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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9103058%2FPerceived_race_based_discrimination_employment_status_and_job_stress_in_a_national_sample_of_black_women_implications_for_health_outcomes%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":35397054,"identifier":"Attachment_35397054","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":9103058,"created_at":"2014-11-03T09:42:47.950-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-14T10:28:52.230-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Previous research has not systematically examined the relationship of perceived race-based discriminations to labor force participation or job related stresses-problems experienced by Black women. The present study investigated the relative contributions of perceived race-based discriminations and sociodemographic characteristics to employment status and job stress in a national probability sample (the National Survey of Black Americans; J. S. Jackson, 1991) of Black women in the United States. Logit and polychotomous logistic regression analyses revealed that Black women's current employment status was best explained by sociodemographic measures. In contrast, the combination of perceived discrimination and sociodemographics differentially affects patterns of employment status and perceived job stress in the work environment of Black women. Implications of these findings for the health of African American women are discussed.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"35397054"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of black women: implications for health outcomes","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [7424109]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card with-figures-carousel"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":35397054,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of black women: implications for health outcomes”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/35397054/mini_magick20190315-3090-1pxp7ru.png?1552657307" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of black women: implications for health outcomes</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7424109" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/VickieMays"><img alt="Profile image of Vickie Mays" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Vickie Mays</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">15 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 9103058; 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The present study investigated the relative contributions of perceived race-based discriminations and sociodemographic characteristics to employment status and job stress in a national probability sample (the National Survey of Black Americans; J. S. Jackson, 1991) of Black women in the United States. Logit and polychotomous logistic regression analyses revealed that Black women's current employment status was best explained by sociodemographic measures. In contrast, the combination of perceived discrimination and sociodemographics differentially affects patterns of employment status and perceived job stress in the work environment of Black women. Implications of these findings for the health of African American women are discussed.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":35397054,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9103058/Perceived_race_based_discrimination_employment_status_and_job_stress_in_a_national_sample_of_black_women_implications_for_health_outcomes"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":35397054,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/9103058/Perceived_race_based_discrimination_employment_status_and_job_stress_in_a_national_sample_of_black_women_implications_for_health_outcomes"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/35397054/table_001.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">“Ttem used to create scale. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/802242/table-2-note-model-model"><img alt="Note. Model 1: x2(4, N=1,310) = 14.33, p<.01, R =.070; Model 2: x2 (16, N= 1,310) =87.18, p <.001, R2 =.072. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/35397054/table_002.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Note. Model 1: x2(4, N=1,310) = 14.33, p<.01, R =.070; Model 2: x2 (16, N= 1,310) =87.18, p <.001, R2 =.072. </figcaption></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/802246/table-3-note-three-of-the-predictor-variables-in-this"><img alt="Note. Three of the predictor variables in this analysis are represented by dummy variables. The excluded categories were service workers for occupation, rural for urbanicity, and South for region. Polychotomous Logistic Regression Analysis Summaries of Sociodemographics, Perceived Race-Based Discrimination, and Combined Job Stress Models for Working Black Women " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/35397054/table_003.jpg" /></a><figcaption class="figure-slide-caption ds2-5-body-xs">Note. Three of the predictor variables in this analysis are represented by dummy variables. The excluded categories were service workers for occupation, rural for urbanicity, and South for region. Polychotomous Logistic Regression Analysis Summaries of Sociodemographics, Perceived Race-Based Discrimination, and Combined Job Stress Models for Working Black Women </figcaption></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-loswp-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="88971747" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88971747/Employment_Discrimination_Segregation_and_Health">Employment Discrimination, Segregation, and Health</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26476539" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SandyDarity">Sandy Darity</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Public Health, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The author examines available evidence on the effects of exposure to joblessness on emotional well-being according to race and sex. The impact of racism on general health outcomes also is considered, particularly racism in the specific form of wage discrimination. Perceptions of racism and measured exposures to racism may be distinct triggers for adverse health outcomes. Whether the effects of racism are best evaluated on the basis of self-classification or social classification of racial identity is unclear. Some research sorts between the effects of race and socioeconomic status on health. The development of a new longitudinal database will facilitate more accurate identification of connections between racism and negative health effects.