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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geologic_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geologic summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologic_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Volcanology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Volcanology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Volcanology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Volcanology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanic_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Volcanic composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_since_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_since_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Activity since 2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity_since_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>August 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Monitoring program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rinjani_National_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rinjani_National_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rinjani National Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rinjani_National_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eruption_history_of_Rinjani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eruption_history_of_Rinjani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eruption history of Rinjani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eruption_history_of_Rinjani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Rinjani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جبل رينجاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل رينجاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani" title="Gunung Rinjani – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gunung Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Рынджані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рынджані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rinjani" title="Mount Rinjani – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mount Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynydd_Rinjani" title="Mynydd Rinjani – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynydd Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Ριντζάνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ριντζάνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Rinjani" title="Monte Rinjani – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monte Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani_mendia" title="Rinjani mendia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rinjani mendia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کوه رنجانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه رنجانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Rinjani" title="Mont Rinjani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mont Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%B0%EC%9E%90%EB%8B%88%EC%82%B0" title="린자니산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="린자니산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="रिन्जानी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिन्जानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani" title="Gunung Rinjani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani" title="Gunung Rinjani – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunung Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima_Rinjani" title="Mlima Rinjani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlima Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="മൗണ്ട് റിൻജാനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൗണ്ട് റിൻജാനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="جبل رينجانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل رينجانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Berapi_Rinjani" title="Gunung Berapi Rinjani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung Berapi Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunuang_Rinjani" title="Gunuang Rinjani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gunuang Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8B%E5%B1%B1" title="リンジャニ山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンジャニ山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Rinjani" title="Monte Rinjani – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monte Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ринджани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ринджани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rinjani" title="Mount Rinjani – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mount Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani" title="Gunung Rinjani – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gunung Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinjani" title="Rinjani – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ரிஞ்சனி மலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிஞ்சனி மலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="เขารินจานี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขารินจานี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Ринджані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ринджані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_Rinjani" title="Núi Rinjani – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%B3%88%E5%B0%BC%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="林賈尼火山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="林賈尼火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani" title="Gunung Rinjani – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gunung Rinjani" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q847323#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Rinjani&params=8.414414_S_116.459767_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°24′52″S</span> <span class="longitude">116°27′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.414414°S 116.459767°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.414414; 116.459767</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Volcano in Lombok, Indonesia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Mount Rinjani</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Mount Barujari</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAGAGAHAN_RIJANI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/KAGAGAHAN_RIJANI.jpg/250px-KAGAGAHAN_RIJANI.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/KAGAGAHAN_RIJANI.jpg/375px-KAGAGAHAN_RIJANI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/KAGAGAHAN_RIJANI.jpg/500px-KAGAGAHAN_RIJANI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,726 m (12,224 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-gvp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,726 m (12,224 ft)<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">Ranked 38th</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point" title="List of islands by highest point">Island high point</a> 8th<br /><a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra prominent peak">Ultra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ribu" title="Ribu">Ribu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Rinjani&params=8.414414_S_116.459767_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°24′52″S</span> <span class="longitude">116°27′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.414414°S 116.459767°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.414414; 116.459767</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-gvp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gvp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Gunung Rinjani</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombok_Locator_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Rinjani is located in Lombok"><img alt="Mount Rinjani is located in Lombok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lombok_Locator_Topography.png/272px-Lombok_Locator_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lombok_Locator_Topography.png/408px-Lombok_Locator_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lombok_Locator_Topography.png/544px-Lombok_Locator_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2037" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.584%;left:59.503%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Rinjani"><img alt="Mount Rinjani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:9px;left:-3em"><div>Mount Rinjani</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Mount Rinjani</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Rinjani National Park">Gunung Rinjani National Park</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Late <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Arc" title="Sunda Arc">Sunda Arc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14:45, 