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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurological_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Localized_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localized_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Localized infection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localized_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood-borne_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood-borne_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Blood-borne infection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-borne_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Candidiasis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="داء المبيضات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داء المبيضات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidoz" title="Kandidoz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kandidoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кандидоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кандидоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidosi" title="Candidosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Candidosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid%C3%B3za" title="Candidóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Candidóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Candidiasis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidose" title="Candidose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Candidose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ކެންޑިޑިއޭސިސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެންޑިޑިއޭސިސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidoos" title="Kandidoos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kandidoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Καντιντίαση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καντιντίαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Candidiasis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidozo" title="Kandidozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kandidozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidiasi" title="Kandidiasi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kandidiasi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="کاندیدیاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاندیدیاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidose" title="Candidose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Candidose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candaidi%C3%A1is" title="Candaidiáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Candaidiáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B8%EB%94%94%EB%8B%A4%EC%A6%9D" title="칸디다증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칸디다증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Կանդիդոզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանդիդոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidiasis" title="Kandidiasis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kandidiasis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidosi" title="Candidosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Candidosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1" title="קנדידיאזיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנדידיאזיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Кандидоз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кандидоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidiasisi" title="Kandidiasisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kandidiasisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Кандидоз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кандидоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidose" title="Candidose – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Candidose" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandida" title="Kandida – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kandida" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кандидијаза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кандидијаза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidiasis" title="Kandidiasis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kandidiasis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Candidiasis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="क्यान्दिदियासिस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यान्दिदियासिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%80%E7%97%87" title="カンジダ症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンジダ症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D" title="କ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡିଡିଆସିସ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡିଡିଆସିସ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidamikoz" title="Kandidamikoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kandidamikoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandydoza" title="Kandydoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kandydoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid%C3%ADase" title="Candidíase – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Candidíase" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidoz%C4%83" title="Candidoză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Candidoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Кандидоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кандидоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidoza" title="Kandidoza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kandidoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Candidiasis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidoza" title="Kandidoza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kandidoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Кандидијаза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кандидијаза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiivasienitulehdus" title="Hiivasienitulehdus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiivasienitulehdus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Candidiasis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Candidiasis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fungal infection due to any type of Candida</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yeast infection" redirects here. For yeast infections affecting the vagina, see <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection" title="Vaginal yeast infection">vaginal yeast infection</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thrush (disease)" redirects here. For the infection in horses, see <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(horse)" title="Thrush (horse)">Thrush (horse)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Candidiasis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Candidosis, moniliasis, oidiomycosis <a href="#cite_note-Andrews-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a light-skinned human sticking tongue out where the tongue is mostly colored light yellow due to an oral candidiasis infection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg/250px-Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg/375px-Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg/500px-Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="2513" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Oral candidiasis (thrush)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White patches or vaginal discharge, itching <a href="#cite_note-CDCVaginal2019-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDCThrush2019-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Candida_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida (genus)">Candida</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CDCCan2019-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Immunosuppression (<a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> therapy <a href="#cite_note-CDC2014RiskO-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Otx-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">6% of babies (mouth)<a href="#cite_note-Oral2014Stat-7">[7]</a> 75% of women at some time (vaginal)<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Epi-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Candidiasis is a <a href="/wiki/Fungal_infection_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal infection in animals">fungal infection</a> due to any species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Candida_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida (genus)">Candida</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CDCCan2019-4">[4]</a> When it <a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">affects the mouth</a>, in some countries it is commonly called thrush.<a href="#cite_note-CDCThrush2019-3">[3]</a> Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat.<a href="#cite_note-CDCThrush2019-3">[3]</a> Other symptoms may include soreness and problems swallowing.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014OralS-9">[9]</a> When it <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection" title="Vaginal yeast infection">affects the vagina</a>, it may be referred to as a yeast infection or thrush.