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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shah_in_the_Armenian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shah_in_the_Armenian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shah in the Armenian language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shah_in_the_Armenian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruler_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruler_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ruler styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruler_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shahzade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahzade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shahzade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahzade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjah" title="Sjah – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjah" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="شاه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xah" title="Xah – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Xah" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa" title="Xa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eah" title="Şah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_(%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="شاه (عونوان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شاه (عونوان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="শাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Шаһ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шаһ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Шах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Шах (титла) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шах (титла)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah_(titula)" title="Šah (titula) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šah (titula)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa" title="Xa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schah" title="Schah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahh" title="Šahh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šahh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σάχης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάχης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah" title="Sah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Caho" title="Ŝaho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝaho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xah" title="Xah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_(%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="شاه (عنوان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاه (عنوان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chah" title="Chah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa" title="Xa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4" title="샤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Շահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="शाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah_(vladar)" title="Šah (vladar) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šah (vladar)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha" title="Sha – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sha" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syah_(gelar)" title="Syah (gelar) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syah (gelar)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah" title="Sah – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sah" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%A0" title="Scià – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scià" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%94" title="שאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="შაჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Шаһ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шаһ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eah" title="Şah – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şah" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachus" title="Sachus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sachus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahs_(monarhs)" title="Šahs (monarhs) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šahs (monarhs)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0achas" title="Šachas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šachas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah" title="Sah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87" title="شاه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syah" title="Syah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjah" title="Sjah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="シャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjah" title="Sjah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoh" title="Shoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਸ਼ਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="شاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szach_(w%C5%82adca)" title="Szach (władca) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szach (władca)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A1" title="Xá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Шах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah_(vladar)" title="Šah (vladar) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šah (vladar)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="شا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Шах (титула) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шах (титула)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah_(titula)" title="Šah (titula) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šah (titula)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aahi" title="Šaahi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šaahi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஷா (பட்டம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஷா (பட்டம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cah" title="Cah – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Cah" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eah" title="Şah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ea" title="Şa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Шах (титул) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шах (титул)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="شاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah" title="Shah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF" title="沙阿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沙阿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%8E%8B" title="沙王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙王" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eah" title="Şah – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şah" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF" title="沙阿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙阿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184299#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Royal title of Persian origin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shahanshah" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shah (disambiguation)">Shah (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shahanshah (disambiguation)">Shahanshah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shah" title="Special:EditPage/Shah">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shah%22">"Shah"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shah%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shah%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shah%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shah%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shah%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_2.jpg/170px-Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_2.jpg/255px-Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_2.jpg/340px-Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, <i>shah</i> of Iran from 1941 to 1979, was the last ruler to hold the title of shah.