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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Operasjon+Gladio" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Operasjon+Gladio" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke 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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bakgrunn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrunn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bakgrunn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrunn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operasjonene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operasjonene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operasjonene</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operasjonene-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Operasjonene</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operasjonene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italia_(Gladio)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italia_(Gladio)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Italia (Gladio)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italia_(Gladio)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Norge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyskland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyskland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tyskland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyskland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Operasjon Gladio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 36 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasjon_Gladio" title="Operasjon Gladio – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Operasjon Gladio" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Operation Gladio" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio-%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Gladio-áætlunin – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gladio-áætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="غلاديو – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qladio_%C9%99m%C9%99liyyat%C4%B1" title="Qladio əməliyyatı – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qladio əməliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Операция Гладио – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Операция Гладио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_Gladio" title="Operació Gladio – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Operació Gladio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Επιχείρηση Γκλάντιο – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιχείρηση Γκλάντιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Operation Gladio" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Gladio" title="Operación Gladio – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Gladio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88" title="عملیات گلادیو – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عملیات گلادیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Gladio" title="Operazione Gladio – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Gladio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio_hadm%C5%B1velet" title="Gladio hadművelet – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gladio hadművelet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Gladio" title="Operatie Gladio – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Gladio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="グラディオ作戦 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラディオ作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Gladio" title="Operacja Gladio – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Gladio" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Gladio" title="Operação Gladio – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Gladio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Gladio" title="Operațiunea Gladio – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea Gladio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%C2%BB" title="Операция «Гладио» – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Гладио»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacioni_%E2%80%9CGladio%E2%80%9D" title="Operacioni “Gladio” – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Operacioni “Gladio”" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_Gladio" title="Operacija Gladio – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Operacija Gladio" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Операција Гладио – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Операција Гладио" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_Gladio" title="Operacija Gladio – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Operacija Gladio" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaatio_Gladio" title="Operaatio Gladio – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Operaatio Gladio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladio" title="Gladio – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gladio" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%C2%BB" title="Операція «Гладіо» – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція «Гладіо»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="格拉迪奥行动 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格拉迪奥行动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157678#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Operasjon_Gladio" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" 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href="/wiki/Norsk_okkupasjonsberedskap_i_etterkrigstiden" title="Norsk okkupasjonsberedskap i etterkrigstiden">Stay Behind</a>-gruppene</i></dd></dl> <p><b>Operasjon Gladio</b> (lat. <i>sverd</i>), eller <b>Stay Behind</b> er blitt samlebetegnelser på de hemmelige <b>«Stay Behind»</b>-grupper som ble opprettet i de fleste vesteuropeiske land tidlig under <a href="/wiki/Den_kalde_krigen" title="Den kalde krigen">den kalde krigen</a>, fra 1948 og utover. I <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a> gikk slike grupper under dekknavnet <b><a href="/wiki/Norsk_okkupasjonsberedskap_i_etterkrigstiden" title="Norsk okkupasjonsberedskap i etterkrigstiden">ROC</a></b>. De hemmelige gruppene skulle operere under okkupasjonsforhold etter en eventuell <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">sovjetisk</a> invasjon. </p><p>Den internasjonale koordineringen av Stay-Behind gruppene ble gjort av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_Clandestine_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allied Clandestine Committee (ikke skrevet ennå)">Allied Clandestine