<a href="#cite_note-CDCVaginal2019-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Signs and symptoms include genital itching, burning, and sometimes a white "cottage cheese-like" discharge from the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014VagS-11">[11]</a> Yeast infections of the penis are less common and typically present with an itchy rash.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014VagS-11">[11]</a> Very rarely, yeast infections may become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Inv-12">[12]</a> This may result in <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fevers</a>, among other symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Inv-12">[12]</a> More than 20 types of Candida may cause infection with <a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a> being the most common.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Can-13">[13]</a> Infections of the mouth are most common among children less than one month old, the elderly, and those with <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">weak immune systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014RiskO-5">[5]</a> Conditions that result in a weak immune system include <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, the medications used after <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014RiskO-5">[5]</a> Other risk factors include during breastfeeding, following <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> therapy, and the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Dentures" title="Dentures">dentures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014RiskO-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2008-14">[14]</a> Vaginal infections occur more commonly during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, in those with weak immune systems, and following antibiotic therapy.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014VP-15">[15]</a> Individuals at risk for <a href="/wiki/Invasive_candidiasis" title="Invasive candidiasis">invasive candidiasis</a> include <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight_babies" class="mw-redirect" title="Low birth weight babies">low birth weight babies</a>, people recovering from surgery, people admitted to <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care units</a>, and those with an otherwise compromised immune system.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014IP-16">[16]</a> Efforts to prevent infections of the mouth include the use of <a href="/wiki/Chlorhexidine" title="Chlorhexidine">chlorhexidine</a> mouthwash in those with poor immune function and washing out the mouth following the use of inhaled steroids.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Otx-6">[6]</a> Little evidence supports <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotics</a> for either prevention or treatment, even among those with frequent vaginal infections.<a href="#cite_note-Jur2012-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ab2009-18">[18]</a> For infections of the mouth, treatment with <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> <a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">clotrimazole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a> is usually effective.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Otx-6">[6]</a> Oral or intravenous <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a> may be used if these do not work.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Otx-6">[6]</a> A number of topical antifungal medications may be used for vaginal infections, including clotrimazole.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In those with widespread disease, an <a href="/wiki/Echinocandin" title="Echinocandin">echinocandin</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Caspofungin" title="Caspofungin">caspofungin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Micafungin" title="Micafungin">micafungin</a> is used.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> A number of weeks of intravenous amphotericin B may be used as an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> In certain groups at very high risk, antifungal medications may be used preventively,<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014IP-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> and concomitantly with medications known to precipitate infections. Infections of the mouth occur in about 6% of babies less than a month old.<a href="#cite_note-Oral2014Stat-7">[7]</a> About 20% of those receiving <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> for cancer and 20% of those with <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> also develop the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Oral2014Stat-7">[7]</a> About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at some time during their lives.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Epi-8">[8]</a> Widespread disease is rare except in those who have risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derm-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Derm-57.jpg/220px-Derm-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Derm-57.jpg/330px-Derm-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Derm-57.jpg/440px-Derm-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Skin candidiasis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeast_Infection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yeast_Infection.png/220px-Yeast_Infection.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yeast_Infection.png/330px-Yeast_Infection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yeast_Infection.png/440px-Yeast_Infection.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection" title="Vaginal yeast infection">Vaginal yeast infection</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toefungus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Toefungus.jpg/220px-Toefungus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Toefungus.jpg/330px-Toefungus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Toefungus.jpg/440px-Toefungus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Nail candidiasis (<a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">onychomycosis</a>)</figcaption></figure> Signs and symptoms of candidiasis vary depending on the area affected.<a href="#cite_note-ID10-22">[22]</a> Most candidal infections result in minimal complications such as redness, itching, and discomfort, though complications may be severe or even fatal if left untreated in certain populations. In healthy (<a href="/wiki/Immunocompetence" title="Immunocompetence">immunocompetent</a>) persons, candidiasis is usually a localized infection of the skin, fingernails or toenails (onychomycosis), or mucosal membranes, including the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">oral cavity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oral_thrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral thrush">thrush</a>), <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, and the sex organs (<a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a>, etc.);<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baron-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a> less commonly in healthy individuals, the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24612332-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIFO-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">urinary tract</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-26">[26]</a> are sites of candida infection. In immunocompromised individuals, Candida infections in the <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">esophagus</a> occur more frequently than in healthy individuals and have a higher potential of becoming <a href="/wiki/Systemic_disease" title="Systemic disease">systemic</a>, causing a much more serious condition, a <a href="/wiki/Fungemia" title="Fungemia">fungemia</a> called candidemia.<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fidel-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pappas-30">[30]</a> Symptoms of esophageal candidiasis include <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">difficulty swallowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">painful swallowing</a>, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yamada_2009-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mouth">Mouth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mouth">edit</a>]</div> Infection in the mouth is characterized by white discolorations in the tongue, around the mouth, and in the throat. Irritation may also occur, causing discomfort when swallowing.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Thrush is commonly seen in infants. It is not considered abnormal in infants unless it lasts longer than a few weeks.