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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pickups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pickups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pickups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pickups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amplification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amplification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amplification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amplification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIDI_violin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIDI_violin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>MIDI violin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIDI_violin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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violin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_Geige" title="Elektrische Geige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrische Geige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%ADn_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Violín eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violín eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolin_elektriko" title="Biolin elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biolin elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violon_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Violon électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Violon électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%B0" title="전기 바이올린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기 바이올린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola_listrik" title="Biola listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biola listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violino_elettrico" title="Violino elettrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Violino elettrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk%C4%81_vijole" title="Elektriskā vijole – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektriskā vijole" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromos_heged%C5%B1" title="Elektromos hegedű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromos hegedű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola_elektrik" title="Biola elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biola elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="エレクトリック・ヴァイオリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エレクトリック・ヴァイオリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_fiolin" title="Elektrisk fiolin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrisk fiolin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrzypce_elektryczne" title="Skrzypce elektryczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrzypce elektryczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроскрипка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электроскрипка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_violin" title="Electric violin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric violin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elekri%C4%8Dna_violina" title="Elekrična violina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elekrična violina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6viulu" title="Sähköviulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköviulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfiol" title="Elfiol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elfiol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електрична скрипка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрична скрипка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9_c%E1%BA%A7m_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Vĩ cầm điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vĩ cầm điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electric+violin%22">"Electric violin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electric+violin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electric+violin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electric+violin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electric+violin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electric+violin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Electric violin</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_Violin_and_Electromagnetic_Pick_by_Leo_Fender_(1957).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Electric_Violin_and_Electromagnetic_Pick_by_Leo_Fender_%281957%29.jpg/200px-Electric_Violin_and_Electromagnetic_Pick_by_Leo_Fender_%281957%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Electric_Violin_and_Electromagnetic_Pick_by_Leo_Fender_%281957%29.jpg/300px-Electric_Violin_and_Electromagnetic_Pick_by_Leo_Fender_%281957%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Electric_Violin_and_Electromagnetic_Pick_by_Leo_Fender_%281957%29.jpg/400px-Electric_Violin_and_Electromagnetic_Pick_by_Leo_Fender_%281957%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Front, back and headstock detail of a <br /><a href="/wiki/Leo_Fender" title="Leo Fender">Leo Fender</a>'s Electric Violin</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed string instrument</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>electric violin</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> equipped with an electronic output of its sound. The term most properly refers to an instrument intentionally made to be electrified with built-in pickups, usually with a <a href="/wiki/Solid_body" title="Solid body">solid body</a>. It can also refer to a violin fitted with an electric <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">pickup</a> of some type, although "amplified violin" or "electro-acoustic violin" are more accurate then. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrically amplified violins have been used in one form or another since the 1920s; jazz and blues artist <a href="/wiki/Stuff_Smith" title="Stuff Smith">Stuff Smith</a> is generally credited as being one of the first performers to adapt pickups and amplifiers to violins. The <a href="/wiki/George_Beauchamp" title="George Beauchamp">Electro Stringed Instrument Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_String_Instrument_Corporation" title="National String Instrument Corporation">National String Instrument Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vega_Company" title="Vega Company">Vega Company</a> sold electric violins in the 1930s and 1940s;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> advertised an electric violin in 1958 (first production model pictured at the head of this page) but withdrew it at the point of production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> was bought by CBS, the electric violin went into production in 1969 until 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barcus Berry have been producing electric violins since the mid-1960s<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the early 1970s Max Mathews began developing an electric violin<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reached completion in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s more companies were formed producing their own brand of electric violin, such as RAAD<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or The Amazing Electric Violin<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ZETA.