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy" title="Category:Monarchy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/120px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/180px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/240px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbishn" title="Banbishn">Banbishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor#Indian_subcontinent" title="Emperor">Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana" title="Maharana">Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana_(title)" title="Sultana (title)">Sultana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatun">Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_(title)" title="Nizam (title)">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagan_Bek" title="Khagan Bek">Khagan Bek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal_(surname)" title="Mandal (surname)">Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patil_(title)" title="Patil (title)">Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja (title)">Rajkumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada">Sahibzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabzada">Nawabzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvaraja" title="Yuvaraja">Yuvraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morza" title="Morza">Morza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzin" title="Murzin">Murzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkhan_(title)" title="Ishkhan (title)">Ishkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahzada (title)">Shahzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_Ahd" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali Ahd">Vali Ahd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Sa%27id" title="Prince of the Sa'id">Prince of the Sa'id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(title)" title="Mir (title)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahadur" title="Dewan Bahadur">Dewan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">Sancak bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao Bahadur">Rao Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_Bahadur" title="Rai Bahadur">Rai Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Bahadur" title="Khan Bahadur">Khan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azat" title="Azat">Azat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Sahib" title="Khan Sahib">Khan Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Kadi (Ottoman Empire)">Kadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a> or <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%A7_bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Uç bey">Uç bey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rais" title="Rais">Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saranjamdar" title="Saranjamdar">Saranjamdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taluqdar" title="Taluqdar">Taluqdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarafdar" title="Tarafdar">Tarafdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikdar" title="Sikdar">Sikdar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Royal house: <a href="/wiki/Damat" title="Damat">Damat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Gurkani</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">Nobleman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_(title)" title="Mian (title)">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_(title)" title="Bibi (title)">Bibi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Governmental: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldar" title="Haldar">Haldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlader" class="mw-redirect" title="Howlader">Hawladar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">Faujdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambardar" title="Lambardar">Lambardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridha" title="Mridha">Mridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Nayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury" title="Chowdhury">Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek_(title)" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (title)">Mostowfi ol-Mamalek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاه</span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Šāh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʃɒːh]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">king</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Iranian monarchies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yarshater1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarshater1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate societies</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">historical Afghan dynasties</a>, and among <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than regarding himself as simply a king of the concurrent dynasty (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European-style monarchies</a>), each Iranian ruler regarded himself as the <b>Shahanshah</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهنشاه</span></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Šâhanšâh</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or <b><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پادشاه</span></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Pâdešâh</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Master King</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) in the sense of a continuation of the original <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/220px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/330px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/440px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Iranian Flag - Pahlavi</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word descends from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>xšāyaθiya</i> "king",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it was compared to <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>xšaθra-</i>, "power" and "command", corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>kṣatra-</i> (same meaning), from which <i><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kṣatriya</a>-</i>, "warrior", is derived. Most recently, the form <i>xšāyaθiya</i> has been analyzed as a genuine, inherited Persian formation with the meaning 'pertaining to reigning, ruling'. This formation with the "origin" suffix <i>-iya</i> is derived from a deverbal abstract noun *<i>xšāy-aθa-</i> 'rule, ruling, <i>Herrschaft</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>, from the (Old Persian) verb <i>xšāy-</i> 'to rule, reign'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> title of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> rulers of the First Persian Empire was <i>Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām</i> or (Middle Persian) <i>Šâhân Šâh</i>, "King of Kings"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Emperor". This title has ancient Near Eastern or Mesopotamian precedents. The earliest attestation of such a title dates back to the Middle Assyrian period as <i>šar šarrāni</i>, in reference to the Assyrian ruler <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> (1243–1207 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_(785).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG/220px-National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG/330px-National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG/440px-National_Museum_of_Iran_Darafsh_%28785%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> (Xšayār̥šā) the great Shah of Persia.