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genitals">Genitals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genitals">edit</a>]</div> Infection of the vagina or <a href="/wiki/Human_vulva" class="mw-redirect" title="Human vulva">vulva</a> may cause severe itching, burning, soreness, irritation, and a whitish or whitish-gray <a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">cottage cheese</a>-like discharge. Symptoms of infection of the male genitalia (balanitis thrush) include red skin around the head of the penis, swelling, irritation, itchiness and soreness of the head of the penis, thick, lumpy discharge under the foreskin, unpleasant odour, difficulty retracting the foreskin (<a href="/wiki/Phimosis" title="Phimosis">phimosis</a>), and pain when passing urine or during sex.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skin">edit</a>]</div> Signs and symptoms of candidiasis in the skin include itching, irritation, and chafing or broken skin.<a href="#cite_note-medlineplus.gov-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_infection">Invasive infection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasive infection">edit</a>]</div> Common symptoms of gastrointestinal candidiasis in healthy individuals are <a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">anal itching</a>, belching, bloating, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, gas, intestinal cramps, vomiting, and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric ulcer">gastric ulcers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24612332-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIFO-28">[28]</a> Perianal candidiasis can cause anal itching; the lesion can be <a href="/wiki/Erythematous" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythematous">red</a>, papular, or ulcerative in appearance, and it is not considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Abnormal proliferation of the candida in the gut may lead to <a href="/wiki/Dysbiosis" title="Dysbiosis">dysbiosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-37">[37]</a> While it is not yet clear, this alteration may be the source of symptoms generally described as the <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and other gastrointestinal diseases.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24612332-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurological_symptoms">Neurological symptoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neurological symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Systemic candidiasis can affect the central nervous system causing a variety of neurological symptoms, with a presentation similar to meningitis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Candida_(fungus)" title="Candida (fungus)">Candida (fungus)</a></div> Candida yeasts are generally present in healthy humans, frequently part of the human body's normal oral and intestinal flora, and particularly on the skin; however, their growth is normally limited by the human <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and by competition of other <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, such as bacteria occupying the same locations in the human body.<a href="#cite_note-Goroll-41">[41]</a> Candida requires moisture for growth, notably on the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Mims-42">[42]</a> For example, wearing wet swimwear for long periods of time is believed to be a risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-43">[43]</a> Candida can also cause diaper rashes in babies.<a href="#cite_note-medlineplus.gov-35">[35]</a> In extreme cases, superficial infections of the skin or mucous membranes may enter the bloodstream and cause systemic Candida infections.<a href="#cite_note-m611-44">[44]</a> Factors that increase the risk of candidiasis include <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBV_infectious_mononucleosis" class="mw-redirect" title="EBV infectious mononucleosis">mononucleosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> treatments, <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (medicine)">stress</a>, antibiotic therapy, diabetes, and nutrient deficiency. <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)">Hormone replacement therapy</a> and infertility treatments may also be predisposing factors.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Use of inhaled corticosteroids increases risk of candidiasis of the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-:1-46">[46]</a> Inhaled corticosteroids with other risk factors such as antibiotics, oral glucocorticoids, not rinsing mouth after use of inhaled corticosteroids or high dose of inhaled corticosteroids put people at even higher risk.<a href="#cite_note-:1-46">[46]</a> Treatment with antibiotics can lead to eliminating the yeast's natural competitors for resources in the oral and intestinal flora, thereby increasing the severity of the condition.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> A weakened or undeveloped immune system or metabolic illnesses are significant predisposing factors of candidiasis.<a href="#cite_note-Odds-48">[48]</a> Almost 15% of people with weakened immune systems develop a systemic illness caused by Candida species.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Diets high in simple <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> have been found to affect rates of oral candidiases.<a href="#cite_note-Review2002-50">[50]</a> C. albicans was isolated from the vaginas of 19% of apparently healthy women, i.e., those who experienced few or no symptoms of infection. External use of detergents or <a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">douches</a> or internal disturbances (hormonal or physiological) can <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perturbation (biology)">perturb</a> the normal <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora" title="Vaginal flora">vaginal flora</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lactobacilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacilli">lactobacilli</a>, and result in an overgrowth of Candida cells, causing symptoms of infection, such as local <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives have been reported as risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-Schiefer-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> are also linked to increased rates of yeast infections.<a href="#cite_note-Schiefer-52">[52]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penile</a> candidiasis, the causes include sexual intercourse with an infected individual, low immunity, antibiotics, and diabetes. Male genital yeast infections are less common, but a yeast infection on the penis caused from direct contact via sexual intercourse with an infected partner is not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Breast-feeding mothers may also develop candidiasis on and around the nipple as a result of moisture created by excessive milk-production.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2008-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vaginal</a> candidiasis can cause congenital candidiasis in <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">newborns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skoczylas_2014_179–89-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaginal_swab_wet_mount_of_candida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vaginal_swab_wet_mount_of_candida.jpg/220px-Vaginal_swab_wet_mount_of_candida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vaginal_swab_wet_mount_of_candida.jpg/330px-Vaginal_swab_wet_mount_of_candida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vaginal_swab_wet_mount_of_candida.jpg/440px-Vaginal_swab_wet_mount_of_candida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Vaginal swab wet mount of candida (phase contrast) showing the pseudohyphae</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/220px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/330px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/440px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a> culture of C. albicans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaginal_wet_mount_of_candidal_vulvovaginitis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vaginal_wet_mount_of_candidal_vulvovaginitis.jpg/220px-Vaginal_wet_mount_of_candidal_vulvovaginitis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vaginal_wet_mount_of_candidal_vulvovaginitis.jpg/330px-Vaginal_wet_mount_of_candidal_vulvovaginitis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vaginal_wet_mount_of_candidal_vulvovaginitis.jpg/440px-Vaginal_wet_mount_of_candidal_vulvovaginitis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KOH_test" title="KOH test">KOH test</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_wet_mount" title="Vaginal wet mount">vaginal wet mount</a>, showing slings of pseudohyphae of <a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a> surrounded by round vaginal epithelial cells, conferring a diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">candidal vulvovaginitis</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esophageal_candidiasis_(2)_PAS_stain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Esophageal_candidiasis_%282%29_PAS_stain.jpg/220px-Esophageal_candidiasis_%282%29_PAS_stain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Esophageal_candidiasis_%282%29_PAS_stain.jpg/330px-Esophageal_candidiasis_%282%29_PAS_stain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Esophageal_candidiasis_%282%29_PAS_stain.jpg/440px-Esophageal_candidiasis_%282%29_PAS_stain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Micrograph