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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Elements+orbitals" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Elements+orbitals" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elements orbitals</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 45 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnelement" title="Bahnelement - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bahnelement" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عناصر مدارية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر مدارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_orbitales" title="Elementos orbitales - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos orbitales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Элементы арбіты - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элементы арбіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF" title="কক্ষপথের রাশি - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কক্ষপথের রাশি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementy_dr%C3%A1hy" title="Elementy dráhy - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elementy dráhy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneparameter" title="Baneparameter - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baneparameter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnelement" title="Bahnelement - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bahnelement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τροχιακά στοιχεία - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροχιακά στοιχεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Orbital elements" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_orbitales" title="Elementos orbitales - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos orbitales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitaren_berezko_elementuak" title="Orbitaren berezko elementuak - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orbitaren berezko elementuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عناصر مداری - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عناصر مداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rata-arvo" title="Rata-arvo - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rata-arvo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_orbitaux" title="Éléments orbitaux - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éléments orbitaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_orbitais" title="Elementos orbitais - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elementos orbitais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C" title="אלמנטי מסלול - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלמנטי מסלול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="कक्षीय राशियाँ - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कक्षीय राशियाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lya_(csillag%C3%A1szat)" title="Pálya (csillagászat) - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pálya (csillagászat)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուղեծրի տարրեր - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղեծրի տարրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametri_orbitali" title="Parametri orbitali - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parametri orbitali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%A0" title="軌道要素 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軌道要素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Орбита элементтері - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орбита элементтері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84_%EC%9A%94%EC%86%8C" title="궤도 요소 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="궤도 요소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnelement" title="Bunnelement - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bunnelement" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitos_elementai" title="Orbitos elementai - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orbitos elementai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Орбитални елементи - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орбитални елементи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baanelement" title="Baanelement - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baanelement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneelement" title="Baneelement - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baneelement" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneelement" title="Baneelement - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baneelement" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementy_orbitalne" title="Elementy orbitalne - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elementy orbitalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_orbitaj" title="Element orbitaj - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Element orbitaj" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_orbitais" title="Elementos orbitais - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos orbitais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Элементы орбиты - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Элементы орбиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementy_dr%C3%A1hy" title="Elementy dráhy - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elementy dráhy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_tira" title="Elementi tira - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elementi tira" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Орбитални елементи - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орбитални елементи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banelement" title="Banelement - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Banelement" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3" title="องค์ประกอบของวงโคจร - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์ประกอบของวงโคจร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCnge_%C3%B6geleri" title="Yörünge ögeleri - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yörünge ögeleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Елементи орбіти - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елементи орбіти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_s%E1%BB%91_qu%E1%BB%B9_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Tham số quỹ đạo - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tham số quỹ đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q272626" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Orbit1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Orbit1.svg/langca-330px-Orbit1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Orbit1.svg/langca-495px-Orbit1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Orbit1.svg/langca-660px-Orbit1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Elements orbitals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Els <b>elements orbitals</b> o <b>elements d'un òrbita</b> són un conjunt de paràmetres que permeten definir de manera unívoca les característiques de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rbita" title="Òrbita">òrbita</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/Astre" title="Astre">astre</a>, la seva disposició a l'espai i la posició de l'astre sobre l'òrbita.