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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional stucco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_stucco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculptural_and_architectural_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculptural_and_architectural_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sculptural and architectural use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculptural_and_architectural_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_stucco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_stucco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern stucco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_stucco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stucco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زخارف جصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زخارف جصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuco" title="Estuco – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estuco" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стука – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Щукатура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Щукатура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuc" title="Estuc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estuc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tuk" title="Štuk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Štuk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuk" title="Stuk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stuk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck" title="Stuck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stuck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stukk" title="Stukk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stukk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuco" title="Estuco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estuco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuko" title="Stuko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stuko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztuku" title="Iztuku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iztuku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گچ‌بری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گچ‌بری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuc" title="Stuc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stuc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuc%C3%B3" title="Stucó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stucó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuco" title="Estuco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estuco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%AC%EC%BD%94" title="스투코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스투코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Ստուկկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստուկկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tuko" title="Štuko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Štuko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuko" title="Stuko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stuko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuko" title="Stuko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stuko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stucco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95" title="סטוקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטוקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apmetums" title="Apmetums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apmetums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stukk%C3%B3" title="Stukkó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stukkó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuko" title="Stuko – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stuko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ပန်းတော့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းတော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucwerk" title="Stucwerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stucwerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%B2%A7%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8F%E3%81%84" title="化粧しっくい – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化粧しっくい" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stukkatur" title="Stukkatur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stukkatur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stukk" title="Stukk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuch" title="Stuch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stuch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiuk" title="Stiuk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stiuk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuque" title="Estuque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estuque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuc" title="Stuc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stuc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Стукко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стукко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stucco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tukat%C3%BAra" title="Štukatúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štukatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tukatura" title="Štukatura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Štukatura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Штуко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штуко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tuko" title="Štuko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Štuko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stukko" title="Stukko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck" title="Stuck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stuck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Гачбурӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гачбурӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuko" title="Stuko – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stuko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Стуко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стуко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E9%A3%BE%E7%81%B0%E6%B3%A5" title="粉飾灰泥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="粉飾灰泥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E9%A5%B0%E7%81%B0%E6%B3%A5" title="粉饰灰泥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="粉饰灰泥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33526#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stucco" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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searchaux" style="display:none">Construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stucco