109 inhabitants, in 1945 only three persons were still living there. In the Leopold Square area, in 1939 there were 4,416 inhabitants, in 1945 only 13.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Army Report of 24 February 1945 devoted only two lines to reporting the bombardment: "In the early evening hours of February 23, a forceful British attack was directed at Pforzheim." <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> later assessed the bombing raid as the one with "probably the greatest proportion (of destroyed built-up area) (of any target) in one raid during the war".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early April, as the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> advanced toward Pforzheim, the local German military commander gave orders to destroy the electric power generating plant and those gas and water supply lines that were still working, but local residents succeeded in persuading the <a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant" title="Staff sergeant">staff sergeant</a> in charge of the operation to refrain from this action in the face of the imminent and seemingly inevitable surrender of the German military. Likewise, orders were issued for the destruction of those bridges that had remained unscathed (some of the bridges had been destroyed by the air strikes of 23 February, others damaged or destroyed earlier in the war). Only the Iron (Railway) Bridge in Weißenstein ward was saved by citizens who pulled off the <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuse</a> wiring from the explosive devices which had already been installed, and dropped it into Nagold river. On 8 April, French troops, including an <a href="/wiki/Armored_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored vehicle">armored vehicle</a> unit, moved into Pforzheim from the northwest, and were able to occupy the area north of Enz river, but the area south of the Enz river was defended by a German <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> unit using <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Fighting was especially fierce in Broetzingen. The French army units (including an <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> unit) suffered heavy losses; among the dead was the commander of the army unit, Capitaine Dorance. The advance of the French army came to a halt temporarily, but with the support of fighter-bomber aircraft and due to the bad condition of the defenders - which included many old men and young boys who had been drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> - the French troops took possession of the vast rubble field which once was the a residential town of the Baden Margraves on 18 April.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeitung24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitung24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three months of French <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> were reportedly marked by hostile attitudes on both the French army side and the Pforzheim population's side; incidents of rape and looting, mainly by Moroccan soldiers, were also reported.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Au Bridge (<i>Auerbruecke</i>) and Wuerm Bridge received makeshift repairs by the French military. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a>, which replaced the French troops on 8 July 1945, helped repair Goethe Bridge, Benckiser Bridge, Old Town Bridge (<i>Altstädterbrücke</i>) and Horse Bridge (<i>Roßbrücke</i>) in 1945 and the following year. The relationship between the population and the US military was reportedly more relaxed than had been the case with the French army.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitung24_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitung24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>1945–1965:</b> Pforzheim was gradually rebuilt, giving Pforzheim a quite modern look. In September 1951 the Northern Town Bridge (Nordstadtbrücke) was inaugurated (the ceremony was attended by then Federal President Prof. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a>). Jahn Bridge followed in December 1951, Werder Bridge in May 1952, the rebuilt Goethe Bridge in October 1952, and the rebuilt Old Town Bridge was inaugurated in 1954. </p><p><b>1955:</b> On the occasion of the 500th birthday anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Reuchlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Reuchlin">Johannes Reuchlin</a>, the city of Pforzheim established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuchlin_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuchlin Prize (page does not exist)">Reuchlin Prize</a> and awarded it for the first time in the presence of then President of the Federal Republic of Germany (West-Germany), Prof. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1961:</b> Inauguration of the culture center "Reuchlinhaus", which from then on housed the Jewellery Museum, the Arts and Crafts Association, the City Library, the Homeland Museum (Heimatmuseum), and the City Archives.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1968:</b> On 10 July shortly before 22:00, Pforzheim and its surrounding areas were hit by a rare <a href="/wiki/1968_Black_Forest_tornado" title="1968 Black Forest tornado">tornado</a>. It was rated F4 on the <a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale">Fujita scale</a>. Two persons died under a collapsing wall in nearby Ottenhausen<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 200 were injured, and 1750 buildings were damaged. Across the town between Buechenbronn ward and the village of Wurmberg the storm caused severe damage to forest areas (i.e. most trees fell to the ground). During the first night and the following days the soldiers of the French 3rd Husar Regiment and the US Army Unit, which were still stationed at the Buckenberg Barracks, helped clear the streets of a lot of fallen trees (especially in the Buckenberg/Haidach area). It took about four weeks to carry out the most necessary repairs on buildings. The overhead electric contact wires for the electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trolley</a> buses then still operating in town and the <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> transport system to the village of Ittersbach were never repaired; those transport systems were retired.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1971–1975:</b> The townships of Würm, Hohenwart, Buechenbronn, Huchenfeld and Eutingen were incorporated into the city administration.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1973:</b> Inauguration of the new Pforzheim City Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1973</b> As part of the reform of administrative districts, the rural district of Pforzheim was incorporated into the newly established <a href="/wiki/Enz_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enz (district)">Enz</a> rural district, which has its administration in Pforzheim. But the city of Pforzheim itself remains a district-less city. In addition, Pforzheim became the administrative center of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Forest_Region" title="Northern Black Forest Region">Northern Black Forest Region</a>. </p><p><b>1975</b> On 1 January, the population exceeded 100.000 and Pforzheim gained the status of a "large city" (Grossstadt). </p><p><b>1979:</b> Inauguration of the Pforzheim City Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1983:</b> Inauguration of the "Technical Museum of the Jewellery and Watchmaking Industry" and the "Citizens Museum".<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1987:</b> Inauguration of the City Convention Center.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1987/1990:</b> Inauguration of the City Theater at the Waisenhausplatz.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1989:</b> Sister City agreement with the City of <a href="/wiki/Gernika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gernika">Gernika</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1990:</b> Sister City agreement with the City of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1991:</b> Sister City agreement with the City of <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1992:</b> State Gardening Expo in Pforzheim. Enzauenpark was created and part of the Enz river was re-naturalized.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1994:</b> Inauguration of the cultural institution "Kulturhaus Osterfeld".<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1994:</b> Merger of the Pforzheim Business School and the Pforzheim School of Design to form the Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences in Design, Technology and Business.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1995:</b> Inauguration of the Archeological Site Kappelhof. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>2000:</b> Inauguration of the Pforzheim Gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2002:</b> In November, during excavation works for a new shopping center in the center of the city, a power shovel hit a 250 kg (551 lb) bomb that had not detonated during the bombardment of 1945. On a Sunday, about 5000 citizens temporarily left their homes as a precaution while specialists defused and disposed of the latest of a large number of unexploded bombs found in Pforzheim's grounds since 1945. </p><p><b>2006:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Timex_Group" title="Timex Group">Timex Group</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/TX_Watch_Company" title="TX Watch Company">a line of high-end watches</a> engineered in Pforzheim over a five-year period, to <a href="/wiki/Six_Sigma" title="Six Sigma">six sigma</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-txlaunch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txlaunch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology used miniaturization with digital sensors and microprocessors driving independent motors and dial hands — to enable a range of specialized <a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">complications</a> atypical to non-digital, analog watches<sup id="cite_ref-txstart_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txstart-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — an array of functions that would either be impossible or highly impractical in a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-tximpossible_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tximpossible-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_unions">Administrative unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administrative unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formerly independent communities and districts which were incorporated into the City of Pforzheim. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Administrative unions of Pforzheim </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date incorporated</th> <th>Community</th> <th>Increase in km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Increase in sq mi </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 January 1905</td> <td>Brötzingen</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.01 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 January 1913</td> <td>Dillweißenstein</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.612 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.781 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 1924</td> <td>Parts of Haidach district</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.76 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October 1929</td> <td>Parts of Hagenschieß district</td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.23 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 September 1971</td> <td>Würm</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.22 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 1972</td> <td>Hohenwart</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 January 1974</td> <td>Büchenbronn</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 January 1975</td> <td>Huchenfeld</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.47 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 September 1975</td> <td>Eutingen an der Enz</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.45 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.26 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows the number of inhabitants for the past 500 years. Until 1789 the numbers represent estimates, after that they represent census results or official recordings by the Statistics Offices or the city administration. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><div class="thumb tright" style="clear:none"><div class="thumbinner"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1689</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1789</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,311</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1810</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,572</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1830</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,284</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.60%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1849</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,711</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1855</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,377</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,803</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.98%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,988</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.21%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">43,373</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,082</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">78,859</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">79,816</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">79,011</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.17%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">46,752</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−7.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,143</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.74%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">82,524</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.91%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">90,338</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.01%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">108,635</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">106,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.40%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1987</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">106,530</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">112,944</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.97%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1997</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">118,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.66%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">117,156</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2003</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">115,777</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.39%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">126,016</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.50%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The population growth diagram show that the largest growth rates were recorded between about 1830 and 1925, which was the period following the political reorganisation of Europe agreed upon at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Congress">Vienna Congress</a> of 1815 after the violent period that was so much dominated by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> of France. This high population growth period coincided with the period of intensive <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> of Germany. Population growth weakened due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The population declined sharply due to the destruction on 23 February 1945, and increased sharply in the post-World War II era due to high economic growth levels in West-Germany and the rapid rebuilding efforts in Pforzheim. Earlier setbacks were recorded during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> period in the 17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below lists the largest immigrant groups of Pforzheim as of 31 December 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Largest immigrant groups by nationality </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,129 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,653 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,173 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,392 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,062 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">895 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">845 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">754 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">691 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">397 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">332 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">322 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">278 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">242 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">212 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After margrave <a href="/wiki/Karl_II,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach">Karl II of Baden</a> in 1556 installed the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Margraviate of Baden</a>, of which Pforzheim was the capital in those days, Pforzheim continued to be a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> town for several centuries. The congregations in Pforzheim were affiliated with the deanery (Dekanat) of Pforzheim of the Protestant <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Church_of_Baden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Church of Baden (page does not exist)">National Church of Baden</a>, unless they were members of one of the independent churches (<a href="/wiki/Freikirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Freikirche">Freikirche</a>). </p><p>Since the 19th century at the latest <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> settled in Pforzheim again. They are affiliated with the deanery of Pforzheim, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Freiburg">Archdiocese of Freiburg</a>. </p><p>Other denominations and religious sects in Pforzheim are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israelite_Congregation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israelite Congregation (page does not exist)">Israelite Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Congregation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic Congregation (page does not exist)">Islamic Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Church">Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist" title="Church of Christ, Scientist">Church of Christ, Scientist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">city council</a> of Pforzheim consists of the <i>Oberbürgermeister</i> (mayor) as its president and 40 elected (part-time) councillors. It is democratically elected by the citizens for a period of five years. The last election was on 26 May 2019. The city council is the main representative body of the city and determines the goals and frameworks for all local political activities. It makes decisions about all important issues regarding the public life and administration of the city and directs and monitors the work of the city administration. It forms expert committees in order to deal with specialized issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord_mayors">Lord mayors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lord mayors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At an early stage, the town administration was led by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Schultheiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Schultheiss">Schultheiss</a></i>) who used to be appointed by the lord (owner) of the town. Later on, there was a council with a mayor leading it, who since 1849 holds the title "Oberbürgermeister". The terms of office of the mayors until 1750 are unknown. Only the names of the mayors are mentioned in historical documents. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Lord mayors of Pforzheim </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Start</th> <th>End</th> <th>Year(s)</th> <th>Mayor </th></tr> <tr> <td>1750</td> <td>1758</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003292200000000000♠"></span>7–8</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Matthaeus_Kummer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Matthaeus Kummer (page does not exist)">Ernst Matthaeus Kummer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1758</td> <td>1770</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003438300000000000♠"></span>11–12</td> <td>W.C. Steinhaeuser </td></tr> <tr> <td>1770</td> <td>1775</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003182600000000000♠"></span>4–5</td> <td>Weiss </td></tr> <tr> <td>1775</td> <td>1783</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003292200000000000♠"></span>7–8</td> <td>Kissling </td></tr> <tr> <td>1783</td> <td>1795</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003438300000000000♠"></span>11–12</td> <td>Guenzel </td></tr> <tr> <td>1795</td> <td>1798</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003109600000000000♠"></span>2–3</td> <td>Geiger </td></tr> <tr> <td>1798</td> <td>1815</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003620800000000000♠"></span>16–17</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Friedrich_Dreher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Friedrich Dreher (page does not exist)">Jakob Friedrich Dreher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1815</td> <td>1830</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003547900000000000♠"></span>14–15</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Friedrich_Krenkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph Friedrich Krenkel (page does not exist)">Christoph Friedrich Krenkel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830</td> <td>1837</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003255700000000000♠"></span>6–7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lenz" title="Wilhelm Lenz">Wilhelm Lenz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837</td> <td>1848</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003401700000000000♠"></span>10–11</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Deimling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Deimling (page does not exist)">Rudolf Deimling</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>1849</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002366000000000000♠"></span>0–1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Crecelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Crecelius (page does not exist)">Christian Crecelius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1849</td> <td>1862</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003474800000000000♠"></span>12–13</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Zirenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Zirenner (page does not exist)">Karl Zirenner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862</td> <td>1875</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003474800000000000♠"></span>12–13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Schmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspar Schmidt">Kaspar Schmidt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875</td> <td>1884</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003328700000000000♠"></span>8–9</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Gross_(mayor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Gross (mayor) (page does not exist)">Karl