of esophageal candidiasis showing hyphae, <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> specimen, <a href="/wiki/PAS_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="PAS stain">PAS stain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candida_Gram_stain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/220px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/330px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/440px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a> of Candida albicans from a vaginal swab; the small oval <a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">chlamydospores</a> are 2–4 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> in diameter </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus,_P_kudriavzevii,_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg/220px-CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg/330px-CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg/440px-CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="3161" /></a><figcaption>Chromogenic agar can help in indicating the involved species of Candida versus similar fungi. (CHROMAgar shown)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycology_algorithm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mycology_algorithm.png/220px-Mycology_algorithm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mycology_algorithm.png/330px-Mycology_algorithm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mycology_algorithm.png/440px-Mycology_algorithm.png 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="2477" /></a><figcaption>Algorithm for the diagnosis of Candida versus differential diagnoses.</figcaption></figure> In oral candidiasis, simply inspecting the person's mouth for white patches and irritation may make the diagnosis. A sample of the infected area may also be taken to determine what organism is causing the infection.<a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-55">[55]</a> Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis are also present in the more common <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis" title="Bacterial vaginosis">bacterial vaginosis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> aerobic vaginitis is distinct and should be excluded in the differential diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In a 2002 study, only 33% of women who were self-treating for a yeast infection were found to have such an infection, while most had either bacterial vaginosis or a mixed-type infection.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Diagnosis of a yeast infection is confirmed either via microscopic examination or culturing. For identification by light microscopy, a scraping or swab of the affected area is placed on a <a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide" title="Microscope slide">microscope slide</a>. A single drop of 10% <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> (KOH) solution is then added to the specimen. The KOH dissolves the skin cells, but leaves the Candida cells intact, permitting visualization of <a href="/wiki/Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphae">pseudohyphae</a> and budding <a href="/wiki/Yeast_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast cell">yeast cells</a> typical of many Candida species.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> For the culturing method, a sterile swab is rubbed on the infected skin surface. The swab is then streaked on a culture medium. The culture is incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) for several days, to allow development of yeast or bacterial colonies. The characteristics (such as morphology and colour) of the colonies may allow initial diagnosis of the organism causing disease symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Guarner_Brandt_2011_pp._247–280-60">[60]</a> Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and esophageal candidiasis require an <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a> to diagnose.<a href="#cite_note-SIFO-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_workup-61">[61]</a> For gastrointestinal candidiasis, it is necessary to obtain a 3–5 milliliter sample of fluid from the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">fungal culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIFO-28">[28]</a> The diagnosis of gastrointestinal candidiasis is based upon the culture containing in excess of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Colony-forming_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony-forming units">colony-forming units</a> per milliliter.<a href="#cite_note-SIFO-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Candidiasis may be divided into these types: <ul><li>Mucosal candidiasis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a> (thrush, oropharyngeal candidiasis)<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a> <ul><li>Pseudomembranous candidiasis<a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Erythematous candidiasis<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Hyperplastic candidiasis<a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denture-related_stomatitis" title="Denture-related stomatitis">Denture-related stomatitis</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a> — Candida organisms are involved in about 90% of cases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_cheilitis" title="Angular cheilitis">Angular cheilitis</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a> — Candida species are responsible for about 20% of cases, mixed infection of C. albicans and <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a> for about 60% of cases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_rhomboid_glossitis" title="Median rhomboid glossitis">Median rhomboid glossitis</a><a href="#cite_note-Thrush_-_2015_review-25">[25]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Candidal vulvovaginitis</a> (vaginal yeast infection)<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mastro2013-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Candidal <a href="/wiki/Balanitis" title="Balanitis">balanitis</a> — infection of the glans penis,<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a> almost exclusively occurring in uncircumcised males<a href="#cite_note-Nyirjesy_2013-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal candidiasis</a> (candidal esophagitis)<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yamada_2009-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Gastrointestinal candidiasis<a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24612332-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIFO-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Respiratory candidiasis<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-26">[26]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cutaneous candidiasis <ul><li>Candidal <a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">folliculitis</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">Candidal intertrigo</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_paronychia" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal paronychia">Candidal paronychia</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Perianal candidiasis, may present as <a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">pruritus ani</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-1">[1]</a>: 309 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cutaneous_candidiasis" title="Congenital cutaneous candidiasis">Congenital cutaneous candidiasis</a><a href="#cite_note-Skoczylas_2014_179–89-54">[54]</a></li> <li>Diaper candidiasis: an infection of a child's <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diaper</a> area<a href="#cite_note-Andrews-1">[1]</a>: 309 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosio_interdigitalis_blastomycetica" title="Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica">Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica</a></li> <li>Candidal <a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">onychomycosis</a> (nail infection) caused by Candida<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic candidiasis">Systemic candidiasis</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a> <ul><li>Candidemia, a form of <a href="/wiki/Fungemia" title="Fungemia">fungemia</a> which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_candidiasis" title="Invasive candidiasis">Invasive candidiasis</a> (disseminated candidiasis) — organ infection by Candida<a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Chronic systemic candidiasis (hepatosplenic candidiasis) — sometimes arises during recovery from <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a><a href="#cite_note-Medscape_clinical-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reiss_2011-65">[65]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic candidiasis">Antibiotic candidiasis</a> (iatrogenic candidiasis)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> A diet that supports the immune system and is not high in simple carbohydrates contributes to a healthy balance of the oral and intestinal flora.