27 September 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">WITA</a>)<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-09-27T14:45<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">WITA</a></span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Normal_route" title="Normal route"><span class="nowrap">Easiest route</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Senaru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Normal_route" title="Normal route">Normal route</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sembalun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Access</th><td class="infobox-data">Restricted</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mount Rinjani</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a>: <i>Gunong Rinjani</i>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Gunung Rinjani</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active volcano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>. Administratively the mountain is in the <a href="/wiki/North_Lombok_Regency" title="North Lombok Regency">Regency of North Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i>Nusa Tenggara Barat</i>, NTB). It rises to 3,726 metres (12,224 ft), making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the highest point in the Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a>. Adjacent to the volcano is a 6-by-8.5-kilometre (3.7 by 5.3 mi) <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>, which is filled partially by the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater lake</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Segara_Anak" class="mw-redirect" title="Segara Anak">Segara Anak</a> or Anak Laut (<i>Child of the Sea</i>), due to the color of its water, as blue as the sea (<i>laut</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-AnakLaut_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnakLaut-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lake is approximately 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and estimated to be about 200 metres (660 ft) deep;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the caldera also contains <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">hot springs</a>. The lake and mountain are sacred to the <a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hindus</a>, and are the site of religious rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-AnakLaut_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnakLaut-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> made Mount Rinjani Caldera a part of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Geoparks_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Geoparks Network">Global Geoparks Network</a> in April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20160317084058_-_Gunung_Rinjani_from_the_ferry_terminal_at_Gili_Meno._Clear_summit_for_once_(25550662640).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/20160317084058_-_Gunung_Rinjani_from_the_ferry_terminal_at_Gili_Meno._Clear_summit_for_once_%2825550662640%29.jpg/240px-20160317084058_-_Gunung_Rinjani_from_the_ferry_terminal_at_Gili_Meno._Clear_summit_for_once_%2825550662640%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/20160317084058_-_Gunung_Rinjani_from_the_ferry_terminal_at_Gili_Meno._Clear_summit_for_once_%2825550662640%29.jpg/360px-20160317084058_-_Gunung_Rinjani_from_the_ferry_terminal_at_Gili_Meno._Clear_summit_for_once_%2825550662640%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/20160317084058_-_Gunung_Rinjani_from_the_ferry_terminal_at_Gili_Meno._Clear_summit_for_once_%2825550662640%29.jpg/480px-20160317084058_-_Gunung_Rinjani_from_the_ferry_terminal_at_Gili_Meno._Clear_summit_for_once_%2825550662640%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mount Rinjani seen from <a href="/wiki/Gili_Meno" class="mw-redirect" title="Gili Meno">Gili Meno</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lombok is one of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> which, from west to east, consists of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> islands; all are located at the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. Volcanoes in the area are formed due to the action of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crusts</a> and the movement of the shelf itself.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rinjani is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, four of which belong to the volcanoes of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Arc" title="Sunda Arc">Sunda Arc</a> trench system forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a> – a section of fault lines stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> through <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>. </p><p>The islands of Lombok and Sumbawa lie in the central portion of the Sunda Arc. The Sunda Arc is home to some of the world's most dangerous and explosive volcanoes. The eruption of nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a> on Sumbawa is known for the most violent eruption in recorded history on 15 April 1815, with a scale 7 on the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stothers1984_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stothers1984-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highlands</a> are forest clad and mostly undeveloped. The <a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowlands</a> are highly cultivated. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cacao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconuts">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> are the major crops grown in the fertile soils of the island. The slopes are populated by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasak">Sasak</a> population. There are also some basic tourist related activities established on Rinjani primarily in or about the village of Senaru. </p><p>Rinjani volcano on the island of Lombok rises to 3,726 metres (12,224 ft), second in height among Indonesian volcanoes only to Sumatra's <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kerinci" title="Mount Kerinci">Kerinci</a> volcano. Rinjani has a steep-sided conical profile when viewed from the east, but the western side of the compound volcano is truncated by the 6 x 8.5 km, oval-shaped Segara Anak caldera. The western half of the caldera contains a 230-metre-deep lake whose crescentic form results from growth of the post-caldera cone Barujari at the eastern end of the caldera.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rinjani_volcano_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rinjani_volcano_satellite.jpg/220px-Rinjani_volcano_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rinjani_volcano_satellite.jpg/330px-Rinjani_volcano_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rinjani_volcano_satellite.jpg/440px-Rinjani_volcano_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Color infrared view of Rinjani Volcano on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, May 1992. The eastern part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> to the west is visible in the top right corner, separated from Lombok by the <a href="/wiki/Lombok_Strait" title="Lombok Strait">Lombok Strait</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Alas_Strait" title="Alas Strait">Alas Strait</a> and the western part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a> are visible on the bottom left.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologic_summary">Geologic summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geologic summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonics theory">plate tectonics theory</a>, Rinjani is one of the series of volcanoes built in the Lesser Sunda Islands due to the subduction of Indo-Australian oceanic crust beneath the Lesser Sunda Islands, and it is interpreted that the source of melted magma is about 165–200 kilometres (103–124 mi) depth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geology and tectonic setting of Lombok (and nearby <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>) are described as being in the central portion of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Arc" title="Sunda Arc">Sunda Arc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest exposed rocks are <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, suggesting that subduction and volcanism began considerably later than in Java and Sumatra to the west, where there are abundant volcanic and intrusive rocks of Late Mesozoic age. The islands are located on the eastern edge of the Sunda shelf, in a zone where crustal thickness is apparently rapidly diminishing, from west to east.