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1.1 SDS Convention, June 1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDS_Convention,_June_1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SDS_Convention,_December_1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDS_Convention,_December_1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 SDS Convention, December 1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDS_Convention,_December_1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-imperialism,_anti-racism,_and_white_privilege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-imperialism,_anti-racism,_and_white_privilege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Anti-imperialism, anti-racism, and white privilege </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-imperialism,_anti-racism,_and_white_privilege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Recruitment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armed_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Armed propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Major activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haymarket_Police_Memorial_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haymarket_Police_Memorial_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Haymarket Police Memorial bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haymarket_Police_Memorial_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Days_of_Rage"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Days_of_Rage""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 "Days of Rage" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Days_of_Rage"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flint_War_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flint_War_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Flint War Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flint_War_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_City_arson_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City_arson_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 New York City arson attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City_arson_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underground_strategy_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_strategy_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Underground strategy change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_strategy_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Declaration of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_in_1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_in_1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Activity in 1970 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity_in_1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Capitol_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Capitol_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 United States Capitol bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Capitol_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentagon_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentagon_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Pentagon bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentagon_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_of_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_of_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Withdrawal of charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_of_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prairie_Fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prairie_Fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Prairie Fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prairie_Fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COINTELPRO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COINTELPRO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 COINTELPRO </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-COINTELPRO-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle COINTELPRO subsection </button> <ul id="toc-COINTELPRO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Event </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_and_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_and_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Investigation and trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_and_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dissolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dissolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plot_to_bomb_the_office_of_a_California_State_Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot_to_bomb_the_office_of_a_California_State_Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Plot to bomb the office of a California State Senator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plot_to_bomb_the_office_of_a_California_State_Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brink's_robbery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brink's_robbery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Brink's robbery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brink's_robbery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_19th_Communist_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_19th_Communist_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 May 19th Communist Organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_19th_Communist_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalitions_with_non-WUO_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalitions_with_non-WUO_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Coalitions with non-WUO members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalitions_with_non-WUO_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films_and_videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Films and videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Government publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Audio sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Weather Underground</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="الطقس تحت الأرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطقس تحت الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherman" title="Weatherman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Weatherman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathermen" title="Weathermen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Weathermen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathermen" title="Weathermen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weathermen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EB%8D%94_%EC%A7%80%ED%95%98%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="웨더 지하기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨더 지하기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="वेदर अन्डरग्राउन्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेदर अन्डरग्राउन्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מחתרת מזג האוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחתרת מזג האוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathermen" title="Weathermen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weathermen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ウエザーマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウエザーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathermen" title="Weathermen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Weathermen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherman_(organizacja)" title="Weatherman (organizacja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Weatherman (organizacja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathermen" title="Weathermen – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Weathermen" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherman" title="Weatherman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Weatherman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Underground" title="The Weather Underground – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="The Weather Underground" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weathermen" title="The 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American far-left militant organization, 1969–77</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the United States militant organization. For the weather forecasting service, see <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground (weather service)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Weather Underground (disambiguation)">Weather Underground (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Weather Underground</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather_Underground_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Weather_Underground_logo.svg/200px-Weather_Underground_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Weather_Underground_logo.svg/300px-Weather_Underground_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Weather_Underground_logo.svg/400px-Weather_Underground_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="626" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the Weather Underground</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrathwohlFrank1977110-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1969–1977</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Weather_Collective" title="Seattle Weather Collective">Seattle Weather Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Brigade_of_Weather_Underground" title="Women's Brigade of Weather Underground">Women's Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Vietnam War">Anti-Vietnam War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li>Political violence in the United States during the Cold War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_High_School_Jailbreaks" title="Weather High School Jailbreaks">Weather High School Jailbreaks</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint">Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization" title="May 19th Communist Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Weather Underground was a <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a> Marxist militant organization first active in 1969, founded on the <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a> campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrough2015-2">[2]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Originally known as the Weathermen, the group was organized as a faction of <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (SDS) national leadership.<a href="#cite_note-djwnyt82403-3">[3]</a> Officially known as the Weather Underground Organization (WUO) beginning in 1970, the group's express political goal was to create a revolutionary party to overthrow the United States government, which WUO believed to be <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">imperialist</a>. The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> described the WUO as a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic terrorist">domestic terrorist</a> group,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> with revolutionary positions characterized by <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> and opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-djwnyt82403-3">[3]</a> The WUO took part in domestic attacks such as the jailbreak of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-Lens-2010-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-2017-6">[6]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a>" was the WUO's first riot in October 1969 in Chicago, timed to coincide with the trial of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a>. In 1970, the group issued a "Declaration of a State of War" against the United States government under the name "Weather Underground Organization."<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> In the 1970s, the WUO conducted a bombing campaign targeting government buildings and several banks. Some attacks were preceded by evacuation warnings, along with threats identifying the particular matter that the attack was intended to protest. Three members of the group were killed in an accidental <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" title="Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">Greenwich Village townhouse explosion</a>, but none were killed in any of the bombings. The WUO communiqué issued in connection with the bombing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> on March 1, 1971, indicated that it was "in protest of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">U.S. invasion of Laos</a>". The WUO asserted that its May 19, 1972 bombing of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> was "in retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linebacker" title="Operation Linebacker">U.S. bombing raid in Hanoi</a>". On September 28, 1973, an <a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Inc">ITT Inc</a> building in New York City was bombed for the involvement of this company in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The WUO announced that its January 29, 1975 bombing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> building was "in response to the escalation in Vietnam".<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The WUO began to disintegrate after the United States reached a peace accord in Vietnam in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and it was defunct by 1977. Some members of the WUO joined the <a href="/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization" title="May 19th Communist Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</a> and continued their activities until that group disbanded in 1985. The group took its name from <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s lyric "You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows", from the song "<a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Homesick_Blues" title="Subterranean Homesick Blues">Subterranean Homesick Blues</a>" (1965).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> That Dylan line was also the title of a position paper distributed at an SDS convention in Chicago on June 18, 1969. This founding document called for a "White fighting force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation Movement" and other radical movements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200695-13">[13]</a> to achieve "the destruction of U.S. imperialism and form a <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless</a> communist world".<a href="#cite_note-Weatherman-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_formation">Background and formation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and formation">edit</a>]</div> The Weathermen emerged from the campus-based <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a> as well as from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> of the 1960s. One of the factors that contributed to the radicalization of SDS members was the Economic Research and Action Project that the SDS undertook in Northern urban neighborhoods from 1963 to 1968. This project was aimed at creating an interracial movement of the poor that would mobilize for full and fair employment or guaranteed annual income and political rights for poverty class Americans. Their goal was to create a more democratic society "which guarantees political freedom, economic and physical security, abundant education, and incentives for wide cultural variety". While the initial phase of the SDS involved campus organizing, phase two involved community organizing. These experiences led some SDS members to conclude that deep social change would not happen through community organizing and electoral politics, and that more radical and disruptive tactics were needed.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the late 1960s, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States military</a> action in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> escalated, especially in Vietnam. In the U.S., the anti-war sentiment was particularly pronounced during the <a href="/wiki/1968_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 U.S. presidential election">1968 U.S. presidential election</a>. The origins of the Weathermen can be traced to the collapse and fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> following a split between office holders of the SDS, or the "National Office", and their supporters and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a> (PLP). During the factional struggle, National Office leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Klonsky" title="Michael Klonsky">Mike Klonsky</a> began announcing their emerging perspectives, and Klonsky published a document titled "Toward a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a>" (RYM).<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-toward_a_rym-16">[16]</a> RYM promoted the philosophy that young workers possessed the potential to be a revolutionary force which could overthrow capitalism, if not by themselves then by transmitting radical ideas to the working class. Klonsky's document reflected the philosophy of the National Office and it was eventually adopted as the SDS's official doctrine. During the summer of 1969, the National Office began to split. A group led by Klonsky became known as RYM II, and the other side, RYM I, was led by Dohrn and endorsed more aggressive tactics such as <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, as some members felt that years of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> had done little or nothing to stop the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> The Weathermen strongly sympathized with the radical <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>. The police killing of Panther <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a> prompted the Weatherman to issue a declaration of war upon the United States government. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We petitioned, we demonstrated, we <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sat in</a>. I was willing to get hit over the head, I did; I was willing to go to prison, I did. To me, it was a question of what had to be done to stop the much greater violence that was going on.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDS_Convention,_June_1969">SDS Convention, June 1969</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: SDS Convention, June 1969">edit</a>]</div> At an SDS convention in Chicago on June 18, 1969, the National Office attempted to persuade unaffiliated delegates not to endorse a takeover of SDS by Progressive Labor who had packed the convention with their supporters.It was at the 1966 convention of SDS that members of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a> began to make their presence known for the first time. The PLP was a <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> group that had turned to SDS as fertile ground for recruiting new members after meeting with little success in organizing industrial workers, their preferred base. SDS members of that time were nearly all anti-communist, but they also refused to be drawn into actions that appeared like <a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">red-baiting</a>, which they viewed as mostly irrelevant and out of date. The PLP soon began to organize a <a href="/wiki/Worker_Student_Alliance" title="Worker Student Alliance">Worker Student Alliance</a>. By 1968 and 1969 they would profoundly affect SDS, particularly at national gatherings of the membership, forming a well-groomed, disciplined faction which followed the Progressive Labor Party line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974495-17">[17]</a> At the beginning of the convention, two position papers were passed out by the National Office leadership, one a revised statement of Klonsky's RYM manifesto,<a href="#cite_note-toward_a_rym-16">[16]</a> the other called "You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The latter document outlined the position of the group that would become the Weathermen. It had been signed by Karen Ashley, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jacobs_(activist)" title="John Jacobs (activist)">John Jacobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jones_(activist)" title="Jeff Jones (activist)">Jeff Jones</a>, Gerry Long, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Machtinger" title="Howard Machtinger">Howie Machtinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mellen_(Activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Mellen (Activist)">Jim Mellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rudd" title="Mark Rudd">Mark Rudd</a>, and Steve Tappis. The document called for creating a clandestine revolutionary party. <blockquote>The most important task for us toward making the revolution, and the work our collectives should engage in, is the creation of a mass revolutionary movement, without which a clandestine revolutionary party will be impossible. A revolutionary mass movement is different from the traditional revisionist mass base of "sympathizers". Rather it is akin to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guard</a> in China, based on the full participation and involvement of masses of people in the practice of making revolution; a movement with a full willingness to participate in the violent and illegal struggle.