<sup id="cite_ref-GECOrbit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GECOrbit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En el cas de les òrbites el·líptiques dels <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planetes</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa">cometes</a> periòdics del <a href="/wiki/Sistema_solar" title="Sistema solar">sistema solar</a>, els elements de l'òrbita en són sis: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longitud_del_node_ascendent" title="Longitud del node ascendent">Longitud del node ascendent</a>, (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93847015f621d7ad9940329db05ee4cfa7ee0689" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:2.065ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega \,\!}"></span>), és l'<a href="/wiki/Angle_(geometria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle (geometria)">angle</a> que va des del <a href="/wiki/Punt_vernal" class="mw-redirect" title="Punt vernal">punt vernal</a> fins al <a href="/wiki/Node_ascendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Node ascendent">node ascendent</a> de l'objecte, amb vèrtex en el Sol, mesurat en el pla de referència (l'<a href="/wiki/Ecl%C3%ADptica" title="Eclíptica">eclíptica</a>) i en sentit directe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinaci%C3%B3" title="Inclinació">Inclinació</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rbita" title="Òrbita">òrbita</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ea0042f70417500ed06b77bf2b87ef913cd3127b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\,\!}"></span>), mesura la inclinació de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92rbita" title="Òrbita">òrbita</a> d'un objecte al voltant d'un <a href="/wiki/Objecte_astron%C3%B2mic" title="Objecte astronòmic">cos celeste</a>. S'expressa com l'angle entre un pla de referència i el <a href="/wiki/Pla_orbital" title="Pla orbital">pla orbital</a> o eix de direcció de l'objecte en òrbita.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_del_peri%C3%A0pside" title="Argument del periàpside">Argument del periàpside</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92658a4da1783d12cb53c1fffc24b29b4963f20f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.833ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega \,\!}"></span>), l'<a href="/wiki/Angle_(geometria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle (geometria)">angle</a> que va des del <a href="/wiki/Node_ascendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Node ascendent">node ascendent</a> fins al <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%A0pside" class="mw-redirect" title="Periàpside">periàpside</a>, mesurat en el <a href="/wiki/Pla_orbital" title="Pla orbital">pla orbital</a> de l'objecte i en el seu sentit de moviment.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semieix_major" title="Semieix major">Semieix major</a> de l'òrbita (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99a94f96d2455b9d7faf3cec3eb02ab3c455aec1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.617ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\,\!}"></span>), és la meitat de l'eix més llarg d'una <a href="/wiki/El%C2%B7lipse" title="El·lipse">el·lipse</a> o d'un <a href="/wiki/El%C2%B7lipsoide" title="El·lipsoide">el·lipsoide</a> de revolució. L'eix més llarg és la <a href="/wiki/Corda_(geometria)" title="Corda (geometria)">corda</a> que passa pel centre i pels dos <a href="/wiki/Focus_(geometria)" title="Focus (geometria)">focus</a> d'una el·lipse.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excentricitat" title="Excentricitat">Excentricitat</a> de l'òrbita (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32308a9beabe5e8a2c683aa285cfd6e8abafb02c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.471ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e\,\!}"></span>), la mesura del grau en què la figura es desvia d'una circumferència.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomalia_mitjana" title="Anomalia mitjana">Anomalia mitjana</a> en l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88poca_(astronomia)" title="Època (astronomia)">època</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{o}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{o}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27280153fdde274f27fcbf67ab81b21c50f5eadb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:3.671ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{o}\,\!}"></span>) és la fracció del període d'una òrbita el·líptica que ha transcorregut des que el cos en òrbita va passar periapsis, expressada com un angle que es pot utilitzar per calcular la posició d'aquest cos en el problema clàssic de dos cossos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vegades, en lloc de l'anomalia mitjana en l'època, s'utilitza l'anomalia mitjana en el temps que sigui (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38ab25f751745f662bc57392d83cd4287df34010" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:2.829ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\,\!