Gross</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885</td> <td>1889</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003146100000000000♠"></span>3–4</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kraatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Kraatz (page does not exist)">Emil Kraatz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889</td> <td>1919</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004109560000000000♠"></span>29–30</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Habermehl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Habermehl (page does not exist)">Ferdinand Habermehl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td>1933</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003474900000000000♠"></span>12–13</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Guendert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Guendert (page does not exist)">Erwin Guendert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>1933</td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0</td> <td>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Goelser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Goelser (page does not exist)">Emil Goelser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>1933</td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0</td> <td>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gottlob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Gottlob (page does not exist)">Hans Gottlob</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>1941</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003292200000000000♠"></span>7–8</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Kuerz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Kuerz (page does not exist)">Hermann Kuerz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>1942</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002365000000000000♠"></span>0–1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mohrenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mohrenstein (page does not exist)">Karl Mohrenstein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942</td> <td>1945</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003109600000000000♠"></span>2–3</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Seibel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Seibel (page does not exist)">Ludwig Seibel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>1945</td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Hermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Hermann (page does not exist)">Albert Hermann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>1945</td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Becker">Wilhelm Becker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>1947</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002730000000000000♠"></span>1–2</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Adolf_Katz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Adolf Katz (page does not exist)">Friedrich Adolf Katz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947</td> <td>1966</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003694000000000000♠"></span>18–19</td> <td>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Brandenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Peter Brandenburg (page does not exist)">Johann Peter Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDP_(Deutschland)" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP (Deutschland)">FDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">DVP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>1985</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003694000000000000♠"></span>18–19</td> <td>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Weigelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Weigelt (page does not exist)">Willi Weigelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>2001</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003584400000000000♠"></span>15–16</td> <td>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Becker (page does not exist)">Joachim Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>2009</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003292200000000000♠"></span>7–8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christel_Augenstein" title="Christel Augenstein">Christel Augenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/FDP_(Deutschland)" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP (Deutschland)">FDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">DVP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>2017</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003292200000000000♠"></span>7–8</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gert_Hager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gert Hager (page does not exist)">Gert Hager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><i>present</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003301300000000000♠"></span>7–8</td> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boch" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Boch">Peter Boch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_coat_of_arms">The coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pforzheim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wappen_Pforzheim.svg/150px-Wappen_Pforzheim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wappen_Pforzheim.svg/225px-Wappen_Pforzheim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wappen_Pforzheim.svg/300px-Wappen_Pforzheim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Pforzheim</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of Pforzheim city shows in the left-hand half of a shield an inclined bar in red color on a golden background, and the right-hand half is divided into four fields in the colors red, silver, blue and gold. The city flag is white-blue. </p><p>The inclined bar can be traced back to the 13th century as the symbol of the lords (owners) of Pforzheim, which later on also became the National Coat of Arms of Baden, but its meaning is unknown. Since 1489 the coat of arms in its entire form can be verified, but its meaning is not known, either. Current coloring has been used only since 1853; in earlier times the coloring was different.<sup id="cite_ref-Becht83_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 221–238">: 221–238 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pforzheim is one of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regional_center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regional center (page does not exist)">regional centers</a> (Oberzentrum) in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and has one of the highest densities of industrial activity in the state. </p><p>Pforzheim is historically an important jewelry and watch-making centre in Germany. Due to this reason, Pforzheim is nicknamed as Golden City. Jewelry and watch-making industry is first set up by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Autran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean François Autran (page does not exist)">Jean François Autran</a> after receiving an edict from then overlord <a href="/wiki/Margrave_Karl_Friedrich_von_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave Karl Friedrich von Baden">Margrave Karl Friedrich von Baden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-invest1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invest1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enterprise is later joined by other commercial enterprises and helped Pforzheim to become an important manufacturing city. Pforzheim accounts for just under 70 percent of the total sales of the German jewelry and silverware industry and around 80 percent of all the pieces of jewelry exported by Germany come from Pforzheim. </p><p>However, a smaller fraction of the economy nowadays is dedicated to producing the traditional products of <a href="/wiki/Watches" class="mw-redirect" title="Watches">watches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>. Only 11,000 people are employed in the jewelry and watch-making industries.<sup id="cite_ref-invest1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invest1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two thirds of all employment positions are made available in the areas of metal processing, dental industry electronics and <a href="/wiki/Electro-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-technology">electro-technology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">mail order</a> companies (Bader, Klingel, Wenz) with their sales volumes in the order of millions of Euros occupies a leading position in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> is gaining importance. In this respect the city benefits from its favorable Three-Valleys location at the gateway to the Black Forest, and related to this, from the starting points of a large number of hiking, cycling and waterway routes. The <a href="/wiki/European_long-distance_paths" title="European long-distance paths">European long-distance trail</a> <a href="/wiki/European_walking_route_E1" class="mw-redirect" title="European walking route E1">E1</a> passes through Pforzheim. It is also the starting point of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Forest_Hiking_Routes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Forest Hiking Routes (page does not exist)">Black Forest Hiking Routes</a> <a href="/wiki/Westweg" title="Westweg">Westweg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mittelweg" title="Mittelweg">Mittelweg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostweg" title="Ostweg">Ostweg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pforzheim is located on the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe%E2%80%93M%C3%BChlacker_railway" title="Karlsruhe–Mühlacker railway">Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line</a>, part of the legacy railway between Karlsruhe and Stuttgart. <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim_Hauptbahnhof" title="Pforzheim Hauptbahnhof">Pforzheim Hauptbahnhof</a>, the central station, is a junction station, as two <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> branch lines start here: the <a href="/wiki/Enz_Valley_Railway" title="Enz Valley Railway">Enz Valley Railway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bad_Wildbad" title="Bad Wildbad">Bad Wildbad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nagold_Valley_Railway" title="Nagold Valley Railway">Nagold Valley Railway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calw" title="Calw">Calw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagold" title="Nagold">Nagold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horb_am_Neckar" title="Horb am Neckar">Horb</a>. Since the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Stadtbahn" title="Karlsruhe Stadtbahn">Karlsruhe tram-train</a> system has been extended to Pforzheim: since 2019, the local service to <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> is the S5 tram-train continuing into Karlsruhe city centre and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rth_am_Rhein" title="Wörth am Rhein">Wörth am Rhein</a>. In addition, tram-train S6 links Pforzheim via the Enz Valley Railway with the town centre of Bad Wildbad. In addition to tram-trains, regional trains operated by <a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Go-Ahead Baden-Württemberg">Go-Ahead Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/SWEG_Bahn_Stuttgart" class="mw-redirect" title="SWEG Bahn Stuttgart">SWEG Bahn Stuttgart</a> and <a href="/wiki/DB_Regio_Baden_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="DB Regio Baden Württemberg">DB Regio Baden-Württemberg</a> offer connections to Karlsruhe, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlacker" title="Mühlacker">Mühlacker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bietigheim-Bissingen" title="Bietigheim-Bissingen">Bietigheim-Bissingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> (routes IRE1 and MEX17a), as well as to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> via