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></blockquote> At this convention the Weatherman's faction of the Students for a Democratic Society, planned for October 8–11, as a "National Action" built around <a href="/wiki/John_Jacobs_(student_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jacobs (student leader)">John Jacobs'</a> slogan, "bring the war home".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The National Action grew out of a resolution drafted by Jacobs and introduced at the October 1968 SDS National Council meeting in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>. The resolution, titled "The Elections Don't Mean Shit—Vote Where the Power Is—Our Power Is In The Street" and adopted by the council, was prompted by the success of the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">Democratic National Convention protests</a> in August 1968 and reflected Jacobs' strong advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkerson-21">[21]</a> As part of the "National Action Staff", Jacobs was an integral part of the planning for what quickly came to be called "Four Days of Rage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] For Jacobs, the goal of the "<a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a>" was clear: <blockquote>Weatherman would shove the war down their dumb, fascist throats and show them, while we were at it, how much better we were than them, both tactically and strategically, as a people. In an all-out civil war over Vietnam and other fascist U.S. imperialism, we were going to bring the war home. 'Turn the imperialists' war into a civil war', in Lenin's words. And we were going to kick ass.<a href="#cite_note-Gillies-22">[22]</a></blockquote> In July 1969, 30 members of Weatherman leadership traveled to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and met with North Vietnamese representatives to gain from their revolutionary experience. The <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> requested armed political action in order to stop the U.S. government's war in Vietnam. Subsequently, they accepted funding, training, recommendations on tactics and slogans from Cuba, and perhaps explosives as well.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDS_Convention,_December_1969">SDS Convention, December 1969</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SDS Convention, December 1969">edit</a>]</div> After the Days of Rage riots the Weatherman held the last of its National Council meetings from December 26 to December 31, 1969, in <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a>. The meeting, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Flint_War_Council" title="Flint War Council">"War Council"</a> by the 300 people who attended, adopted Jacobs' call for violent revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Dohrn opened the conference by telling the delegates they needed to stop being afraid and begin the "armed struggle." Over the next five days, the participants met in informal groups to discuss what "going underground" meant, how best to organize collectives, and justifications for violence. In the evening, the groups reconvened for a mass "wargasm"—practicing <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, engaging in physical exercise,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> singing songs, and listening to speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-ThaiJones-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbaum-28">[28]</a> The War Council ended with a major speech by John Jacobs. Jacobs condemned the "pacifism" of white middle-class American youth, a belief which he claimed they held because they were insulated from the violence which afflicted blacks and the poor. He predicted a successful revolution, and declared that youth were moving away from passivity and apathy and toward a new high-energy culture of "depersonalization" brought about by drugs, sex, and armed revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-ThaiJones-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbaum-28">[28]</a> "We're against everything that's 'good and decent' in honky America," Jacobs said in his most commonly quoted statement. "We will burn and loot and destroy. We are the incubation of your mother's nightmare."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004160-29">[29]</a> Two major decisions came out of the War Council. The first was to go underground and to begin a violent, armed struggle against the state without attempting to organize or mobilize a broad swath of the public. The Weather Underground hoped to create underground collectives in major cities throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In fact, the Weathermen eventually created only three significant, active collectives; one in California, one in the Midwest, and one in New York City. The New York City collective was led by Jacobs and Terry Robbins, and included <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Boudin" title="Kathy Boudin">Kathy Boudin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson" title="Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson">Cathy Wilkerson</a> (Robbins' girlfriend), and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Oughton" title="Diana Oughton">Diana Oughton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkerson-21">[21]</a> Jacobs was one of Robbins' biggest supporters, and pushed the Weathermen to let Robbins be as violent as he wanted to be. The Weatherman national leadership agreed, as did the New York City collective.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The collective's first target was Judge John Murtagh, who was overseeing the trial of the "Panther 21".<a href="#cite_note-Bingham2016-31">[31]</a> The second major decision was the dissolution of SDS. After the summer of 1969 fragmentation of SDS, Weatherman's adherents explicitly claimed themselves the real leaders of SDS and retained control of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any leaflet, label, or logo bearing the name "Students for a Democratic Society" (SDS) was in fact the views and politics of Weatherman, not of the slate elected by Progressive Labor. Weatherman contained the vast majority of former SDS National Committee members, including <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rudd" title="Mark Rudd">Mark Rudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a> and Bernardine Dohrn. The group, while small, was able to commandeer the mantle of SDS and all of its membership lists, but with Weatherman in charge there was little or no support from local branches or members of the organization,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and local chapters soon disbanded. At the War Council, the Weathermen had decided to close the SDS National Office, ending the major campus-based organization of the 1960s which at its peak was a mass organization with 100,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004158-171-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> The thesis of Weatherman theory, as expounded in its founding document, You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows, was that "the main struggle going on in the world today is between U.S. imperialism and the national liberation struggles against it",<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Leninism#Imperialism" title="Leninism">Lenin's theory of imperialism</a>, first expounded in 1916 in <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a>. In Weatherman theory "oppressed peoples" are the creators of the wealth of empire, "and it is to them that it belongs." "The goal of revolutionary struggle must be the control and use of this wealth in the interest of the oppressed peoples of the world." "The goal is the destruction of U.S. imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism"<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Vietnamese and other third world countries, as well as third world people within the United States play a vanguard role. They "set the terms for class struggle in America ..."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The role of the "Revolutionary Youth Movement" is to build a centralized organization of revolutionaries, a "Marxist–Leninist Party" supported by a mass revolutionary movement to support international liberation movements and "open another battlefield of the revolution."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The theoretical basis of the Revolutionary Youth Movement was an insight that most of the American population, including both students and the supposed "middle class," comprised, due to their relationship to the instruments of production, the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> thus the organizational basis of the SDS, which had begun in the elite colleges and had been extended to public institutions as the organization grew could be extended to youth as a whole including students, those serving in the military, and the unemployed. Students could be viewed as workers gaining skills prior to employment. This contrasted to the Progressive Labor view which viewed students and workers as being in separate categories which could ally, but should not jointly organize.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> FBI analysis of the travel history of the founders and initial followers of the organization emphasized contacts with foreign governments, particularly the Cuban and North Vietnamese and their influence on the ideology of the organization. Participation in the <a href="/wiki/Venceremos_Brigade" title="Venceremos Brigade">Venceremos Brigade</a>, a program which involved U.S. students volunteering to work in the sugar harvest in Cuba, is highlighted as a common factor in the background of the founders of the Weather Underground, with China a secondary influence.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This experience was cited by both Kathy Boudin and Bernardine Dohrn as a major influence on their political development.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Terry Robbins took the organization's name from the lyrics of the <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Homesick_Blues" title="Subterranean Homesick Blues">Subterranean Homesick Blues</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> which featured the lyrics "You don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows." The lyrics had been quoted at the bottom of an influential essay in the SDS newspaper, New Left Notes. By using this title the Weathermen meant, partially, to appeal to the segment of U.S. youth inspired to action for <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> by Dylan's songs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Weatherman group had long held that <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militancy</a> was becoming more important than <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> action, and that university campus-based demonstrations needed to be punctuated with more dramatic actions, which had the potential to interfere with the U.S. military and <a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies#United_States" title="List of intelligence agencies">internal security apparatus</a>. The belief was that these types of <a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">urban guerrilla</a> actions would act as a catalyst for the coming revolution. Many international events indeed seemed to support the Weathermen's overall assertion that <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">worldwide revolution</a> was imminent, such as the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in China; the <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">1968 student revolts in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Mexico City</a> and elsewhere; the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a>; the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a> organization in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>; the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea-Bissauan Revolution">Guinea-Bissauan Revolution</a> and similar <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>-led independence movements throughout Africa; and within the United States, the prominence of the Black Panther Party, together with a series of "ghetto rebellions" throughout poor <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> neighborhoods across the country.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We felt that doing nothing in a period of repressive violence is itself a form of violence. That's really the part that I think is the hardest for people to understand. If you sit in your house, live your white life and go to your white job, and allow the country that you live in to murder people and to commit <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, and you sit there and you don't do anything about it, that's violence.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Jaffe" title="Naomi Jaffe">Naomi Jaffe</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Weathermen were outspoken critics of the concepts that later came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white privilege</a>" (described as white-skin privilege) and <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil disorder</a> in poor black neighborhoods intensified in the early 1970s, Bernardine Dohrn said, "White youth must choose sides now. They must either fight on the side of the oppressed or be on the side of the oppressor."<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> The Weathermen called for the overthrow of the United States government.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-imperialism,_anti-racism,_and_white_privilege">Anti-imperialism, anti-racism, and white privilege</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anti-imperialism, anti-racism, and white privilege">edit</a>]</div> Weather maintained that their stance differed from the rest of the movements at the time in the sense that they predicated their critiques on the notion that they were engaged in "an anti-imperialist, anti-racist struggle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997135-51">[51]</a> Weather put the international <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> at the center of their political theory. Weather warned that other political theories, including those addressing class interests or youth interests, were "bound to lead in a racist and chauvinist direction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997135-51">[51]</a> Weather denounced other political theories of the time as "objectively racist" if they did not side with the international proletariat; such political theories, they argued, needed to be "smashed".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Members of Weather further contended that efforts at "organizing whites against their own perceived oppression" were "attempts by whites to carve out even more privilege than they already derive from the imperialist nexus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997135-51">[51]</a> Weather's political theory sought to make every struggle an anti-imperialist, anti-racist struggle; out of this premise came their interrogation of critical concepts that would later be known as "white privilege". As historian Dan Berger writes, Weather raised the question "what does it mean to be a white person opposing racism and imperialism?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006272-54">[54]</a> At one point, the Weathermen adopted the belief that all white babies were "tainted with the original sin of "skin privilege", declaring "all white babies are pigs" with one Weatherwoman telling feminist poet <a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a> "You have no right to that pig male baby" after she saw Morgan breastfeeding her son and told Morgan to put the baby in the garbage. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a> was an obsession within the group and <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a> claimed he truly understood the iniquity of white America, with the Manson family being praised for the <a href="/wiki/Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders" title="Tate–LaBianca murders">murder of Sharon Tate</a>; Dohrn's cell subsequently made its salute a four-fingered gesture that represented the "fork" used to stab Tate.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practice">Practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Practice">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after its formation as an independent group, Weatherman created a central committee, the Weather Bureau, which assigned its <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(politics)" title="Cadre (politics)">cadres</a> to a series of collectives in major cities. These cities included New York, Boston, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Weather_Collective" title="Seattle Weather Collective">Seattle</a>, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Buffalo, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, the home of the SDS's head office. The collectives set up under the Weather Bureau drew their design from <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">foco</a> theory, which focused on the building of small, semi-autonomous cells guided by a central leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron200457-57">[57]</a> To try to turn their members into hardened revolutionaries and to promote solidarity and cohesion, members of collectives engaged in intensive criticism sessions which attempted to reconcile their prior and current activities to Weathermen doctrine. These "<a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">criticism self-criticism</a>" sessions (also called "CSC" or "Weatherfries") were the most distressing part of life in the collective. Derived from Maoist techniques, it was intended to root out racist, individualist and chauvinist tendencies within group members. At its most intense, members would be berated for a dozen or more hours non-stop about their flaws. It was intended to make group members believe that they were, deep down, white supremacists by subjecting them to constant criticism to break them down. The sessions were used to ridicule and bully those who didn't agree with the party line and force them into acceptance. However, the sessions were also almost entirely successful at purging potential informants from the Weathermen's ranks, making them crucial to the Weathermen's survival as an underground organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckstein201676-77-58">[58]</a> The Weathermen were also determined to destroy "bourgeois individualism" amongst members that would potentially interfere with their commitment to both the Weathermen and the goal of revolution. Personal property was either renounced or given to the collective, with income being used to purchase the needs of the group and members enduring Spartan living conditions. Conventional comforts were forbidden, and the leadership was exalted, giving them immense power over their subordinates (in some collectives the leadership could even dictate personal decisions such as where one went). Martial arts were practiced and occasional <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct actions</a> were engaged in. Critical of monogamy, they launched a "smash monogamy" campaign, in which couples (whose affection was deemed unacceptably possessive, counterrevolutionary or even selfish) were to be split apart; collectives underwent forced rotation of sex partners (including allegations that some male leaders rotated women between collectives in order to sleep with them) and in some cases engaged in sexual orgies.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron200457-60-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckstein201676-77-58">[58]</a> This formation continued during 1969 and 1970 until the group went underground and a more relaxed lifestyle was adopted as the group blended into the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Life in the collectives could be particularly hard for women, who made up about half the members. Their political awakening had included a growing awareness of sexism, yet they often found that men took the lead in political activities and discussion, with women often engaging in domestic work, as well as finding themselves confined to second-tier leadership roles. Certain feminist political beliefs had to be disavowed or muted and the women had to prove, regardless of prior activist credentials, that they were as capable as men in engaging in political action as part of "women's cadres", which were felt to be driven by coerced machismo and failed to promote genuine solidarity amongst the women. While the Weathermen's sexual politics did allow women to assert desire and explore relationships with each other, it also made them vulnerable to sexual exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron200459-60-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment">Recruitment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recruitment">edit</a>]</div> Weather used various means by which to recruit new members and set into motion a nationwide revolt against the government. Weather members aimed to mobilize people into action against the established leaders of the nation and the patterns of injustice which existed in America and abroad due to America's presence overseas. They also aimed to convince people to resist reliance upon their given privilege and to rebel and take arms if necessary. According to Weatherman, if people tolerated the unjust actions of the state, they became complicit in those actions. In the manifesto compiled by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jones_(activist)" title="Jeff Jones (activist)">Jeff Jones</a>, and Celia Sojourn, entitled "Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism," Weatherman explained that their intention was to encourage the people and provoke leaps in confidence and consciousness in an attempt to stir the imagination, organize the masses, and join in the people's day-to-day struggles in every way possible.