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seismic_velocity_structure" title="Seismic velocity structure">seismic velocity structure</a> of the crust in this region is transitional between typical oceanic and continental profiles and the <a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a> (Moho) appears to lie at about 20 kilometres (12 mi) depth.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors tend to suggest that there has been limited opportunity for crustal contamination of magmas erupted on the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa. In addition, these islands lie to the west of those parts of the easternmost Sunda and west Banda arcs where collision with the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Australian plate</a> is apparently progressing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The volcano of Rinjani is 165 to 190 kilometres (103–118 mi) above the <a href="/wiki/Benioff_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Benioff Zone">Benioff Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a marked offset in the line of active volcanoes between the most easterly Sumbawa volcano (Sangeang Api) and the line of active volcanoes in Flores. This suggests that a major <a href="/wiki/Transcurrent_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcurrent fault">transcurrent fault</a> cut across the arc between Sumbawa Island and Flores. This is considered to be a feature representing a major tectonic discontinuity between the east and west Sunda Arcs (the Sumba Fracture).<sup id="cite_ref-hedervariritsema_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hedervariritsema-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, a marked absence of shallow and intermediate earthquake activity in the region to the south of Lombok and Sumbawa is a feature interpreted to represent a marked break in the Sunda Arc Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-hedervariritsema_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hedervariritsema-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faulting and folding caused strong deformation in the eastern part of Lombok Basin and is characterized by block faulting, shale diapirs and mud volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volcanology">Volcanology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volcanology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/220px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/330px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/440px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Map of volcanoes in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Rinjani <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>-forming eruption is thought to have occurred in the 13th century. Dated to "late spring or summer of 1257," this <a href="/wiki/1257_Samalas_eruption" title="1257 Samalas eruption">1257 Samalas eruption</a> is now considered the likely source of high concentrations of sulfur found in widely dispersed ice core samples and may have been "the most powerful volcanic blast since humans learned to write."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Witze_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witze-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The massive eruption may have triggered an episode of global cooling and failed harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-Amos2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amos2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this eruption, the <a href="/wiki/Segara_Anak" class="mw-redirect" title="Segara Anak">Segara Anak</a> caldera was a volcanic mountain named <a href="/wiki/Samalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Samalas">Samalas</a>, which was higher than Rinjani. </p><p>Eruption rate, eruption sites, eruption type and <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> composition have changed during the last 10,000 years before the caldera forming eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruptions of 1994 and 1995 have presented at Gunung Baru (or 'New Mountain' – approximately 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) above sea level) in the center of this caldera and lava flows from subsequent eruptions have entered the lake. This cone has since been renamed Gunung Barujari (or 'Gunung Baru Jari' in Indonesian). </p><p>The first historical eruption occurred in September 1847. The most recent eruption of Mount Rinjani was in May 2010 and the most recent significant eruptions occurred during a spate of activity from 1994 to 1995 which resulted in the further development of Gunung Barujari. Historical eruptions at Rinjani dating back to 1847 have been restricted to Barujari cone and the Rombongan dome (in 1944) and consist of moderate explosive activity and occasional <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows that have entered <a href="/wiki/Segara_Anak" class="mw-redirect" title="Segara Anak">Segara Anak</a> lake.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruptive history of Rinjani prior to 1847 is not available as the island of Lombok is in a location that remained very remote to the record keeping of the era. </p><p>On 3 November 1994, a cold <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahar</a> (volcanic mudflow) from the summit area of Rinjani volcano traveled down the Kokok Jenggak River killing thirty people from the village of Aikmel who were caught by surprise when collecting water from the river in the path of the flow. </p><p>In connection with the eruption of the cone Gunung Barujari the status for Gunung Rinjani was raised from Normal (<a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a> Level 1) to 'be vigilant' (VEI Level 2) since 2 May 2009. In May 2010 Gunung Rinjani was placed in the standby status by Center for Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia with a recommendation that there be no activity within a radius of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the eruption at Gunung Barujari.<sup id="cite_ref-2010PusatVulkanologi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PusatVulkanologi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_composition">Volcanic composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volcanic composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rinjani_Summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rinjani_Summit.jpg/220px-Rinjani_Summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rinjani_Summit.jpg/330px-Rinjani_Summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rinjani_Summit.jpg/440px-Rinjani_Summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>View from the summit of Gunung Rinjani</figcaption></figure> <p>In Lombok, Rinjani volcano lies approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Trench" title="Sunda Trench">Sunda Trench</a> (also known as Java trench<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and is situated about 170 kilometres (110 mi) above the active north dipping <a href="/wiki/Benioff_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Benioff zone">Benioff zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the composition of <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesites</a> which have very low Ni concentrations and low Mg/Mg+Fe It is suggested that the Rinjani suite is of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> origin, but that all the andesites and <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacites</a> as well as many of the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a> have probably been modified by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a> processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Varne_1981_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varne_1981-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is concluded that the Rinjani calc-alkaline suite, which in many respects is typical of many suites erupted by circum-pacific volcanoes, probably originated by partial melting of the <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> mantle-wedge overlying the active Benioff Zone beneath Lombok Island.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varne_1981_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varne_1981-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pleistocene-Recent calcalkaline suite from the active volcano, Rinjani is composed of a diverse range of lavas. These include: ankaramite, high-Al basalt, andesite, high-K andesite and dacite. Sr-isotopic and geochemical constraints suggest that this suite was derived from the sub-arc mantle. Geochemical models suggest that fractional crystallization is an important process in the suite's differentiation, although the series: ankaramite-high-Al basalt-andesite-dacite does not represent a continuously evolving spectrum of liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rinjani_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mount_Rinjani_Panorama.jpg/220px-Mount_Rinjani_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mount_Rinjani_Panorama.jpg/330px-Mount_Rinjani_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mount_Rinjani_Panorama.jpg/440px-Mount_Rinjani_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7107" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>The summit, ash cone, and lake are all visible from this vantage point at 2,600m on the eastern ridge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rinjani_Volcano,_Lombok.