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Employment Discrimination, Segregation, and Health","attachmentId":92852937,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88971747/Employment_Discrimination_Segregation_and_Health","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88971747/Employment_Discrimination_Segregation_and_Health"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13225783" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13225783/Does_Perceived_Discrimination_Affect_Health_Longitudinal_Relationships_between_Work_Discrimination_and_Womens_Physical_and_Emotional_Health">Does Perceived Discrimination Affect Health? Longitudinal Relationships between Work Discrimination and Women's Physical and Emotional Health</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32476894" href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/KrysiaMossakowski">Krysia Mossakowski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Does Perceived Discrimination Affect Health? Longitudinal Relationships between Work Discrimination and Women's Physical and Emotional Health","attachmentId":45573435,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13225783/Does_Perceived_Discrimination_Affect_Health_Longitudinal_Relationships_between_Work_Discrimination_and_Womens_Physical_and_Emotional_Health","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13225783/Does_Perceived_Discrimination_Affect_Health_Longitudinal_Relationships_between_Work_Discrimination_and_Womens_Physical_and_Emotional_Health"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12567613" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1">African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31486981" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DianeHughes6">Diane Hughes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although studies have described work processes among employed African American women, few have examined the influence of these processes on job outcomes. This study examined relationships between African American women&#39;s exposure to a range of occupational stressors, including two types of racial bias—institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice—and their evaluations of job quality. Findings indicated that institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality1","attachmentId":37725614,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="3793445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3793445/Racial_and_Gender_Discrimination_in_the_Stress_Process_Implications_for_African_American_Women_s_Health_and_Wellbeing">Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Stress Process: Implications for African American Women’s Health and Wellbeing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="235354" href="https://indiana.academia.edu/BreaPerry">Brea Perry</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sociological Perspectives, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In recent decades, sociologists have increasingly adopted an intersectionality framework to explore and explain the complex and interconnected nature of inequalities in the areas of race, class, and gender. Using an inclusion-centered approach and a sample of 204 lowsocioeconomic-status (SES) African American women, the authors theorize and explore the role of racial and gender discrimination in the stress process. Analyses examine relationships between social stressors (racial and gender discrimination) and individual stressors occurring in each of six distinct social contexts. Furthermore, the authors evaluate the effects of racial and gender discrimination as compared to individual stressors on three indicators of mental health and well-being. Findings suggest that racial and gender discrimination increases risk for poor health and low well-being, working both directly and indirectly through increased vulnerability to individual stressors. This research demonstrates the value of a more comprehensive study of stressors that influence the health of low- SES African American women and other multiply disadvantaged groups.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Stress Process: Implications for African American Women’s Health and Wellbeing","attachmentId":31453043,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3793445/Racial_and_Gender_Discrimination_in_the_Stress_Process_Implications_for_African_American_Women_s_Health_and_Wellbeing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3793445/Racial_and_Gender_Discrimination_in_the_Stress_Process_Implications_for_African_American_Women_s_Health_and_Wellbeing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="9103075" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9103075/Black_women_work_stress_and_perceived_discrimination_the_focused_support_group_model_as_an_intervention_for_stress_reduction">Black women, work, stress, and perceived discrimination: the focused support group model as an intervention for stress reduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7424109" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/VickieMays">Vickie Mays</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This exploratory study examined the use of two components (small and large groups) of a community-based intervention, the Focused Support Group (FSG) model, to alleviate employment-related stressors in Black women. Participants were assigned to small groups based on occupational status. Groups met for five weekly 3-hr sessions in didactic or small-and largegroup formats. Two evaluations following the didactic session and the small and large group sessions elicited information on satisfaction with each of the formats, self-reported change in stress, awareness of interpersonal and sociopolitical issues affecting Black women in the labor force, assessing support networks, and usefulness of specific discussion topics to stress reduction. Results indicated the usefulness of the small-and large-group formats in reduction of self-reported stress and increases in personal and professional sources of support. Discussions on race and sex discrimination in the workplace were effective in overall stress reduction. The study highlights labor force participation as a potential source of stress for Black women, and supports the development of culture-and gender-appropriate community interventions as viable and costeffective methods for stress reduction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Black women, work, stress, and perceived discrimination: the focused support group model as an intervention for stress reduction","attachmentId":35397070,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9103075/Black_women_work_stress_and_perceived_discrimination_the_focused_support_group_model_as_an_intervention_for_stress_reduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9103075/Black_women_work_stress_and_perceived_discrimination_the_focused_support_group_model_as_an_intervention_for_stress_reduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="70707073" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70707073/Organizational_Context_and_the_Well_Being_of_Black_Workers_Does_Racial_Composition_Affect_Psychological_Distress">Organizational Context and the Well-Being of Black Workers: Does Racial Composition Affect Psychological Distress?