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers-64">[64]</a> In the year 1960, over a third of America's population was under 18 years of age. The number of young citizens set the stage for a widespread revolt against perceived structures of racism, sexism, and classism, the violence of the Vietnam War and America's interventions abroad. At college campuses throughout the country, anger against "the Establishment's" practices prompted both peaceful and violent protest.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-65">[65]</a> The members of Weatherman targeted high school and college students, assuming they would be willing to rebel against the authoritative figures who had oppressed them, including cops, principals, and bosses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200699-66">[66]</a> Weather aimed to develop roots within the class struggle, targeting white working-class youths. The younger members of the working class became the focus of the organizing effort because they felt the oppression strongly in regard to the military draft, low-wage jobs, and schooling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs199719-67">[67]</a> Schools became a common place of recruitment for the movement. In direct actions, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Weather_High_School_Jailbreaks" title="Weather High School Jailbreaks">Jailbreaks</a>, Weather members invaded educational institutions as a means by which to recruit high school and college students. The motivation of these jailbreaks was the organization's belief that school was where the youth were oppressed by the system and where they learned to tolerate society's faults instead of rise against them. According to "Prairie Fire", young people are channeled, coerced, misled, miseducated, misused in the school setting. It is in schools that the youth of the nation become alienated from the authentic processes of learning about the world.<a href="#cite_note-Dohrn-68">[68]</a> Factions of the Weatherman organization began recruiting members by applying their own strategies. Women's groups such as The Motor City Nine and <a href="/wiki/Cell_16" title="Cell 16">Cell 16</a> took the lead in various recruitment efforts. <a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Dunbar-Ortiz" title="Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz">Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz</a>, a member of the radical women's liberation group Cell 16 spoke about her personal recruitment agenda saying that she wanted their group to go out in every corner of the country and tell women the truth, recruit the local people, poor and working-class people, in order to build a new society.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Berger explains the controversy surrounding recruitment strategies saying, "As an organizing strategy it was less than successful: white working class youths were more alienated than organized by Weather's spectacles, and even some of those interested in the group were turned off by its early hi-jinks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006113-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armed_propaganda">Armed propaganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Armed propaganda">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, Dan Berger (writer, activist, and longtime anti-racism organizer)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] states that following their initial set of bombings, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" title="Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">Greenwich Village townhouse explosion</a>, the organization adopted a new paradigm of direct action set forth in the communiqué <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Morning,_Changing_Weather&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Morning, Changing Weather (page does not exist)">New Morning, Changing Weather</a>, which abjured attacks on people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The shift in the organization's outlook was in good part due to the 1970 death of Weatherman <a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Oughton" title="Diana Oughton">Diana Oughton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a>, all graduate students, in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004174-71">[71]</a> According to Dan Berger a relatively sophisticated program of <a href="/wiki/Armed_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed propaganda">armed propaganda</a> was adopted. This consisted of a series of bombings of government and corporate targets in retaliation for specific imperialist and oppressive acts. Small, well-constructed <a href="/wiki/Time_bomb" title="Time bomb">time bombs</a> were used, generally in vents in restrooms, which exploded at times the spaces were empty. Timely warnings were made, and communiqués issued explaining the reason for the actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006148-154-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_activities"> Major activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major activities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Weatherman_actions" title="List of Weatherman actions">List of Weatherman actions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haymarket_Police_Memorial_bombing">Haymarket Police Memorial bombing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Haymarket Police Memorial bombing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaymarketPoliceMemorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HaymarketPoliceMemorial.jpg/220px-HaymarketPoliceMemorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/HaymarketPoliceMemorial.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket Square</a> police memorial, seen in 1889</figcaption></figure> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a> demonstrations on October 6, 1969,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> the Weatherman planted a bomb which blew up <a href="/wiki/Monuments_relating_to_the_Haymarket_affair" title="Monuments relating to the Haymarket affair">a statue in Chicago commemorating the deaths of police officers</a> during the 1886 <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket Riot">Haymarket Riot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The blast broke nearly 100 windows and scattered pieces of the statue onto the Kennedy Expressway below.<a href="#cite_note-Avrich431-74">[74]</a> The city rebuilt the statue and unveiled it on May 4, 1970, but the Weathermen blew it up as well on October 6, 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Avrich431-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The city rebuilt the statue once again, and Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a> posted a 24-hour police guard to protect it,<a href="#cite_note-Avrich431-74">[74]</a> but the Weathermen destroyed the third one, as well. The city compromised and rebuilt the monument once more, but this time they located it at Chicago Police Headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Days_of_Rage"">"Days of Rage"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Days of Rage"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a></div> One of the first acts of the Weathermen after splitting from SDS was to announce they would hold the "Days of Rage" that autumn. This was advertised to "Bring the war home!" Hoping to cause sufficient chaos to "wake" the American public out of what they saw as complacency toward the <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the United States in the Vietnam War">role of the U.S. in the Vietnam War</a>, the Weathermen meant it to be the largest protest of the decade. They had been told by their regional cadre to expect thousands to attend; however, when they arrived, they found only a few hundred people.<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a> in 2003, "The Days of Rage was an attempt to break from the norms of kind of acceptable theatre of 'here are the anti-war people: containable, marginal, predictable, and here's the little path they're going to march down, and here's where they can make their little statement.' We wanted to say, "No, what we're going to do is whatever we had to do to stop the violence in Vietnam.'"<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> The protests did not meet Ayers' stated expectations. Though the October 8, 1969, rally in Chicago had failed to draw as many as the Weathermen had anticipated, the two or three hundred who did attend shocked police by rioting through the affluent <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Historic_District_(Chicago)#Gold_Coast" title="Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)">Gold Coast neighborhood</a>. They smashed the windows of a bank and those of many cars. The crowd ran four blocks before encountering police barricades. They charged the police but broke into small groups; more than 1,000 police counter attacked. Many protesters were wearing motorcycle or football helmets, but the police were well trained and armed. Large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> were used, and at least twice police ran squad cars into the mob. The rioting lasted about half an hour, during which 28 policemen were injured. Six Weathermen were shot by the police and an unknown number injured; 68 rioters were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Jones-77">[77]</a> For the next two days, the Weathermen held no rallies or protests. Supporters of the RYM II movement, led by Klonsky and Noel Ignatin, held peaceful rallies in front of the federal courthouse, an International Harvester factory, and Cook County Hospital. The largest event of the Days of Rage took place on Friday, October 9, when RYM II led an interracial march of 2,000 people through a Spanish-speaking part of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Jones-77">[77]</a> On October 10, the Weatherman attempted to regroup and resume their demonstrations. About 300 protesters marched through <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">The Loop</a>, Chicago's main business district, watched by a double line of heavily armed police. The protesters suddenly broke through the police lines and rampaged through the Loop, smashing the windows of cars and stores. The police were prepared, and quickly isolated the rioters. Within 15 minutes, more than half the crowd had been arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Jones-77">[77]</a> The Days of Rage cost Chicago and the state of Illinois about $183,000 ($100,000 for National Guard expenses, $35,000 in damages, and $20,000 for one injured citizen's medical expenses). Most of the Weathermen and SDS leaders were now in jail, and the Weathermen would have to pay over $243,000 for their <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flint_War_Council">Flint War Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flint War Council">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flint_War_Council" title="Flint War Council">Flint War Council</a></div> The Flint War Council was a series of meetings of the Weather Underground Organization and associates in Flint, Michigan, that took place 27–31 December 1969.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> During these meetings, the decisions were made for the Weather Underground Organization to go underground<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004158-171-34">[34]</a> and to "engage in guerilla warfare against the U.S. government."<a href="#cite_note-foia.fbi.gov-79">[79]</a> This decision was made in response to increased pressure from law enforcement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs199741-43-80">[80]</a> and a belief that underground guerilla warfare was the best way to combat the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-foia.fbi.gov-79">[79]</a> During a closed-door meeting of the Weather Underground's leadership, the decision was also taken to abolish Students for a Democratic Society.<a href="#cite_note-Rudd,_M._2009-81">[81]</a> This decision reflected the splintering of SDS into hostile rival factions.<a href="#cite_note-Rudd,_M._2009-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_City_arson_attacks">New York City arson attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New York City arson attacks">edit</a>]</div> On February 21, 1970, at around 4:30 a.m., three gasoline-filled <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> exploded in front of the home of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> Justice John M. Murtagh, who was presiding over the pretrial hearings of the so-called "Panther 21" members of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> over a plot to bomb New York landmarks and department stores.<a href="#cite_note-Murtagh-82">[82]</a> Justice Murtagh and his family were unharmed, but two panes of a front window were shattered, an overhanging wooden eave was scorched, and the paint on a car in the garage was charred.<a href="#cite_note-Murtagh-82">[82]</a> "Free the Panther 21" and "<a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> have won" were written in large red letters on the sidewalk in front of the judge's house at 529 W. 217th Street in the <a href="/wiki/Inwood,_Manhattan" title="Inwood, Manhattan">Inwood</a> neighborhood of Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-Murtagh-82">[82]</a> The judge's house had been under hourly police surveillance and an unidentified woman called the police a few minutes before the explosions to report several prowlers there, which resulted in a police car being sent immediately to the scene.<a href="#cite_note-Murtagh-82">[82]</a> In the preceding hours, Molotov cocktails had been thrown at the second floor of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s International Law Library at 434 W. 116th Street and at a police car parked across the street from the Charles Street police station in the <a href="/wiki/West_Village" title="West Village">West Village</a> in Manhattan, and at Army and Navy recruiting booths on Nostrand Avenue on the eastern fringe of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> campus in Brooklyn, causing no or minimal damage in incidents of unknown relation to that at Judge Murtagh's home.<a href="#cite_note-Murtagh-82">[82]</a> According to the December 6, 1970, "New Morning—Changing Weather" Weather Underground communiqué signed by <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson" title="Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson">Cathy Wilkerson</a>'s 2007 memoir, the fire-bombing of Judge Murtagh's home, in solidarity with the Panther 21, was carried out by four members of the New York cell that was devastated two weeks later by the March 6, 1970 townhouse explosion.<a href="#cite_note-New_Morning-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diana-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seedman-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997125-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006340-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkerson-21">[21]</a>: 324–325  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion">Greenwich Village townhouse explosion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" title="Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">Greenwich Village townhouse explosion</a></div> Weather Underground members <a href="/wiki/Diana_Oughton" title="Diana Oughton">Diana Oughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson" title="Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson">Cathy Wilkerson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Boudin" title="Kathy Boudin">Kathy Boudin</a> were making bombs in a <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> townhouse on March 6, 1970, when one of the bombs detonated. Oughton, Gold, and Robbins were killed; Wilkerson and Boudin escaped unharmed. These bombs were made to target a Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) dance at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dix" title="Fort Dix">Fort Dix</a>, which would be attended by non-commissioned officers and their companions, as well as <a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a> at Columbia University.<a href="#cite_note-djwnyt82403-3">[3]</a> An FBI report stated that they had enough explosives to "level… both sides of the street".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Weather Underground leadership members Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn, and Jeff Jones claimed the planned bombings of the Fort Dix NCO dance and Columbia University building were a rogue operation led by more extreme Greenwich Village townhouse residents, Ayers singling out Terry Robbins.<a href="#cite_note-ArthurEckstein1-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-interview-Burrough-91">[91]</a> However, later researchers concluded Weather Underground leaders planned and approved the bombings of an NCO dance, a Columbia University building, and several bombings in Detroit which were defused by the Detroit Police aided by informant <a href="/wiki/Larry_Grathwohl" title="Larry Grathwohl">Larry Grathwohl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArthurEckstein1-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArthurEckstein2-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-interview-Burrough-91">[91]</a> The site of the Village explosion was the former residence of <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles Merrill</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a> brokerage firm, and the childhood home of his son <a href="/wiki/James_Merrill" title="James Merrill">James Merrill</a>. James Merrill memorialized the event in his poem 18 West 11th Street, the address of the brownstone townhouse.<a href="#cite_note-GussowHouse-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underground_strategy_change">Underground strategy change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Underground strategy change">edit</a>]</div> After the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, per the December 1969 <a href="/wiki/Flint_War_Council" title="Flint War Council">Flint War Council</a> decisions the group was now well underground, and began to refer to themselves as the Weather Underground Organization. At this juncture, WUO shrank considerably, becoming even fewer than they had been when first formed. The group was devastated by the loss of their friends, and in late April 1970, members of the Weathermen met in California to discuss what had happened in New York and the future of the organization. In 2003, Weather Underground members stated in interviews that they had wanted to convince the American public that the United States was truly responsible for the calamity in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> The group began striking at night, bombing empty offices, with warnings always issued in advance to ensure a safe evacuation. According to <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a>, who took part in the <a href="/wiki/Brink%27s_robbery_(1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brink's robbery (1981)">1981 Brink's robbery</a> that killed two police officers and a Brink's guard, and was jailed for murder, "[their] goal was to not hurt any people, and a lot of work went into that. But we wanted to pick targets that showed to the public who was responsible for what was really going on."<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> After the Greenwich Village explosion, in a review of the documentary film <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Underground_(film)" title="The Weather Underground (film)">The Weather Underground</a> (2002), a <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> journalist restated the film's contention that no one was killed by WUO bombs.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-94">[94]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We were very careful from the moment of the townhouse on to be sure we weren't going to hurt anybody, and we never did hurt anybody. Whenever we put a bomb in a public space, we had figured out all kinds of ways to put checks and balances on the thing and also to get people away from it, and we were remarkably successful.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a>, 2003<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Declaration of war">edit</a>]</div> In response to the death of Black Panther members <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Clark_(Black_Panther)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Clark (Black Panther)">Mark Clark</a> in December 1969 during a police raid, on May 21, 1970, the Weather Underground issued a "Declaration of War" against the United States government, using for the first time its new name, the "Weather Underground Organization" (WUO), adopting fake identities, and pursuing <a href="/wiki/Covert" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert">covert</a> activities only. These initially included preparations for a bombing of a U.S. military non-commissioned officers' dance at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dix" title="Fort Dix">Fort Dix</a>, New Jersey, in what <a href="/wiki/Brian_Flanagan" title="Brian Flanagan">Brian Flanagan</a> said had been intended to be "the most horrific hit the United States government had ever suffered on its territory".