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rinjani_Volcano%2C_Lombok.JPG/220px-Rinjani_Volcano%2C_Lombok.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rinjani_Volcano%2C_Lombok.JPG/330px-Rinjani_Volcano%2C_Lombok.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rinjani_Volcano%2C_Lombok.JPG/440px-Rinjani_Volcano%2C_Lombok.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Segara_Anak" class="mw-redirect" title="Segara Anak">Segara Anak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">volcanic crater</a> on the summit of Rinjani.</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1995 an aviation report was issued concerning an unconfirmed <a href="/wiki/Ash_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash cloud">ash cloud</a> from Rinjani. A <a href="/wiki/NOTAM" title="NOTAM">NOTAM</a> about volcanic activity from Rinjani was issued by the Bali Flight Information Region on the morning of 12 September. An ash cloud was reportedly drifting to the south west with the cloud top around 4 km (2.5 mi) altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 November 1994, a cold <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahar</a> (volcanic mudflow) from the summit area of Rinjani volcano traveled down the Kokok Jenggak River killing thirty people from the village of Aikmel who were caught by surprise when collecting water from the river in the path of the flow. One person remained missing as of 9 November 1994. No damage to the village was reported. Local volcanologists noted that additional lahars could be triggered by heavy rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 4 June 1994 – January 1995 the DVGHM (Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) noted that explosions occurred on Rinjani. Those explosions came from the Barujari volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-awesomenature.tribe.net_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awesomenature.tribe.net-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 3 June 1994 and 21 November 1994 records of Rinjani's eruptive history indicate activity accorded Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) with a rating of 3(?) with the area of activity described as Gunung Barujari. Eruptive characteristics documented for the events of that time are described as, central vent eruption with an explosive eruption, with <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a>(s), lava flow(s), fatalities and <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflow</a>(s) (lahars).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1994 a glow was noticed on the crater floor of Barujari cone, which at this time had undergone no significant activity since August 1966. A portable seismograph (PS-2) and telemetry seismograph (Teledyne) were put into operation on 27 May and 9 June, respectively. One volcanic earthquake event/day was recorded on 27, 28, 30, and 31 May. After 4 June, however, volcanic tremor with a maximum amplitude of 35 mm was recorded, presumably associated with the upward movement of magma. At 0200 on 3 June 1994, Barujari cone began erupting by sending an ash plume 500 m (1,600 ft) high. One 8 June 1994 press report described emission of "smoldering lava" and "thick smoke," as well as ashfall in nearby villages from an ash cloud rising 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above the summit. Between 3 and 10 June 1994, up to 172 explosions could be heard each day from the Sembalun Lawang volcano observatory (about 15 km (9.3 mi) NE). During this period, seismic data indicated a dramatic increase in the number of explosions per day, from 68 to 18,720. Eruptions were continuous at least through 19 June 1994, with maximum ash plume heights of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) on 9–11 June 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_2_Tengengean_1500_m_Mt._Rinjani.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Post_2_Tengengean_1500_m_Mt._Rinjani.JPG/220px-Post_2_Tengengean_1500_m_Mt._Rinjani.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Post_2_Tengengean_1500_m_Mt._Rinjani.JPG/330px-Post_2_Tengengean_1500_m_Mt._Rinjani.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Post_2_Tengengean_1500_m_Mt._Rinjani.JPG/440px-Post_2_Tengengean_1500_m_Mt._Rinjani.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Hiking Post on Tengengean, 1500 m height on Mt. Rinjani</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 28 March 1966 and 8 August 1966 records of Rinjani's eruptive history indicate activity accorded a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) rating of 1. Lava volume of 6.6 million cubic metres (230<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> cu ft) and a tephra volume of 20,000 cubic metres (710,000 cu ft) was recorded. The area of activity described was the east side of Barujari at 2,250 m (7,380 ft). Eruptive characteristics were documented as a central vent eruption, explosive eruption and lava flow(s).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1944, Rinjani appears to have had a significant event. Between 25 December 1944 and 1(?) January 1945 eruptive activity is rated 2 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) The event has been listed in the historical records of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a> indicating a lava volume: of 74<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> (2.6<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> cu ft) occurring in an area of activity on the north west flank of Barujari (Rombongan). The eruptive characteristics are described a central vent eruption on the flank (excentric) vent, a crater lake eruption, explosive eruption, lava flow(s) and a lava dome extrusion with associated damage to land, property.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 2004 a DVGHM (Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) report noted the decision to increase Rinjani's hazard status to Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) Alert Level 2 (Yellow). During the last third of 2004, the number of volcanic and tectonic earthquakes had increased. Their increase followed a rise in the number of tectonic earthquakes that began 18 August 2004. Tremor registered on 23, 24, 25, and 26 September 2004. Tremor amplitudes ranged between 12 and 13.5 mm, and the duration of the tremor stood between 94 and 290 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-awesomenature.tribe.net_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awesomenature.tribe.net-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 05:30 on 1 October 2004 Rinjani erupted. The eruption caused authorities to immediately raise the hazard status to Alert Level 3 (Orange). Details regarding the initial 1 October 2004 eruption are indistinct. During 2–5 October 2004 explosions sent ash columns 300 to 800 m (980–2,620 ft) above the summit. Gray, thick ash columns drifted to the north and detonation sounds accompanied every explosion. Successive explosions occurred at intervals of 5 to 160 minutes. Explosions vented on the north eastern slope of Barujari volcano. Some material also vented from Barujari's peak and fell down around its edifice. A press report in the Jakarta Post indicated that evacuations were not considered necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):2 rating was issued for the activity between 1 May 2004 through to (on or after) 5 October 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Vulcanism_Program_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Vulcanism_Program-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity_since_2009">Activity since 2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activity since 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009">2009</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 April 2009 Gunung Barujari became active, with activity continuing through to May 2009. The mountain was closed at that time as the eruptions intensified with plumes of smoke and ash as high as 8,000 m (26,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):2 rating was issued for the activity between 2 May 2009 and 20 December 2009. The activity during this period was described as having the characteristics of central vent eruption, flank (excentric) vent, <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruption</a> and lava flow(s).