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Šāh</i>, or <i>Šāhanšāh</i> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>) to use the full-length term, was the title of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Persian emperors</a>. It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid dynasty</a>, who unified Persia in the sixth century BC, and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the 20th century and the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Imperial House of Pahlavi</a>. </p><p>While in Western sources the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> monarch is most often referred to as a Sultan, in Ottoman territory he was most often referred to as <i>Padishah</i> and several used the title Shah in their <a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">tughras</a>. Their male offspring received the title of <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></i>, or prince (literally, "offspring of the Shah", from Persian <i>shahzadeh</i>). </p><p>The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was <i>Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām</i>, literally "King of Kings" in Old Persian, corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <i>Šâhân Šâh</i>, and Modern Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهنشاه</span></span> (<i>Šâhanšâh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, this phrase was translated as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a> tōn basiléōn</i>), "King of Kings", equivalent to "Emperor". Both terms were often shortened to their roots <i>shah</i> and <i>basileus</i>. </p><p>In Western languages, <i>Shah</i> is often used as an imprecise rendering of <i>Šāhanšāh</i>. For a long time, Europeans thought of <i>Shah</i> as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">monarchs of Persia</a> regarded themselves as emperors of the Persian Empire (later the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Empire of Iran</a>). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a> Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">European parts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as <i><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">padishah</a></i>. </p><p>In the twentieth century, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Shah of Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, officially adopted the title <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهنشاه</span></span> <i>Šâhanšâh</i> and, in western languages, the rendering <i>Emperor</i>. He also styled his wife <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شهبانو</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbânū</a></i> ("Empress"). Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah, as the Iranian monarchy was abolished after the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shah_in_the_Armenian_language">Shah in the Armenian language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shah in the Armenian language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> compound personal names often contain the element "šah," meaning "king" in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>. These names can be found in both masculine and feminine forms and may include native Armenian or foreign components. The element "šah" can appear as either the first or second component and is sometimes part of doublet forms with the components reversed. For example, masculine names include Šah-amir and Amir-šah, Šah-paron and Paron-šah, and Vahram-šah; feminine names include Šah-xat‘un and Xat‘un-šah, and Šah-tikin. </p><p>Some examples of these compound names include masculine Šah-aziz and feminine Aziz-šah, masculine Sult‘an-šah and feminine Šah-sult‘an, and masculine Melik‘-šah and feminine Šah-melē/ik‘. These names, particularly the feminine forms, sometimes vary in gender depending on the source. </p><p>The name Artamšin, for instance, is based on *Artam from Old Iranian *R̥tāma-, interpreted as "having power of/from R̥ta." The auslaut of the Armenian name suggests a connection to the Iranian word for "king," šāh, found in various languages including Middle Persian and New Persian. </p><p>In another example, the name Šaštʻi is interpreted as "Šah-Lady," with the second component reflecting the Arabic term sittī, meaning "My lady, lady." This name is found in a colophon from the Kołbay monastery as the name of a sister of Dawitʻ and priest Vardan. </p><p>Overall, Armenian compound names containing the element "šah" provide insight into the linguistic and cultural interactions between Armenian and Iranian languages and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruler_styles">Ruler styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ruler styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashot_II_of_Armenia" title="Ashot II of Armenia">Ashot II</a>, the Bagratid kings of Armenia used the title <i>shahanshah</i>, meaning "king of kings".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title <i><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Great_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Great King">Great King</a>) was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and by various other monarchs claiming imperial rank, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> that established their dynasty in the Indian subcontinent.</li> <li>Another subsidiary style of the Ottoman and Mughal rulers was <i>Shah-i Alam Panah</i>, meaning "the king that is the refuge of the world."</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shah-Armens" title="Shah-Armens">Shah-Armens</a> ("Kings of Armenia", sometimes known as Ahlahshahs), used the title <i>Shāh-i Arman</i> (lit. "Shah of Armenians").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some monarchs were known by a contraction of the kingdom's name with <i>shah</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmshah">Khwarezmshah</a>, ruler of the realm of <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmia">Khwarezmia</a> in the Central Asia, or the <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a> of the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> in Caucasia (present-day <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a>)</li> <li>The kings of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian kings">Georgia</a> called themselves <i>shahanshah</i> alongside their other titles. The <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Georgian_sovereign" title="Style of the Georgian sovereign">Georgian title</a> <i>mepetmepe</i> (also meaning King of Kings [<i><a href="/wiki/Mepe_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mepe (title)">Mepe</a></i>-king in Georgian]) was also inspired by the <i>shahanshah</i> title.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shahzade">Shahzade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shahzade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Shahzade</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهزاده</span>, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as <i>Šâhzâde</i>). In the realm of a shah (or a loftier derived ruler style), a <a href="/wiki/Prince#Islamic_traditions" title="Prince">prince</a> or <a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">princess</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal</a> blood was logically called <i>shahzada</i> as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -zâde or -zâdeh, "born from" or "descendant of". However the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah's kingdom. This title was given to the princes of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: شهزاده) and was used by the princes of Islamic India (<i>Shahzāda</i>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: شہزاده, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">শাহজাদা</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Shāhozāda</i></span>) such as in the Mughal Empire. The Mughals and the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultans of Delhi</a> were of Indian origin and Mongol-Turkic origin but were heavily influenced by Persian culture,<sup id="cite_ref-Richards1995-2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards1995-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schimmel2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schimmel2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balabanlilar2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balabanlilar2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a continuation of traditions and habits ever since Persian language was first introduced into the region by Persianised Turkic dynasties centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, in <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>, only sons of the sovereign <i>shah bahadur</i> (see above) were by birth-right styled "Shahzada [personal title] <a href="/wiki/Mirza_(noble)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza (noble)">Mirza</a> [personal