Committee</a> (ACC), og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clandestine_Planning_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clandestine Planning Committee (ikke skrevet ennå)">Clandestine Planning Committee</a> (CPC), som er underlagt NATO’s <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> (SHAPE). </p><p>Foruten i Norge ble det opprettet slike organisasjoner i <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> (kodenavn <i>SDRA8</i>), <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> (kodenavn <i>Absalon</i>), <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas">Hellas</a> (<i>LOK</i>), <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_Gladio" title="Organizzazione Gladio">Organizzazione Gladio</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (<i>Stay-Behind</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> (<i>I&O</i>), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<i>Aginter</i>), <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a> (<i>Counter-Guerrilla</i>) og <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> (<i>TD BDJ</i>), og likeså i nøytrale europeiske land som <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sveits" title="Sveits">Sveits</a> (<i>P26</i>) og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sterrike" title="Østerrike">Østerrike</a> (<i>OWSGV</i>). <sup id="cite_ref-PHP_Gladio01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP_Gladio01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-PHP_Gladio02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP_Gladio02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-IGW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 22. november 1990 vedtok <a href="/wiki/Europaparlamentet" title="Europaparlamentet">Europaparlamentet</a> en resolusjon, som fordømte Stay Behind som et ulovlig nettverk utenfor parlamentarisk kontroll, og som videre ba om en full etterforskning av dets ulovlige innblanding i interne politiske forhold.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn">Bakgrunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operasjonen hadde forbilder fra <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">britiske</a> planer lagt i <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> i tilfelle en <a href="/wiki/Det_Tredje_Rike" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Tredje Rike">tysk</a> invasjon og maktovertagelse, og bygget også på erfaringer fra motstandsgruppene som opererte bak tyske linjer under <a href="/wiki/Annen_verdenskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Annen verdenskrig">annen verdenskrig</a>. Som hovedregel ble gruppene opprettet etter initiativ fra den vestlige forsvarsalliansen <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> og med tildels betydelig støtte fra den <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikanske</a> etterretningsorganisasjonen <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">OSS</a> (forløper for <i>CIA</i>). Det var særlig USA og Storbritannia som ivret for opprettelsen av gruppene.<br /> Nettverket av det som er blitt kalt «hemmelige hærer» er i de fleste land kjent som <i>Operasjon Gladio</i> etter at den <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">italienske</a> <i>Stay Behind</i>-organisasjonen fikk stor medieoppmerksomhet i <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operasjonene">Operasjonene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Operasjonene" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Operasjonene"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italia_(Gladio)"><span id="Italia_.28Gladio.29"></span>Italia (Gladio)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Italia (Gladio)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Italia (Gladio)"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_Gladio" title="Organizzazione Gladio">Organizzazione Gladio</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Den italienske Organizzazione Gladio, som var organisert som en hemmelig del av det italienske forsvarsdepartementet, hadde fått en noe spesiell utvikling. I et forsøk på å bremse sosialistenes fremgang i Italia utførte Gladio-nettverket, alliert med høyre-ekstremister, en serie bombeangrep på offentlige steder med «flest mulig uskyldige ofre». Skylden ble lagt på den italienske politiske venstresiden. Målsetningen var å skape terrorfrykt i den italienske befolkningen og å få dem til å vende seg til staten og be om mer sikkerhet. Teknisk utstyr og sprengstoff ble forsynt av Gladio-gruppen, og det hemmelige politiet beskyttet de som deltok i aksjonen fra straffeforfølgelse. Både CIA og NATO har nektet å svare på spørsmål om sin delaktighet i planleggingen av disse aksjonene.<sup id="cite_ref-PHP_Gladio01_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP_Gladio01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHP_Gladio02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP_Gladio02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norge">Norge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Norge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Norge"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Norsk_okkupasjonsberedskap_i_etterkrigstiden" title="Norsk okkupasjonsberedskap i etterkrigstiden">Norsk okkupasjonsberedskap i etterkrigstiden</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Den <a href="/wiki/25._oktober" title="25. oktober">25. oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> utstedte daværende forsvarsminister og tidligere Milorg-leder Jens Chr. Hauge en PM (”Pro Memorandum” – et statlig direktiv) som gav anvisninger for oppbyggingen av den norske Stay behind-enheten. Dette dokumentet (”fødselsattesten” for Stay behind) har forlengst forsvunnet og er ikke lenger å oppdrive i verken Forsvarsdepartementet eller Riksarkivet. Det var flere private organisasjoner som fungerte som ”faddere” for Stay denne organisasjonen, bl.a. <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A6ringslivets_Hovedorganisasjon" title="Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon">Arbeidsgiverforeningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertas" class="mw-disambig" title="Libertas">Libertas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industriforbundet" class="mw-redirect" title="Industriforbundet">Industriforbundet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Rotary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary">Rotary</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I Norge har eksistensen av <i>Stay Behind</i>-gruppene vært allment kjent siden 1978, da våpenlageret hos <a href="/wiki/Hans_Otto_Meyer" title="Hans Otto Meyer">Hans Otto Meyer</a> ble oppdaget i forbindelse med en politietterforskning. Den offisielle, men hemmelige militære benevnelsen ble etter en del år endret til «<a href="/wiki/Norsk_okkupasjonsberedskap_i_etterkrigstiden" title="Norsk okkupasjonsberedskap i etterkrigstiden">okkupasjonsberedskap</a>». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tyskland">Tyskland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tyskland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tyskland"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I løpet av de siste årene (dvs. fram til 2008) har ny informasjon rundt disse gruppene blitt avdekket gjennom arbeidet til den amerikanske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interagency_Working_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interagency Working Group (ikke skrevet ennå)">Interagency Working Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-IGW_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, som ble grunnlagt av <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton-administrasjonen</a>. Nylig nedgraderte dokumenter viser blant annet at CIA hadde flere slike grupper i Tyskland i perioden 1949-55. Operasjonene het <i>Palestine</i> (Berlin), og <i>Kibitz</i> (Sørvest-Tyskland). En del av rekrutteringen til disse gruppene ble gjort blant tidligere nazister, blant annet hadde <a href="/wiki/Oberstl%C3%B8ytnant" title="Oberstløytnant">oberstløytnant</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kopp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kopp (ikke skrevet ennå)">Walter Kopp</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> 125 mann under seg i sin gruppe i 1952. <br /> Minst en av disse, Horst Otto Herbert Ims, ble hjulpet ut av Tyskland og i skjul i Canada. Det går også frem at mange andre ble hjulpet i skjul, både i Australia og i Canada, men hverken det nøyaktige tallet eller særlig mange navn er kjent. Det går imidlertid frem at Canada i 1954 hadde 35 personer i skjul på vegne av CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Fas_nazi01_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fas_nazi01-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gjennom et forskningsprosjekt gjort ved <i>Center for Security Studies</i> har det også kommet frem at tyske høyreekstreme brukte sprengstoff fra stay-behind ved terroraksjonen i 1980 i <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PHP_Gladio01_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP_Gladio01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHP_Gladio02_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP_Gladio02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PHP_Gladio01-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-PHP_Gladio01_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHP_Gladio01_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHP_Gladio01_1-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/colltopic.cfm?lng=en&id=15301">Secret Warfare : Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607105358/http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/colltopic.cfm?lng=en&id=15301">Arkivert</a> 7. juni 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Forskningsprosjekt ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Security_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Security Studies (ikke skrevet ennå)">Center for Security Studies</a> under <a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Technische_Hochschule_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich">Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich</a>, (ETH), Zurich, ledet av Daniele Ganser. Med underlagsdokumenter. Publisert 29. november 2004. Besøkt 20. mai 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHP_Gladio02-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-PHP_Gladio02_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHP_Gladio02_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHP_Gladio02_2-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/news/mediadesk/documents/Gladio_Security_Watch.pdf">NATO’s secret armies linked to terrorism?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072814/http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/news/mediadesk/documents/Gladio_Security_Watch.pdf">Arkivert</a> 24. september 2015 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Artikkel skrevet av <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Ganser" title="Daniele Ganser">Daniele Ganser</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISN_Security_Watch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISN Security Watch (ikke skrevet ennå)">ISN Security Watch</a>. Publisert 15. desember 2004. Besøkt 20. mai 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGW-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-IGW_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGW_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/iwg/">Interagency Working Group</a> Hjemmeside. Besøkt 19. mai 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/European_Parliament_resolution_on_Gladio">European Parliament resolution on Gladio. Joint resolution replacing B3-2021, 2058, 2068, 2078 and 2087/90, 22 november 1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pdf-arkivet.no/hemmelig/norges_hemmelige_har.pdf">http://www.pdf-arkivet.no/hemmelig/norges_hemmelige_har.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/NorskConspiracyNorgesHemmeligeHar/Norsk%2C%20Conspiracy%20-%20Norges%20Hemmelige%20Har_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/NorskConspiracyNorgesHemmeligeHar/Norsk%2C%20Conspiracy%20-%20Norges%20Hemmelige%20Har_djvu.txt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fas_nazi01-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fas_nazi01_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/naftali.pdf">New Invormation on Cold War CIA Stay-Behind Operations in Germany, and on the Adolf Eichman case</a> Federation of American Scientist - nas.org. Besøkt 19. mai 2008</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasjon_Gladio&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bye" title="Ronald Bye">Ronald Bye</a> og <a href="/wiki/Finn_Sjue" title="Finn Sjue">Finn Sjue</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2015102908125"><i>Norges hemmelige hær : Historien om Stay behind</i></a>. Tiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8210039784" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8210039784">8210039784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AOperasjon+Gladio&rft.au=Ronald+Bye+og+Finn+Sjue&rft.btitle=Norges+hemmelige+h%C3%A6r+%3A+Historien+om+Stay+behind&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8210039784&rft.pub=Tiden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2015102908125&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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