<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Vulcanism_Program_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Vulcanism_Program-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010">2010</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rinjani erupted three times on 22 May 2010 with activity continuing until early on 23 May. According to the volcano's official monitoring agency, ash from Mount Rinjani was reported as rising up to two kilometers into the atmosphere and damaged crops. The volcano did not threaten villagers at that time. Lava flowed into the caldera lake, pushing its temperature up from 21 to 35 °C (70 to 95 °F), while smoke spread 12 kilometres (7.5 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Volcano_erupts_in_Indonesia_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volcano_erupts_in_Indonesia-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2010 observers at the Gunung Rinjani Observation Post located 1.25 km (4,100 ft) northeast of G. Rinjani saw one whitish-colored plume that rose 100 metres (328 ft) from the volcano. Dense whitish plumes (and possibly brown) rose 500 to 900 m (1,600–3,000 ft) in March 2010 on 26 occasions and as high as 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in April 2010 on 41 occasions. Plumes seen on 1 and 2 May 2010 were "chocolate" in color and rose a maximum height of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). From February 2010 through April 2010 seismicity decreased, although the maximum amplitude of earthquakes increased. CVGHM (Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) also noted that ash eruptions and ejected <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a> material fell within Rinjani caldera, but some ash was blown out of the caldera.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The activity in early 2010 centred about Gunung Barujari, a post-caldera cone that lies within the Rinjani's caldera lake of Segara Anak. The Volcanological Survey of Indonesia reported on 1 May 2010, that a column of smoke was observed rising from G. Rinjani "issuing eruptions 1300–1600 metres tall with thick brown color and strong pressure". Their report Evaluasi Kegiatan G. Rinjani of 4 May also stated that on 1 May 2010 at 10:00 four events of explosive earthquake were recorded with a maximum amplitude of 6–53 mm and 110 seconds long earthquake, earthquake tremor events with a maximum amplitude of 1 mm and 55 second long duration, 15 Local Tectonic earthquake events and two events of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic earthquake">tectonic earthquake</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a> (VEI) Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1–4) on 2 May 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-2010PusatVulkanologi_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PusatVulkanologi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Level 1 is "Normal" and Level 2 is "Advisory" with an Aviation Alert color of Yellow-Advisory.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin <a href="/wiki/VAAC" class="mw-redirect" title="VAAC">VAAC</a> (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that on 5 May a possible ash plume from Rinjani rose to an altitude of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) a.s.l. and drifted 150 kilometres (93 mi) NW. The plume was not seen in imagery about six hours later. CVGHM (Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) advised the VAAC that intermittent activity could produce ash plumes to 1.5 km (4,900 ft) above the caldera.<sup id="cite_ref-volcano.si.edu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcano.si.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015">2015</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 October 2015, Mount Rinjani started erupting again.<sup id="cite_ref-31Oct15Eruption_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31Oct15Eruption-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 July 2018 a <a href="/wiki/July_2018_Lombok_earthquake" title="July 2018 Lombok earthquake">magnitude 6.4 earthquake</a> caused <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_landslide" title="Volcanic landslide">landslides</a> on the north portion of Mount Rinjani.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_2018">August 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: August 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 August 2018, <a href="/wiki/5_August_2018_Lombok_earthquake" title="5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake">a second earthquake struck Lombok</a>, causing more landslides and small <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunamis">tsunamis</a> due to its proximity to the northern coast. The area around Rinjani was evacuated due to concerns of a possible eruption, but no increase in activity was detected at Rinjani or the nearby volcano <a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a> on Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_program">Monitoring program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monitoring program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunung Rinjani Observation Post Rinjani Sembalun is located in the village of Lawang, Sub Sembalun 2.5 km (4000 feet) northeast of G. Rinjani) in the Regency of <a href="/wiki/East_Lombok_Regency" title="East Lombok Regency">East Lombok</a>. Observers at this post monitor G.Rinjani, G.Barujari/G.Tenga within the Segara Anak Caldera.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rinjani_National_Park">Rinjani National Park</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rinjani National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Segara_Anak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Segara_Anak.jpg/220px-Segara_Anak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Segara_Anak.jpg/330px-Segara_Anak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Segara_Anak.jpg/440px-Segara_Anak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>View of Segara Anak from the crater rim</figcaption></figure> <p>The volcano and the caldera are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Rinjani National Park">Gunung Rinjani National Park</a> established in 1997. Tourism is increasingly popular<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with trekkers able to visit the rim, make their way into the caldera or even to make the more arduous climb to the highest point;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fatalities, however, are not unheard of.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2009 the summit route was closed due to volcanic activity at that time and subsequently reopened when the activity decreased. During early 2010 up to and including May 2010 access to Rinjani was at times again restricted due to volcanic activity. </p><p>The park is popular for mountain climbs and trekking and represents an important nature reserve and water catchment area. The park is officially 41,330 hectares (159.6 sq mi) within the park boundaries and includes a further 66,000 hectares (250 sq mi) of protected forest outside. The mountain and its satellites form the Mount Rinjani National Park (Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani). Mount Rinjani has obtained the World Legacy Award from Conservation International and Traveller (2004), and was a finalist for Tourism for Tomorrow Awards (2005 and 2008) from the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rinjani_scops_owl" title="Rinjani scops owl">Rinjani scops owl</a> was found in 2003 and after 10 years of research was recognized as a new endemic species (specimens had been collected in the 19th century but had been identified as being Mollucas scops owls).