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a great deal more commercial success for manufacturers of electric violins since the 1990s, both for well known, established companies and new independent makers too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electric_violin" title="Special:EditPage/Electric violin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electric+violin%22">"Electric violin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electric+violin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electric+violin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electric+violin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electric+violin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electric+violin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Acoustic violins may be used with an add-on <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> bridge or body pickup, or a magnetic pickup attached to the fingerboard end. Alternatively, an electrodynamic pickup can be installed under an acoustic violin's fingerboard avoiding interference with any tone-producing parts of the violin, and therefore keeping its acoustic resonances and tone intact.<sup id="cite_ref-StringAmp.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StringAmp.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transformation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Transformation.JPG/220px-Transformation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Transformation.JPG/330px-Transformation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Transformation.JPG/440px-Transformation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A traditional acoustic violin and a modern electronic violin from Marc Capuano</figcaption></figure> <p>To avoid feedback from the resonances of the hollow body under high amplification on stage, many instruments have a solid body instead. The <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> (tone color) of a standard unamplified violin is due in large part to these resonances, but so depending on how the signal is picked up, an electric violin may have a "rawer" or "sharper" sound than an acoustic. This raw sound is often preferred in rock, pop and some <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> genres. Several "semi-hollow" designs exist, containing a sealed, but hollow resonating chamber that provides some approximation of acoustic violin sound while reducing susceptibility to feedback. </p><p>Solid-body electric violins typically have a non-traditional, <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalistic</a> design to keep weight down. Lately, materials such as kevlar, glass and carbon fibres, are used in the build process. </p><p>They are often seen as "experimental" instruments, being less established than <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass</a>. Hence, there are many variations on the standard design, such as <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">frets</a>, extra strings, <a href="/wiki/Machine_head" title="Machine head">machine heads</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>" strings that sound an octave lower than normal, and <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_strings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic strings">sympathetic strings</a>. Luthier <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Landman" title="Yuri Landman">Yuri Landman</a> built a 12 string electric violin for the Belgian band <a href="/wiki/DAAU" title="DAAU">DAAU</a>. The strings on this instrument are clustered in four groups of three strings tuned <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> creating a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a>. Also the instrument features an extra pickup in the tail piece for extra amplification of <a href="/wiki/String_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="String resonance">string resonances</a>. </p><p>Acoustic 5-string violins are becoming more common, and it is not unusual for an electric violin to have 5, 6, 7 or more strings. The typical solid body also accommodates the extra tension caused by more strings without stressing the instrument too much. The extra strings are usually a low C string for 5-strings, a low C and low F for 6, and a low C, F and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> for 7. </p><p>Electric violin signals usually pass through electronic <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">processing</a>, in the same way as an electric guitar, to achieve a desired sound. This could include delay, reverb, chorus, distortion, or other <a href="/wiki/Guitar_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar effects">effects</a>. </p><p>Today electric violins are even being used to reinvigorate music education. NBC, for example, recently featured a "music camp that combines rock and orchestra" by Mark Wood, who was chosen as the "person of the day" and featured on <a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (U.S. TV program)"><i>Today</i></a> for bringing fresh interest to music education with rock performances all on electric violins where proceeds are donated back to school music programs. <i>Today</i> stated "The perfect blend of classical instruments and rock and roll is giving kids across the country a whole new appreciation for music." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pickups">Pickups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pickups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piezo_violin_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Piezo_violin_bridge.jpg/220px-Piezo_violin_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Piezo_violin_bridge.jpg/330px-Piezo_violin_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Piezo_violin_bridge.jpg/440px-Piezo_violin_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Acoustic-electric violin bridge with piezoelectric element inlay</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric violins may use <a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electrodynamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">pickups</a>. Guitar/coil type magnetic pickups require the use of <a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics#Strings" title="Violin construction and mechanics">violin strings</a> that have ferrous (iron-containing, as in steel) metal wraps or cores. A few <a href="/wiki/Single-coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-coil">single-coil</a> guitar-style magnetic systems are available, The small body size and arced string arrangement of a violin limit the amount of space available for coil placement. One unusual acoustic/electric violin system uses the string itself as a linear active pickup element. Made to fit standard acoustic violins, the only requisite is that the string is electrically conducting, so the common synthetic or steel core strings can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-StringAmp.