Calw (RB73). Also, some <a href="/wiki/Intercity_(Deutsche_Bahn)" title="Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)">Intercity</a> trains operated by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> serve Pforzheim on its Karlsruhe-Stuttgart-<a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> route. </p><p>Local bus service in Pforzheim is currently franchised to <a href="/wiki/DB_Regio_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="DB Regio Bus">DB Südwestbus</a>, operating 13 urban bus routes. In addition, there are regional bus services to surrounding places. </p><p>All regional trains, tram-trains and buses within Pforzheim and the surrounding Enzkreis are marketed under the brand of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verkehrsverbund_Pforzheim-Enzkreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verkehrsverbund Pforzheim-Enzkreis (page does not exist)">Verkehrsverbund Pforzheim-Enzkreis</a></i> (VPE), offering mutually integrated fares. </p><p>Between 1900 and 1968 a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim_Light_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pforzheim Light Railway (page does not exist)">metre-gauge light railway</a> existed between Pforzheim and <a href="/wiki/Ittersbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ittersbach">Ittersbach</a>, connected there to the still existing <a href="/wiki/Busenbach%E2%80%93Ittersbach_railway" title="Busenbach–Ittersbach railway">Busenbach–Ittersbach railway</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_8" title="Bundesautobahn 8">A8 Autobahn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perl,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Perl, Germany">Perl</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bad_Reichenhall" title="Bad Reichenhall">Bad Reichenhall</a>) runs by just to the north of the city. The city can be accessed via four A8 exits. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_10" title="Bundesstraße 10">B10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lebach" title="Lebach">Lebach</a>–<a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_294&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 294 (page does not exist)">B294</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gundelfingen" title="Gundelfingen">Gundelfingen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bretten" title="Bretten">Bretten</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_463&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesstraße 463 (page does not exist)">B463</a> (Pforzheim–<a href="/wiki/Nagold" title="Nagold">Nagold</a>) run through the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_local_enterprises">Major local enterprises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Major local enterprises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wellendorff" title="Wellendorff">Wellendorff Gold-Creationen GmbH & Co. KG</a>, worldwide selling, family-owned jewellery since 1893</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mayer" title="Victor Mayer">Victor Mayer</a> GmbH & Co. KG, Workmaster of <a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabergé (line)">Fabergé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, logistics centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Durowe">Durowe</a>, watch movement manufacturer</li> <li>Schmid Machine Tools</li> <li>Klingel Mail Order Company</li> <li>Bader Mail Order Company</li> <li>Wenz Mail Order Company</li> <li>Witzenmann GmbH (Specialized Metal Goods)</li> <li>Mapal WWS</li> <li>Thales (Electronics)</li> <li>Allgemeine Gold- und Silberscheideanstalt (metal processing)</li> <li>Sparkasse Pforzheim Calw (Local financial services company)</li> <li>Bernhard Forster GmbH (Forestadent) (Orthodontic Products Manufacturer)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The daily newspapers <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (independent) and the <i>Pforzheimer Kurier</i>, which is a regional edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Badische_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Badische Neueste Nachrichten">Badische Neueste Nachrichten</a></i> (BNN) with main editorial offices in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, are published in Pforzheim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts_of_Justice">Courts of Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Courts of Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pforzheim is the site of a Local Court of Justice, which belongs to the District Court and Higher District Court Precinct of Karlsruhe. It is also the domicile of a local <a href="/wiki/Labor_court" title="Labor court">labor court</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorities">Authorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pforzheim is the domicile of the following public authorities and public incorporated bodies: </p> <ul><li>Pforzheim <a href="/wiki/Arbeitsagentur" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeitsagentur">Employment Exchange</a> (a federal government agency; Arbeitsagentur Pforzheim).</li> <li>Pforzheim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_Revenue_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal Revenue Agency (page does not exist)">Internal Revenue Agency</a> (a state agency; Finanzamt Pforzheim)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Black_Forest_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Black Forest Chamber of Commerce (page does not exist)">Northern Black Forest Chamber of Commerce</a> (a public incorporated body; IHK Nordschwarzwald). The precinct of the chamber is the Northern Black Forest Region.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Black_Forest_Regional_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Black Forest Regional Association (page does not exist)">Northern Black Forest Regional Association</a> (a public incorporated body; Regionalverband Nordschwarzwald).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences">Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences</a> (Hochschule Pforzheim – Hochschule fuer Gestaltung, Technik und Wirtschaft) enrolls about 5400 students. It was formed in 1992 by way of merging the former Pforzheim School of Design (Fachhochschule für Gestaltung) and Pforzheim Business School (Fachhochschule für Wirtschaft) and additionally establishing the Faculty of Engineering. The Pforzheim School of Design had its roots in the Ducal Academy of Arts and Crafts and Technical School for the Metal Processing Industry, established 1877. The Pforzheim Business School was the successor institution of the National Business College, which was established in 1963. The campuses of the Faculty of Design and the Faculties of Economics and Engineering are located at separate sites in the city area. The Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences fosters international exchange. Among other relationships, it is affiliated with the NIEBES Association and has close academic ties to <a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a> University of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and academic exchange programs with many institutions abroad, among them <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">University of Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>, in Chicago, of the United States of America.</li> <li>The Goldsmith and Watchmaking Vocational School is one of the two schools of its kind in Europe. It is attended by many students from abroad.</li> <li>The general qualification for university admission (Abitur) can be obtained through an education at the <a href="/wiki/Reuchlin-Gymnasium" title="Reuchlin-Gymnasium">Reuchlin-Highschool</a>, the Kepler-Highschool, the Hebel-Highschool, the Theodor-Heuss-Highschool, the Hilda-Highschool, the Schiller-Highschool, the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_School_(Pforzheim)" title="Fritz Erler School (Pforzheim)">Fritz-Erler-Highschool</a> (economics-oriented high school), the Heinrich-Wieland-Highschool (technology-oriented high school), the Johanna-Wittum-Highschool (home economics-oriented high school), as well as the Waldorfschule.</li> <li>Pforzheim also has many schools providing the mandatory general elementary and secondary education (<i>Grundschule</i>, <i>Realschule</i>) as well an institution which is dedicated to further education of grown-ups (<i>Volkshochschule</i>). There are also several state-run vocational schools leading to professional diplomas in the crafts and trades.<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_places_of_interest">Culture and places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture and places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Municipal Theatre of Pforzheim (opera, operetta, dance, musical, drama)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestras">Orchestras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Orchestras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra">Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra</a> – This orchestra was founded by Friedrich Tilegant in 1950</li> <li>Symphony Orchestra of the City of Pforzheim</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Archeological Site Kappelhof – Roman and medieval excavation objects</li> <li>Civic Museum Eutingen</li> <li>Museum on the German Democratic Republic (former east Germany)</li> <li>The Center of Fellow-Countrymen Associations (Landsmannschaften; especially those from eastern Europe)</li> <li>The Pforzheim Minerals Museum</li> <li>The Pforzheim Gallery (paintings)</li> <li>Reuchlinhaus</li> <li>The Pforzheim Jewellery Museum in the Reuchlinhaus</li> <li>The Pforzheim City Museum Pforzheim (on city history)</li> <li>The Technical Museum of the Jewellery and Watchmaking Industry of Pforzheim</li> <li>Weissenstein Station – On Railway History in the area of Pforzheim</li> <li>Roman Estate in the Kanzlerwald (the excavated remains of an estate built by Roman settlers)</li> <li>The Product Exhibition of Pforzheim (jewellery) Companies (Industriehaus)</li> <li>The Exhibition of Precious Stones by Widow Mrs. Schuett</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_institutions">Cultural institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cultural institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The House of Culture Osterfeld (a sociocultural center: theater, music, dance, cabaret, musical, arts, exhibitions etc.)</li> <li>Kupferdaechle (The Copper Roof Teenage Culture Center)</li> <li>The Puppet Theater of Raphael Muerle / The Marionette Stage Mottenkaefig</li> <li>The Communal Cinema of Pforzheim</li> <li>CongressCenter Pforzheim (CCP)</li> <li>City Library</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_examples_of_architecture">Notable examples of architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable examples of architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-war">Pre-war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pre-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Archive Building (Archivbau)</li> <li>The House of Industry (Industriehaus)</li> <li>The Arch Bridge at Dillweißenstein</li> <li>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Liebeneck_Castle" title="Liebeneck Castle">Liebeneck Castle</a></li> <li>District office tower (Bezirksamtsturm)</li> <li>Leitgastturm</li> <li>Seehaus (formerly a hunting villa of the Margrave; now a popular destination for Sunday afternoon walks away from the city)</li> <li>The Old Grapes Press of Brötzingen</li> <li>Hachel Tower</li> <li>The Copper Hammer (Kupferhammer; a traditional water-powered sledge hammer which was used for metal forming)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war">Post-war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auferstehungskirche_Pforzheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Auferstehungskirche_Pforzheim.jpg/250px-Auferstehungskirche_Pforzheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Auferstehungskirche_Pforzheim.jpg/330px-Auferstehungskirche_Pforzheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Auferstehungskirche_Pforzheim.jpg/500px-Auferstehungskirche_Pforzheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Resurrection Church (Auferstehungskirche)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Main Railway Station</li> <li>The former main post office and Brötzingen post office</li> <li>Reuchlinhaus</li> <li>Goldener Adler Building at Leopoldplatz</li> <li>former Public Health Authority building (Gesundheitsamt) at Blumenhof</li> <li>District Court Building</li> <li>The Old and New City Hall</li> <li>Stadtbau Building (Architect: Luigi Snozzi)</li> <li>Sparkasse Tower</li> <li>Churches: <ul><li>The Palais and Monastery Church St. Michael (Schloss- und Stiftskirche); it is the city's landmark.