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eruption_history_of_Rinjani">Eruption history of Rinjani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eruption history of Rinjani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a> </th> <th>Date <span class="nowrap">Start-Stop</span> </th> <th>Lava Volume </th> <th>Tephra Volume </th> <th>Area of Activity </th> <th>Eruptive Characteristics </th> <th>Note<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Refs </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: white;">? </th> <td>2016 September 27 14:45 <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">WITA</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Ash ejected to atmosphere<sup id="cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27sept2016erupt_1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27sept2016erupt_2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27sept2016erupt_3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27sept2016erupt_1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27sept2016erupt_2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27sept2016erupt_3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: white;">? </th> <td>2015 October 31<br /><span class="nowrap">Ongoing</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Ash plumes <span class="nowrap">lava flows</span> <span class="nowrap">Strombolian explosions</span></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;"><a href="/wiki/Category:VEI-2_volcanoes" title="Category:VEI-2 volcanoes">2</a> </th> <td>2010 February<br /><span class="nowrap">2010 May 23</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Ash plumes <span class="nowrap">ejected incandescent material <br />fell within Rinjani caldera</span><br /><span class="nowrap">some ash was blown out of the caldera</span><br />possible ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.5 km <br /> <span class="nowrap">further ash plumes to 2 km, lava flows, crop damage</span></td> <td>SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic <span class="nowrap">Activity</span> Report-Rinjani<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap">PVMGV-Evaluasi</span> <span class="nowrap">Kegiatan G. Rinjani</span><sup id="cite_ref-volcano.si.edu_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcano.si.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABC Asia Pacific News Service 24 may2010<sup id="cite_ref-Volcano_erupts_in_Indonesia_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volcano_erupts_in_Indonesia-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>2009 May 2<br /><span class="nowrap">2009 Dec 20 (?)</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>NE flank of <span class="nowrap">Gunung Barujari</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap">Central vent eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Flank (excentric) vent</span> <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Lava flow(s)</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>2004 Oct 1<br /><span class="nowrap">2004 Oct 5<br />(on or after)</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Summit and NE flank of <span class="nowrap">Gunung Barujari</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap">Central vent eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Central vent eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Flank (excentric) vent </span> <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: white;">0 </th> <td>1995 Sep 12</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Explosive eruption (?)</td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani<br /><span class="nowrap">Eruption "Uncertain"</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FC0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:VEI-3_volcanoes" title="Category:VEI-3 volcanoes">3?</a> </th> <td>1994 Jun 3<br /><span class="nowrap">1994 Nov 2</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Pyroclastic flow(s)</span> <span class="nowrap">Lava flow(s)</span><span class="nowrap"> Fatalities</span> <span class="nowrap">Mudflow(s) (lahars)</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani<br /><span class="nowrap">(VEI): 3?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF9;">1 </th> <td>1966 Mar 28<br /><span class="nowrap">1966 Aug 8</span></td> <td>6.6×<span class="nowrap">10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup></span></td> <td>2×<span class="nowrap">10<sup>4</sup> m<sup>3</sup></span></td> <td>Eastern side of <span class="nowrap">Gunung Barujari (2250 m)</span></td> <td>Central vent eruption <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Lava flow(s) (?)</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: white;">0? </th> <td>1965 Sep<br /><span class="nowrap">(end) Unknown</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Flank (excentric) vent eruption <br /><span class="nowrap"> Lava flow(s) (?)</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: white;">0? </th> <td>1953 Oct 15<br /><span class="nowrap">± 45 days</span> <br />(end) Unknown</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption</td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani<br /> <span class="nowrap">(VEI): 0?</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: white;">0? </th> <td>1949<br />1950 <span class="nowrap">(months uncertain)</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>NW flank of Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Lava flow(s) </span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>1944 Dec 25<br /><span class="nowrap">1945 Jan 1 (?)</span></td> <td>7.4×<span class="nowrap">10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>3</sup></span></td> <td></td> <td>NW flank of Barujari (Rombongan)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">Central vent eruption Flank (excentric) vent </span> <span class="nowrap">Crater lake eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Lava flow(s)</span> <span class="nowrap">Lava dome extrusion</span> <span class="nowrap">Damage (land, property, etc.)</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: white;">0 </th> <td>1941 May 30<br /><span class="nowrap">(end) Unknown</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Rinjani summit</td> <td>Central vent eruption</td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani <br /><span class="nowrap"> Eruption is Uncertain</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>1915 Nov 4 <br /><span class="nowrap">(end) Unknown</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari<br />(Segara Munjar)</td> <td>Central vent eruption <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>1909 Nov 30<br /><span class="nowrap">1909 Dec 2</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td><span class="nowrap">Central vent eruption Explosive eruption</span><br /><span class="nowrap">Mudflow(s) (lahars)</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:VEI-1_volcanoes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:VEI-1 volcanoes (page does not exist)">1</a> </th> <td>1906 Apr 29<br /><span class="nowrap">(end) Unknown</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption Explosive eruption</td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>1901 Jun 1<br /><span class="nowrap"> 1901 Jun 2</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption Explosive eruption</td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>1900 Nov 30<br />1900 Dec 2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span> <span class="nowrap">Lava flow(s)</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>1884 Aug 8<br />1884 Aug 10<br /><span class="nowrap">± 1 day</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FF3;">2 </th> <td>1847 Sep 10<br />1847 Sep 12</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Barujari</td> <td>Central vent eruption <span class="nowrap">Explosive eruption</span></td> <td>Historical Records<br />GVP-Rinjani </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #900; color: white;">7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1257_Samalas_eruption" title="1257 Samalas eruption">1257</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Gunung Samalas, the former <a href="/wiki/Twin_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin peak">twin peak</a> of Gunung Rinjani, destroyed after the explosion.</td> <td>Caldera-forming eruption; possible trigger of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. The largest eruption in the past 2000 years.</td> <td>Based on Arctic deposit study<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Witze_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witze-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th>2,550 ± 50 B.P. </th> <th> </th> <th>0.4 km<sup>3</sup> </th> <th> </th> <th>Producing the Rinjani Pumice and a sub-plinian pumice fall deposit </th> <th><sup>14</sup>C </th></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">List of volcanoes in Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gvp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gvp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gvp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=264030">"Rinjani"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Rinjani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D264030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0604-03=">"Information – Rinjani"</a>. Global Vulcanism Program USGS-Smithsonian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+%E2%80%93+Rinjani&rft.pub=Global+Vulcanism+Program+USGS-Smithsonian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvnum%3D0604-03%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnakLaut-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AnakLaut_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnakLaut_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2014/01/18/datang-dan-nikmatilah-danau-di-puncak-rinjani">"Datang dan Nikmatilah Danau di Puncak Rinjani|"</a>. 