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We've known that our job is to lead white kids into armed revolution. We never intended to spend the next five to twenty-five years of our lives in jail. Ever since SDS became revolutionary, we've been trying to show how it is possible to overcome frustration and impotence that comes from trying to reform this system. Kids know the lines are drawn: revolution is touching all of our lives. Tens of thousands have learned that protest and marches don't do it. Revolutionary violence is the only way.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Bernardine Dohrn subsequently stated that it was <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a>'s death that prompted the Weather Underground to declare war on the U.S. government. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We felt that the murder of Fred required us to be more grave, more serious, more determined to raise the stakes and not just be the white people who wrung their hands when black people were being murdered.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bernardine Dohrn<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In December 1969, the Chicago Police Department, in conjunction with the FBI, conducted a raid on the home of <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a> Fred Hampton, in which he and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Clark_(Black_Panther)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Clark (Black Panther)">Mark Clark</a> were killed, with four of the seven other people in the apartment wounded. The survivors of the raid were all charged with assault and attempted murder. The police claimed they shot in self-defense, although a controversy arose when the Panthers, other activists and a Chicago newspaper reporter presented visual evidence, as well as the testimony of an FBI ballistics expert, showing that the sleeping Panthers were not <a href="/wiki/Resisting_arrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Resisting arrest">resisting arrest</a> and fired only one shot, as opposed to the more than one hundred the police fired into the apartment. The charges were later dropped, and the families of the dead won a $1.8 million settlement from the government. It was discovered in 1971 that Hampton had been targeted by the FBI's <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> True to Dohrn's words, this single event, in the continuing string of public killings of black leaders of any political stripe, was the trigger that pushed a large number of Weatherman and other students who had just attended the last SDS national convention months earlier to go underground and develop its logistical support network nationally. On May 21, 1970, a communiqué from the Weather Underground was issued promising to attack a "symbol or institution of American injustice" within two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974661-99">[99]</a> The communiqué included taunts towards the FBI, daring them to try to find the group, whose members were spread throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Many leftist organizations showed curiosity in the communiqué, and waited to see if the act would in fact occur. However, two weeks would pass without any occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Then on June 9, 1970, their first publicly acknowledged bombing occurred at a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> police station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974648-102">[102]</a> The FBI placed the Weather Underground organization on the ten most-wanted list by the end of 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity_in_1970">Activity in 1970</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Activity in 1970">edit</a>]</div> On June 9, 1970, a bomb made with ten sticks of dynamite exploded in the <a href="/wiki/240_Centre_Street" title="240 Centre Street">240 Centre Street</a> headquarters of the New York City Police Department. The explosion was preceded by a warning about six minutes prior to the detonation and was followed by a WUO claim of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On July 23, 1970, a Detroit federal grand jury indicted 13 Weathermen members in a national bombing conspiracy, along with several unnamed co-conspirators. Ten of the thirteen already had outstanding federal warrants.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In September 1970, the group accepted a $20,000 payment from the largest international <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic drugs">psychedelic drug</a> distribution organization, called <a href="/wiki/The_Brotherhood_of_Eternal_Love" title="The Brotherhood of Eternal Love">The Brotherhood of Eternal Love</a>, to break <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> out of a California prison in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California" title="San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> and transport him and his wife to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, where Leary joined <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a>. In October 1970, <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a> was put on the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives,_1970s" title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1970s">FBI's Ten Most Wanted List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Capitol_bombing">United States Capitol bombing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States Capitol bombing">edit</a>]</div> On March 1, 1971, members of the Weather Underground set off a bomb on the Senate side of the United States Capitol. While the bomb smashed windows and caused hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of damage, there were no casualties.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentagon_bombing">Pentagon bombing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pentagon bombing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Searching_for_Clues_After_Blast_in_Pentagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Searching_for_Clues_After_Blast_in_Pentagon.jpg/250px-Searching_for_Clues_After_Blast_in_Pentagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Searching_for_Clues_After_Blast_in_Pentagon.jpg/375px-Searching_for_Clues_After_Blast_in_Pentagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/Searching_for_Clues_After_Blast_in_Pentagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Investigators search for clues after the May 19, 1972 Weatherman bombing of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a></figcaption></figure> On May 19, 1972, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>'s birthday, the Weather Underground placed a bomb in the women's bathroom in the Air Force wing of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>. The damage caused flooding that destroyed computer tapes holding classified information. Other radical groups worldwide applauded the bombing, illustrated by German youths protesting against American military systems in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This was "in retaliation for the U.S. bombing raid in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006330-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_of_charges">Withdrawal of charges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Withdrawal of charges">edit</a>]</div> In 1973, the government requested dropping charges against most of the WUO members. The requests cited a recent decision by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> that barred electronic surveillance without a court order. This Supreme Court decision would hamper any prosecution of the WUO cases. In addition, the government did not want to reveal foreign intelligence secrets that a trial would require.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Bernardine Dohrn was removed from the FBI's Ten Most Wanted List on 7 December 1973.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> As with the earlier federal grand juries that subpoenaed Leslie Bacon and <a href="/wiki/Stew_Albert" title="Stew Albert">Stew Albert</a> in the U.S. Capitol bombing case, these investigations were known as "fishing expeditions", with the evidence gathered through <a href="/wiki/Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">"black bag"</a> jobs including illegal mail openings that involved the FBI and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>, burglaries by FBI field offices, and electronic surveillance by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> against the support network, friends, and family members of the Weather Underground as part of Nixon's <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> These grand juries caused Sylvia Jane Brown, Robert Gelbhard, and future members of the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Weather_Collective" title="Seattle Weather Collective">Seattle Weather Collective</a> to be subpoenaed in Seattle and Portland for the investigation of one of the first (and last) captured WUO members. Four months afterwards the cases were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The decisions in these cases led directly to the subsequent resignation of FBI Director, <a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a>, and the federal indictments of W. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> or "Deep Throat" and Edwin Miller and which, earlier, was the factor leading to the removal of federal "most-wanted" status against members of the Weather Underground leadership in 1973. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prairie_Fire">Prairie Fire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prairie Fire">edit</a>]</div> With the help of <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Van_Lydegraf" title="Clayton Van Lydegraf">Clayton Van Lydegraf</a>, the Weather Underground sought a more <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideological approach to the post-Vietnam reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1971-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The leading members of the Weather Underground (Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn, Jeff Jones, and Celia Sojourn) collaborated on ideas and published a manifesto: Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The name came from a quote by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, "a single spark can set a prairie fire." By the summer of 1974, five thousand copies had surfaced in coffee houses, bookstores and public libraries across the U.S. Leftist newspapers praised the manifesto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004292-298-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a> publicly praised Prairie Fire and believed every American should be given a copy.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The manifesto's influence initiated the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Fire_Organizing_Committee" title="Prairie Fire Organizing Committee">Prairie Fire Organizing Committee</a> in several American cities. Hundreds of above-ground activists helped further the new political vision of the Weather Underground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004292-298-116">[116]</a> Essentially, after the 1969 failure of the Days of Rage to involve thousands of youths in massive street fighting, Weather renounced most of the Left and decided to operate as an isolated underground group. Prairie Fire urged people to never "dissociate mass struggle from revolutionary violence". To do so, asserted Weather, was to do the state's work. Just as in 1969–1970, Weather still refused to renounce revolutionary violence for "to leave people unprepared to fight the state is to seriously mislead them about the inevitable nature of what lies ahead". However, the decision to build only an underground group caused the Weather Underground to lose sight of its commitment to mass struggle and made future alliances with the mass movement difficult and tenuous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs197176-77-118">[118]</a> By 1974, Weather had recognized this shortcoming and in Prairie Fire detailed a different strategy for the 1970s which demanded both mass and clandestine organizations. The role of a clandestine organization would be to build the "consciousness of action" and prepare the way for the development of a people's militia. Concurrently, the role of the mass movement (i.e., above-ground Prairie Fire collective) would include support for, and encouragement of, armed action. Such an alliance would, according to Weather, "help create the 'sea' for the guerrillas to swim in".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs197176-77-118">[118]</a> According to Bill Ayers, writing in 2001, by the late 1970s, the Weatherman group had further split into two factions—the <a href="/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization" title="May 19th Communist Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</a> and the Prairie Fire Collective—with Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers in the latter. The Prairie Fire Collective favored coming out of hiding and establishing an above-ground revolutionary mass movement. With most WUO members facing limited criminal charges (most charges had been dropped by the government in 1973) against them creating an above-ground organization was more feasible. The May 19 Communist Organization continued in hiding as the clandestine organization. A decisive factor in Dohrn's coming out of hiding was her concerns about her children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers2008-119">[119]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Prairie Fire Collective faction started to surrender to the authorities from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The remaining Weather Underground members continued to attack U.S. institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: COINTELPRO">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event">Event</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Event">edit</a>]</div> In April 1971, the "<a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Commission_to_Investigate_the_FBI" title="Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI">Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI</a>" broke into an FBI office in <a href="/wiki/Media,_Pennsylvania" title="Media, Pennsylvania">Media, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The group stole files with several hundred pages. The files detailed the targeting of civil rights leaders, labor rights organizations, and left-wing groups in general, and included documentation of acts of intimidation and disinformation by the FBI and attempts to erode public support for those popular movements. By the end of April, the FBI offices were to terminate all files dealing with leftist groups.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The files were part of an FBI program called COINTELPRO.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> After COINTELPRO was dissolved in 1971 by J. Edgar Hoover,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> the FBI continued its counterintelligence on groups like the Weather Underground. In 1973, the FBI established the "Special Target Information Development" program, where agents were sent undercover to penetrate the Weather Underground. Due to the illegal tactics of FBI agents involved with the program, government attorneys requested all weapons- and bomb-related charges be dropped against the Weather Underground. The most well-publicized of these tactics were the "<a href="/wiki/Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">black-bag jobs</a>," referring to searches conducted in the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weatherman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004292-298-116">[116]</a> The Weather Underground was no longer a fugitive organization and could turn themselves in with minimal charges against them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004292-298-116">[116]</a> Additionally, the illegal domestic spying conducted by the CIA in collaboration with the FBI also lessened the legal repercussions for Weatherman turning themselves in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004292-298-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigation_and_trial">Investigation and trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Investigation and trial">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> revealed the FBI's illegal activities, many agents were investigated. In 1976, former FBI Associate Director W. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and that individual agents were merely obeying orders and should not be punished for it. Felt also stated that acting Director <a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a> had also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the CBS television program Face the Nation that he would probably be a "<a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a>" for the Bureau's work.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow," he said on the program. While admitting the break-ins were "extralegal," he justified it as protecting the "greater good." Felt said, "To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation." The Attorney General in the new <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a>, investigated, and on April 10, 1978, a federal grand jury charged Felt, <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Miller" title="Edward S. Miller">Edward S. Miller</a>, and Gray with conspiracy to violate the constitutional rights of American citizens by searching their homes without warrants. The case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government for lack of evidence on December 11, 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1971-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The indictment charged violations of Title 18, Section 241 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>. The indictment charged Felt and the others "did unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to injure and oppress citizens of the United States who were relatives and acquaintances of the Weatherman fugitives, in the free exercise and enjoyments of certain rights and privileges secured to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants—a violation of 18 U.S.C. sec. 2236—but the government rejected the offer in 1979. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to trial in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a> on September 18, 1980.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On October 29, former President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> appeared as a rebuttal witness for the defense, and testified that presidents since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> had authorized the bureau to engage in break-ins while conducting foreign intelligence and counterespionage investigations.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> It was Nixon's first courtroom appearance since his resignation in 1974. Nixon also contributed money to Felt's legal defense fund, with Felt's legal expenses running over $600,000. Also testifying were former Attorneys General <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Herbert Brownell Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Kleindienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard G. Kleindienst">Richard G. Kleindienst</a>, all of whom said warrantless searches in <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> matters were commonplace and not understood to be illegal, but Mitchell and Kleindienst denied they had authorized any of the break-ins at issue in the trial. The jury returned guilty verdicts on November 6, 1980. Although the charge carried a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison, Felt was fined $5,000. (Miller was fined $3,500.)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> a week after the conviction, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Roy Cohn</a> claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the Carter administration and that it was an unfair prosecution. Cohn wrote it was the "final dirty trick" and that there had been no "personal motive" for their actions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The Times</a> saluted the convictions, saying that it showed "the case has established that zeal is no excuse for violating the Constitution".