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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="باربارا آسكينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باربارا آسكينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="باربارا اسکینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باربارا اسکینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Բարբարա Ասկինս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարբարա Ասկինս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ברברה אסקינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברברה אסקינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾರ್ಬರಾ ಆಸ್ಕಿನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾರ್ಬರಾ ಆಸ್ಕಿನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბარბარა ასკინსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარბარა ასკინსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Eskins" title="Barbara Eskins – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Barbara Eskins" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பார்பாரா அசுகின்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பார்பாரா அசுகின்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barbara Askins" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Барбара Аскінс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барбара Аскінс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17301270#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Barbara Askins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Askins,_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg/220px-Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg/330px-Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg/440px-Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="2833" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Askins in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1939 (age 85–86)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Belfast,_Tennessee" title="Belfast, Tennessee">Belfast, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">National Inventor of the Year</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Barbara S. Askins</b> (born 1939) is an American <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>. She is best known for her invention of a method to enhance underexposed photographic <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negatives</a>. This development was used extensively by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the medical industry, and it earned Askins the title of National Inventor of the Year in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years,_education_and_early_career"><span id="Early_years.2C_education_and_early_career"></span>Early years, education and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Askins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years, education and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Askins was born in <a href="/wiki/Belfast,_Tennessee" title="Belfast, Tennessee">Belfast, Tennessee</a>, in 1939. She began her career as a teacher. After her two children entered school, Askins returned to college to complete her bachelor's degree in chemistry and earn her master's degree in chemistry. She joined NASA's <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_career">Research career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Askins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Askins is a physical chemist who worked for NASA's <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> and is best known for her pioneering invention of a process in which "images on developed photographic <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a> can be significantly intensified by making the image silver radioactive and exposing a second emulsion to this radiation."<sup id="cite_ref-Askins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Askins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting print, known as an <a href="/wiki/Autoradiograph" title="Autoradiograph">autoradiograph</a>, reproduces the image with significant increases in density and <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>. Her groundbreaking method enhanced underexposed emulsions and increased the limits of photographic detection. In short, it made visible the invisible in photos that would otherwise have been useless. This was very useful for a number of applications, including the coaxing of data from underexposed space images—such as those peering deep into space as well as those highlighting the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">geology</a> of other bodies in our solar system.<sup id="cite_ref-FWI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Askins' invention also led to significant advances in the field of medical technology. In particular, Askins' method prompted improvements in the development of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> images. Medical images that were 96 percent underexposed suddenly become readable; this meant that doctors could dramatically decrease the amount of X-ray radiation they gave to patients when running routine or emergency tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Askins' process was also later used in the restoration of old photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Askins patented her invention in 1978 (U.S. patent No. 4,101,780),<sup id="cite_ref-patent_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and NASA employed it extensively for its research and development work.<sup id="cite_ref-FWI_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_professional_memberships">Awards and professional memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Askins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and professional memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, the Association for Advancement of Inventions and Innovations named Askins the National Inventor of the Year.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the first individual woman to earn this honor.<sup id="cite_ref-FWI_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Askins is a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Xi" title="Sigma Xi">Sigma Xi</a> honorary research Society, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Future_Society" title="World Future Society">World Future Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Askins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZierdt-WarshawWinklerBernstein2000" class="citation book cs1">Zierdt-Warshaw, Linda; Winkler, Alan; Bernstein, Leonard, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanwomenint0000zier/page/19">"Askins, Barbara (n.d.)"</a>. <i>American Women in Technology</i>. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanwomenint0000zier/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-072-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-072-7"><bdi>1-57607-072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Askins%2C+Barbara+%28n.d.%29&rft.btitle=American+Women+in+Technology&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57607-072-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanwomenint0000zier%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+Askins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/barbara-askins">"Barbara Askins | Lemelson"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbara+Askins+%26%23124%3B+Lemelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flemelson.mit.edu%2Fresources%2Fbarbara-askins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+Askins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Askins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Askins_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskins1976" class="citation journal cs1">Askins, Barbara S. (1 November 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-15-11-2860">"Photographic image intensification by autoradiography"</a>. <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>15</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">2860–</span>2865. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApOpt..15.2860A">1976ApOpt..15.2860A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fao.15.002860">10.1364/ao.15.002860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20165502">20165502</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Photographic+image+intensification+by+autoradiography&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2860-%3C%2Fspan%3E2865&rft.date=1976-11-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20165502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2Fao.15.002860&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976ApOpt..15.2860A&rft.aulast=Askins&rft.aufirst=Barbara+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opticsinfobase.org%2Fao%2Fabstract.cfm%3Furi%3Dao-15-11-2860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+Askins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWI_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWI_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWI_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.women-inventors.com/Barbara-Askins.asp">"Barbara Askins: Inventor of a New Film Developing Method"</a>. <i>Famous Women Inventors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Women+Inventors&rft.atitle=Barbara+Askins%3A+Inventor+of+a+New+Film+Developing+Method&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.women-inventors.com%2FBarbara-Askins.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+Askins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1993" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Autumn (1993). <i>Mothers and daughters of invention: notes for a revised history of technology</i>. New Brunswick, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">574–</span>575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813521971" title="Special:BookSources/0813521971"><bdi>0813521971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+and+daughters+of+invention%3A+notes+for+a+revised+history+of+technology&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E574-%3C%2Fspan%3E575&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0813521971&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Autumn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+Askins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023221136/http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2004-00022.html">"Great Images in NASA - Barbara Askins, Chemist"</a>. <i>Great Images in NASA</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Images+in+NASA&rft.atitle=Great+Images+in+NASA+-+Barbara+Askins%2C+Chemist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrin.hq.nasa.gov%2FABSTRACTS%2FGPN-2004-00022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+Askins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patent-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patent_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4101780">"Patent US4101780 Treating silver with a radioactive sulfur compound such as thiourea or derivatives"</a>. <i>Google Patents</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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