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Datang+dan+Nikmatilah+Danau+di+Puncak+Rinjani%7C&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjabar.tribunnews.com%2F2014%2F01%2F18%2Fdatang-dan-nikmatilah-danau-di-puncak-rinjani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangston-Able2007" class="citation book cs1">Langston-Able, Nick (2007). <i>Playing with Fire</i>. United Kingdom: Freak Ash Books. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955340345" title="Special:BookSources/9780955340345"><bdi>9780955340345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+with+Fire&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Freak+Ash+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780955340345&rft.aulast=Langston-Able&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.antaranews.com/news/115351/unesco-designates-mount-rinjani-as-global-geopark">"Unesco designates Mount Rinjani as global geopark"</a>. <i>Antara News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Exploration in the Lesser Sunda Islands". <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1788584">10.2307/1788584</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1788584">1788584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Exploration+in+the+Lesser+Sunda+Islands&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1939-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1788584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1788584%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=H.+A.+Brouwer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stothers1984-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stothers1984_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStothers1984" class="citation journal cs1">Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>224</b> (4654): 1191–1198. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...224.1191S">1984Sci...224.1191S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.224.4654.1191">10.1126/science.224.4654.1191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17819476">17819476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23649251">23649251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Great+Tambora+Eruption+in+1815+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.volume=224&rft.issue=4654&rft.pages=1191-1198&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.224.4654.1191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23649251%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17819476&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Sci...224.1191S&rft.aulast=Stothers&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/">"RINJANI Lombok Island (Indonesia) 8.42°S, 116.47°E; summit elev. 3726 metres Global Vulcanism Program USGS-Smithsosian"</a>. 28 April – 4 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RINJANI+Lombok+Island+%28Indonesia%29+8.42%C2%B0S%2C+116.47%C2%B0E%3B+summit+elev.+3726+metres+Global+Vulcanism+Program+USGS-Smithsosian&rft.date=2010-04-28%2F2010-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Freports%2Fusgs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, W.B., 1979, Tectonic Map of the Indonesian region: USGS Map I‑875‑D, 1:5,000,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, W.B., 1979, Tectonics of the Indonesian region: USGS Prof. Paper 1078, 345 p.+ map.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(qf. Foden and Varne 1981b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Curray et al, 1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Curray et al. 1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(qf. Foden and Varne 1981b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Hamilton 1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hedervariritsema-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hedervariritsema_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hedervariritsema_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hedervari (1978) and Ritsema (1954)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Prasetyo 1992). Abbot and Chamalaun (1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Geology_of_Indonesia/The_lesser_Sunda_Islands" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:The Geology of Indonesia/The lesser Sunda Islands">Wikibooks:The Geology of Indonesia/The lesser Sunda Islands</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegfried, Tom (2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenewsdigital.org/sciencenews/20120714?pg=4#pg4">Mystery Volcano's Name Revealed Despite Gag Order</a>", <i>Science News</i>, v. 182 no. 1, 14 July 2012, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witze-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witze_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witze_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Witze2012" class="citation news cs1">Alexandra Witze (14 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/341497/description/13th_century_volcano_mystery_may_be_solved">"13th century volcano mystery may be solved"</a>. ScienceNews. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=13th+century+volcano+mystery+may+be+solved&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2012-07-14&rft.au=Alexandra+Witze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fview%2Fgeneric%2Fid%2F341497%2Fdescription%2F13th_century_volcano_mystery_may_be_solved&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amos2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amos2013_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavigneDegeaiKomorowskiGuillet2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lavigne, F.; Degeai, J.-P.; Komorowski, J.-C.; Guillet, S.; Robert, V.; Lahitte, P.; Oppenheimer, C.; Stoffel, M.; Vidal, C. M.; Surono; Pratomo, I.; Wassmer, P.; Hajdas, I.; Hadmoko, D. 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(30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3801080">"Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>110</b> (42): 16742–16747. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11016742L">2013PNAS..11016742L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1307520110">10.1073/pnas.1307520110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3801080">3801080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24082132">24082132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Source+of+the+great+A.D.+1257+mystery+eruption+unveiled%2C+Samalas+volcano%2C+Rinjani+Volcanic+Complex%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=16742-16747&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3801080%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24082132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1307520110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..11016742L&rft.aulast=Lavigne&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Degeai%2C+J.-P.&rft.au=Komorowski%2C+J.-C.&rft.au=Guillet%2C+S.&rft.au=Robert%2C+V.&rft.au=Lahitte%2C+P.&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+C.&rft.au=Stoffel%2C+M.&rft.au=Vidal%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Surono&rft.au=Pratomo%2C+I.&rft.au=Wassmer%2C+P.&rft.au=Hajdas%2C+I.&rft.au=Hadmoko%2C+D.+S.&rft.au=de+Belizal%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3801080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.aist.go.jp/a-takada/Indonesia-e.html">"2002–2004: Volcanoes in Indonesia: Comparative study of island arc volcanoes between Japan and Indonesia a Co-operation project between GSJ and Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia (DVGHM) (VSI)-Survey of Rinjani volcano (Lombok, Indonesia) and caldera volcanoes in Bali"</a>. 2 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002%E2%80%932004%3A+Volcanoes+in+Indonesia%3A+Comparative+study+of+island+arc+volcanoes+between+Japan+and+Indonesia+a+Co-operation+project+between+GSJ+and+Directorate+of+Volcanology+and+Geological+Hazard+Mitigation%2C+Indonesia+%28DVGHM%29+%28VSI%29-Survey+of+Rinjani+volcano+%28Lombok%2C+Indonesia%29+and+caldera+volcanoes+in+Bali&rft.date=2004-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaff.aist.go.jp%2Fa-takada%2FIndonesia-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/">"RINJANI Lombok Island (Indonesia) 8.42°S, 116.47°E; summit elev. 3726 mi Global Vulcanism Program USGS-Smithsosian"</a>. 28 April – 4 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RINJANI+Lombok+Island+%28Indonesia%29+8.42%C2%B0S%2C+116.47%C2%B0E%3B+summit+elev.+3726+mi+Global+Vulcanism+Program+USGS-Smithsosian&rft.date=2010-04-28%2F2010-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Freports%2Fusgs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010PusatVulkanologi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010PusatVulkanologi_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010PusatVulkanologi_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717125823/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=594&Itemid=1">"Evaluasi Kegiatan G. Rinjani"</a>. Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. 4 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=594&Itemid=1">the original</a> on 17 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluasi+Kegiatan+G.+Rinjani&rft.pub=Pusat+Vulkanologi+%26+Mitigasi+Bencana+Geologi%2C+Volcanological+Survey+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.vsi.esdm.go.id%2Fjoomla%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D594%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sunda Trench</i> (4°30' S 11°10' S 100°00' E 119°00' Accredited by: SCGN (Apr. 1987) The trench was studied in some detail in the 1920s-1930s by Dutch geodesist F.A. Vening Meinesz, who made classic pendulum gravity measurements in a Dutch submarine. Shown as Java Trench in ACUF (Advisory Committee on Undersea Features Gazetteer). see also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gebco.net/">http://www.gebco.net/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Hamilton 1979) cited from The Geology of Indonesia/The lesser Sunda Islands-IV. Volcanic Activity and Composition, accessed 2010-05-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varne_1981-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varne_1981_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varne_1981_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foden and Varne (1981) cited from The Geology of Indonesia/The lesser Sunda Islands-IV. Volcanic Activity and Composition, accessed 2010-05-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (1979) cited from The Geology of Indonesia/The lesser Sunda Islands-IV. Volcanic Activity and Composition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoden1983" class="citation journal cs1">Foden, J. D. (1983). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/index.php?option=com_contact&task=view&contact_id=1&Itemid=59">the original</a> on 29 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pusat+Vulkanologi+%26+Mitigasi+Bencana+Geologi+%E2%80%93+VSI+%E2%80%93+Contact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.vsi.esdm.go.id%2Fjoomla%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_contact%26task%3Dview%26contact_id%3D1%26Itemid%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rinjanidawnadventures.com/mount-rinjani/">"Pure elation on reaching Rinjani's summit at dawn"</a>. 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Freakash. pp. 142–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9553403-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9553403-4-5"><bdi>978-0-9553403-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+with+Fire%3A+Adventures+in+Indonesia&rft.pages=142-170&rft.pub=Freakash&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9553403-4-5&rft.aulast=Langston-Able&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Adventures-in-Indonesia.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halomitrekker.com/2015/06/main-object-on-rinjani-mountain.html">"Main Object on Mount Rinjani"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Object+on+Mount+Rinjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halomitrekker.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fmain-object-on-rinjani-mountain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rinjanidawnadventures.com/mount-rinjani/">"Seven Die on Mt. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0604-03=&volpage=erupt">the original</a> on 9 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eruptive+History%3A+Rinjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvnum%3D0604-03%3D%26volpage%3Derupt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27sept2016erupt_1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/indonesia-evacuates-tourists-after-mount-barujari-eruption">"Indonesia Evacuates Tourists After Mount Barujari Eruption"</a>. Fox News. Associated Press. 28 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Evacuates+Tourists+After+Mount+Barujari+Eruption&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Findonesia-evacuates-tourists-after-mount-barujari-eruption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27sept2016erupt_2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_2_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_2_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.detik.com/berita/d-3307918/anak-gunung-rinjani-meletus-semburkan-abu-vulkanik-setinggi-2-km">"Gunung Barujari meletus pada Selasa (27/9/2016) pukul 14.45 WITA atau 13.45 WIB;from google (gunung rinjani meletus 27 september wita) result 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunung+Barujari+meletus+pada+Selasa+%2827%2F9%2F2016%29+pukul+14.45+WITA+atau+13.45+WIB%3Bfrom+google+%28gunung+rinjani+meletus+27+september+wita%29+result+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fberita%2Fd-3307918%2Fanak-gunung-rinjani-meletus-semburkan-abu-vulkanik-setinggi-2-km&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27sept2016erupt_3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_3_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-27sept2016erupt_3_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/09/27/mt-barujari-erupts-again-residents-urged-to-stay-cautious.html">"Mount Barujari, a sub-volcano of Mount Rinjani in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), erupted at around 2:45 p.m. local time on Tuesday;from google (mount barujari erupt 27 September local time) result 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Barujari%2C+a+sub-volcano+of+Mount+Rinjani+in+Lombok%2C+West+Nusa+Tenggara+%28NTB%29%2C+erupted+at+around+2%3A45+p.m.+local+time+on+Tuesday%3Bfrom+google+%28mount+barujari+erupt+27+September+local+time%29+result+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2F27%2Fmt-barujari-erupts-again-residents-urged-to-stay-cautious.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/rinjani/news/55301/Rinjani-volcano-Lombok-Indonesia-activity-update.html">"Rinjani volcano (Lombok, Indonesia) activity update"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rinjani+volcano+%28Lombok%2C+Indonesia%29+activity+update&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcanodiscovery.com%2Frinjani%2Fnews%2F55301%2FRinjani-volcano-Lombok-Indonesia-activity-update.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=264030&vtab=Eruptions#April2010">"Weekly Reports: Rinjani"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weekly+Reports%3A+Rinjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D264030%26vtab%3DEruptions%23April2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717125823/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=594&Itemid=1">"Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi – VSI – Evaluasi Kegiatan G. Rinjani"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D594%26Itemid%3D1">the original</a> on 17 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pusat+Vulkanologi+%26+Mitigasi+Bencana+Geologi+%E2%80%93+VSI+%E2%80%93+Evaluasi+Kegiatan+G.+Rinjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.vsi.esdm.go.id%2Fjoomla%2Findex.php%3Foption%253Dcom_content%2526task%253Dview%2526id%253D594%2526Itemid%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2013/12/30/tiga-gunung-indonesia-ini-bikin-dunia-terkaget-kaget">"Tiga Gunung Indonesia Ini Bikin Dunia Terkaget-kaget"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiga+Gunung+Indonesia+Ini+Bikin+Dunia+Terkaget-kaget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwartakota.tribunnews.com%2F2013%2F12%2F30%2Ftiga-gunung-indonesia-ini-bikin-dunia-terkaget-kaget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lomboktrip.net/2015/12/terkuak-letusan-samalas-rinjani-lebih_62.html">"Terkuak: Letusan Samalas (Rinjani), Lebih Besar Dari Krakatau Bahkan Tambora!"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terkuak%3A+Letusan+Samalas+%28Rinjani%29%2C+Lebih+Besar+Dari+Krakatau+Bahkan+Tambora%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lomboktrip.net%2F2015%2F12%2Fterkuak-letusan-samalas-rinjani-lebih_62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takada et al., 2003; Nasution et al., 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212195304/http://staff.aist.go.jp/a-takada/Indonesia-e.html">"Indonesia volcanoes"</a>. <i>staff.aist.go.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.aist.go.jp/a-takada/Indonesia-e.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=staff.aist.go.jp&rft.atitle=Indonesia+volcanoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaff.aist.go.jp%2Fa-takada%2FIndonesia-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rinjani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rinjani&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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