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44849489" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JasonKendra">Kendra Jason</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Research in the Sociology of Work, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Organizational approaches to racial inequality have provided contextual insight into a host of traditional stratification outcomes (e.g., hiring, earnings, authority). This chapter extends the organizational approach by drawing on the health-stress framework to explore how organizational context affects experiential and health-related outcomes À discrimination, social support, and psychological distress. Drawing on a sample of Black workers in the United States, we examine the relationship between workplace racial composition and psychological distress, as well as two potential mediators À racial discrimination and workplace social support. Our findings reveal that psychological distress is similar for Black workers in token (<25% Black coworkers), tilted other race (25À49.99% Black coworkers), and tilted same race (50À74.99% Black coworkers) job contexts. Workers in Blackdominated jobs (>75% Black coworkers), however, experience significantly less psychological distress than other compositional thresholds, net of individual, job, and workplace characteristics. This relationship is not explained by either racial discrimination experiences or supervisor and coworker social</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Organizational Context and the Well-Being of Black Workers: Does Racial Composition Affect Psychological Distress?","attachmentId":80344282,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70707073/Organizational_Context_and_the_Well_Being_of_Black_Workers_Does_Racial_Composition_Affect_Psychological_Distress","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70707073/Organizational_Context_and_the_Well_Being_of_Black_Workers_Does_Racial_Composition_Affect_Psychological_Distress"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="64893288" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64893288/Impact_of_race_related_stress_in_a_sample_of_African_Americans">Impact of race-related stress in a sample of African Americans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4858697" href="https://govst.academia.edu/HarrisBlount">Crystal Harris Blount</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">by Crystal Harris Blount For most racial and ethnic minorities, experiences of racial discrimination are pervasive. Specifically, about sixty percent of African Americans report incidents of both subtle and blatant forms of racial discrimination (Kessler, Mickelson & Williams, 1999). Research on the stress associated with perceived racism in African Americans is important because of differences in health outcomes (Anderson, McNeilly, & Myers, 1991; James, 1993). The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of perceived racial discrimination and the stress from significant negative life events on mental and physical health in a sample of African Americans. In this study, two hundred adults completed an electronic survey. Sixty-six percent of the sample was female; most worked fulltime, completed a college degree and reported that they were “middle class.” The average age was 41.72 (SD = 14.58). Two key hypotheses were tested; first, participants would endorse experiences of per...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact of race-related stress in a sample of African Americans","attachmentId":76715464,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64893288/Impact_of_race_related_stress_in_a_sample_of_African_Americans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64893288/Impact_of_race_related_stress_in_a_sample_of_African_Americans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="93988114" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93988114/Stress_and_Coping_among_Black_Women_Employed_in_Non_professional_Service_and_Professional_Occupations_in_Florida_and_Georgia">Stress and Coping among Black Women Employed in Non-professional Service and Professional Occupations in Florida and Georgia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="87728847" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GaryFaye">Faye Gary</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Culture enhances the ability to address the stressors related to ethnicity/race, employment, and lifestyle. From this interaction, two coping patterns emerge: individualist-oriented or collectivistoriented, of which women prefer the latter. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of ethnicity/race on the coping strategies of Black working women in the USA. Therefore, the purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to examine the coping strategies of two groups of Black women, those who work in nonprofessional service-related jobs and those employed as professionals. We explored Black women from two southern states, Florida and Georgia, in their use of coping strategies for everyday stressors. A modified version of Lazarus and Folkman's Transactional Model was used as the framework of this study. The sample for this cross-sectional survey consisted of 313 Black women employed in non-professional service jobs and 343 in professional roles. The thoughts and actions related to coping in everyday stressors were measured with The Ways of Coping Questionnaire.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stress and Coping among Black Women Employed in Non-professional Service and Professional Occupations in Florida and Georgia","attachmentId":96572583,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93988114/Stress_and_Coping_among_Black_Women_Employed_in_Non_professional_Service_and_Professional_Occupations_in_Florida_and_Georgia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93988114/Stress_and_Coping_among_Black_Women_Employed_in_Non_professional_Service_and_Professional_Occupations_in_Florida_and_Georgia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="21253135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21253135/The_differential_impact_of_discrimination_on_health_among_Black_and_White_women">The differential impact of discrimination on health among Black and White women</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2680369" href="https://fordham.academia.edu/HShellaeVersey">H. Shellae Versey</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1758063" href="https://clarku.academia.edu/NicolaCurtin">Nicola Curtin (She/Her)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Despite a large body of research examining the impact of discrimination on health, the ways in which perceived discrimination may lead to disparate health outcomes through a sense of self and system consciousness is less understood. The current paper is concerned with both mental and physical health consequences of discrimination, as well as mediating pathways among African American and White women. Indirect effects analyses examine mediating paths from discrimination to health outcomes via structural awareness and self-esteem, using data from the Women’s Life Path Study (N = 237). Our findings suggest that discrimination is both directly and indirectly associated with health outcomes for both Black and White