<a href="#cite_note-Goroll-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Review2002-50">[50]</a> While yeast infections are associated with diabetes, the level of blood sugar control may not affect the risk.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Wearing cotton underwear may help to reduce the risk of developing skin and vaginal yeast infections, along with not wearing wet clothes for long periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014VP-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-43">[43]</a> For women who experience recurrent yeast infections, there is limited evidence that oral or intravaginal probiotics help to prevent future infections.<a href="#cite_note-Jur2012-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fal2006-67">[67]</a> This includes either as pills or as yogurt.<a href="#cite_note-Jur2012-17">[17]</a> Oral hygiene can help prevent oral candidiasis when people have a weakened immune system.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014RiskO-5">[5]</a> For people undergoing cancer treatment, chlorhexidine mouthwash can prevent or reduce thrush.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014RiskO-5">[5]</a> People who use inhaled corticosteroids can reduce the risk of developing oral candidiasis by rinsing the mouth with water or mouthwash after using the inhaler.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014RiskO-5">[5]</a> People with dentures should also disinfect their dentures regularly to prevent oral candidiasis.<a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Candidiasis is treated with <a href="/wiki/Antifungal_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal medication">antifungal medications</a>; these include <a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">clotrimazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voriconazole" title="Voriconazole">voriconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Echinocandin" title="Echinocandin">echinocandins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> Intravenous fluconazole or an intravenous echinocandin such as <a href="/wiki/Caspofungin" title="Caspofungin">caspofungin</a> are commonly used to treat immunocompromised or critically ill individuals.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> The 2016 revision of the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_practice_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical practice guideline">clinical practice guideline</a> for the management of candidiasis lists a large number of specific treatment regimens for Candida infections that involve different Candida species, forms of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antifungal drug resistance</a>, immune statuses, and infection localization and severity.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> Gastrointestinal candidiasis in immunocompetent individuals is treated with 100–200 mg fluconazole per day for 2–3 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-SIFO-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localized_infection">Localized infection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Localized infection">edit</a>]</div> Mouth and throat candidiasis are treated with antifungal medication. Oral candidiasis usually responds to topical treatments; otherwise, systemic antifungal medication may be needed for oral infections. Candidal skin infections <a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">in the skin folds (candidal intertrigo)</a> typically respond well to topical antifungal treatments (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">miconazole</a>). For breastfeeding mothers topical miconazole is the most effective treatment for treating candidiasis on the breasts.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gentian_violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentian violet">Gentian violet</a> can be used for thrush in <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> babies.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2008-14">[14]</a> Systemic treatment with antifungals by mouth is reserved for severe cases or if treatment with topical therapy is unsuccessful. Candida esophagitis may be treated orally or intravenously; for severe or azole-resistant esophageal candidiasis, treatment with amphotericin B may be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Otx-6">[6]</a> Vaginal yeast infections are typically treated with topical antifungal agents.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> Penile yeast infections are also treated with antifungal agents, but while an internal treatment may be used (such as a pessary) for vaginal yeast infections, only external treatments – such as a cream – can be recommended for penile treatment.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A one-time dose of fluconazole by mouth is 90% effective in treating a vaginal yeast infection.<a href="#cite_note-Moosa-70">[70]</a> For severe nonrecurring cases, several doses of fluconazole is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> Local treatment may include vaginal <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">suppositories</a> or medicated <a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">douches</a>. Other types of yeast infections require different dosing. C. albicans can develop resistance to fluconazole, this being more of an issue in those with HIV/AIDS who are often treated with multiple courses of fluconazole for recurrent oral infections.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> For vaginal yeast infection in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, topical <a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">imidazole</a> or <a href="/wiki/Triazole" title="Triazole">triazole</a> antifungals are considered the therapy of choice owing to available safety data.<a href="#cite_note-soong2009-72">[72]</a> Systemic absorption of these topical formulations is minimal, posing little risk of <a href="/wiki/Transplacental" title="Transplacental">transplacental</a> transfer.<a href="#cite_note-soong2009-72">[72]</a> In vaginal yeast infection in pregnancy, treatment with topical azole antifungals is recommended for seven days instead of a shorter duration.<a href="#cite_note-soong2009-72">[72]</a> For vaginal yeast infections, many complementary treatments are proposed, however a number have side effects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-73">[73]</a> No benefit from probiotics has been found for active infections.<a href="#cite_note-Ab2009-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood-borne_infection">Blood-borne infection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Blood-borne infection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fungemia" title="Fungemia">Fungemia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Candidemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidemia">Candidemia</a> occurs when any Candida species infects the blood. Its treatment typically consists of oral or <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> antifungal medications.<a href="#cite_note-NIHSystemic-74">[74]</a> Examples include intravenous <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Echinocandin" title="Echinocandin">echinocandin</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Caspofungin" title="Caspofungin">caspofungin</a> may be used.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">Amphotericin B</a> is another option.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2016-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> In hospitalized patients who develop candidemia, age is an important prognostic factor. Mortality following candidemia is 50% in patients aged ≥75 years and 24% in patients aged <75 years.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Among individuals being treated in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care units</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> is about 30–50% when systemic candidiasis develops.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2011-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the mouth,<a href="#cite_note-OMF_path_textbook-77">[77]</a> and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans.<a href="#cite_note-Lalla_2013-78">[78]</a> Infections of the mouth occur in about 6% of babies less than a month old.<a href="#cite_note-Oral2014Stat-7">[7]</a> About 20% of those receiving <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> for cancer and 20% of those with <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> also develop the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Oral2014Stat-7">[7]</a> It is estimated that 20% of women may be asymptomatically colonized by vaginal yeast.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In the United States there are approximately 1.4 million doctor office visits every year for candidiasis.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at some time during their lives.