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class="region region-content"> <h1 class="page-header"><span>Ricardo Cappa Manescau</span> </h1> <article role="article" about="/biografias/10570/ricardo-cappa-manescau" class="bio full clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="wrapper-biografia"> <div class="field field--name-field-biografia field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field--label sr-only">Biografía</div> <div class="field--item"> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">Cappa Manescau, Ricardo</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">. Madrid, 25.X.1839 – Madrid, 8.XI.1897. Historiador jesuita (SI), geodesta, profesor y americanista.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Los heraldos claros de la España guerrera y revolucionaria pasaron por la biografía de Ricardo Cappa, antes de entrar en la Compañía de Jesús. El balance es que llevó a África y América, en nombre de la política de Isabel II, un sueño de paz social, áurea mediocre y salvavidas militar para que se sintieran, desplazados y ofendidos, sin pretenderlo, africanos y americanos.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Nacido en Madrid en 1839, año de la firma del Convenio de Vergara, que puso fin a la guerra carlista, entró, más tarde, ya mozo, en el Colegio Naval Militar de Cádiz en 1852 y, tras una brillante carrera de servicios con varios viajes a las Antillas y África, ascendió, en 1861, a alférez de Marina. Ese año es el de la revolución de Loja, el de la vuelta a España de santo Domingo, tras diecisiete años de vida independiente, y el de la hija de Fernando VII que había realizado una gira por España, iniciada por Cataluña, Baleares, Andalucía, Murcia, Asturias y Vasconia. Ese año Isabel II impuso a Ricardo Cappa la condecoración de la Medalla de África.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Dentro de ese programa menestral y “de prestigio” del gobierno de Leopoldo O’Donnell, Cappa zarpó en la escuadra que se envió a Perú en 1862, cuando la ocupación por la flota española de las islas Chincha. Fueron años de corrupción, tensiones y asesinatos —los de Talanto— entre España y Perú. Los dos países querían pasar esa página, mas la página era de hierro forjado en la deuda externa y se negaba a pasar, aunque al fin se consiguió en 1864. Hasta ese año</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Cappa fue testigo de excepción de todo el proceso en Perú hasta mayo, en que por motivos de salud fue repatriado y sirvió en el Mediterráneo hasta su ingreso en la Compañía de Jesús el 18 de marzo de 1866, en El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz).</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Apenas finalizado el noviciado y suprimida la Compañía por la revolución demoliberal del 18 de septiembre de 1868, la “Gloriosa”, Cappa tuvo que salir para el destierro, como tantos jóvenes estudiantes jesuitas, y establecerse en Poyanne (Francia), donde se situó durante este sexenio y parte de la carlistada en una de las casas de formación de la Provincia de Castilla. Cappa, además, en esos años en su condición de júnior, fue requerido por sus superiores como profesor de Matemáticas en 1872, mientras ardía la periferia de vascos sobre todo y catalanes en sumarios judiciales, cárceles y partidas carlistas o liberales, tan cercanas.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">El interesado borrón de sangre y cuentas nuevas se acrecentó en 1873, año de la Primera República, y de las guerras cantonales en España. Cappa marchó a Quito (Ecuador) como profesor de Análisis algebraicos y Matemáticas en la Escuela Politécnica, confiada a los jesuitas por el presidente Gabriel García Moreno, y director del observatorio astronómico adjunto. Fue entonces cuando escribió el </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Tratado de Cosmografía </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">y una vez ordenado sacerdote, el 31 de julio de 1876, fiesta de San Ignacio, en Pifo (Pichincha), volvió a Poyanne, donde terminó la Teología (1876-1878).</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Finalizada la tercera probación en Manresa (Barcelona), fue enviado a Perú, en 1879, momentos en que este país se encontraba en guerra contra Chile. Cappa, el patriota de las almas, fue también capellán del Ejército peruano hasta el final de la guerra en 1882 y profesor de Física, Matemáticas e Historia en el Colegio La Inmaculada de Lima. En 1886 publicó en Lima la </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Historia del Perú, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">mostrándose peleón, lanzado, mordiente. Este texto escolar hirió los sentimientos nacionales peruanos por calificar de bárbara a la civilización incaica, alabar demasiado a la colonización española y trasladar juicios peyorativos sobre los héroes de la independencia peruana. Eso que asustó a cualquiera hizo que el Congreso Nacional del país decretara, el 27 de septiembre 1886, la expulsión de los jesuitas, que no se llegó a efectuar por las fronteras de la población.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Trasladado al Colegio San Calixto de la Paz (Bolivia), volvió a España en 1887 y fue destinado a la influyente y laboriosa residencia de Isabel la Católica de Madrid. Cappa era un gran investigador y trabajador que merecía cada vez más respeto por su cautela, su constancia y su erudición. Subido a esta comunidad, entretejida por excelentes operarios como Soldado o Garzón, curiosos como Tartu u Ortega, o intelectuales como Fita y Vélez, Cappa finalizó el sorprendente trabajo </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Estudios críticos acerca de la dominación española en América, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">en veinte volúmenes. Murió en Madrid, el 8 de noviembre de 1897.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">Obras de ~: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Tratado de Cosmografía, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Bruselas, 1877.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">B</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">ibl.: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Ch. E. O’neill (SI) y J. M.ª Domínguez (SI) (dirs.), </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-style:italic;">Diccionario Histórico de la Compañía de Jesús. Biográfico-Temático, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">vol. I, Roma-Madrid. Institutum Historicum, SI-Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 2001.</span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;"> </span></p> <p lang="es-ES" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-right:0pt;line-height:100%;" xml:lang="es-ES"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">Francisc</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">o Ro</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">drí</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">g</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">uez de </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Co</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">r</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">o</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-weight:bold;">, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">SDB</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-sm-4" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <section id="block-preguntasfrecuentes" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentbb506541-4315-4ede-8b34-510511732f52 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><a href="/preguntas-frecuentes">Preguntas frecuentes</a></p> </div> </section> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockbiografia-destacada-block-2 clearfix" id="block-views-block-biografia-destacada-block-2"> <h2 class="block-title">Biografía destacada</h2> <div class="form-group"><div class="view view-biografia-destacada view-id-biografia_destacada view-display-id-block_2 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href="/biografias/10570/ricardo-cappa-manescau" hreflang="und"><img width="100" height="100" src="/sites/default/files/default_images/personaje-azul.svg" alt="DBE" title="DBE" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/10570/ricardo-cappa-manescau" hreflang="und">Ricardo Cappa Manescau</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5 col-last"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personajes-relacionados view-id-personajes_relacionados view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-a6945cfed1357d9138fc94544e78c4a83fad1aa04b8845b1d1b57d45dcf7c44f"> <div class="view-header"> <h2>Personajes citados en esta biografía</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="block-dbepersonajessimilares" class="block block-dbe-block block-dbe-personajes-similares clearfix"> <div 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