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era">Victorian era</a>. The concept originates with John Holloway's 1953 book <i>The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument.</i> </p><p>Sage writing is a development from ancient <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a> in which the writer chastises and instructs the reader about contemporary social issues, often utilising discourses of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> in non-technical ways. Prominent examples of the genre include writings by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>. Some 20th-century writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Joan_Didion" title="Joan Didion">Joan Didion</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>, have also been identified as sage writers.<sup id="cite_ref-lan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristic_traits">Characteristic traits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sage_writing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristic traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holloway constructed the concept as a means to rediscover the value of Victorian writers, who had been denigrated by Modernists for their prolixity and moralizing. He wrote "No one, of course, is suggesting that Victorian 'prophetic' literature is an all-sufficing treasury of forgotten wisdom. But by now we can see that the Victorian prophets deserve not embarrassed disregard, but respect and thoughtful attention."<sup id="cite_ref-holl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holloway identified Thomas Carlyle as the originator of the genre, but traced its origins back to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>. He argued that Carlyle "wants to state, and to clinch, the basic tenets of a 'Life-Philosophy', of something that will veritably transform men's outlook".<sup id="cite_ref-holl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlyle established a model whereby the writer makes non-logical arguments about contemporary social issues, drawing from various forms of modern knowledge and traditional wisdom. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/George_Landow_(professor)" title="George Landow (professor)">George Landow</a>, who developed Holloway's model, sage writing can be distinguished from traditional <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a> in that "Whereas the pronouncements of traditional wisdom literature always take as their point of departure the assumption that they embody the accepted, <a href="/wiki/Received_wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Received wisdom">received wisdom</a> of an entire society, the pronouncements of the biblical prophet and Victorian sage begin with the assumption that, however traditional their messages may once have been, they are now forgotten or actively opposed by society."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sage borrows from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> what Landow identifies as a four-part strategy of "interpretation, attack upon the audience (or those in authority), warning, and visionary promise."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sage_writing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sage writing is a development of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a> drawing much of its energy from the style of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>; notably, sage writer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> was once referred to as an "Elegant <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landow also lists <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> writing, <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, and British and <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a> as formative influences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_sage_texts">Major sage texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sage_writing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major sage texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> - "Signs of the Times" (1829); <i><a href="/wiki/Past_and_Present_(book)" title="Past and Present (book)">Past and Present</a></i> (1843); <i><a href="/wiki/Latter-Day_Pamphlets" title="Latter-Day Pamphlets">Latter-Day Pamphlets</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a></i> (1851–3); <i><a href="/wiki/Unto_this_Last" class="mw-redirect" title="Unto this Last">Unto this Last</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> - "<a href="/wiki/Life_Without_Principle" title="Life Without Principle">Life Without Principle</a>"; (1854); "<a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Massachusetts" title="Slavery in Massachusetts">Slavery in Massachusetts</a>" (1854); "<a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a>" (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_P_Snow" class="mw-redirect" title="C P Snow">C P Snow</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Cultures" title="The Two Cultures">The Two Cultures</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Armies_of_the_Night" title="The Armies of the Night">The Armies of the Night</a></i> (1968) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Didion" title="Joan Didion">Joan Didion</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Slouching_Towards_Bethlehem" title="Slouching Towards Bethlehem">Slouching Towards Bethlehem</a></i> (1968) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sage_writing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Holloway, John. <i>The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument.</i> London: Macmillan, 1953.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Landow_(professor)" title="George Landow (professor)">Landow, George</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/ej/contents.html">Elegant Jeremiahs: The Sage from Carlyle to Mailer.</a></i> Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1986.</li> <li>Eds. Levine, George and Madden, William. <i>The Art of Victorian Prose</i> NY: Oxford University Press, 1968.</li> <li>Thais E. Morgan, <i>Victorian Sages and Cultural Discourse: Renegotiating Gender and Power</i>, Rutgers University Press, 1990</li> <li>Peterson, Linda H. "Sage Writing." In <i>A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture.</i> Ed. Herbert F. Tucker. Boston: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/sage.html">The Victorian Web</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sage_writing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landow, George P. <i>Elegant Jeremiahs: The Sage from Carlyle to Mailer.</i> Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1986, ch. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holloway, John. <i>The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument.</i> London: Macmillan, 1953, p. 2; p22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landow, "The Sage versus the Wisdom Speaker."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landow, "The Prophet's Four-Part Pattern."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landow, "Introduction"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Carlyle" title="Template:Thomas Carlyle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Carlyle" title="Template talk:Thomas Carlyle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Carlyle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Carlyle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Carlyle238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allusions_to_Carlyle_in_literature" title="List of allusions to Carlyle in literature">Allusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle%27s_prose_style" title="Thomas Carlyle's prose style">Prose style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allingham" title="William Allingham">William Allingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Welsh_Carlyle" title="Jane Welsh Carlyle">Jane Welsh Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Espinasse" title="Francis Espinasse">Francis Espinasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forster_(biographer)" title="John Forster (biographer)">John Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Hunt" title="Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Irving" title="Edward Irving">Edward Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Kirkpatrick" title="Kitty Kirkpatrick">Kitty Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sterling_(author)" title="John Sterling (author)">John Sterling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched House">Arched House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotsbrig" title="Scotsbrig">Scotsbrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_Comely_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="21 Comely Bank">21 Comely Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigenputtock" title="Craigenputtock">Craigenputtock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Cheyne_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Cheyne Row">5 Cheyne Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Library" title="London Library">London Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Statue of Thomas Carlyle">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Category:Works by Thomas Carlyle">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Revolution:_A_History" title="The French Revolution: A History">The French Revolution: A History</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Past_and_Present_(book)" title="Past and Present (book)">Past and Present</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell%27s_Letters_and_Speeches" title="Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches">Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latter-Day_Pamphlets" title="Latter-Day Pamphlets">Latter-Day Pamphlets</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_John_Sterling" title="The Life of John Sterling">The Life of John Sterling</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Friedrich_II._of_Prussia,_Called_Frederick_the_Great" title="History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great">History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great</a></i> (1858–1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Miscellaneous_Essays" title="Critical and Miscellaneous Essays">Critical and Miscellaneous Essays</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" title="Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question">Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question</a>" (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reminiscences_(Carlyle)" title="Reminiscences (Carlyle)">Reminiscences</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle%E2%80%93Emerson_correspondence" title="Carlyle–Emerson correspondence">Correspondence with Emerson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain of Industry">Captain of Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle_circle" title="Carlyle circle">Carlyle circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition-of-England_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Condition-of-England Question">Condition-of-England Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismal Science">Dismal Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Supernaturalism" title="Natural Supernaturalism">Natural Supernaturalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sage writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrangement_in_Grey_and_Black,_No._2:_Portrait_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2: Portrait of Thomas Carlyle">Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2: Portrait of Thomas Carlyle</a></i> by James McNeill Whistler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryasdust" title="Dryasdust">Dryasdust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborare_est_Orare" class="mw-redirect" title="Laborare est Orare">Laborare est Orare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelfungus" title="Smelfungus">Smelfungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle_(Millais)" title="Thomas Carlyle (Millais)"><i>Thomas Carlyle</i> (Millais)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle_and_His_Works" title="Thomas Carlyle and His Works">Thomas Carlyle and His Works</a>" by Henry David Thoreau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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