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Epi-8">[8]</a> Esophageal candidiasis is the most common esophageal infection in persons with AIDS and accounts for about 50% of all esophageal infections, often coexisting with other esophageal diseases. About two-thirds of people with AIDS and esophageal candidiasis also have oral candidiasis.<a href="#cite_note-Yamada_2009-31">[31]</a> Candidal <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> is rare.<a href="#cite_note-Gow_2002-81">[81]</a> Candida is the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections among hospital patients in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-CDCCandida-82">[82]</a> The incidence of bloodstream candida in intensive care units varies widely between countries.<a href="#cite_note-Vallab2016-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Descriptions of what sounds like oral thrush go back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> circa 460–370 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-ID10-22">[22]</a> The first description of a fungus as the causative agent of an oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidosis was by Bernhard von Langenbeck in 1839.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Vulvovaginal candidiasis was first described in 1849 by Wilkinson.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-85">[85]</a> In 1875, Haussmann demonstrated the causative organism in both vulvovaginal and oral candidiasis is the same.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-85">[85]</a> With the advent of antibiotics following World War II, the rates of candidiasis increased. The rates then decreased in the 1950s following the development of <a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Obladen_2012-86">[86]</a> The colloquial term "thrush" is of unknown origin but may stem from an unrecorded Old English word *þrusc or from a Scandinavian root. The term is not related to the bird of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The term candidosis is largely used in British English, and candidiasis in American English.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-85">[85]</a> Candida is also pronounced differently; in American English, the stress is on the "i", whereas in British English the stress is on the first syllable.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Candida and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> C. albicans were described by botanist <a href="/wiki/Christine_Marie_Berkhout" title="Christine Marie Berkhout">Christine Marie Berkhout</a> in her doctoral thesis at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Utrecht">University of Utrecht</a> in 1923. Over the years, the classification of the genera and species has evolved. Obsolete names for this genus include Mycotorula and Torulopsis. The species has also been known in the past as Monilia albicans and Oidium albicans. The current classification is <a href="/wiki/Nomen_conservandum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen conservandum">nomen conservandum</a>, which means the name is authorized for use by the International Botanical Congress (IBC).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The genus Candida includes about 150 different species. However, only a few are known to cause human infections. C. albicans is the most significant <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> species. Other species pathogenic in humans include C. auris, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis, and C. lusitaniae. The name Candida was proposed by Berkhout. It is from the Latin word toga candida, referring to the white <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> (robe) worn by candidates for the Senate of the ancient Roman republic.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-85">[85]</a> The specific epithet albicans also comes from Latin, albicare meaning "to whiten".<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_1994-85">[85]</a> These names refer to the generally white appearance of Candida species when cultured. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chronic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic candidiasis">Chronic candidiasis</a></div> A 2005 publication noted that "a large <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> cult"<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> has developed around the topic of Candida, with claims stating that up to one in three people are affected by yeast-related illness, particularly a condition called "Candidiasis hypersensitivity".<a href="#cite_note-Barrett_2005-90">[90]</a> Some practitioners of alternative medicine have promoted these purported conditions and sold dietary supplements as supposed cures; a number of them have been prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett_2005-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAHF-91">[91]</a> In 1990, alternative health vendor Nature's Way signed an FTC consent agreement not to misrepresent in advertising any self-diagnostic test concerning yeast conditions or to make any unsubstantiated representation concerning any food or supplement's ability to control yeast conditions, with a fine of $30,000 payable to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> for research in genuine candidiasis.<a href="#cite_note-NCAHF-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> High level Candida colonization is linked to several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> There has been an increase in resistance to antifungals worldwide over the past 30–40 years.<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidiasis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamesElstonBergerAndrews2006" class="citation book cs1">James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG, Andrews GC, et al. 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Retrieved 2019-09-24. <q>Candida species and other microorganisms are involved in this complicated fungal infection, but Candida albicans continues to be the most prevalent. In the past two decades, it has been observed an abnormal overgrowth in the gastrointestinal, urinary and respiratory tracts, not only in immunocompromised patients but also related to nosocomial infections and even in healthy individuals. There is a wide variety of causal factors that contribute to yeast infection which means that candidiasis is a good example of a multifactorial syndrome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycopathologia&rft.atitle=Candidiasis%3A+predisposing+factors%2C+prevention%2C+diagnosis+and+alternative+treatment&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=223-40&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10198%2F10147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A795450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24789109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11046-014-9749-1&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+IC&rft.au=Barros%2C+L&rft.au=Silva%2C+S&rft.au=Henriques%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorium.sdum.uminho.pt%2Fbitstream%2F1822%2F31482%2F1%2Fdocument_17753_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandidiasis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24612332-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24612332_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24612332_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24612332_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24612332_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangYangStefkaSun2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wang ZK, Yang YS, Stefka AT, Sun G, Peng LH (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapt.12665">"Review article: fungal microbiota and digestive diseases"</a>. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 39 (8): 751–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapt.12665">10.1111/apt.12665</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24612332">24612332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22101484">22101484</a>. <q>In addition, GI fungal infection is reported even among those patients with normal immune status. Digestive system-related fungal infections may be induced by both commensal opportunistic fungi and exogenous pathogenic fungi. The IFI in different GI sites have their special clinical features, which are often accompanied by various severe diseases. Although IFI associated with digestive diseases are less common, they can induce fatal outcomes due to less specificity of related symptoms, signs, endoscopic and imaging manifestations, and the poor treatment options. ... Candida sp. is also the most frequently identified species among patients with gastric IFI. ... Gastric IFI is often characterised by the abdominal pain and vomiting and with the endoscopic characteristics including gastric giant and multiple ulcers, stenosis, perforation, and fistula. For example, gastric ulcers combined with entogastric fungal infection, characterised by deep, large and intractable ulcers,[118] were reported as early as the 1930s. ... The overgrowth and colonisation of fungi in intestine can lead to diarrhoea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alimentary+Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Review+article%3A+fungal+microbiota+and+digestive+diseases&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=751-66&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22101484%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24612332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fapt.12665&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=ZK&rft.au=Yang%2C+YS&rft.au=Stefka%2C+AT&rft.au=Sun%2C+G&rft.au=Peng%2C+LH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fapt.12665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandidiasis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIFO-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_28-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdoganRao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Erdogan A, Rao SS (April 2015). "Small intestinal fungal overgrowth". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 17 (4): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-015-0436-2">10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786900">25786900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3098136">3098136</a>. <q>Small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) is characterized by the presence of excessive number of fungal organisms in the small intestine associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Candidiasis is known to cause GI symptoms particularly in immunocompromised patients or those receiving steroids or antibiotics. However, only recently, there is emerging literature that an overgrowth of fungus in the small intestine of non-immunocompromised subjects may cause unexplained GI symptoms. Two recent studies showed that 26 % (24/94) and 25.3 % (38/150) of a series of patients with unexplained GI symptoms had SIFO. The most common symptoms observed in these patients were belching, bloating, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, and gas. The underlying mechanism(s) that predisposes to SIFO is unclear but small intestinal dysmotility and use of proton pump inhibitors has been implicated. However, further studies are needed; both to confirm these observations and to examine the clinical relevance of fungal overgrowth, both in healthy subjects and in patients with otherwise unexplained GI symptoms. ... For routine SIFO in an immunocompetent host, a 2–3 week oral course of fluconazole 100–200 mg will suffice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Gastroenterology+Reports&rft.atitle=Small+intestinal+fungal+overgrowth&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3098136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25786900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11894-015-0436-2&rft.aulast=Erdogan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rao%2C+SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandidiasis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fidel-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Fidel_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFidel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fidel PL (2002). "Immunity to Candida". 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Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 41 (2): 135–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F1040841X.2013.810587">10.3109/1040841X.2013.810587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23855357">23855357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39349854">39349854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=An+immunological+link+between+Candida+albicans+colonization+and+Crohn%27s+disease&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-9&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39349854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23855357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F1040841X.2013.810587&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Sendid%2C+B&rft.au=Colombel%2C+JF&rft.au=Poulain%2C+D&rft.au=Jouault%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3440733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandidiasis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/health-44160730">"Growing resistance to antifungal drugs 'a global issue'"</a>. 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Disease Primers. 4: 18026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrdp.2018.26">10.1038/nrdp.2018.26</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29749387">29749387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12502541">12502541</a>.</cite><span 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Candidiasis at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/candidiasis" class="extiw" title="wikt:candidiasis">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Candidiasis" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Candidiasis">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Candida" class="extiw" title="species:Candida">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273510" class="extiw" title="d:Q273510">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/yeastinfections.html">"Yeast Infections"</a>. MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Yeast+Infections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fyeastinfections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandidiasis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273510" class="extiw" title="d:Q273510">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2055968951">1F23</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B37">B37</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=112">112</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002177">D002177</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb1929.htm">1929</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001511.htm">001511</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/264-overview">med/264</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic76.htm#">emerg/76</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic312.htm#">ped/312</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic67.htm#">derm/67</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template talk:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Tinea (<a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li>Erythema (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycoses" title="Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mycoses" title="Template talk:Mycoses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Fungal infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">mesomycetozoea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Superficial_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Superficial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Cutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">cutaneous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dermatomycosis" title="Dermatomycosis">dermatomycosis</a>): <a href="/wiki/Tinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea">Tinea</a> = <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Piedra" title="Piedra">Piedra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exothrix" title="Exothrix">exothrix</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Endothrix" title="Endothrix">endothrix</a>) = <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Dermatophytosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_barbae" title="Tinea barbae">Tinea barbae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">tinea capitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerion" title="Kerion">Kerion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Tinea corporis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Tinea cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Tinea manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Tinea unguium/onychomycosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_superficial_onychomycosis" title="White superficial onychomycosis">White superficial onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Distal subungual onychomycosis">Distal subungual onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Proximal subungual onychomycosis">Proximal subungual onychomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis_gladiatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea corporis gladiatorum">Tinea corporis gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Tinea faciei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_imbricata" title="Tinea imbricata">Tinea imbricata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_incognito" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea incognito">Tinea incognito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favus" title="Favus">Favus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermophyton_floccosum" title="Epidermophyton floccosum">Epidermophyton floccosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_canis" title="Microsporum canis">Microsporum canis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_audouinii" title="Microsporum audouinii">Microsporum audouinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_interdigitale" title="Trichophyton