</li> <li>The Old Town Church St. Martin (Altstadtkirche; Protestant)</li> <li>Resurrection Church (Auferstehungskirche; Protestant)</li> <li>The Bare Feet Church (Barfüsserkirche; Catholic)</li> <li>Christ Church of Brötzingen (Protestant)</li> <li>The Protestant City Church (Stadtkirche)</li> <li>Sacred Heart Church (Herz-Jesu-Kirche; Catholic)</li> <li>St. Matthew Church (Matthäuskirche; Protestant). This church was designed by architect Eiermann and is a precursory structure of the famous New Berlin Memorial Church (Gedächtniskirche)</li> <li>St. Francis Church (Catholic)</li></ul></li> <li>Other Temples <ul><li>The Islamic Mosque</li> <li>The notable New Synagogue (1890) was lost on <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sites_of_interest">Other sites of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other sites of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Alpengarten_Pforzheim" title="Alpengarten Pforzheim">Alpengarten Pforzheim</a>, closed since 2006</li> <li>The Main Cemetery (Hauptfriedhof)</li> <li>Wallberg. The debris from the destroyed town (23 February 1945) was dumped onto this hill. The Wallberg-Monument on the top is meant to remind people of the city's history; it was erected in 2005 on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the bombing raid.</li> <li>The Game Animals Zoo (Wildpark Pforzheim)</li> <li>Brötzingen Valley Stadium. This is the classical <a href="/wiki/Soccer_stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer stadium">soccer stadium</a> of the 1. FC Pforzheim soccer club of 1896, which was inaugurated in 1913. It accommodated a record number of "15.000 to 20.000" spectators on the occasion of the match between South Germany against Central Hungary in 1920. In the post-Second-World-War era it accommodated 12.000 spectators at the cup matches 1. FC Pforzheim – <a href="/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="1. FC Nürnberg">1. FC Nürnberg</a> (score 2–1 after extra time; 1961) and 1. FCP – <a href="/wiki/Werder_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Werder Bremen">Werder Bremen</a> (score 1–1 after extension; 1988). The soccer club (simply called the "club"), which during its history supplied the first <a href="/wiki/National_team" class="mw-redirect" title="National team">national team</a> captain and a total of eleven first league players, had to file for bankruptcy in February 2004 and for the first time in history is playing in the fifth league, i.e. the Soccer Association's Northern <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> League, during the 2004–05 season. In 1906, the club lost the final of the German Football Championship against <a href="/wiki/VfB_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="VfB Leipzig">VfB Leipzig</a> 1–2 in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>.</li> <li>The Weststadtpark in the borough Maihälden, an extensive park area</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Pforzheim is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica">Gernika-Lumo</a>, Spain (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a>, France (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, Italy (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, Russia (2007)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir" title="Nevşehir">Nevşehir</a>, Turkey (2007)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, Poland (2007)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron" class="mw-redirect" title="Győr-Moson-Sopron">Győr-Moson-Sopron</a>, Hungary (2007)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a>, Croatia (2008)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Reuchlin_400th_Anniversary_of_his_Death_1522_Medal_1922,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Johannes_Reuchlin_400th_Anniversary_of_his_Death_1522_Medal_1922%2C_obverse.jpg/250px-Johannes_Reuchlin_400th_Anniversary_of_his_Death_1522_Medal_1922%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Johannes_Reuchlin_400th_Anniversary_of_his_Death_1522_Medal_1922%2C_obverse.jpg/330px-Johannes_Reuchlin_400th_Anniversary_of_his_Death_1522_Medal_1922%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Reuchlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Reuchlin">Johannes Reuchlin</a> 400th Anniversary Medal, 1922</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Wieland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Heinrich_Wieland.jpg/250px-Heinrich_Wieland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Heinrich_Wieland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Otto Wieland</a>, 1927</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manfred_Mohr_Portrait_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Manfred_Mohr_Portrait_2019.jpg/250px-Manfred_Mohr_Portrait_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Manfred_Mohr_Portrait_2019.jpg/280px-Manfred_Mohr_Portrait_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mohr" title="Manfred Mohr">Manfred Mohr</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasenmayer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasenmayer_1.jpg/250px-Hasenmayer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasenmayer_1.jpg/330px-Hasenmayer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%A4nsch" title="Jakob Bänsch">Jakob Bänsch</a> (born 2003), jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Reuchlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Reuchlin">Johannes Reuchlin</a> (1455–1522), humanist and philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach">Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach</a> (1482–1553), the ruling <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> of Baden-Pforzheim from 1533</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Gerbel" title="Nikolaus Gerbel">Nikolaus Gerbel</a> (1485–1560), humanist and jurist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach">Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach</a> (1529-1577), governed <a href="/wiki/Baden-Durlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Baden-Durlach">Baden-Durlach</a> from 1552 to 1577.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jakob_Becker" title="Philipp Jakob Becker">Philipp Jakob Becker</a> (1763–1829), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bechtler" title="Christopher Bechtler">Christopher Bechtler</a> (1782–1843), goldsmith and <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">watchmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Baumgaertner" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Heinrich Baumgaertner">Karl Heinrich Baumgaertner</a> (1798–1886), physician and <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Roller" title="Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller">Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller</a> (1802–1878), psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz" title="Bertha Benz">Bertha Benz</a> (1849–1944), wife of automotive engineer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mayer" title="Victor Mayer">Victor Mayer</a> (1857–1946), jewellery manufacturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Kahlo" title="Guillermo Kahlo">Guillermo Kahlo</a> (1871–1941), photographer. father of painter <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Otto Wieland</a> (1877–1957), chemist, won the 1927 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Rothacker" title="Erich Rothacker">Erich Rothacker</a> (1888–1965), sociologist and exponent of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">philosophical anthropology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Georg_B%C3%BChrle" title="Emil Georg Bührle">Emil Georg Bührle</a> (1890–1956), Swiss industrialist and armament manufacturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a> (1891–1942), engineer and head of <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ferdinand_Mayer" title="Hans Ferdinand Mayer">Hans Ferdinand Mayer</a> (1895–1980), physicist and electrical engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Abt_(painter)" title="Karl Abt (painter)">Karl Abt</a> (1899–1985), painter of naturalistic landscapes and flowers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Rosenberger" title="Adolf Rosenberger">Adolf Rosenberger</a> (1900–1967), race car driver and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Dietrich" title="Fritz Dietrich">Fritz Dietrich</a> (1905–1945), musicologist and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Henninger" title="Hans Henninger">Hans Henninger</a> (1905–1937), stage and film actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Perls" title="Laura Perls">Laura Perls</a> (1905–1990), psychoanalyst</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Witzenmann" title="Herbert Witzenmann">Herbert Witzenmann</a> (1905–1988), writer and researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Carl_Burger" title="W. Carl Burger">W. Carl Burger</a> (1925–2023), American <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionist</a> painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Rau" title="Fritz Rau">Fritz Rau</a> (1930–2013), music promoter and concert manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Tochtermann" title="Werner Tochtermann">Werner Tochtermann</a> (1934–2021), chemist and university lecturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mohr" title="Manfred Mohr">Manfred Mohr</a> (born 1938), artist, pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a> (born 1941), <a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">speleologist</a> and cave diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Heinz_(criminologist)" title="Wolfgang Heinz (criminologist)">Wolfgang Heinz</a> (born 1942), criminologist and legal scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Kosslick" title="Dieter Kosslick">Dieter Kosslick</a> (born 1948), director of the <a href="/wiki/Berlinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinale">Berlinale</a> Film Festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bofinger" title="Peter Bofinger">Peter Bofinger</a> (born 1954), economist and a former member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Council_of_Economic_Experts" title="German Council of Economic Experts">German Council of Economic Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Maier" title="Tomas Maier">Tomas Maier</a> (born 1957), fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Els%C3%A4sser" title="Jürgen Elsässer">Jürgen Elsässer</a> (born 1957), journalist and political activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Prinz_von_Anhalt" title="Marcus Prinz von Anhalt">Marcus Prinz von Anhalt</a> (born 1966), businessman, nightclub and brothel owner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Mappus" title="Stefan Mappus">Stefan Mappus</a> (born 1966), economist and politician (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Ross" title="Florian Ross">Florian Ross</a> (born 1972), composer, jazz pianist and bandleader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_S._Klotz" title="Jeff S. Klotz">Jeff S. Klotz</a> (born 1990), Author, publisher, museum director and entrepreneur</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicola_Thost.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nicola_Thost.JPG/140px-Nicola_Thost.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nicola_Thost.JPG/210px-Nicola_Thost.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nicola_Thost.JPG/280px-Nicola_Thost.