homes" redirects here. For the Frank Zappa song, see <a href="/wiki/Shut_Up_%27n_Play_Yer_Guitar" title="Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar">Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stucco" title="Special:EditPage/Stucco">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stucco%22">"Stucco"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stucco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stucco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stucco%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stucco%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stucco%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceilings_of_the_rotonde_de_Mars_(509).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ceilings_of_the_rotonde_de_Mars_%28509%29.jpg/500px-Ceilings_of_the_rotonde_de_Mars_%28509%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ceilings_of_the_rotonde_de_Mars_%28509%29.jpg/960px-Ceilings_of_the_rotonde_de_Mars_%28509%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> stucco on the ceiling of the Rotonde de Mars in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_and_Balthazard_Marsy" title="Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy">Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy</a>, 1658<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stucco</b> or <b>render</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> material made of <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregates</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a>, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco can be applied on construction materials such as <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expanded_metal" title="Expanded metal">expanded metal lath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinder_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinder block">cinder block</a>, or clay <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> for decorative and structural purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-proscons_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proscons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, "stucco" sometimes refers to a coating for the outside of a building and "<a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>" to a coating for interiors. As described below, however, the materials themselves often have little or no difference. Other European languages, notably Italian, do not have the same distinction: <i>stucco</i> means <i>plaster</i> in Italian and serves for both.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stucco_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stucco_wall.jpg/220px-Stucco_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stucco_wall.jpg/330px-Stucco_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stucco_wall.jpg/440px-Stucco_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Stucco used as an exterior coating on a residential building.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stucco_rock_dash_-_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stucco_rock_dash_-_detail.JPG/250px-Stucco_rock_dash_-_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stucco_rock_dash_-_detail.JPG/330px-Stucco_rock_dash_-_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stucco_rock_dash_-_detail.JPG/500px-Stucco_rock_dash_-_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Rock dash stucco used as an exterior coating on a house on Canada's west coast. The chips of quartz, stone, and colored glass measure approx. 3–6 mm (1/8–1/4").</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic composition of stucco is <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, water, and sand.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference in nomenclature between stucco, <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> is based more on use than composition. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, it was common that mortar as well as <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, which was used inside a building, and stucco, which was used outside, would consist of the same primary materials: <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">plant fibers</a> were often added for additional strength. Sometimes additives such as <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">glass fibers</a> are added to improve the structural properties of the stucco. This is usually done with what is considered a one-coat stucco system, as opposed to the traditional three-coat method. </p><p>In the latter nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> was added with increasing frequency to cover surfaces in contact with soil or water. At the same time, traditional <a href="/wiki/Lime_plaster" title="Lime plaster">lime plasters</a> were often being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> plaster. Lime is almost as good in balancing humidity as clay. It prevents moisture accumulation inside the building as well as in the wall by its excellent permeability, and is more elastic and workable than cement render. </p><p>Lime itself is usually white; color comes from the aggregate or any added <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>. Lime stucco has the property of being self-healing to a limited degree because of the slight water <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> of lime (which in solution can be deposited in cracks, where it solidifies). Portland cement stucco is very hard and brittle and can easily crack and separate from the surface if the base on which it is applied is not stable. Typically, its color was gray, from the innate color of most Portland cement, but white Portland cement is also available. Today's stucco manufacturers offer a very wide range of colors that can be mixed integrally in the finish coat. Other materials such as stone and glass chips are sometimes "dashed" onto the finish coat before drying, with the finished product commonly known as "rock dash", "pebble dash", or also as <a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">roughcast</a> if the stones are incorporated directly into the stucco, used mainly from the early 20th through the early 21st centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_stucco">Traditional stucco</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional stucco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a building material, stucco is a durable, attractive, and weather-resistant wall covering. It was traditionally used as both an interior and exterior finish applied in one or two thin layers directly over a solid <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, or stone surface. The finish coat usually contained an integral color and was typically textured for appearance. </p><p>Then with the introduction and development of heavy timber and light wood-framed construction methods, stucco was adapted for this new use by adding a reinforcement lattice, or <a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">lath</a>, attached to and spanning between the structural supports and by increasing the thickness and number of layers of the total system. The lath added support for the wet plaster and tensile strength to the brittle, cured stucco; while the increased thickness and number of layers helped control cracking. </p><p>The traditional application of stucco and lath occurs in three coats—the scratch coat, the brown coat and the finish coat. The two base coats of plaster are either hand-applied or machine sprayed. The finish coat can be troweled smooth, hand-textured, <a href="/wiki/Concrete_float" title="Concrete float">floated</a> to a sand finish or sprayed. </p><p>Originally, the lath material was strips of wood installed horizontally on the wall, with spaces between, that would support the wet plaster until it cured. This <a href="/wiki/Lath_and_plaster" title="Lath and plaster">lath and plaster</a> technique became widely used. </p><p>In exterior wall applications, the lath is installed over a weather-resistant <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">impregnated</a> <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> sheet that protects the framing from the moisture that can pass through the porous stucco. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the introduction of metal wire <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a>, or netting, replaced the use of wood lath. <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">Galvanizing</a> the wire made it <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistant and suitable for exterior wall applications. At the beginning of the 21st century, this "traditional" method of wire mesh lath and three coats of exterior plaster was still widely used. </p><p>In some parts of the United States with a warmer climate (like <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>), stucco is the predominant exterior for both residential and commercial construction. Stucco exterior (with wood frame interior) became a popular alternative in the southwestern United States during the 1970s, as the masonry labor costs for <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> rose.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stucco_relief_fragment_MET_DP123867.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment from a Roman relief; c. 138–161 AD; height: 8¼" (20.9 cm); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Fragment from a Roman relief; c. 138–161 AD; height: 8¼" (20.9 cm); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stucco_relief_fragment_MET_DP123867.jpg/500px-Stucco_relief_fragment_MET_DP123867.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stucco_relief_fragment_MET_DP123867.jpg/960px-Stucco_relief_fragment_MET_DP123867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stucco_relief_fragment_MET_DP123867.jpg/1000px-Stucco_relief_fragment_MET_DP123867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3893" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment from a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> relief; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 138</span>–161 AD; height: 8¼" (20.9 cm); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan,_Gandhara,_Hadda,_late_Kushan_Period_-_Seated_Buddha_-_1967.39_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of seated Buddha; c. 300s; overall: 14½" (36.9 cm); from Hadda (Afghanistan); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)"><img alt="Statue of seated Buddha; c. 300s; overall: 14½" (36.9 cm); from Hadda (Afghanistan); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afghanistan%2C_Gandhara%2C_Hadda%2C_late_Kushan_Period_-_Seated_Buddha_-_1967.39_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-314px-Afghanistan%2C_Gandhara%2C_Hadda%2C_late_Kushan_Period_-_Seated_Buddha_-_1967.39_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afghanistan%2C_Gandhara%2C_Hadda%2C_late_Kushan_Period_-_Seated_Buddha_-_1967.39_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-471px-Afghanistan%2C_Gandhara%2C_Hadda%2C_late_Kushan_Period_-_Seated_Buddha_-_1967.39_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afghanistan%2C_Gandhara%2C_Hadda%2C_late_Kushan_Period_-_Seated_Buddha_-_1967.39_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-628px-Afghanistan%2C_Gandhara%2C_Hadda%2C_late_Kushan_Period_-_Seated_Buddha_-_1967.39_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5710" data-file-height="6820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of seated <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300s</span>; overall: 14½" (36.9 cm); from <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda (Afghanistan)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (Cleveland, Ohio, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_plaque_with_confronted_ibexes,_Iran,_Sasanian_period,_5th_or_6th_century_AD,_stucco_originally_with_polychrome_painting_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03952.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Iranian relief plaque with confronted ibexes; 5th or 6th century AD (the Sasanian period); stucco originally with polychrome painting; Cincinnati Art Museum (Cincinnati, US)"><img alt="Iranian relief plaque with confronted ibexes; 5th or 6th century AD (the Sasanian period); stucco originally with polychrome painting; Cincinnati Art Museum (Cincinnati, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Relief_plaque_with_confronted_ibexes%2C_Iran%2C_Sasanian_period%2C_5th_or_6th_century_AD%2C_stucco_originally_with_polychrome_painting_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03952.