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StringAmp.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, piezoelectric pickups are inexpensive and more common. Piezo elements come in the shape of ceramic discs, cylinders or a plastic film. They detect physical vibrations directly, sometimes placed in or on the body, or in some cases actual string vibrations directly, but more commonly general bridge vibrations are sensed. Some piezo setups have a separate pickup (or two, or even four in the case of some Barbera Transducer Systems pickups) within the bridge under each string.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few systems use transducers oriented in various directions to differentiate between bowed and plucked string motion. Operating a switch then selects the preferred mode.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piezo pickups have a high (capacitive) <a href="/wiki/Output_impedance" title="Output impedance">output impedance</a>, and must be plugged into a high impedance input stage in the amplifier or a powered <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamp</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Charge_amplifier" title="Charge amplifier">charge amplifier</a> is best). This buffers the signal to avoid low frequency loss and microphonic noise pickup in the instrument cable. Preamplification is often done by an external signal processor, but some electric violin body designs provide internal housing for preamp circuitry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amplification">Amplification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amplification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essentially, amplifying an electric violin is exactly the same as amplifying a guitar. They both produce an audio output which is transferred through an audio cable into an amp or PA. For this reason, there are few amps that are specifically for violin, and even those can be repurposed for guitar. Most electric violinists use standard guitar amplifiers. The advantage with using guitar amps is that they have been used for years and their sound is reliable, though not all guitar amps will give a desired tone. Some prefer the more mellow tone of tube amps over solid state amps and digital PA's for violins.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to how electric guitar amplifiers are typically used for electric violins, guitar effect pedals, or <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> can be and are used for electric violins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genres">Genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_violinists" title="List of electric violinists">List of electric violinists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Alleyne_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ed_Alleyne_Johnson.jpg/220px-Ed_Alleyne_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ed_Alleyne_Johnson.jpg/330px-Ed_Alleyne_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ed_Alleyne_Johnson.jpg/440px-Ed_Alleyne_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ed_Alleyne-Johnson" title="Ed Alleyne-Johnson">Ed Alleyne-Johnson</a> playing an electric violin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mia_Zabelka_20090425_345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mia_Zabelka_20090425_345.jpg/220px-Mia_Zabelka_20090425_345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mia_Zabelka_20090425_345.jpg/330px-Mia_Zabelka_20090425_345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mia_Zabelka_20090425_345.jpg/440px-Mia_Zabelka_20090425_345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mia_Zabelka" title="Mia Zabelka">Mia Zabelka</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paji_SMS_2018-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paji_SMS_2018-7.jpg/220px-Paji_SMS_2018-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paji_SMS_2018-7.jpg/330px-Paji_SMS_2018-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paji_SMS_2018-7.jpg/440px-Paji_SMS_2018-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Paji playing an electric violin</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the violin is an instrument used extensively in <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>, electric violins are generally employed by classical performers only in the performance of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a>. The electric violin is more frequently used by non-classical musicians in popular genres such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">new-age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a>. </p><p>It is used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>; one prominent exponent in the area being <a href="/wiki/Dave_Swarbrick" title="Dave Swarbrick">Dave Swarbrick</a>. <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Turisas" title="Turisas">Turisas</a> also puts a lot of emphasis on the electric violin in their compositions. Finnish folk metal band <a href="/wiki/Korpiklaani" title="Korpiklaani">Korpiklaani</a> also focuses in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaakko_Lemmetty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaakko Lemmetty (page does not exist)">Jaakko Lemmetty</a>'s electric violin parts. It has also found its way into modern musical theater, a recent example being <a href="/wiki/Whistle_Down_the_Wind_(1996_musical)" title="Whistle Down the Wind (1996 musical)">Whistle Down the Wind</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>. Several popular bands that use the electric violin are <a href="/wiki/Zox" class="mw-redirect" title="Zox">Zox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operator_Please" title="Operator Please">Operator Please</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doll_Factory" title="Doll Factory">Doll Factory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Yellowcard" title="Yellowcard">Yellowcard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urban_Blitz" title="Urban Blitz">Urban Blitz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protopunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Protopunk">protopunk</a> rock band <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_Madness" title="Doctors of Madness">Doctors of Madness</a> used the instrument to original effect in the mid 1970s; also using baritone <a href="/wiki/Violectra" title="Violectra">Violectra</a>. </p><p>Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Silverman" title="Tracy Silverman">Tracy Silverman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernard_Roumain" title="Daniel Bernard Roumain">Daniel Bernard Roumain</a> have popularized violin "looping". Instead of playing strictly with a band or as a traditional soloist, these musicians use a loop pedal to layer sound and effectively become a one-man band. Using a variety of pedals and techniques on the violin, these musicians yield a wide array of sounds, allowing original compositions and arrangements for electric looping violin of popular rock and hip hop tunes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classically trained violinist <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Autumn" title="Emilie Autumn">Emilie Autumn</a> has also made extensive use of the electric violin, particularly on her instrumental Laced/Unlaced album. </p><p>In Brazil, the Electric Violin appears in the work of Marcus Viana, like "Sagrado Coração da Terra" (Sacred Heart of Earth), a Symphonic Prog/Progressive Rock, and Transfonika Orkestra (soundtracks), besides many others. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Irish_fiddlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish fiddlers">Irish fiddlers</a> have adopted electric instruments. The fiddle is quite prominently featured in such bands as the Celtic punk bands <a href="/wiki/Flogging_Molly" title="Flogging Molly">Flogging Molly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Levellers_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levellers (band)">The Levellers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Ivers" title="Eileen Ivers">Eileen Ivers</a> played a blue <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barcus-Berry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barcus-Berry (page does not exist)">Barcus-Berry</a> electric fiddle during her tours with <a href="/wiki/Riverdance" title="Riverdance">Riverdance</a> during the 1990s, later switching to a custom-made blue <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZETA_Music_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZETA Music Systems (page does not exist)">ZETA Music Systems</a> Strados <a href="/wiki/Acoustic-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic-electric">acoustic-electric</a> fiddle (which ZETA later marketed as the "Eileen Ivers Signature Series"). </p><p>Daiana Mazza is another violinist from Brazil. She appears in works of Rock, Brazilian Music, Brazilian Gospel, Jazz and Folk, like Braia, Kernunna, Carol Carolo, Os Minervas, Leonardo Araujo, Transfonika Orkestra, Sagrado Coração da Terra, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions">Compositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Krivokapi%C4%8D" title="Igor Krivokapič">Igor Krivokapič</a> <ul><li><i>Concerto for electric violin and orchestra</i> (1993, rev. 2019).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(Composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Adams (Composer)">John Adams</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dharma_at_Big_Sur" title="The Dharma at Big Sur">The Dharma at Big Sur</a></i>, for electric violin and orchestra.</li> <li>Inspired by the talents of (and written for) electric violinist <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Silverman" title="Tracy Silverman">Tracy Silverman</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a> <ul><li>"Palmian Chord Riddle", concerto for six string electric violin.</li> <li>Commissioned by the Nashville Symphony for electric violinist Tracy Silverman.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a> <ul><li><i>Concerto for Amplified Violin and Orchestra</i> — 1972.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Muhly" title="Nico Muhly">Nico Muhly</a> <ul><li><i>Seeing is Believing</i>, for six-string electric violin and chamber orchestra.</li> <li>Written for Thomas Gould, Nicholas Collon, and the Aurora Orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wright_(composer)" title="Ed Wright (composer)">Ed Wright</a> <ul><li><i>Crosswire</i> for electric violin and live processing.</li> <li>Written for Electroacoustic Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MIDI_violin">MIDI violin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: MIDI violin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1980s, Zeta Music developed a prototype violin for <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson_(performance_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurie Anderson (performance artist)">Laurie Anderson</a>. Through a custom pickup and interface, it sends <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> data, allowing the violin to control <a href="/wiki/Synthesizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesizers">synthesizers</a>. This design was later refined and turned into a commercial product. Unlike most pickup designs of the time, the Zeta pickup has the ability to output the signal from each string to a separate audio channel. Using a multi-pin cable to their pitch-to-MIDI converter, this allows for polyphonic MIDI control, and each string may be set to an independent MIDI channel. </p><p>In 2010, Keith McMillen, a founder of Zeta Music, announced the StringPort polyphonic string-to-USB 2.0 converter for the Zeta polyphonic pickup and other polyphonic pickup systems.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no other, dedicated, polyphonic, violin-to-MIDI systems are manufactured, there are a number of general, pitch-to-MIDI violin systems, and general pitch-to-MIDI computer accessories available today. General, monophonic pickup-to-MIDI systems, such as those manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_(manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha (manufacturer)">Yamaha</a> have been available for decades, and may be adapted to standard, electric violins. Without polyphonic instrument output, these systems<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> tend to be monophonic, allowing only <a href="/wiki/Monophonic_(synthesizers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic (synthesizers)">monophonic</a> operation—only one pitch can be detected and digitised at a time— but through the use of proprietary pickups, some MIDI polyphony can be achieved. Some pitch to MIDI interfaces from Axon/<a href="/wiki/TerraTec" title="TerraTec">TerraTec</a> will give full per-string polyphony, interfacing with multi-pin output from Zeta MIDI pickup. </p><p>Notable artists who have performed using a MIDI-enabled violin include <a href="/wiki/L._Subramaniam" title="L. Subramaniam">L. Subramaniam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Ponty" title="Jean-Luc Ponty">Jean-Luc Ponty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bisharat" title="Charlie Bisharat">Charles Bisharat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drew_Tretick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drew Tretick (page does not exist)">Drew Tretick</a>, Gregory Docenko, Dorothy Martirano<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Boyd_Tinsley" title="Boyd Tinsley">Boyd Tinsley</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">Dave Matthews Band</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cello" title="Electric cello">Electric cello</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">instruments