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="5456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Thost" title="Nicola Thost">Nicola Thost</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Faas" title="Robert Faas">Robert Faas</a> (1889–1914), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Hiller" title="Marius Hiller">Marius Hiller</a> (1892–1964), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellmut_Maneval" title="Hellmut Maneval">Hellmut Maneval</a> (1898–1967), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Burkhardt" title="Theodor Burkhardt">Theodor Burkhardt</a> (1905–1958), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Horowitz_(runner)" title="Leah Horowitz (runner)">Leah Horowitz</a> (1933–1956), Israeli hurdler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Klotz" title="Bernd Klotz">Bernd Klotz</a> (born 1958), football coach and a former player who played over 230 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Craca" title="Marcello Craca">Marcello Craca</a> (born 1974), German-Italian tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Thost" title="Nicola Thost">Nicola Thost</a> (born 1977), snowboarder and gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Rapp" title="Marcel Rapp">Marcel Rapp</a> (born 1979), former footballer who played 381 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Lobou%C3%A9" title="Stephan Loboué">Stephan Loboué</a> (born 1981), football goalkeeper who has played over 240 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Boller" title="Sascha Boller">Sascha Boller</a> (born 1984), footballer who has played over 230 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Thomalla" title="Denis Thomalla">Denis Thomalla</a> (born 1992), footballer who played over 320 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Zimmermann_(footballer,_born_1992)" title="Matthias Zimmermann (footballer, born 1992)">Matthias Zimmermann</a> (born 1992), footballer who has played over 380 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Grifo" title="Vincenzo Grifo">Vincenzo Grifo</a> (born 1993), footballer, played over 340 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_G%C3%BCnther-Schmidt" title="Julian Günther-Schmidt">Julian Günther-Schmidt</a> (born 1994), footballer who has played over 300 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauer_(footballer)" title="Robert Bauer (footballer)">Robert Bauer</a> (born 1995), footballer, played over 200 games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hack" title="Robin Hack">Robin Hack</a> (born 1998), footballer, played over 170 games</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_citizens">Honorary citizens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Honorary citizens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1939 * <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Kern" class="extiw" title="de:Alfons Kern">Alfons Kern, (DE Wiki)</a>, (1859-1941), historian and city architect</li> <li>1965 * <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Peter_Brandenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Peter Brandenburg">Johann Peter Brandenburg, (DE Wiki)</a>, (1905-1977) politician (<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">FDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">DVP</a>), Member of State Parliament, Lord Mayor of Pforzheim</li> <li>1985 * Willi Weigelt (1920–2002), politician (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>), Lord Mayor of Pforzheim</li> <li>1991 * <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ziegler" class="extiw" title="de:Richard Ziegler">Richard Ziegler, (DE Wiki)</a> (1891-1992), painter</li> <li>1998 * <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Schweizer" title="Rolf Schweizer">Rolf Schweizer</a> (1936–2016), composer, choirmaster and church music director</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous_topics">Miscellaneous topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> Lodge "Reuchlin" is located in Pforzheim.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fool's Garden">Fool's Garden</a>, an internationally successful <a href="/wiki/Rock_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock band">rock band</a>, has its origins in Pforzheim.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pforzheim_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Michael"><img alt="Church of St. Michael" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pforzheim_church.jpg/240px-Pforzheim_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pforzheim_church.jpg/360px-Pforzheim_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pforzheim_church.jpg/480px-Pforzheim_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Michael</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pforzheim_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The New City Hall and Waisenhaus square"><img alt="The New City Hall and Waisenhaus square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pforzheim_1.jpg/240px-Pforzheim_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pforzheim_1.jpg/360px-Pforzheim_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pforzheim_1.jpg/480px-Pforzheim_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The New City Hall and Waisenhaus square</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pforzheim_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enz river at Rossbrücke"><img alt="Enz river at Rossbrücke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pforzheim_2.jpg/250px-Pforzheim_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pforzheim_2.jpg/500px-Pforzheim_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Enz river at Rossbrücke</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuchlin1s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Johannes Reuchlin"><img alt="Statue of Johannes Reuchlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reuchlin1s.jpg/250px-Reuchlin1s.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reuchlin1s.jpg/330px-Reuchlin1s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Johannes Reuchlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auer_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument commemorating the timber floating profession in medieval Pforzheim"><img alt="Monument commemorating the timber floating profession in medieval Pforzheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Auer_s.jpg/270px-Auer_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Auer_s.jpg/404px-Auer_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Auer_s.jpg/539px-Auer_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument commemorating the timber floating profession in medieval Pforzheim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haidach_Buckenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haidach planned suburb, Buckenberg estate, Enz valley"><img alt="Haidach planned suburb, Buckenberg estate, Enz valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Haidach_Buckenberg.jpg/500px-Haidach_Buckenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Haidach_Buckenberg.jpg/960px-Haidach_Buckenberg.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Haidach planned suburb, Buckenberg estate, Enz valley</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/oberbuergermeisterwahl-pforzheim-2017/">Oberbürgermeisterwahl Pforzheim 2017</a>, Staatsanzeiger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv">"Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022"</a> [Population by nationality and sex as of December 31, 2022] <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg">Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg</a>. June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Nationalit%C3%A4t+und+Geschlecht+am+31.+Dezember+2022&rft.pub=Statistisches+Landesamt+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-bw.de%2FBevoelkGebiet%2FBevoelk_I_D_A_vj.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pforzheim.de/stadt/stadtgeschichte/kleine-stadtchronik.html">"Kleine Stadtchronik: Stadt Pforzheim"</a>. <i>www.pforzheim.de</i> (in German). City of Pforzheim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pforzheim.de&rft.atitle=Kleine+Stadtchronik%3A+Stadt+Pforzheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pforzheim.de%2Fstadt%2Fstadtgeschichte%2Fkleine-stadtchronik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enzkreis.de/Landkreis-Politik/Städte-Gemeinden/?La=1&NavID=3397.20">"Städte & Gemeinden"</a>. <i>Landratsamt Enzkreis</i> (in German). Enz district<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landratsamt+Enzkreis&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4dte+%26+Gemeinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enzkreis.de%2FLandkreis-Politik%2FSt%C3%A4dte-Gemeinden%2F%3FLa%3D1%26NavID%3D3397.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html">"Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - CDC (Climate Data Center)"</a>. <i>www.dwd.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dwd.de&rft.atitle=Wetter+und+Klima+-+Deutscher+Wetterdienst+-+CDC+%28Climate+Data+Center%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDE%2Fklimaumwelt%2Fcdc%2Fcdc_node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather2visit.com/europe/germany/pforzheim.htm">"Pforzheim monthly weather averages"</a>. <i>weather 2 visit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weather+2+visit&rft.atitle=Pforzheim+monthly+weather+averages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2visit.com%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2Fpforzheim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/germany/pforzheim-climate">"Climate and monthly weather forecast for Pforzheim, Germany"</a>. <i>Weather atlas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+atlas&rft.atitle=Climate+and+monthly+weather+forecast+for+Pforzheim%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fpforzheim-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_8-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515092845/http://www.pforzheim.de/portal/page?_pageid=123,50560&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">"Kurze Chronik der Stadt Pforzheim"</a> [Brief chronicle of the city of Pforzheim]. <i>Stadtarchivs Pforzheim</i> (in German). 5 March 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pforzheim.de/portal/page?_pageid=123,50560&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">the original</a> on 15 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stadtarchivs+Pforzheim&rft.atitle=Kurze+Chronik+der+Stadt+Pforzheim&rft.date=2002-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pforzheim.de%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D123%2C50560%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKortüm1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kortüm, Klaus (1995). <i>Portus - Pforzheim: Untersuchungen zur Archäologie und Geschichte in römischer Zeit</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a>: Verlag Regionalkultur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783897353893" title="Special:BookSources/9783897353893"><bdi>9783897353893</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/722345996">722345996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portus+-+Pforzheim%3A+Untersuchungen+zur+Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Geschichte+in+r%C3%B6mischer+Zeit&rft.place=Sigmaringen&rft.pub=Verlag+Regionalkultur&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F722345996&rft.isbn=9783897353893&rft.aulast=Kort%C3%BCm&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becht83-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht83_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecht1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becht, Hans-Peter (1983). <i>Pforzheim im Mittelalter</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7995-6044-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7995-6044-0"><bdi>3-7995-6044-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11234712">11234712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pforzheim+im+Mittelalter&rft.place=Sigmaringen&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11234712&rft.isbn=3-7995-6044-0&rft.aulast=Becht&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frei-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frei_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frei_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frei_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040711213347/http://www.loebliche-singer-pforzheim.de/Pforzheim1500.html">Thomas Frei: Pforzheim im 16. Jahrhundert.