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Relief_plaque_with_confronted_ibexes%2C_Iran%2C_Sasanian_period%2C_5th_or_6th_century_AD%2C_stucco_originally_with_polychrome_painting_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03952.JPG/500px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Relief_plaque_with_confronted_ibexes%2C_Iran%2C_Sasanian_period%2C_5th_or_6th_century_AD%2C_stucco_originally_with_polychrome_painting_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03952.JPG/960px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="4925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iranian relief plaque with confronted ibexes; 5th or 6th century AD (the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian period">Sasanian period</a>); stucco originally with polychrome painting; <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Art_Museum" title="Cincinnati Art Museum">Cincinnati Art Museum</a> (Cincinnati, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_panel_depicting_Ix_K%27an_Bolon_(Lady_Precious_Nine),_Maya,_Pomona,_Tabasco_state,_Late_Classic_period,_c._790_AD,_limestone,_stucco,_paint_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04642.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maya wall panel depicting Ix K'an Bolon; c. 790 AD(Late Classic period); limestone, stucco and paint; from Pomona (Tabasco), Mexico) Dallas Museum of Art (Dallas, Texas, US)"><img alt="Maya wall panel depicting Ix K'an Bolon; c. 790 AD(Late Classic period); limestone, stucco and paint; from Pomona (Tabasco), Mexico) Dallas Museum of Art (Dallas, Texas, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wall_panel_depicting_Ix_K%27an_Bolon_%28Lady_Precious_Nine%29%2C_Maya%2C_Pomona%2C_Tabasco_state%2C_Late_Classic_period%2C_c._790_AD%2C_limestone%2C_stucco%2C_paint_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04642.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wall_panel_depicting_Ix_K%27an_Bolon_%28Lady_Precious_Nine%29%2C_Maya%2C_Pomona%2C_Tabasco_state%2C_Late_Classic_period%2C_c._790_AD%2C_limestone%2C_stucco%2C_paint_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04642.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> wall panel depicting Ix K'an Bolon; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 790 AD</span>(Late Classic period); limestone, stucco and paint; from <a href="/wiki/Pomona,_Tabasco" title="Pomona, Tabasco">Pomona (Tabasco)</a>, Mexico) <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a> (Dallas, Texas, US)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculptural_and_architectural_use">Sculptural and architectural use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sculptural and architectural use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czestochowa-bazylika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Czestochowa-bazylika.jpg/220px-Czestochowa-bazylika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Czestochowa-bazylika.jpg/330px-Czestochowa-bazylika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Czestochowa-bazylika.jpg/440px-Czestochowa-bazylika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> stucco decorations of the main nave of the <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery" title="Jasna Góra Monastery">Jasna Góra Monastery</a> basilica, 1693–1695<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Stucco has also been used as a sculptural and artistic material. Stucco relief was used in the architectural decoration schemes of many ancient cultures. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> stucco reliefs remain extant. In the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">art of Mesopotamia</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a> there was a widespread tradition of figurative and ornamental internal stucco reliefs, which continued into <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Abbasid Samarra</a>, now using geometrical and plant-based ornament. As the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> reached its full maturity, carved stucco remained a very common medium for decoration and calligraphic inscriptions. <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian architecture</a> used stucco as a material for sculpture in an architectural context. It is rare in the countryside. </p><p>In Roman art of the late Republic and early Empire, stucco was used extensively for the decoration of vaults. Though marble was the preferred sculptural medium in most regards, stucco was better for use in vaults because it was lighter and better suited to adapt to the curvature of the ceiling. <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> architecture makes heavy use of stucco. Examples can be found in churches and palaces, where stucco is mostly used to provide a smooth, decorative transition from walls to ceiling, decorating and giving measure to ceiling surfaces. Stucco is an integral part of the art of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belcomposto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belcomposto (page does not exist)">belcomposto</a>, the Baroque concept that integrates the three <a href="/wiki/Art_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in ancient Greece">classic arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> made extensive use in monasteries and temples of stucco for three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> as well as reliefs. These were usually carved from a rough modelling over a framework and then painted. Similar techniques are used for the life-size statues decorating the <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopurams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. </p><p>Since stucco can be used for decoration as well as for figurative representation, it provides an ideal transitive link from architectural details to <a href="/wiki/Wall_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall painting">wall paintings</a> such as the typically Baroque <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> ceilings, as in the work of the <a href="/wiki/Wessobrunner_School" title="Wessobrunner School">Wessobrunner School</a>. Here, the real architecture of the church is visually extended into a heavenly architecture with a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> at the center. Stucco is used to form a semi-plastic extension of the real architecture that merges into the painted architecture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_spanish_music_1916_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Johnson_spanish_music_1916_3.jpg/220px-Johnson_spanish_music_1916_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Johnson_spanish_music_1916_3.jpg/330px-Johnson_spanish_music_1916_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Johnson_spanish_music_1916_3.jpg/440px-Johnson_spanish_music_1916_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4417" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bridges_Hall_of_Music" title="Bridges