women, mediated by individual (self-esteem) and group-level (structural awareness) processes. Evidence from this study indicates that discrimination is associated with heightened structural awareness, as well as lower self-esteem – both of which are related to poorer health. Discrimination negatively affected health across three domains, although the mechanisms varied somewhat for Black and White women. Broad implications of this research for interdisciplinary scholarship on the effects of discrimination on health and health disparities are discussed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The differential impact of discrimination on health among Black and White women","attachmentId":41783199,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21253135/The_differential_impact_of_discrimination_on_health_among_Black_and_White_women","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21253135/The_differential_impact_of_discrimination_on_health_among_Black_and_White_women"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="19868839" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19868839/Social_inequalities_stressors_and_self_reported_health_status_among_African_American_and_white_women_in_the_Detroit_metropolitan_area">Social inequalities, stressors and self reported health status among African American and white women in the Detroit metropolitan area</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40677658" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShermanJames1">Sherman James</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Social Science & Medicine, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines the cumulative eects of multiple stressors on women's health, by race and area of residence. Speci®cally, we examine socioeconomic status, experiences of unfair treatment and acute life events by race and residential location, and their cumulative eects on the health status of African American and white women living within the city of Detroit and in the surrounding metropolitan area. African American women, regardless of whether they live inside or outside the city, report more frequent encounters with everyday unfair treatment than white women. African American women who live in the city report a greater number of acute life events than white women who live outside the city. Regression analyses used to examine the cumulative eects of exposure to these stressors by race and area of residence show that: (1) socioeconomic status, everyday experiences with unfair treatment and acute life events each make a signi®cant contribution to dierences in health status; and (2) the contribution of each of these variables to explaining variations in health status varies by area of residence. We suggest that dierences in socioeconomic status, exposure to unfair treatment or discrimination and experiences of acute life events make signi®cant contributions to racial dierences in women's health status. 7 : S 0 2 7 7 -9 5 3 6 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 0 8 4 -8 www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed * Corresponding author. Fax: +1-734-763-7379.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social inequalities, stressors and self reported health status among African American and white women in the Detroit metropolitan area","attachmentId":40889186,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19868839/Social_inequalities_stressors_and_self_reported_health_status_among_African_American_and_white_women_in_the_Detroit_metropolitan_area","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19868839/Social_inequalities_stressors_and_self_reported_health_status_among_African_American_and_white_women_in_the_Detroit_metropolitan_area"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":35397054,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":35397054,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_35397054" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="82300987" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82300987/Race_socioeconomic_status_and_perceived_discrimination_among_healthy_women">Race, socioeconomic status, and perceived discrimination among healthy women</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36528011" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeborahSlawson">Deborah Slawson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Race, socioeconomic status, and perceived discrimination among healthy women","attachmentId":88054566,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82300987/Race_socioeconomic_status_and_perceived_discrimination_among_healthy_women","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82300987/Race_socioeconomic_status_and_perceived_discrimination_among_healthy_women"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67655942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67655942/Workplace_Racial_Composition_Explains_High_Perceived_Discrimination_of_High_Socioeconomic_Status_African_American_Men">Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67602807" href="https://cdrewu.academia.edu/ShervinAssari">Shervin Assari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Brain Sciences</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men","attachmentId":78395748,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67655942/Workplace_Racial_Composition_Explains_High_Perceived_Discrimination_of_High_Socioeconomic_Status_African_American_Men","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67655942/Workplace_Racial_Composition_Explains_High_Perceived_Discrimination_of_High_Socioeconomic_Status_African_American_Men"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="14086955" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14086955/Effects_of_racial_and_sexual_harassment_on_work_and_the_psychological_well_being_of_African_American_women">Effects of racial and sexual harassment on work and the psychological well-being of African American women</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33097772" href="https://michiganstate.academia.edu/NiColeTBuchanan">NiCole T. Buchanan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of racial and sexual harassment on work and the psychological well-being of African American women","attachmentId":44619038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14086955/Effects_of_racial_and_sexual_harassment_on_work_and_the_psychological_well_being_of_African_American_women","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14086955/Effects_of_racial_and_sexual_harassment_on_work_and_the_psychological_well_being_of_African_American_women"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5224836" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5224836/Discrimination_Symptoms_of_Depression_and_Self_Rated_Health_Among_African_American_Women_in_Detroit_Results_From_a_Longitudinal_Analysis">Discrimination, Symptoms of Depression, and Self-Rated Health Among African American Women in Detroit: Results From a Longitudinal Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" 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