</a> Web page by LOEBLICHE SINGERGESELLSCHAFT VON 1501 PFORZHEIM, 2005; in German.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Die_Pest-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Die_Pest_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Die_Pest_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Die_Pest_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061113221346/http://www.loebliche-singer-pforzheim.de/DiePestUm1500.html">Die Pest: Das grosse Sterben um 1500, Web page by LOEBLICHE SINGERGESELLSCHAFT VON 1501 PFORZHEIM, 2005</a>; in German.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groh-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groh_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroh2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groh, Christian (10 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027105512/http://www.loebliche-singer-pforzheim.de/VortragGrohMatinee2005.html">"Pforzheim und Baden zur Zeit Johannes Reuchlin"</a> [Pforzheim and Baden at the time of Johannes Reuchlin] (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebliche-singer-pforzheim.de/VortragGrohMatinee2005.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pforzheim+und+Baden+zur+Zeit+Johannes+Reuchlin&rft.date=2005-04-10&rft.aulast=Groh&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebliche-singer-pforzheim.de%2FVortragGrohMatinee2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becht89-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becht89_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht89_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht89_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht89_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becht89_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecht1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becht, Hans-Peter (1989). <i>Pforzheim in der frühen Neuzeit</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7995-6045-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7995-6045-9"><bdi>3-7995-6045-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1069172633">1069172633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pforzheim+in+der+fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit&rft.place=Sigmaringen&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1069172633&rft.isbn=3-7995-6045-9&rft.aulast=Becht&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/wellendorff-ein-zehnmal-gespaltenes-haar-in-gold-11150301.html">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: „Ein zehnmal gespaltenes Haar in Gold“</a> (german, <i>A ten times split hair in gold</i>) (accessed last 19 February 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-montres-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-montres_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-montres_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Golden Age and Rebirth of Pforzheim Watchmaking." Montres Publiques, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://montrespubliques.com/new-1minute-reads/the-golden-age-and-rebirth-of-pforzheim-watchmaking">https://montrespubliques.com/new-1minute-reads/the-golden-age-and-rebirth-of-pforzheim-watchmaking</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrei2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frei, Thomas (26 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041225025149/http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2004/download.dhtml?command=24">"Ein lokales Geschichtswerk"</a> [A local history]. <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (in German). No. 145. p. 26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2004/download.dhtml?command=24">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pforzheimer+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Ein+lokales+Geschichtswerk&rft.issue=145&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2004-06-26&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pz-news.de%2Fspecials%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2Fpforzheim%2F2004%2Fdownload.dhtml%3Fcommand%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From RAF website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html">Campaign Diary February 1945</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitung52-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitung52_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitung52_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrei2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frei, Thomas (4 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310193913/http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=32">"Beim Milchholen aus Flugzeugen beschossen"</a> [Shot at while fetching milk from planes]. 23.Februar 1945. <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (in German). No. 52. p. 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=32">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pforzheimer+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Beim+Milchholen+aus+Flugzeugen+beschossen&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2005-03-04&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pz-news.de%2Fspecials%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2Fpforzheim%2F2005%2Fdownload.dhtml%3Fcommand%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFef-te2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ef-te (25 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310193825/http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=29">"Feuerwehrleute tot – kaum Löschwasser"</a> [Firefighters dead – hardly any fire water]. 23.Februar 1945. <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (in German). No. 46. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=29">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pforzheimer+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Feuerwehrleute+tot+%E2%80%93+kaum+L%C3%B6schwasser&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft.au=ef-te&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pz-news.de%2Fspecials%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2Fpforzheim%2F2005%2Fdownload.dhtml%3Fcommand%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVE2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">VE (10 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310193347/http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=13">"In der Fremde gestorben"</a> [Died abroad]. 23.Februar 1945. <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (in German). No. 33. p. 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=13">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pforzheimer+Zeitung&rft.atitle=In+der+Fremde+gestorben&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft.au=VE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pz-news.de%2Fspecials%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2Fpforzheim%2F2005%2Fdownload.dhtml%3Fcommand%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPM2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">PM (23 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310193755/http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=26">"Sofortmeldung nach dem Angriff"</a> [Immediate report after the attack]. 23.Februar 1945. <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (in German). No. 44. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=26">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pforzheimer+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Sofortmeldung+nach+dem+Angriff&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2005-02-23&rft.au=PM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pz-news.de%2Fspecials%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2Fpforzheim%2F2005%2Fdownload.dhtml%3Fcommand%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrei2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frei, Thomas (31 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051112004501/http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=38">"Beherzte Bürger retten Weißensteiner Brücke"</a> [Courageous citizens save Weißenstein bridge]. 23.Februar 1945. <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (in German). No. 73. p. 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=38">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pforzheimer+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Beherzte+B%C3%BCrger+retten+Wei%C3%9Fensteiner+Br%C3%BCcke&rft.issue=73&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2005-03-31&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pz-news.de%2Fspecials%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2Fpforzheim%2F2005%2Fdownload.dhtml%3Fcommand%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitung24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitung24_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitung24_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrei2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frei, Thomas (8 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109215004/http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=39">"Zehn Tage um "tote Stadt" gekämpft"</a> [Ten days fighting over "dead city"]. 23.Februar 1945. <i><a href="/wiki/Pforzheimer_Zeitung" title="Pforzheimer Zeitung">Pforzheimer Zeitung</a></i> (in German). No. 80. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pz-news.de/specials/web/pdf/pforzheim/2005/download.dhtml?command=39">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pforzheimer+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Zehn+Tage+um+%22tote+Stadt%22+gek%C3%A4mpft&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pz-news.de%2Fspecials%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2Fpforzheim%2F2005%2Fdownload.dhtml%3Fcommand%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tornadoliste.de/2pforzheim1968.htm">"Verheerender Tornado in Pforzheim am 10.07.1968"</a>. <i>tornadoliste.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tornadoliste.de&rft.atitle=Verheerender+Tornado+in+Pforzheim+am+10.07.1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftornadoliste.de%2F2pforzheim1968.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-txlaunch-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-txlaunch_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hubbard2007" class="citation web cs1">Paul Hubbard (7 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517193528/http://www.watchreport.com/2007/04/timex_tx_watche.html">"Timex TX Watches"</a>. The Watch Report. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timex+TX+Watches&rft.pub=The+Watch+Report&rft.date=2007-04-07&rft.au=Paul+Hubbard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watchreport.com%2F2007%2F04%2Ftimex_tx_watche.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-txstart-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-txstart_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goettgen.de/fz/start-ein-neues-zeitalter-1316836800">"Timex: Start in ein neues Zeitalter"</a>. Goettgen.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timex%3A+Start+in+ein+neues+Zeitalter&rft.pub=Goettgen.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goettgen.de%2Ffz%2Fstart-ein-neues-zeitalter-1316836800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tximpossible-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tximpossible_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArial_Adams2009" class="citation web cs1">Arial Adams (9 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ablogtowatch.com/tx-400-series-perpetual-weekly-calendar-ref-t3c301-watch-review//timex_tx_watche.html">"TX 400 Series Perpetual Weekly Calendar Ref. T3C301 Watch Review"</a>. ABTW.