}"></span>), o la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitud_mitjana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longitud mitjana (encara no existeix)">longitud mitjana</a>, o l'<a href="/wiki/Anomalia_veritable" title="Anomalia veritable">anomalia veritable</a> o, rarament, l'<a href="/wiki/Anomalia_exc%C3%A8ntrica" title="Anomalia excèntrica">anomalia excèntrica</a>. A vegades fins i tot l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88poca_(astronomia)" title="Època (astronomia)">època</a> mateixa s'utilitza com a sisè element, en lloc de l'anomalia mitjana. En lloc del <a href="/wiki/Semieix_major" title="Semieix major">semieix major</a> es pot utilitzar també el <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_orbital" title="Període orbital">període orbital</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elements_orbitals&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GECOrbit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GECOrbit_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i>. Volum 9. Reimpressió d'octubre de 1992.  Barcelona: Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1992, p. 413. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7739-003-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7739-003-7">ISBN 84-7739-003-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gran+Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana&rft.date=1992&rft.edition=Reimpressi%C3%B3+d%27octubre+de+1992&rft.pub=Gran+Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=413&rft.isbn=84-7739-003-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFigueras2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Figueras</span>, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.cat/books/edition/Diccionari_d_astronomia_de_posici%C3%B3/NkUTAgAAQBAJ?hl=ca&gbpv=1&dq=Longitud+del+node+ascendent&pg=PA29&printsec=frontcover"><i>Diccionari d'astronomia de posició</i></a> (en anglès isbn=9781447518518), 2015, p. 28-29.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionari+d%27astronomia+de+posici%C3%B3&rft.aulast=Figueras&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.date=2015&rft.pages=28-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.cat%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FDiccionari_d_astronomia_de_posici%25C3%25B3%2FNkUTAgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Dca%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3DLongitud%2Bdel%2Bnode%2Bascendent%26pg%3DPA29%26printsec%3Dfrontcover"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFChobotov2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chobotov</span>, Vladimir A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=SuPQmbqyrFAC&pg=PA370&dq=Orbital+Mechanics+chobotov&hl=ca&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAqpuotfT6AhUchf0HHSlnCFwQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=Orbital%20Mechanics%20chobotov&f=false"><i>Orbital Mechanics</i></a> (en anglès).  AIAA, 2002, p. 28-30. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-60086-097-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-60086-097-3">ISBN 978-1-60086-097-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orbital+Mechanics&rft.aulast=Chobotov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=AIAA&rft.pages=28-30&rft.isbn=978-1-60086-097-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuPQmbqyrFAC%26pg%3DPA370%26dq%3DOrbital%2BMechanics%2Bchobotov%26hl%3Dca%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjAqpuotfT6AhUchf0HHSlnCFwQ6AF6BAgHEAI%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DOrbital%2520Mechanics%2520chobotov%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFIglesias-MarzoaLópez-MoralesJesús_Arévalo_Morales2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Iglesias-Marzoa</span>, Ramón; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">López-Morales</span>, Mercedes; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jesús Arévalo Morales</span>, María «Thervfit <i>Code</i>: A Detailed Adaptive Simulated Annealing Code for Fitting Binaries and Exoplanets Radial Velocities». <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>, 127, 952, 2015, pàg. 567–582. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.04767">1505.04767</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PASP..127..567I">2015PASP..127..567I</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F682056">10.1086/682056</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLarson1995"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Larson</span>, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42077355"><i>Cálculo y geometría analítica</i></a> (en castellà). 5a ed.  Madrid: McGraw-Hill, 1995. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-481-1770-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-481-1770-0">ISBN 84-481-1770-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A1lculo+y+geometr%C3%ADa+anal%C3%ADtica&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.date=1995&rft.edition=5a+ed&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.place=Madrid&rft.isbn=84-481-1770-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42077355"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFThomasFinney1979"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Thomas</span>, George B.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Finney</span>, Ross L. <i>Calculus and Analytic Geometry</i> (en anglès). 5a ed..  Addison-Wesley, 1979, p. 434. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-201-07540-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-201-07540-7">ISBN 0-201-07540-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calculus+and+Analytic+Geometry&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft.date=1979&rft.edition=5a+ed.&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.pages=434&rft.isbn=0-201-07540-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMontenbruck1989"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Montenbruck</span>, Oliver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalephemer00mont"><i>Practical Ephemeris Calculations</i></a> (en anglès).  Springer-Verlag, 1989, p. 44. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-387-50704-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-387-50704-3">ISBN 0-387-50704-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Ephemeris+Calculations&rft.aulast=Montenbruck&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.pages=44&rft.isbn=0-387-50704-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticalephemer00mont"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elements_orbitals&oldid=32225817">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elements_orbitals&oldid=32225817</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:%C3%92rbites" title="Categoria:Òrbites">Òrbites</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 17 jul 2023 a les 15:15.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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