Hall of Music">Bridges Hall of Music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_California" title="Claremont, California">Claremont, California</a> (1915), an example of a stucco-clad reinforced concrete structure<sup id="cite_ref-HCAP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCAP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of its "<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a>" appearance, Baroque-looking stucco decoration was used frequently in upper-class apartments of the 19th and early 20th century. </p><p>Beginning in the 1920s, stucco, especially in its <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Neo-Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Neo-Baroque</a> materialization, became increasingly unpopular with modern architects in some countries, resulting not only in new buildings without stucco but also in a widespread <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entstuckung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entstuckung (page does not exist)">Movement</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entstuckung" class="extiw" title="de:Entstuckung">de</a>]</span> to remove the stucco from existing tenements. </p><p>Stucco was still employed in the 1950s in molded forms for decorating the joints between walls and ceilings inside houses. It was generally painted the same colour as the ceiling and used in designs where a <a href="/wiki/Picture_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture rail">picture rail</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rat_rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rat rail (page does not exist)">rat rail</a> was in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_stucco">Modern stucco</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern stucco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stucco" title="Special:EditPage/Stucco">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern stucco is used as an exterior <a href="/wiki/Plaster#Cement_plaster" title="Plaster">cement plaster</a> wall covering. It is usually a mix of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> and water, but may also consist of a proprietary mix of additives including fibers and synthetic <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylics</a> that add strength and flexibility. Modern synthetic stucco can be applied as one base layer and a finish layer, which is thinner and faster to apply, compared to the traditional application of three-coat stucco. Imitation stone stucco can also be produced using the traditional application, but with marble dust being added to the mixture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuc_%C3%A0_la_chaux,_sgraffito,_St%C3%A9phane_Baron.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stuc_%C3%A0_la_chaux%2C_sgraffito%2C_St%C3%A9phane_Baron.JPG/250px-Stuc_%C3%A0_la_chaux%2C_sgraffito%2C_St%C3%A9phane_Baron.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stuc_%C3%A0_la_chaux%2C_sgraffito%2C_St%C3%A9phane_Baron.JPG/330px-Stuc_%C3%A0_la_chaux%2C_sgraffito%2C_St%C3%A9phane_Baron.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stuc_%C3%A0_la_chaux%2C_sgraffito%2C_St%C3%A9phane_Baron.JPG/500px-Stuc_%C3%A0_la_chaux%2C_sgraffito%2C_St%C3%A9phane_Baron.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Applying stucco</figcaption></figure> <p>As with any cement-based material, stucco must be reinforced to resist movement cracking. Plastic or wire <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">lath</a>, attached with nails or screws to the structural framing, is embedded into the base coat to provide stiffening for the stucco. </p><p>Where stucco is to be applied to a structure of wood-framing or light-gauge steel framing, the framing is protected from moisture damage by applying a cement based primer, or a vapor-permeable, water-resistant weather barrier; typically an <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a>-saturated <a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">paper</a> or one of a variety of manufactured plastic-based sheets, known as "<a href="/wiki/Housewrap" title="Housewrap">building wraps</a>" or "stucco wraps". The properties of the weather barrier must not only protect the framing from rain and moisture, but at the same time allow the free passage of any water vapor generated inside the building to escape through the wall. </p><p>A wide variety of stucco accessories, such as weep <a href="/wiki/Screed" title="Screed">screeds</a>, control and expansion joints, corner-aids and architectural reveals are sometimes also incorporated into the lath. Wire lath is used to give the plaster something to attach to and to add strength. Types include expanded-metal lath, woven-wire lath, and welded-wire lath. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stucco_plaster_tools.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stucco_plaster_tools.jpg/250px-Stucco_plaster_tools.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stucco_plaster_tools.jpg/330px-Stucco_plaster_tools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stucco_plaster_tools.jpg/500px-Stucco_plaster_tools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The tools used to plaster walls</figcaption></figure> <p>If applied during very dry weather, the layers of stucco are sprayed with water for one or more days to keep a level of moisture within the stucco while it cures, a process known as "moist curing". If the stucco dries too soon, the chemical hardening ("hydration") will be incomplete, resulting in a weaker and brittler stucco. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polished_plaster" title="Polished plaster">Polished plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_plaster" title="Lime plaster">Lime plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_wash" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime wash">Lime wash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harl" class="mw-redirect" title="Harl">Harl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opus_albarium" title="Opus albarium">Opus albarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_render" title="Cement render">Cement render</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_plaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay plaster">Clay plaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_insulation_finishing_system" title="Exterior insulation finishing system">Exterior insulation finishing system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hy-Rib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hy-Rib (page does not exist)">Hy-Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath_and_plaster" title="Lath and plaster">Lath and plaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBresc-Bautier2008" class="citation book cs1">Bresc-Bautier, Geneviève (2008). <i>The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace</i>. Musée du Louvre Éditions. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7572-0177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7572-0177-0"><bdi>978-2-7572-0177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louvre%2C+a+Tale+of+a+Palace&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7572-0177-0&rft.aulast=Bresc-Bautier&rft.aufirst=Genevi%C3%A8ve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proscons-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proscons_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Mike (5 September 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/home-and-garden/stucco-presents-a-unique-set-of-problems/article571936/">"Stucco presents a unique set of problems"</a></span>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927125805/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/home-and-garden/stucco-presents-a-unique-set-of-problems/article571936/">Archived</a> from the original on Sep 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Stucco+presents+a+unique+set+of+problems&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Fhome-and-garden%2Fstucco-presents-a-unique-set-of-problems%2Farticle571936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenryStewart2011" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Alison; Stewart, John, eds. (2011). <i>Practical building conservation. Mortars, plasters and renders</i>. Farnham/Burlington: Ashgate Publishing. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+building+conservation.+Mortars%2C+plasters+and+renders.&rft.place=Farnham%2FBurlington&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylorVila2017" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Glenda; Vila, Bob (22 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bobvila.com/articles/stucco-homes">"All You Need to Know About Stucco Homes"</a>. <i>bob vila</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bob+vila&rft.atitle=All+You+Need+to+Know+About+Stucco+Homes&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft.au=Vila%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobvila.com%2Farticles%2Fstucco-homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVint_&_Associates,_Architects_Inc.2005" class="citation report cs1">Vint & Associates, Architects Inc. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/pdf/SouthwestHousing/SW_Housing_Traditions.pdf">Southwest Housing Traditions: Design, Materials, Performance</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research. p. 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Southwest+Housing+Traditions%3A+Design%2C+Materials%2C+Performance&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Housing+and+Urban+Development+Office+of+Policy+Development+and+Research&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Vint+%26+Associates%2C+Architects+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2FPublications%2Fpdf%2FSouthwestHousing%2FSW_Housing_Traditions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013062359/http://kopernik.czest.pl/socrates/jasnaciasna.htm">"The saint city Częstochowa - the merina for Faithfulls"</a>. <i>www.kopernik.czest.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kopernik.czest.pl/socrates/jasnaciasna.htm">the original</a> on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kopernik.czest.pl&rft.atitle=The+saint+city+Cz%C4%99stochowa+-+the+merina+for+Faithfulls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kopernik.czest.pl%2Fsocrates%2Fjasnaciasna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCAP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HCAP_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190627/http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library?a=d&d=p1316">"Bridges Hall of Music and Lebus Court"</a>. <i>Historic Campus Architecture Project</i>. The Council of Independent Colleges. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library?a=d&d=p1316">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Campus+Architecture+Project&rft.atitle=Bridges+Hall+of+Music+and+Lebus+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcap.artstor.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dp1316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stucco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimmer,_Anne_Grimmer" class="citation book cs1">Grimmer, Anne Grimmer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/22-stucco.htm"><i>The Preservation and Repair of Historic Stucco</i></a>. Technical Preservation Services, Heritage Preservation Services Division, National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preservation+and+Repair+of+Historic+Stucco&rft.pub=Technical+Preservation+Services%2C+Heritage+Preservation+Services+Division%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.au=Grimmer%2C+Anne+Grimmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ftps%2Fhow-to-preserve%2Fbriefs%2F22-stucco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLing,_Roger1999" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Roger, ed. (1999). <i>Stuccowork and Painting In Roman Italy</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stuccowork+and+Painting+In+Roman+Italy&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWadsworth,_Emily1924" class="citation journal cs1">Wadsworth, Emily (1924). "Stucco Reliefs of the First and Second Centuries still Extant in Rome". <i>Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome</i>. <b>4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4238518">10.2307/4238518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238518">4238518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=Stucco+Reliefs+of+the+First+and+Second+Centuries+still+Extant+in+Rome&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4238518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238518%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wadsworth%2C+Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeard,_Geoffrey1983" class="citation journal cs1">Beard, Geoffrey (1983). "Stucco and Decorative Plasterwork in Europe".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stucco+and+Decorative+Plasterwork+in+Europe&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Beard%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStucco" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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