surviving today first found listed in sales catalogues and contemporaneous advertising</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Smith, "Fender: The Sound Heard Around The World" (pg.180-181)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forrest White, "Fender: The Inside Story" (pg.108-109)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Listings begin again in 1969 Fender Sales Catalogues and contemporaneous advertising</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barcusberry.com/history.cfm">the original</a> on 2019-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barcus+Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarcusberry.com%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+violin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Case For An Electronically Adjusted ("Electric") Violin" by Dr. Eugene Gratovich, The Strad magazine Vol.84 #999 pg.171-174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Electronic Violin: A Research Tool", M.V.Mathews, Journal of the Violin Society of America, Nov. 1984 Vol.8 #1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Shock Of The New", The Strad magazine Vol.94 #1126 pg698-700</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/works/2321">"David Bush, Brian Lepine, Michael Zimmerman. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsense-intermedium.com&rft.atitle=Six+Exquisites+International+Sound+Arts+Festival+II&rft.date=1997-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsense-intermedium.com%2FNI%2F6XFEST97%2Fdm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+violin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_violin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040409185107/http://www.lightbubble.com/bowed/">Bowed Electricity</a> — website linking many electric violin players, makers, equipment, and other resources. Not updated since 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050809013635/http://www2.bowed.org/">Bowed Radio</a> — podcast focusing on new music for bowed string instruments (particularly electric ones)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalviolin.com/">The Digital Violin Database</a> - A survey and review of the violin today, including patents, makers, players, recordings, articles and resources for technique.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electricfiddler.com/">Electric Fiddler: home for the electric violin player</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiddleforum.com/">Fiddle and Alternative Strings Forum</a> — forum with large section dedicated to electric bowed instruments, effects and amplification.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gizbytes.com/Violin/violin.htm">Webpage showing a 1948 homebuilt Australian violin.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.illinois.edu/electric-strings">World's first Electric Strings university degree program (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violin_family" title="Template:Violin family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violin_family" title="Template talk:Violin family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violin_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violin family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violin_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">Violin family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-string_violin" title="Five-string violin">Five-string violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">Violino piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_violin" title="Alexander violin">Alexander violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">Vertical viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">Viola pomposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">Bass violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_violin" title="Baritone violin">Baritone violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_da_spalla" title="Cello da spalla">Cello da spalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellone" title="Cellone">Cellone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cello" title="Electric cello">Electric cello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_upright_bass" title="Electric upright bass">Electric upright bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">Octobass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics" title="Violin construction and mechanics">Parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_bar" title="Bass bar">Bass bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_frog" title="Bow frog">Frog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinrest" title="Chinrest">Chinrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpin" title="Endpin">Endpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">F-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(music)" title="Scroll (music)">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_rest" title="Shoulder rest">Shoulder rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_post" title="Sound post">Sound post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">Tailpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">Tuning peg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_stroke" title="Bow stroke">Bow stroke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_harmonic" title="String harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a> (changing string tuning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles<br /> and genres of music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">String quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">String trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">String quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String sextet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_octet" title="String octet">String octet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">Violin concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">Viola concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_concerto" title="Cello concerto">Cello concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass_concerto" title="Double bass concerto">Double bass concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata" title="Violin sonata">Violin sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_sonata" title="Viola sonata">Viola sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_sonata" title="Cello sonata">Cello sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione" title="Arpeggione">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">Baryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">Lira da braccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirone" title="Lirone">Lirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton_(musical_instrument)" title="Quinton (musical instrument)">Quinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slap bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" 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