interdigitale">Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_tonsurans" title="Trichophyton tonsurans">Trichophyton tonsurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">Trichophyton schoenleini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum" title="Trichophyton rubrum">Trichophyton rubrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_verrucosum" title="Trichophyton verrucosum">Trichophyton verrucosum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_nigra" title="Tinea nigra">Tinea nigra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedraia_hortae" title="Piedraia hortae">Piedraia hortae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_piedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Black piedra">Black piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia" title="Malassezia">Malassezia furfur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia_folliculitis" title="Malassezia folliculitis">Malassezia folliculitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_piedra" title="White piedra">White piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Subcutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Subcutaneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_primary_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">systemic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_opportunistic_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">opportunistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic</a> (yeast+mold)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onygenales" title="Onygenales">Onygenales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_posadasii" title="Coccidioides posadasii">Coccidioides posadasii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_coccidioidomycosis" title="Disseminated coccidioidomycosis">Disseminated coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis">Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis">Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum" title="Histoplasma capsulatum">Histoplasma capsulatum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis" title="Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis">Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_histoplasmosis" title="Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis">Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_disseminated_histoplasmosis" title="Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis">Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_duboisii" title="Histoplasma duboisii">Histoplasma duboisii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_histoplasmosis" title="African histoplasmosis">African histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacazia" title="Lacazia">Lacazia loboi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobomycosis" title="Lobomycosis">Lobomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis" title="Paracoccidioides brasiliensis">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">Paracoccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomyces_dermatitidis" title="Blastomyces dermatitidis">Blastomyces dermatitidis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">Blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">North American blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">South American blastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporothrix_schenckii" title="Sporothrix schenckii">Sporothrix schenckii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sporotrichosis" title="Sporotrichosis">Sporotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaromycosis" title="Talaromycosis">Talaromycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scedosporiosis" title="Scedosporiosis">Scedosporiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsiosis" title="Emmonsiosis">Emmonsiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsia_parva" title="Emmonsia parva">Emmonsia parva</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaspiromycosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiaspiromycosis (page does not exist)">Adiaspiromycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Vulvovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic candidiasis">Antibiotic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">Candidal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_onychomycosis" title="Candidal onychomycosis">Candidal onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Candidal paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper candidiasis">Diaper candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cutaneous_candidiasis" title="Congenital cutaneous candidiasis">Congenital cutaneous candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal candidiasis">Perianal candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic candidiasis">Systemic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosio_interdigitalis_blastomycetica" title="Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica">Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_auris" title="Candida auris">C. auris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">C. glabrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_lusitaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida lusitaniae">C. lusitaniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">C. tropicalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystosis" title="Pneumocystosis">Pneumocystosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">Mold</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergilloma" title="Aspergilloma">Aspergilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_aspergillosis" title="Primary cutaneous aspergillosis">Primary cutaneous aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exophiala_jeanselmei" title="Exophiala jeanselmei">Exophiala jeanselmei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumycetoma" title="Eumycetoma">Eumycetoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_pedrosoi" title="Fonsecaea pedrosoi">Fonsecaea pedrosoi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_compacta" title="Fonsecaea compacta">Fonsecaea compacta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phialophora_verrucosa" title="Phialophora verrucosa">Phialophora verrucosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis" title="Chromoblastomycosis">Chromoblastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichosis" title="Geotrichosis">Geotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Pseudallescheria boydii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Allescheriasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcosis" title="Cryptococcosis">Cryptococcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a> spp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporonosis" title="Trichosporonosis">Trichosporonosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">Zygomycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mucormycosis" title="Mucormycosis">Mucormycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucor_indicus" title="Mucor indicus">Mucor indicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia_corymbifera" title="Lichtheimia corymbifera">Lichtheimia corymbifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncephalastrum_racemosum" title="Syncephalastrum racemosum">Syncephalastrum racemosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces_variabilis" title="Apophysomyces variabilis">Apophysomyces variabilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophthorales" title="Entomophthorales">Entomophthorales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Entomophthoramycosis" title="Entomophthoramycosis">Entomophthoramycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolus_ranarum" title="Basidiobolus ranarum">Basidiobolus ranarum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycosis" title="Basidiobolomycosis">Basidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_coronatus" title="Conidiobolus coronatus">Conidiobolus coronatus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_incongruus" title="Conidiobolus incongruus">Conidiobolus incongruus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolomycosis" title="Conidiobolomycosis">Conidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsporidiosis" title="Microsporidiosis">Microsporidiosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocytozoon_bieneusi" title="Enterocytozoon bieneusi">Enterocytozoon bieneusi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Encephalitozoon_intestinalis" title="Encephalitozoon intestinalis">Encephalitozoon intestinalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" 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gluteale infantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyalohyphomycosis" title="Hyalohyphomycosis">Hyalohyphomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratomycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratomycosis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeohyphomycosis" title="Phaeohyphomycosis">Phaeohyphomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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