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TX+400+Series+Perpetual+Weekly+Calendar+Ref.+T3C301+Watch+Review&rft.pub=ABTW&rft.date=2009-08-09&rft.au=Arial+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ablogtowatch.com%2Ftx-400-series-perpetual-weekly-calendar-ref-t3c301-watch-review%2F%2Ftimex_tx_watche.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-invest1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-invest1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-invest1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaden-Württemberg._Where_ideas_work.2006" class="citation web cs1">Baden-Württemberg. Where ideas work. (17 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014215727/http://www.bw-invest.de/eng/index_eng_1386.aspx">"Baden-Württemberg. Where ideas work. - Pforzheim, Goldstadt Deutschlands"</a>. Bw-invest.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bw-invest.de/eng/index_eng_1386.aspx">the original</a> on 14 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.+Where+ideas+work.+-+Pforzheim%2C+Goldstadt+Deutschlands&rft.pub=Bw-invest.de&rft.date=2006-06-17&rft.au=Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.+Where+ideas+work.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bw-invest.de%2Feng%2Findex_eng_1386.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/synagoge_pforzheim.htm">"Die Synagoge in Pforzheim (Stadtkreis Pforzheim)"</a>. Alemannia-judaica.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Synagoge+in+Pforzheim+%28Stadtkreis+Pforzheim%29&rft.pub=Alemannia-judaica.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alemannia-judaica.de%2Fsynagoge_pforzheim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pforzheim.de/buerger/rathaus/europa-und-die-partnerstaedte/partnerstaedte.html">"Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>pforzheim.de</i> (in German). Pforzheim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pforzheim.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pforzheim.de%2Fbuerger%2Frathaus%2Feuropa-und-die-partnerstaedte%2Fpartnerstaedte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Reuchlin, Johann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Reuchlin,_Johann">"Reuchlin, Johann" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. XVII. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reuchlin%2C+Johann&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pforzheim is situated in a valley and also spread out across the adjacent hill slopes. On the northern slope there is a level, narrow plateau that is about 100 meters wide and about 2 kilometers in length. The railway facilities, including the main station and what used to be the freight loading facilities, are located on this plateau. This is the only level space that can possibly be used for railway facilities there. If the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> would have been only aiming at destroying the railway facilities, a few aircraft would have sufficed to finish this job in a short time. There was no need to bomb an area that was wider than one kilometer (0.6 miles) and had a length of more than three kilometers (1.9 miles) using more than 360 <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancasters</a>, as was the case in the big raid on 23 February. The existence and size of the plateau on the northern slope can be verified by examining any topographic map featuring the Pforzheim city area, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705101909/http://www.pforzheim.de/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/BILDER/CHRONIK/ZERSTOERUNGSKARTE.PDF">map showing the destroyed city area</a>. And besides that, the area bombardment obviously was not even effective in destroying the railway facilities, because less than one month after the big raid in mid-March the railway facilities were bombed again several times by the <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a>, this time focussing mainly on the suspected military target, not civilian estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitung52_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitung52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These figures are similar to <a href="#CITEREFGroh2005">Groh (2005)</a>, but must be from another source which is not recorded.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pforzheim&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" class="extiw" title="c:Pforzheim">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pforzheim" class="extiw" title="voy:Pforzheim">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pforzheim.de/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reisemagazin-online.com/pforzheim-das-goldstueck-des-schwarzwaldes/">Pforzheim as a destination - Presented in travel magazine</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Pforzheim" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pforzheim&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pforzheim" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pforzheim&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/P#Pforzheim" class="extiw" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/P">Pforzheim</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pforzheim&rft.btitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Pforzheim" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pforzheim&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Pforzheim" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pforzheim&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APforzheim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Baden-Württemberg_Regions,_and_urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Baden-Württemberg_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany1260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template talk:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Baden-Württemberg_Regions,_and_urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Baden-Württemberg_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany1260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Flag of Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/60px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> Regions, and urban and rural districts in the state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in Germany <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_(region)" title="Freiburg (region)">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(region)" title="Karlsruhe (region)">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_(region)" title="Stuttgart (region)">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_(region)" title="Tübingen (region)">Tübingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb-Donau-Kreis" title="Alb-Donau-Kreis">Alb-Donau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_(district)" title="Biberach (district)">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodenseekreis" title="Bodenseekreis">Bodensee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6blingen_(district)" title="Böblingen (district)">Böblingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald" title="Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald">Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calw_(district)" title="Calw (district)">Calw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmendingen_(district)" title="Emmendingen (district)">Emmendingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzkreis" title="Enzkreis">Enz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_(district)" title="Esslingen (district)">Esslingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudenstadt_(district)" title="Freudenstadt (district)">Freudenstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen_(district)" title="Göppingen (district)">Göppingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidenheim_(district)" title="Heidenheim (district)">Heidenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn_(district)" title="Heilbronn (district)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe_(district)" title="Hohenlohe (district)">Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_(district)" title="Karlsruhe (district)">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz_(district)" title="Konstanz (district)">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6rrach_(district)" title="Lörrach (district)">Lörrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg_(district)" title="Ludwigsburg (district)">Ludwigsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main-Tauber-Kreis" title="Main-Tauber-Kreis">Main-Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis" title="Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis">Neckar-Odenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortenaukreis" title="Ortenaukreis">Ortenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostalbkreis" title="Ostalbkreis">Ostalbkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastatt_(district)" title="Rastatt (district)">Rastatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg_(district)" title="Ravensburg (district)">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rems-Murr-Kreis" title="Rems-Murr-Kreis">Rems-Murr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen_(district)" title="Reutlingen (district)">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Neckar-Kreis" title="Rhein-Neckar-Kreis">Rhein-Neckar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil_(district)" title="Rottweil (district)">Rottweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall_(district)" title="Schwäbisch Hall (district)">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis" title="Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis">Schwarzwald-Baar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_(district)" title="Sigmaringen (district)">Sigmaringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_(district)" title="Tübingen (district)">Tübingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttlingen_(district)" title="Tuttlingen (district)">Tuttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldshut_(district)" title="Waldshut (district)">Waldshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollernalbkreis" title="Zollernalbkreis">Zollernalb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133069115">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh4Rmg7kwX4g9HhpkCcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045637-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50057390">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880894q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880894q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pforzheim (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge478227&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557375705171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266578105171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f0887372-38dd-42cd-8b01-bb5a7f206a0c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19400139?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026590638">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFVE2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFef-te2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years nts\"] = 31,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AmCyc\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Americana\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Nuttall\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Cities in Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 15,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 20,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 8,\n [\"Germany districts Baden-Württemberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox German place\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Prose\"] = 2,\n [\"R\"] = 16,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Right\"] = 20,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n 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