name] Bahadur", though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives. Other male descendants of the sovereign in the male line were merely styled "Mirza [personal name]" or "[personal name] Mirza". This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties. For example, the younger sons of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> maharaja of Punjab were styled "Shahzada [personal name] Singh Bahadur". </p><p>The borrowing <i>shahajada</i>, "Shah's son", taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, was the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepalese</a> sovereign in the male line of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a> until its abolition in 2008. </p><p>For the heir to a "Persian-style" shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element <i><a href="/wiki/Vali_Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali Ahad">Vali Ahad</a></i>, usually in addition to <i>shahzada</i>, where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_styles">Other styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a></i> (Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شهبانو</span></span>, <i>Šahbânū</i>): Persian term using the word <i>shah</i> and the Persian suffix <i>-banu</i> ("lady"): Empress, in modern times, the official title of Empress <a href="/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi" title="Farah Pahlavi">Farah Pahlavi</a>.</li> <li><i>Shahpur</i> (Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهپور</span></span> <i>Šâhpur</i>) also been derived from <i>shah</i> using the archaic Persian suffix <i>-pur</i> "son, male descendant", to address the Prince.</li> <li><i>Shahdokht</i> (Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهدخت</span></span> <i>Šâhdoxt</i>) is also another term derived from <i>shah</i> using the Persian patronymic suffix <i>-dokht</i> "daughter, female descendant", to address the Princess of the imperial households.</li> <li><i>Shahzade</i> (Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شاهزاده</span></span> <i>Šâhzâde</i>): Persian termination for prince (lit; <i>offspring of the Shah</i>); used by Ottoman Turks in the form <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Malek ol-Moluk</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian:</a> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ملک الملوک</span></span>) "king of kings", an Arabic title used by the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids">Buyids</a>, a Persianized form of the Abbasid <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrap</a>, the term in Western languages for a governor of a Persian province, is a distortion of <i>xšaθrapāvan</i>, literally "guardian of the realm", which derives from the word <i>xšaθra</i>, an Old Persian word meaning "realm, province" and related etymologically to <i>shah</i>.</li> <li>Deeply revered among both the Hindus and Muslims, 1st Guru of Sikhism <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Nanak Dev">Guru Nanak Dev</a> was referred to as 'Shah' by the Muslims and as' Fakir' by the Hindus, the highest honour in both the religions, and hence came to known as "Nanak Shah Fakir".</li> <li>Maq'ad-è-Šâh (Persian: <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مقعد شاه</span></span> Maq'ad-è-Šâh), the phrase from which the name of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> is believed to be derived, which means "seat of the Shah", a reflection of the city's early Persian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Laitin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laitin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The English word "check-mate" is in fact derived from "shah" (from Persian via Arabic, Latin and French). Related terms such as "chess" and "exchequer" likewise originate from the Persian word, their modern senses having developed from the original meaning of the king piece.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirmiran" title="Mirmiran">Mirmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_(surname)" title="Shah (surname)">Shah (surname)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yarshater1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yarshater1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarshater, Ehsan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm">Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033230/http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Iranian Studies</i>, vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSiddiq2015" class="citation journal cs1">Siddiq, Mohammad Yusuf (Spring–Summer 2015). "Titles and Islamic Culture as Reflected in the Islamic Architectural Inscriptions of Bengal (1205–1707)". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>54</b> (1/2): 50–51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44629923">44629923</a>. <q>Shāh ... [a] Persian title, ... sometimes in different compound forms, such as Bādshāh or Pādshāh ... stands for monarch, which has become part of the popular vocabulary over years in a number of South Asian languages including Bengali, Urdu and Hindi, in addition to the languages of neighbouring regions. The last Afghan king Zāhīr Shāh, for instance, used to be called "Bādshāh" until his dethronement in 1973. Used by all the Mughal emperors in India, the title appeared in a few [Bengal] Sultanate inscriptions as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Titles+and+Islamic+Culture+as+Reflected+in+the+Islamic+Architectural+Inscriptions+of+Bengal+%281205%E2%80%931707%29&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=50-51&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44629923%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Siddiq&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Yusuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldPersian/opcomplete.pdf">An introduction to Old Persian</a> (p. 149). Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2014" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (2014). <i>Wörterbuch der altpersischen Königsinschriften</i>. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. pp. 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3954900176" title="Special:BookSources/978-3954900176"><bdi>978-3954900176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+altpersischen+K%C3%B6nigsinschriften&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=286-287&rft.pub=Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3954900176&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old Persian. Appendices, Glossaries, Indices & Transcriptions. Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. N. MacKenzie. <i>A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary</i>. Routledge Curzon, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0197135595" title="Special:BookSources/0197135595">0197135595</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Mo’in. <i>An Intermediate Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes</i>. Amir Kabir Publications, Teheran, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan" class="citation book cs1">Martirosyan, Hrach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/56879778/Two_Armenian_Personal_Names_with_%C5%A0ah_King_"><i>Two Armenian Personal Names with Šah ‘King’</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Armenian+Personal+Names+with+%C5%A0ah+%E2%80%98King%E2%80%99&rft.aulast=Martirosyan&rft.aufirst=Hrach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F56879778%2FTwo_Armenian_Personal_Names_with_%25C5%25A0ah_King_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Greenwood, <i>Emergence of the Bagratuni Kingdoms</i>, p. 52, in <i>Armenian Kars and Ani</i>, Richard Hovannisian, ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford Edmund Bosworth "The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual". "The Shāh-i Armanids", p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards1995-2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards1995-2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1995" class="citation cs2">Richards, John F. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA2"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA2">archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the dynasty and the empire itself became indisputably Indian. The interests and futures of all concerned were in India, not in ancestral homelands in the Middle East or Central Asia. Furthermore, the Mughal Empire emerged from the Indian historical experience. It was the end product of a millennium of Muslim conquest, colonization, and state-building in the Indian subcontinent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schimmel2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schimmel2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel2004" class="citation cs2">Schimmel, Annemarie (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC"><i>The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture</i></a>, Reaktion Books, p. 22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861891853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861891853"><bdi>978-1861891853</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Great+Mughals%3A+History%2C+Art+and+Culture&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1861891853&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7sewQQzOHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balabanlilar2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balabanlilar2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalabanlilar2012" class="citation cs2">Balabanlilar, Lisa (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC"><i>Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia</i></a>, I.B. Tauris, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848857261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848857261"><bdi>978-1848857261</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Identity+in+Mughal+Empire%3A+Memory+and+Dynastic+Politics+in+Early+Modern+Central+Asia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848857261&rft.aulast=Balabanlilar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PS6PrH3rtkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigfried J. de Laet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</i></a> UNESCO, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231028138" title="Special:BookSources/9231028138">9231028138</a> p. 734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettRamsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18"><i>South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441151278" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441151278"><bdi>978-1441151278</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Sufis%3A+Devotion%2C+Deviation%2C+and+Destiny&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1441151278&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQJHAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dghaznavids%2Bbrought%2Bpersian%2Bto%2Bsouth%2Basia%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beypeople.newsvine.com/_news/2012/09/10/13772724-shahzada-son-of-shah">Shahzada son of shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsvine" title="Newsvine">Newsvine</a>.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laitin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laitin_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, <i>Somalia: Nation in Search of a State</i>, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shah"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Shah">"Shah" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 769.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=769&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shah" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shah">shah</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Shah#ixzz1SP60S1SF">Last name: Shah</a> at surnamedb.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iran.htm">WorldStatesmen – here Iran; see each present country</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shah&searchmode=none">Shah</a> – Etymology OnLine</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Nəgusä Nägäst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi">Nkosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty">Imperial and Royal Majesty</a> (HI&RM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty">Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">Imperial Majesty</a> (HIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a> (HAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Catholicissimus" title="Rex Catholicissimus">Catholic Majesty</a> (HCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign#Most_Christian_King" title="Style of the French sovereign">Most Christian Majesty</a> (HMCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a> (HFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Majesty" title="Orthodox Majesty">Orthodox Majesty</a> (HOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Britannic Majesty</a> (HBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Majesty" title="Most Excellent Majesty">Most Excellent Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Gracious_Majesty" title="Most Gracious Majesty">Most Gracious Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Royal Majesty</a> (HRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> (HM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monseigneur" title="Monseigneur">Monseigneur</a> (Msgr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">Most Eminent Highness</a> (HMEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exalted_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Exalted Highness">Exalted Highness</a> (HEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">Most Excellent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Illustrious" title="The Most Illustrious">Most Illustrious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochgeboren" title="Hochgeboren">Hochgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochwohlgeboren" title="Hochwohlgeboren">Hochwohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohlgeboren" title="Wohlgeboren">Wohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Much_Honoured" title="The Much Honoured">Much Honoured</a> (The Much Hon.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milord" title="Milord">Milord</a> (Millourt)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">Sebastos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepe" title="Mepe">Mepe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness" title="Imperial and Royal Highness">Imperial and Royal Highness</a> (HI&RH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> (HIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a> (HGDH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness" title="Ducal Serene Highness">Ducal Serene Highness</a> (HDSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(style)" title="Serenity (style)">Serenity</a> (HS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senhor" title="Senhor">Senhor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_Yang_Maha_Mulia" title="Duli Yang Maha Mulia">Duli Yang Maha Mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Mikado</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanic_Highness" title="Sultanic Highness">Sultanic Highness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Georgian_sovereign" title="Style of the Georgian sovereign">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Dutch_sovereign" title="Style of the Dutch sovereign">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Serbian_sovereign" title="Style of the Serbian sovereign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Swedish_sovereign" title="Style of the Swedish sovereign">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Scottish_sovereign" title="Style of the Scottish sovereign">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a> (<i>Fidei defensor</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Defender of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Roman_Emperor" title="Last Roman Emperor">Great Catholic Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current sovereign monarchs">List of current sovereign monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent monarchs">List of current constituent monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">Victory title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Royalty_and_Nobility" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility">Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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