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Felt and Miller appealed the verdict, and they were later pardoned by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dissolution">edit</a>]</div> Despite the change in their legal status, the Weather Underground remained underground for a few more years. However, by 1976 the organization was disintegrating. The Weather Underground held a conference in Chicago called Hard Times. The idea was to create an umbrella organization for all radical groups. However, the event turned sour when Hispanic and Black groups accused the Weather Underground and the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Fire_Organizing_Committee" title="Prairie Fire Organizing Committee">Prairie Fire</a> Committee of limiting their roles in racial issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004292-298-116">[116]</a> The Weather Underground faced accusations of abandonment of the revolution by reversing their original ideology. The conference increased divisions within the Weather Underground. East coast members favored a commitment to violence and challenged the commitments of old leaders, <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jones_(activist)" title="Jeff Jones (activist)">Jeff Jones</a>. These older members found they were no longer liable for federal prosecution because of illegal wire taps and the government's unwillingness to reveal sources and methods favored a strategy of inversion where they would be above-ground "revolutionary leaders". Jeremy Varon argues that by 1977 the WUO had disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004292-298-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Steen" title="Matthew Steen">Matthew Steen</a> appeared on the lead segment of CBS's 60 Minutes in 1976 and was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> about the ease of creating fake identification, the first ex-Weatherman interview on national television.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-babel.hathitrust.org-133">[133]</a> (The House document has the date wrong, it aired February 1, 1976, and the title was Fake ID.) The federal government estimated that only 38 Weathermen had gone underground in 1970, though the estimates varied widely, according to a variety of official and unofficial sources, as between 50 and 600 members. Most modern sources lean towards a much larger number than the FBI reference.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> An FBI estimate in 1976, or slightly later, of the current membership was down to 30 or fewer.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plot_to_bomb_the_office_of_a_California_State_Senator">Plot to bomb the office of a California State Senator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Plot to bomb the office of a California State Senator">edit</a>]</div> In November 1977, five WUO members were arrested on conspiracy to bomb the office of California State Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Briggs_(politician)" title="John Briggs (politician)">John Briggs</a>. It was later revealed that the Revolutionary Committee and the PFOC had both been infiltrated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> for almost six years. FBI agents Richard J. Gianotti and William D. Reagan lost their cover in November when federal judges needed their testimony to issue warrants for the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Van_Lydegraf" title="Clayton Van Lydegraf">Clayton Van Lydegraf</a> and four Weather people. The arrests were the results of the infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-g38-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> WUO members Judith Bissell, Thomas Justesen, Leslie Mullin, and Marc Curtis pleaded guilty while Van Lydegraf, who helped write the 1974 Prairie Fire Manifesto, went to trial.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Within two years, many members took advantage of President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s amnesty for draft dodgers by turning themselves in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Mark Rudd turned himself into authorities on January 20, 1978. Rudd was fined $4,000 and received two years' probation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers turned themselves in on December 3, 1980, in New York, with substantial media coverage. Charges were dropped for Ayers. Dohrn received three years' probation and a $15,000 fine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brink's_robbery">Brink's robbery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brink's robbery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brink%27s_robbery_(1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brink's robbery (1981)">Brink's robbery (1981)</a></div> Some members remained underground and joined splinter radical groups. The U.S. government states that years after the dissolution of the Weather Underground, three former members, <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Boudin" title="Kathy Boudin">Kathy Boudin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Alice_Clark" title="Judith Alice Clark">Judith Alice Clark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a>, joined the May 19 Communist Organization, and on October 20, 1981, in <a href="/wiki/Nanuet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanuet">Nanuet</a>, New York, the group helped the <a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Brink%27s_robbery_(1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brink's robbery (1981)">rob a Brink's armored truck</a> containing $1.6 million. The robbery resulted in a shootout and the deaths of Brink's Guard Peter Paige, Police Sergeant Edward O'Grady Jr., and Police Officer Waverly Brown, the first black police officer on the <a href="/wiki/Nyack,_New_York" title="Nyack, New York">Nyack</a> police force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="#cite_note-mark-gado-140">[140]</a> <a href="#cite_note-memorial-Grady-141">[141]</a> <a href="#cite_note-memorial-Waverly-142">[142]</a> Boudin, Clark, and Gilbert were found guilty and sentenced to lengthy terms in prison.<a href="#cite_note-mark-gado-140">[140]</a> Media reports listed them as former Weatherman Underground members<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> considered the "last gasps" of the Weather Underground.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The documentary The Weather Underground described the <a href="/wiki/Brink%27s_robbery_(1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brink's robbery (1981)">Brink's robbery</a> as the "unofficial end" of the Weather Underground.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-Lens-2010-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_19th_Communist_Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: May 19th Communist Organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization" title="May 19th Communist Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</a></div> The Weather Underground members who were involved in the <a href="/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization" title="May 19th Communist Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</a>'s alliance with the Black Liberation Army continued to perpetrate a series of jail breaks, armed robberies and bombings until 1985, when most of them were finally arrested and sentenced for their involvement in the Brink's robbery and the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case" title="Resistance Conspiracy case">Resistance Conspiracy case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coalitions_with_non-WUO_members">Coalitions with non-WUO members</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Coalitions with non-WUO members">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Right_and_the_WUO" title="Mother Right and the WUO">Mother Right and the WUO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Alpert" title="Jane Alpert">Jane Alpert</a></div> Throughout their years in the underground, the members of the Weather Underground worked closely with their counterparts in other organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Jane_Alpert" title="Jane Alpert">Jane Alpert</a>, to bring attention to their further actions to the press. She helped the Weathermen pursue their main goal of overthrowing the U.S. government through her writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert1981-146">[146]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, there were tensions within the organization, brought about by her famous manifesto, "<a href="/wiki/Mother_Right_and_the_WUO" title="Mother Right and the WUO">Mother Right</a>", that specifically called on the female members of the organization to focus on their own cause rather than anti-imperialist causes.<a href="#cite_note-alpert-147">[147]</a> Weather members then wrote in response to her manifesto. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Widely known members of the Weather Underground include <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Boudin" title="Kathy Boudin">Kathy Boudin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Sue_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Sue Evans">Linda Sue Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Flanagan" title="Brian Flanagan">Brian Flanagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Jaffe" title="Naomi Jaffe">Naomi Jaffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jones_(activist)" title="Jeff Jones (activist)">Jeff Jones</a>, Joe Kelly, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Oughton" title="Diana Oughton">Diana Oughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Raskin" title="Eleanor Raskin">Eleanor Raskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rudd" title="Mark Rudd">Mark Rudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Steen" title="Matthew Steen">Matthew Steen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Stern" title="Susan Stern">Susan Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Whitehorn" title="Laura Whitehorn">Laura Whitehorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Mann" title="Eric Mann">Eric Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson" title="Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson">Cathy Wilkerson</a>, and the married couple <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a>. The Weather Underground was referred to as a terrorist group by articles in The New York Times, United Press International, and Time Magazine.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The group fell under the jurisdiction of the FBI-New York City Police Anti-Terrorist Task Force, a forerunner of the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Forces. The FBI refers to the organization in a 2004 news story titled "Byte out of History" published on its website as having been a "domestic terrorist group" that is no longer an active concern.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Some members have disputed the "terrorist" categorization and justified the group's actions as an appropriate response to what they described as the "terrorist activities" of the war in Vietnam, domestic racism, and the deaths of black leaders.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Ayers objected to the description of the WUO as a terrorist organization in his 2001 book Fugitive Days. "Terrorists terrorize," he argues, "they kill innocent civilians, while we organized and agitated. Terrorists destroy randomly, while our actions bore, we hoped, the precise stamp of a cut diamond. Terrorists intimidate, while we aimed only to educate."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers2008263-153">[153]</a> Dan Berger asserts in Outlaws of America that the group "purposefully and successfully avoided injuring anyone" as an argument that their actions were not terrorism. "Its war against property by definition means that the WUO was not a terrorist organization."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006268-287-154">[154]</a> Others, however, have suggested that these arguments are specious. Former Weather Underground member <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rudd" title="Mark Rudd">Mark Rudd</a> admitted that the group intended to target people prior to the accidental explosion in the town house. "On the morning of March 6, 1970, three of my comrades were building pipe bombs packed with dynamite and nails, destined for a dance of non-commissioned officers and their dates at Fort Dix, New Jersey, that night."<a href="#cite_note-name-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Grand juries were convened in 2001 and 2009 to investigate whether Weather Underground was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Police_Department_Park_Station_bombing" title="San Francisco Police Department Park Station bombing">San Francisco Police Department Park Station bombing</a>, in which one officer was killed, one was maimed, and eight more were wounded by shrapnel from a pipe bomb. They ultimately concluded that members of the Black Liberation Army were responsible, with whom WUO members were affiliated. They were also responsible for the bombing of another police precinct in San Francisco, as well as bombing the Catholic Church funeral services of the police officer killed in the Park Precinct bombing in the early summer of 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Jamison-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Ayers said in a 2001 New York Times interview, "I don't regret setting bombs".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> He has since claimed that he was misquoted.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Mark Rudd teaches mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Central_New_Mexico_Community_College" title="Central New Mexico Community College">Central New Mexico Community College</a>, and he has said that he doesn't speak publicly about his experiences because he has "mixed feelings, guilt and shame". "These are things I am not proud of, and I find it hard to speak publicly about them and to tease out what was right from what was wrong."<a href="#cite_note-The_Weather_Underground-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">Domestic terrorism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_political_violence_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.">List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Weatherman_actions" title="List of Weatherman actions">List of Weatherman actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Weatherman_members" title="List of Weatherman members">List of Weatherman members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization" title="May 19th Communist Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osawatomie_(periodical)" title="Osawatomie (periodical)">Osawatomie (periodical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Radicalism in the United States">Radicalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case" title="Resistance Conspiracy case">Resistance Conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_videos">Films and videos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Films and videos">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_(1976_film)" title="Underground (1976 film)">Underground</a> (1976). Documentary directed by <a href="/wiki/Emile_de_Antonio" title="Emile de Antonio">Emile de Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell_Wexler" title="Haskell Wexler">Haskell Wexler</a> and Mary Lampson.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Underground_(film)" title="The Weather Underground (film)">The Weather Underground (2002 film)</a>, nominated for <a href="/wiki/76th_Academy_Awards" title="76th Academy Awards">2003 Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature#2000s" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Best Documentary Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Company_You_Keep_(film)" title="The Company You Keep (film)">The Company You Keep</a> (2012). Fiction directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrathwohlFrank1977110-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrathwohlFrank1977110_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrathwohlFrank1977">Grathwohl & Frank 1977</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrough2015-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrough2015_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrough2015">Burrough 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-djwnyt82403-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-djwnyt82403_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-djwnyt82403_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-djwnyt82403_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWakin2003" class="citation news cs1">Wakin, Daniel J. (August 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/24/nyregion/quieter-lives-for-60-s-militants-but-intensity-of-beliefs-hasn-t-faded.html">"Quieter Lives for 60's Militants, but Intensity of Beliefs Hasn't Faded"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved May 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.T.T.+OFFICE+HERE+DAMAGED+BY+BOMB%3B+Caller+Linked+Explosion+at+Latin-American+Section+to+%27Crimes+in+Chile%27+I.T.T.+Latin-American+Office+on+Madison+Ave.+Damaged+by+Bomb+Fire+in+Rome+Office+Bombing+on+the+Coast+Rally+the+Opponents&rft.date=1973-09-29&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0815FA3554137A93CBAB1782D85F478785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyersDohrnJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Bill; Dohrn, Bernardine; Jones, Jeff (January 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2OJhrWo6PcC&dq=itt+bomb+1973&pg=PT257">Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground 1970-1974</a>. Seven Stories Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-965-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-965-1"><bdi>978-1-58322-965-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sing+a+Battle+Song%3A+The+Revolutionary+Poetry%2C+Statements%2C+and+Communiques+of+the+Weather+Underground+1970-1974&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-965-1&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Dohrn%2C+Bernardine&rft.au=Jones%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2OJhrWo6PcC%26dq%3Ditt%2Bbomb%2B1973%26pg%3DPT257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit">The Weather Underground</a>. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit/page/n30">1</a>–2, 11–13. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weather+Underground.&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=1-2%2C+11-13&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatedepartmentb00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997_11-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1997">Jacobs 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/30/archives/weather-men-got-name-from-song-groups-latest-designation-is-weather.html">"WEATHERMEN GOT NAME FROM SONG"</a>. The New York Times. January 30, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WEATHERMEN+GOT+NAME+FROM+SONG.&rft.date=1975-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F01%2F30%2Farchives%2Fweather-men-got-name-from-song-groups-latest-designation-is-weather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200695-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200695_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2006">Berger 2006</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weatherman-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Weatherman_14-0">^</a> See document 5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevolutionary_Youth_Movement1969" class="citation web cs1">Revolutionary Youth Movement (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060328145901/http://martinrealm.org/documents/radical/sixties1.html">"You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinrealm.org/documents/radical/sixties1.html">the original</a> on March 28, 2006. Retrieved March 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+Don%27t+Need+a+Weatherman+to+Know+Which+Way+the+Wind+Blows&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Revolutionary+Youth+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartinrealm.org%2Fdocuments%2Fradical%2Fsixties1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Frost, Jennifer (2001). An Interracial Movement of the Poor: Community Organizing and the New Left in the 1960s. New York: New York University Press; Pg. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-toward_a_rym-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toward_a_rym_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toward_a_rym_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvestigations1969" class="citation book cs1">Investigations, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operations. Permanent Subcommittee on (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1BKAQAAIAAJ">Riots, Civil and Criminal Disorders: Hearings ... United States Senate, Ninetieth [-Ninety-first] Congress, First [-second] Session</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1BKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA3594">3594–3596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riots%2C+Civil+and+Criminal+Disorders%3A+Hearings+...+United+States+Senate%2C+Ninetieth+%26%2391%3B-Ninety-first%26%2393%3B+Congress%2C+First+%26%2391%3B-second%26%2393%3B+Session&rft.pages=3594-3596&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Investigations&rft.aufirst=United+States.+Congress.+Senate.+Committee+on+Government+Operations.+Permanent+Subcommittee+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1BKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974495-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974495_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSale1974">Sale 1974</a>, p. 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829033956/https://www.sds-1960s.org/sds_wuo/weather/weatherman_document.txt">"You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows"</a>. www.sds-1960s.org. SDS convention (1969). June 18, 1969. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sds-1960s.org/sds_wuo/weather/weatherman_document.txt">the original</a> on August 29, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sds-1960s.org&rft.atitle=You+Don%27t+Need+a+Weatherman+to+Know+Which+Way+the+Wind+Blows&rft.date=1969-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sds-1960s.org%2Fsds_wuo%2Fweather%2Fweatherman_document.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarin_AsbleyBill_AyersBernardine_DohrnJohn_Jacobs1969" class="citation book cs1">Karin Asbley; Bill Ayers; Bernardine Dohrn; John Jacobs; Jeff Jones; Gerry Long; Home Machtinger; Jim Mellen; Terry Robbins; Mark Rudd; Steve Tappis (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/YouDontNeedAWeathermanToKnowWhichWayTheWindBlows_925">You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows</a>. Weatherman. p. 28. Retrieved November 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Don%27t+Need+a+Weatherman+to+Know+Which+Way+the+Wind+Blows&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Weatherman&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Karin+Asbley&rft.au=Bill+Ayers&rft.au=Bernardine+Dohrn&rft.au=John+Jacobs&rft.au=Jeff+Jones&rft.au=Gerry+Long&rft.au=Home+Machtinger&rft.au=Jim+Mellen&rft.au=Terry+Robbins&rft.au=Mark+Rudd&rft.au=Steve+Tappis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FYouDontNeedAWeathermanToKnowWhichWayTheWindBlows_925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSale1974">Sale 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkerson-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkerson_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkerson_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkerson_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkerson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilkerson, C. 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English-Turkmen political dictionary. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/290644615">290644615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Turkmen+political+dictionary&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F290644615&rft.au=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%A0.+%D0%9A.+%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2004_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2004_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaron2004">Varon 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ThaiJones-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThaiJones_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThaiJones_27-1">b</a> Jones, A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbaum-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elbaum_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbaum_28-1">b</a> Elbaum, Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004160-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2004160_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaron2004">Varon 2004</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Good, "Brian Flanagan Speaks," Next Left Notes, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bingham2016-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Bingham2016_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClara_Bingham2016" class="citation book cs1">Clara Bingham (May 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZhVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR17">Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies, and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul</a>. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64474-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64474-3"><bdi>978-0-679-64474-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+to+the+Revolution%3A+Radicals%2C+Resisters%2C+Vets%2C+Hippies%2C+and+the+Year+America+Lost+Its+Mind+and+Found+Its+Soul&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64474-3&rft.au=Clara+Bingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZhVCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Pages 184 and 190, Rudd, Mark, My Life with SDS and the Weathermen Underground, William Morrow (2009), hardcover, 326 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147275-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147275-6">978-0-06-147275-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Pages 127 and 136 in the essay "1969" by Carl Oglesby in Weatherman, edited by Harold Jacobs, Ramparts Press (1970), trade paperback, 520 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3">0-671-20725-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20725-0">978-0-671-20725-0</a> Hardcover: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87867-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87867-001-7">0-87867-001-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7">978-0-87867-001-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004158-171-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2004158-171_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2004158-171_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaron2004">Varon 2004</a>, p. 158-171. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Page 40 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1a.pdf">You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows</a> This unabridged copy of You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows is part of an extensive <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> production made by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Page 41 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Weather%20Underground%20%28Weathermen%29/Weather%20Underground%20%28Weathermen%29%20Part%201%20of%206/view">FBI Files: Weatherman Underground Summary Dated 08/20/1976</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Pages 42 and 43 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1a.pdf">You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Page 46 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1a.pdf">You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://martinrealm.org/documents/radical/sixties1.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104100749/http://martinrealm.org/documents/radical/sixties1.html">Archived</a> November 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Pages 113 and 114, Flying Close to the Sun, Cathy Wilkerson, Seven Stories Press (2007), hardcover, 422 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8">978-1-58322-771-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Pages 39-49 in the essay "More on the Youth Movement" by Jim Mellen in Weatherman, edited by Harold Jacobs, Ramparts Press (1970), trade paperback, 520 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3">0-671-20725-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20725-0">978-0-671-20725-0</a> Hardcover: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87867-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87867-001-7">0-87867-001-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7">978-0-87867-001-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Pages 13 to 33, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1c.pdf">"Initiation of the Brigages" to "Influence of China"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Statements in Underground, a film by Emile de Antonio, Turin Film (1976) DVD Image Entertainment </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Braunstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Peter Braunstein (2004). The Sixties Chronicle. Legacy Publishing. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4127-1009-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4127-1009-X"><bdi>1-4127-1009-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties+Chronicle&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Legacy+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4127-1009-X&rft.au=Peter+Braunstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsserman2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Isserman, Maurice (January 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223212010/http://www.thenation.com/article/weather-reports">"Weather Reports"</a>. TheNation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/weather-reports">the original</a> on February 23, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheNation&rft.atitle=Weather+Reports&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fweather-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Lader, Lawrence. Power on the Left. (New York City: W W Norton, 1979.) 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Page 249, Bernardine Dorn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones, editors, Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, Seven Stories Press (September, 2006), trade paperback, 390 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58322-726-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58322-726-1">1-58322-726-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-726-8">978-1-58322-726-8</a> Reprinted from Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism: Political Statement of the Weather Underground </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Page 42 in the essay "More on the Youth Movement" by Jim Mellen in Weatherman, edited by Harold Jacobs, Ramparts Press (1970), trade paperback, 520 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3">0-671-20725-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-20725-0">978-0-671-20725-0</a> Hardcover: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87867-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87867-001-7">0-87867-001-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7">978-0-87867-001-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisheitMorn2018" class="citation book cs1">Weisheit, Ralph A.; Morn, Frank (November 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JDZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=weather+underground+overthrow+government&pg=PT173">Pursuing Justice: Traditional and Contemporary Issues in Our Communities and the World</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75339-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75339-8"><bdi>978-0-429-75339-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pursuing+Justice%3A+Traditional+and+Contemporary+Issues+in+Our+Communities+and+the+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75339-8&rft.aulast=Weisheit&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rft.au=Morn%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJDZ7DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dweather%2Bunderground%2Boverthrow%2Bgovernment%26pg%3DPT173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoomenPligt2015" class="citation book cs1">Koomen, Willem; Pligt, Joop Van Der (November 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5r4CgAAQBAJ&q=weather+underground+overthrow+government&pg=PA177">The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67703-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67703-1"><bdi>978-1-317-67703-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Radicalization+and+Terrorism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-67703-1&rft.aulast=Koomen&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Pligt%2C+Joop+Van+Der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5r4CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dweather%2Bunderground%2Boverthrow%2Bgovernment%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997135-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997135_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997135_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997135_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1997">Jacobs 1997</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarolds1970" class="citation book cs1">Harolds, Jacob (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weatherman00jaco/page/113">Weatherman</a>. Ramparts Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weatherman00jaco/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20725-3"><bdi>0-671-20725-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weatherman&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Ramparts+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-671-20725-3&rft.aulast=Harolds&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweatherman00jaco%2Fpage%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Page 7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1a.pdf">You Don't Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006272-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2006272_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2006">Berger 2006</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Christensen, Mark. Acid Christ: Ken Kesey, LSD and the Politics of Ecstasy. IPG, 2010, p.264 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Stine, Peter, ed. The sixties. Wayne State University Press, 1995, p.222 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron200457-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron200457_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaron2004">Varon 2004</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckstein201676-77-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckstein201676-77_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckstein201676-77_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckstein2016">Eckstein 2016</a>, p. 76-77. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Pages 266 to 282, <a href="/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson" title="Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson">Cathy Wilkerson</a>, Flying Close to the Sun: My Life and Times as a Weatherman, Seven Stories Press (2007), hardcover, 422 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8">978-1-58322-771-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Page 110, Staughton Lynd, "From Here to There: The Staughton Lynd Reader", PM Press (2010), paperback, 305 pages </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron200457-60-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron200457-60_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaron2004">Varon 2004</a>, p. 57-60. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Pages 352 and 353, <a href="/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson" title="Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson">Cathy Wilkerson</a>, Flying Close to the Sun: My Life and Times as a Weatherman, Seven Stories Press (2007), hardcover, 422 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8">978-1-58322-771-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron200459-60-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron200459-60_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaron2004">Varon 2004</a>, p. 59-60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayers-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Ayers_64-0">^</a> Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers. and Jeff Jones, editors (2006). Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970-1974. New York: Seven Stories Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58322-726-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58322-726-1">1-58322-726-1</a>. p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-65"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/weatherunderground">"The Weather Underground"</a>. Pbs.org. Independent Lens. 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Outlaw woman: a memoir of the war years, 1960-1975. San Francisco, CA. City Lights: 2001. p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006113-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2006113_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2006">Berger 2006</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaron2004174-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaron2004174_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaron2004">Varon 2004</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006148-154-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2006148-154_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2006">Berger 2006</a>, p. 148-154. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501192936/http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/epilogue/toServeAndProtect/monumentOnTheMove.htm">"To Serve and Protect"</a>. Chicagohistory.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/epilogue/toServeAndProtect/monumentOnTheMove.htm">the original</a> on May 1, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Serve+and+Protect&rft.pub=Chicagohistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagohistory.org%2Fdramas%2Fepilogue%2FtoServeAndProtect%2FmonumentOnTheMove.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avrich431-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avrich431_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avrich431_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avrich431_74-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich" class="citation book cs1">Avrich. The Haymarket Tragedy. p. 431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haymarket+Tragedy&rft.pages=431&rft.au=Avrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Adelman. Haymarket Revisited, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation book cs1">Green, James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinhaymarket00gree">Death in the Haymarket</a>. Pantheon Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinhaymarket00gree/page/316">316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42237-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-42237-4"><bdi>0-375-42237-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Haymarket&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-375-42237-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathinhaymarket00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_77-2">c</a> Jones, A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1976) Weather underground organization. Retrieved [from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/weather.htm">http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/weather.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312225151/http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/weather.htm">Archived</a> March 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Foia.fbi.gov], pgs. 382–383 </li> <li id="cite_note-foia.fbi.gov-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foia.fbi.gov_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foia.fbi.gov_79-1">b</a> Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1976). Weather underground organization. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/weather.htm">Foia.fbi.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312225151/http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/weather.htm">Archived</a> March 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pgs. 382-383 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs199741-43-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs199741-43_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1997">Jacobs 1997</a>, p. 41-43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudd,_M._2009-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudd,_M._2009_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudd,_M._2009_81-1">b</a> Rudd, M. (2009). Underground: my life with sds and the weatherman. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pgs. 185-193. </li> <li id="cite_note-Murtagh-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murtagh_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murtagh_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murtagh_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murtagh_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murtagh_82-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterDembart1970" class="citation news cs1">Cotter, Joseph P.; Dembart, Lee (February 21, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/B%20Disk/Blacks%20Miscellaneous/056.pdf">"Four bombs at Murtagh home; Panther hearing judge"</a> (PDF). New York Post. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Four+bombs+at+Murtagh+home%3B+Panther+hearing+judge&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1970-02-21&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft.au=Dembart%2C+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk.hood.edu%2FCollection%2FWeisberg%2520Subject%2520Index%2520Files%2FB%2520Disk%2FBlacks%2520Miscellaneous%2F056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlmutter1970" class="citation news cs1">Perlmutter, Emanuel (February 22, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/22/archives/justice-murtaghs-home-target-of-3-fire-bombs-judges-home-target-of.html">"Justice Murtagh's home target of 3 fire bombs"</a>. The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Murtagh%27s+home+target+of+3+fire+bombs&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1970-02-22&rft.aulast=Perlmutter&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F02%2F22%2Farchives%2Fjustice-murtaghs-home-target-of-3-fire-bombs-judges-home-target-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19700224-01.2.3&srpos=&dliv=none&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN-----">"Police investigate Law firebombing"</a>. Columbia Daily Spectator. February 24, 1970. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Daily+Spectator&rft.atitle=Police+investigate+Law+firebombing&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1970-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcolumbia%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dcs19700224-01.2.3%26srpos%3D%26dliv%3Dnone%26e%3D-------en-20--1--txt-IN-----&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Morning-83"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Morning_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeather_UndergroundDohrn1970" class="citation book cs1">Weather Underground; Dohrn, Bernardine (December 6, 1970). "New Morning—Changing Weather". In Ayers, Bill; Dohrn, Bernardine; Jones, Jeff (eds.). Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970–1974. New York: Seven Stories Press (published 2006). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2OJhrWo6PcC&pg=PT190">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-726-8"><bdi>978-1-58322-726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Morning%E2%80%94Changing+Weather&rft.btitle=Sing+a+Battle+Song%3A+The+Revolutionary+Poetry%2C+Statements%2C+and+Communiqu%C3%A9s+of+the+Weather+Underground%2C+1970%E2%80%931974&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=1970-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-726-8&rft.au=Weather+Underground&rft.au=Dohrn%2C+Bernardine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diana-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Diana_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1971" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Thomas (1971). Diana: The Making of a Terrorist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-12375-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-12375-5"><bdi>0-395-12375-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diana%3A+The+Making+of+a+Terrorist&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-395-12375-5&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seedman-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Seedman_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeedmanHellman1974" class="citation book cs1">Seedman, Albert; Hellman, Peter (1974). Chief!. New York: Arthur Fields Books. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-63004-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-63004-X"><bdi>0-525-63004-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief%21&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Arthur+Fields+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-525-63004-X&rft.aulast=Seedman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Hellman%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997125-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs1997125_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1997">Jacobs 1997</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006340-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2006340_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2006">Berger 2006</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Barber_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2006" class="citation book cs1">Barber, David (2006). "Leading the Vanguard: White New Leftists School the Panthers on Black Revolution". In Lazerow, Jama; Williams, Yohuru (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822338901/page/243">In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement</a>. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822338901/page/243">243</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mi2G28ZcmvsC&pg=PA250">250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3837-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-3837-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leading+the+Vanguard%3A+White+New+Leftists+School+the+Panthers+on+Black+Revolution&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Black+Panther+Party%3A+New+Perspectives+on+a+Revolutionary+Movement&rft.place=Durham%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=243%2C+250&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3837-6&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780822338901%2Fpage%2F243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Frank2002" class="citation news cs1">Michael Frank (May 10, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/10/arts/my-manhattan-this-side-of-heaven-please-in-the-village.html">"MY MANHATTAN; This Side of Heaven, Please, in the Village"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MY+MANHATTAN%3B+This+Side+of+Heaven%2C+Please%2C+in+the+Village&rft.date=2002-05-10&rft.au=Michael+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F05%2F10%2Farts%2Fmy-manhattan-this-side-of-heaven-please-in-the-village.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArthurEckstein1-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArthurEckstein1_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArthurEckstein1_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Eckstein2013" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Arthur Eckstein (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFVORAsspf8&t=1315">The Way the Wind Actually Blew: Weatherman Underground Terrorism and the Counterculture, 1969-1971</a>. www.youtube.com. WoodrowWilsonCenter. Event occurs at 22:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230603234320/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFVORAsspf8">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Way+the+Wind+Actually+Blew%3A+Weatherman+Underground+Terrorism+and+the+Counterculture%2C+1969-1971&rft.pub=WoodrowWilsonCenter&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Arthur+Eckstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoFVORAsspf8%26t%3D1315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-interview-Burrough-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-interview-Burrough_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR-interview-Burrough_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Burrough2015" class="citation interview cs1">Bryan Burrough (April 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/04/05/396359930/explosive-protests-u-s-bombings-during-days-of-rage">"Explosive Protests: U.S. Bombings During 'Days Of Rage'"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by NPR Staff. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230604213721/https://www.npr.org/2015/04/05/396359930/explosive-protests-u-s-bombings-during-days-of-rage">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2023. <q>Especially when you look at the Weather Underground the myth has arisen, largely propagated by alumni of the Weather Underground, that they never intended to hurt a soul; that they only bombed ... symbols of American power. In fact I think I show persuasively through on-the-record interviews with former Weatherman leaders that the first 90 days up until that explosion, it's very clear now that they had intended to kill — not just anyone, but their intent was to kill policemen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explosive+Protests%3A+U.S.+Bombings+During+%27Days+Of+Rage%27&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2015-04-05&rft.au=Bryan+Burrough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F04%2F05%2F396359930%2Fexplosive-protests-u-s-bombings-during-days-of-rage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArthurEckstein2-92"><a href="#cite_ref-ArthurEckstein2_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Eckstein2013" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Arthur Eckstein (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFVORAsspf8&t=2181">The Way the Wind Actually Blew: Weatherman Underground Terrorism and the Counterculture, 1969-1971</a>. www.youtube.com. WoodrowWilsonCenter. Event occurs at 36:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230603234320/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFVORAsspf8">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Way+the+Wind+Actually+Blew%3A+Weatherman+Underground+Terrorism+and+the+Counterculture%2C+1969-1971&rft.pub=WoodrowWilsonCenter&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Arthur+Eckstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoFVORAsspf8%26t%3D2181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GussowHouse-93"><a href="#cite_ref-GussowHouse_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel_Gussow2005" class="citation news cs1">Mel Gussow (March 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E4DB1638F936A35750C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"The House On West 11th Street"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+House+On+West+11th+Street&rft.date=2005-03-05&rft.au=Mel+Gussow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C02E4DB1638F936A35750C0A9669C8B63%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-94"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Patterson2003" class="citation web cs1">John Patterson (July 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,990399,00.html">"All the rage"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=All+the+rage&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.au=John+Patterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilm.guardian.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturepages%2F0%2C%2C990399%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114020010/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03%2F08%2F21%2F1441247">"Ex-Weather Underground Member Kathy Boudin Granted Parole"</a>. Democracy Now!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/08/21/1441247">the original</a> on November 14, 2007. 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Newton Story - People - Other Players - PBS"</a>. Pbs.org. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Huey+P.+Newton+Story+-+People+-+Other+Players+-+PBS&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fhueypnewton%2Fpeople%2Fpeople_other.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301134853/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/17_panthers.html">"American Experience"</a>. Pbs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/17_panthers.html">the original</a> on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Feyesontheprize%2Fstory%2F17_panthers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974661-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974661_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSale1974">Sale 1974</a>, p. 661. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Harold Jacobs ed., Weatherman, (Ramparts Press, 1970), 508-511. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Harold Jacobs ed., Weatherman, (Ramparts Press, 1970), 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESale1974648-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESale1974648_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSale1974">Sale 1974</a>, p. 648. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit">The Weather Underground</a>. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit/page/n33">31</a>–32. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weather+Underground&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatedepartmentb00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit">The Weather Underground</a>. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit/page/n33">32</a>, 131–132. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weather+Underground.&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=32%2C+131-132&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatedepartmentb00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit">The Weather Underground</a>. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1975. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit/page/n33">36</a>. 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Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+history+of+attacks+on+the+U.S.+Capitol%2C+44+years+after+the+Weather+Underground+bombing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2015%2F03%2F02%2Fa-look-at-the-history-of-attacks-in-the-u-s-capitol-44-years-after-the-weather-underground-bombing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006330-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2006330_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2006">Berger 2006</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartmentb00unit">The Weather Underground</a>. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 40, 47, 65–65, 111–112. Retrieved December 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weather+Underground.&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=40%2C+47%2C+65-65%2C+111-112&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatedepartmentb00unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohrn" class="citation web cs1">Dohrn, Bernardine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013164420/https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/ten-most-wanted-fugitives-faq/">"FBI "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" Program Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Wayback Machine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/ten-most-wanted-fugitives-faq/">the original</a> on October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayback+Machine&rft.atitle=FBI+%22Ten+Most+Wanted+Fugitives%22+Program+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.aulast=Dohrn&rft.aufirst=Bernardine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fwanted%2Ftopten%2Ften-most-wanted-fugitives-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">U.S. Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on Illegal Domestic Intelligence Gathering Activities (1974) ["Church Committee"].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Select+Committee+on+Intelligence%2C+Report+on+Illegal+Domestic+Intelligence+Gathering+Activities+%281974%29+%5B%22Church+Committee%22%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/465/371/290087/">"In the Matter of Sylvia Jane Brown, a Witness Before The United States Grand Jury, Appellant, v. 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Pittsburgh: Know, Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> No byline, UPI wire story, "Weathermen Got Name From Song: Groups Latest Designation Is Weather Underground", as published in The New York Times, January 30, 1975; Montgomery, Paul L., "Guilty Plea Entered in 'Village' Bombing: Cathy Wilkerson Could Be Given Probation or Up to 7 Years", article, The New York Times, July 19, 1980: "the terrorist Weather Underground"; Powers, Thomas, and Franks, Lucinda, "Diana: The Making of a Terrorist," UPI, news feature series and winner of the Pulitzer Prize; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hgsLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v1EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=953,4459764">September 23, 1970</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ggsLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v1EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=847,4160388">September 17, 1970</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hQsLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v1EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=898,4393226">September 21, 1970</a>; Ayers, Bill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billayers.wordpress.com/2006/04/20/weather-underground-redux/">"Weather Underground Redux"</a>, post April 20, 2006, "Bill Ayers" blog, retrieved September 21, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFtYAAAAMAAJ&q=Weatherman+terrorist">The New Encyclopædia Britannica: in 32 Volumes by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.</a>, 1998, p 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Mehnert, Klaus, "Twilight of the Young, The Radical Movements of the 1960s and Their Legacy," Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977, page 47; Martin, Gus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?XdXpn6NH2GcC&pg=PA437&dq=Weatherman+terrorist&ei=QdjBSKylEIjcygS0yMSNDg&sig=ACfU3U3BaLaAHwZCo4EAK0J8mH5zCHVzcQ">"Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues"</a>; Pruthi, R.K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC&dq=Weatherman+terrorist&pg=PA182">An Encyclopaedic Survey of Global Terrorism in the 21st Century</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], 2003, p 182; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terroristtrapame00simo/page/96">"The Terrorist Trap"</a> by Jeffrey David Simon p 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Web page titled, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan04/weather012904.htm">"Byte Out of History: 1975 Terrorism Flashback: State Department Bombing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225063707/https://www2.fbi.gov/page2/jan04/weather012904.htm">Archived</a> December 25, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at F.B.I. website, dated January 29, 2004. Retrieved September 2, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground, 1970-1974; edited by Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones; Seven Stories Press; 2006; Pgs. 21-42, 121-129 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers2008263-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyers2008263_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyers2008">Ayers 2008</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2006268-287-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2006268-287_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2006">Berger 2006</a>, p. 268-287. </li> <li id="cite_note-name-155"><a href="#cite_ref-name_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rudd" title="Mark Rudd">Rudd, Mark</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403171308/http://www.markrudd.com/?organizing-and-activism-now%2Fthe-kids-are-all-right-2005.html">"The Kids are All Right"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markrudd.com/?organizing-and-activism-now/the-kids-are-all-right-2005.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kids+are+All+Right&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markrudd.com%2F%3Forganizing-and-activism-now%2Fthe-kids-are-all-right-2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-police-union-accuses-Ayers-in-1970-bombing-3248056.php">"S.F. police union accuses Ayers in 1970 bombing"</a>. SFGate. March 12, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=S.F.+police+union+accuses+Ayers+in+1970+bombing&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbayarea%2Farticle%2FS-F-police-union-accuses-Ayers-in-1970-bombing-3248056.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamison-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Jamison_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Jamison2009" class="citation news cs1">Peter Jamison (September 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717225509/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2009-09-16/news/blown-to-peaces-weather-underground-leaders-claimed-bombings-devised-to-avoid-bloodshed-fbi-agents-suspect-radical-70s-group-killed-cop-in-name-of-revolution/1/">"Blown to Peaces: Weather Underground leaders claimed their bombings were devised to avoid bloodshed. But FBI agents suspect the radical '70s group killed a cop in the name of revolution"</a>. Riverfront Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2009-09-16/news/blown-to-peaces-weather-underground-leaders-claimed-bombings-devised-to-avoid-bloodshed-fbi-agents-suspect-radical-70s-group-killed-cop-in-name-of-revolution/1/">the original</a> on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Riverfront+Times&rft.atitle=Blown+to+Peaces%3A+Weather+Underground+leaders+claimed+their+bombings+were+devised+to+avoid+bloodshed.+But+FBI+agents+suspect+the+radical+%2770s+group+killed+a+cop+in+the+name+of+revolution.&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.au=Peter+Jamison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riverfronttimes.com%2F2009-09-16%2Fnews%2Fblown-to-peaces-weather-underground-leaders-claimed-bombings-devised-to-avoid-bloodshed-fbi-agents-suspect-radical-70s-group-killed-cop-in-name-of-revolution%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America; Barry J. Balleck; ABC-CLIO; 2014; Pg. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/11/books/no-regrets-for-love-explosives-memoir-sorts-war-protester-talks-life-with.html">"No Regrets for a Love Of Explosives - In a Memoir of Sorts, a War Protester Talks of Life With the Weathermen"</a>. Query.nytimes.com. September 11, 2001. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Regrets+for+a+Love+Of+Explosives+-+In+a+Memoir+of+Sorts%2C+a+War+Protester+Talks+of+Life+With+the+Weathermen&rft.pub=Query.nytimes.com&rft.date=2001-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F11%2Fbooks%2Fno-regrets-for-love-explosives-memoir-sorts-war-protester-talks-life-with.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billayers.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/episodic-notoriety-fact-and-fantasy/">"Episodic Notoriety–Fact and Fantasy - Bill Ayers"</a>. Bill Ayers. April 6, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bill+Ayers&rft.atitle=Episodic+Notoriety%E2%80%93Fact+and+Fantasy+-+Bill+Ayers&rft.date=2008-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillayers.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F04%2F06%2Fepisodic-notoriety-fact-and-fantasy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Alpert" title="Jane Alpert">Alpert, Jane</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growingupundergr00alpe_0">Growing up underground</a> (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-00655-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-00655-8"><bdi>0-688-00655-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+up+underground&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-688-00655-8&rft.aulast=Alpert&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrowingupundergr00alpe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ayers" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ayers">Ayers, Bill</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fugitivedayselec00ayer">Fugitive Days: Memoirs of an Antiwar Activist</a>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-3277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-3277-0"><bdi>978-0-8070-3277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fugitive+Days%3A+Memoirs+of+an+Antiwar+Activist&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-3277-0&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffugitivedayselec00ayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2006" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Dan (2006). Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity. Oakland: AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904859-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-904859-41-0"><bdi>1-904859-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlaws+of+America%3A+The+Weather+Underground+and+the+Politics+of+Solidarity&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-904859-41-0&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrough2015" class="citation book cs1">Burrough, Bryan (2015). Days of Rage - America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310797-2"><bdi>978-0-14-310797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Rage+-+America%27s+Radical+Underground%2C+the+FBI%2C+and+the+Forgotten+Age+of+Revolutionary+Violence&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310797-2&rft.aulast=Burrough&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohrnAyersJones2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Dohrn, Bernardine</a>; Ayers, Bill; Jones, Jeff (2006). Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970–1974. New York: Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58322-726-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58322-726-1"><bdi>1-58322-726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sing+a+Battle+Song%3A+The+Revolutionary+Poetry%2C+Statements%2C+and+Communiqu%C3%A9s+of+the+Weather+Underground%2C+1970%E2%80%931974&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58322-726-1&rft.aulast=Dohrn&rft.aufirst=Bernardine&rft.au=Ayers%2C+Bill&rft.au=Jones%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Eckstein, Arthur M. (2016). Bad moon rising: how the weather underground beat the FBI and lost the revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22118-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22118-3"><bdi>978-0-300-22118-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+moon+rising%3A+how+the+weather+underground+beat+the+FBI+and+lost+the+revolution&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22118-3&rft.aulast=Eckstein&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrathwohlFrank1977" class="citation book cs1">Grathwohl, Larry; Frank, Reagan (1977). Bringing Down America: An FBI Informant in with the Weathermen. Arlington House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-484-05887-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-484-05887-9"><bdi>978-1-484-05887-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+Down+America%3A+An+FBI+Informant+in+with+the+Weathermen&rft.pub=Arlington+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1-484-05887-9&rft.aulast=Grathwohl&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Frank%2C+Reagan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1971" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Harold (1971). Weatherman. San Francisco: Ramparts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87867-001-7"><bdi>978-0-87867-001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weatherman&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ramparts+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87867-001-7&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1997" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Ron (1997). The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-167-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-167-8"><bdi>1-85984-167-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+the+Wind+Blew%3A+A+History+of+the+Weather+Underground&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85984-167-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2017" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Jonathan (2017). Swords in the Hands of Children: Reflections of an American Revolutionary. OR Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-682190-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-682190-98-2"><bdi>978-1-682190-98-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+in+the+Hands+of+Children%3A+Reflections+of+an+American+Revolutionary&rft.pub=OR+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-682190-98-2&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSale1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale, Kirkpatrick</a> (1974). SDS. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71965-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71965-4"><bdi>0-394-71965-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SDS&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-394-71965-4&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Kirkpatrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Unger, Irwin</a> (1974). The Movement: A History of the American New Left, 1959–1972. New York: Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-06939-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-06939-8"><bdi>0-396-06939-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Movement%3A+A+History+of+the+American+New+Left%2C+1959%E2%80%931972&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-396-06939-8&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaron2004" class="citation book cs1">Varon, Jeremy (2004). Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24119-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24119-3"><bdi>0-520-24119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+the+War+Home%3A+The+Weather+Underground%2C+the+Red+Army+Faction%2C+and+Revolutionary+Violence+in+the+Sixties+and+Seventies&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-520-24119-3&rft.aulast=Varon&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkerson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Wilkerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathy Wilkerson">Wilkerson, Cathy</a> (2007). Flying Close to the Sun: My Life and Times as a Weatherman. New York: Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-771-8"><bdi>978-1-58322-771-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Close+to+the+Sun%3A+My+Life+and+Times+as+a+Weatherman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-771-8&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_publications">Government publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Government publications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws (1974). Terroristic Activity: Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-third Congress, Second Session. Part 2, Inside the Weatherman Movement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.</li> <li>United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session (1975). The Weather Underground. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Weather_Underground" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Weather%20Underground%20(Weathermen)">"FBI files: Weather Underground Organization (Weathermen)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+files%3A+Weather+Underground+Organization+%28Weathermen%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FWeather%2520Underground%2520%28Weathermen%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sds-1960s.org/wuo.htm">"WUO communiqués and other documents"</a>. SDS-60s.Org. Retrieved January 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WUO+communiqu%C3%A9s+and+other+documents&rft.pub=SDS-60s.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sds-1960s.org%2Fwuo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Full text of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sds-1960s.org/books/weatherman.pdf">"Harold Jacob's Weatherman (PDF format)"</a> (PDF). SDS-60s.Org. Retrieved January 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+Jacob%27s+Weatherman+%28PDF+format%29&rft.pub=SDS-60s.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sds-1960s.org%2Fbooks%2Fweatherman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachtinger,_Howard2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Machtinger, Howard (February 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223060757/http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/4251/you_say_you_want_a_revolution/">"You Say You Want a Revolution"</a>. In These Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/4251/you_say_you_want_a_revolution/">the original</a> on December 23, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+These+Times&rft.atitle=You+Say+You+Want+a+Revolution&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.au=Machtinger%2C+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inthesetimes.com%2Farticle%2F4251%2Fyou_say_you_want_a_revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd,_Mark2008" class="citation web cs1">Rudd, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markrudd.com/?sds-and-weather/the-death-of-sds.html">"The Death of SDS"</a>. MarkRudd.com. Retrieved January 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+SDS&rft.pub=MarkRudd.com&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Rudd%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markrudd.com%2F%3Fsds-and-weather%2Fthe-death-of-sds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prairiefire.org/">"Prairie Fire"</a>. Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (1975–present). Retrieved January 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prairie+Fire&rft.pub=Prairie+Fire+Organizing+Committee+%281975%E2%80%93present%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prairiefire.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726102513/http://www.modkraft.dk/spip.php?article11614">"Weatherman (Weather Underground Organization, WUO), 1969-77"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modkraft.dk/spip.php?article11614">the original</a> on July 26, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2011. <q>History, critics, books online</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weatherman+%28Weather+Underground+Organization%2C+WUO%29%2C+1969-77&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modkraft.dk%2Fspip.php%3Farticle11614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGaycY9rHFA">Aftermath of Weather Underground Explosion at the Pentagon (1972)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushell1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Bushell" title="Agnes Bushell">Bushell, Agnes</a> (1990). Local deities: a novel. Willimantic, CT : New York, NY: Curbstone Press; Distributed to the trade by the Talman Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915306-82-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-915306-82-4"><bdi>0-915306-82-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+deities%3A+a+novel&rft.place=Willimantic%2C+CT+%3A+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Curbstone+Press%3B+Distributed+to+the+trade+by+the+Talman+Co&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-915306-82-4&rft.aulast=Bushell&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Neil (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companyyoukeep00gord">The company you keep</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03218-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03218-2"><bdi>0-670-03218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+company+you+keep&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-670-03218-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompanyyoukeep00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_sources">Audio sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Weather_Underground&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Audio sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet/">"Vietnam: Index of /MRC/pacificaviet"</a>. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved January 18, 2011. <q>Contains online audiorecordings, texts, and other media related to the WUO</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+Index+of+%2FMRC%2Fpacificaviet&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2FMRC%2Fpacificaviet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather+Underground" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/06/05/1821243&mode=thread&tid=42">The Weather Underground: A Look Back at the Antiwar Activists Who Met Violence with Violence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116133016/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03%2F06%2F05%2F1821243&mode=thread&tid=42">Archived</a> November 16, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Guests: Mark Rudd, former member of the Weather Underground, Sam Green and Bill Siegel, documentary filmmakers/directors. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Democracy Now!. Segment available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/old/dn20030605.ra&start=17:55.2">streaming RealAudio</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stream.paranode.com/democracynow//dn2003-0605-1.m3u">MP3 download</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925214507/http://stream.paranode.com/democracynow//dn2003-0605-1.m3u">Archived</a> September 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 1 hour 40 minutes. Thursday, June 5, 2003. Retrieved May 20, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/06/02/1445253">Jennifer Dohrn: I Was The Target Of Illegal FBI Break-Ins Ordered by Mark Felt a.k.a. "Deep Throat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114040943/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F06%2F02%2F1445253">Archived</a> November 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Guest: Jennifer Dohrn. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/june/audio/dn20050602.ra&proto=rtsp&start=29:32">streaming RealAudio</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/june/video/dnB20050602a.rm&proto=rtsp&start=29:32">128k streaming real video</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/dn2005-0602/dn2005-0602-1_64kb.mp3">MP3 download</a>. 29:32 minutes. Thursday, June 2, 2005. Retrieved June 2, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/03/1454204&mode=thread&tid=25">Growing Up in the Weather Underground: A Father and Son Tell Their Story</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012102507/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F12%2F03%2F1454204&mode=thread&tid=25">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Guests: Thai Jones and Jeff Jones. Interviewers: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonzalez_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Gonzalez (journalist)">Juan Gonzalez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>. Segment available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/03/1454204&mode=thread&tid=25#transcript">transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012102507/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F12%2F03%2F1454204&mode=thread&tid=25#transcript">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2004/dec/audio/dn20041203.ra&proto=rtsp&start=42:02.00">streaming RealAudio</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2004/dec/video/dnB20041203a.rm&proto=rtsp&start=42:02.00">128k streaming Real Video</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/dn2004-1203/dn2004-1203-1_64kb.mp3">MP3 download</a>. 17:01 minutes. Friday, December 3, 2004. Retrieved May 20, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weather_Underground" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather_Underground" title="Template:Weather Underground"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather_Underground" title="Template talk:Weather Underground"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather_Underground" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather Underground"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weather_Underground" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weather Underground</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-Vietnam War movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a>· <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">riots</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_War_Council" title="Flint War Council">Flint War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">Domestic terrorism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Brigade_of_Weather_Underground" title="Women's Brigade of Weather Underground">Women's Brigade of Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Weather_Collective" title="Seattle Weather Collective">Seattle Weather Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Ten_Most_Wanted_Fugitives,_1970s" title="FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1970s">FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Bill Clinton pardon controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Weatherman_members" title="List of Weatherman members">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Alpert" title="Jane Alpert">Jane Alpert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bakke" title="Kit Bakke">Kit Bakke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Berkman" title="Alan Berkman">Alan Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Bissell" title="Silas Bissell">Silas Bissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Boudin" title="Kathy Boudin">Kathy Boudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Braley" title="Scott Braley">Scott Braley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Alice_Clark" title="Judith Alice Clark">Judith Alice Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Donghi" title="Dianne Donghi">Dianne Donghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Duke" title="Elizabeth Ann Duke">Elizabeth Ann Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Evans_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Evans (activist)">Linda Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Flanagan" title="Brian Flanagan">Brian Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Grathwohl" title="Larry Grathwohl">Larry Grathwohl</a> (informant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Hirsch" title="Phoebe Hirsch">Phoebe Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacobs_(activist)" title="John Jacobs (activist)">John Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Jaffe" title="Naomi Jaffe">Naomi Jaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jones_(activist)" title="Jeff Jones (activist)">Jeff Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Justesen" title="Michael Justesen">Michael Justesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Krebs" title="Sharon Krebs">Sharon Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kurshan" title="Nancy Kurshan">Nancy Kurshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lippman" title="Roger Lippman">Roger Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Machtinger" title="Howard Machtinger">Howard Machtinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Mann" title="Eric Mann">Eric Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Melville" title="Sam Melville">Sam Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Naison" title="Mark D. Naison">Mark D. Naison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Oughton" title="Diana Oughton">Diana Oughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Palmer" title="Robin Palmer">Robin Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Raskin" title="Eleanor Raskin">Eleanor Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Raskin" title="Jonah Raskin">Jonah Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rosenberg" title="Susan Rosenberg">Susan Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roth_(activist)" title="Robert Roth (activist)">Robert Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rudd" title="Mark Rudd">Mark Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Steen" title="Matthew Steen">Matthew Steen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stern" title="Susan Stern">Susan Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Whitehorn" title="Laura Whitehorn">Laura Whitehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathlyn_Platt_Wilkerson" title="Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson">Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Weatherman_actions" title="List of Weatherman actions">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weather_High_School_Jailbreaks" title="Weather High School Jailbreaks">Weather High School Jailbreaks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" title="Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">Greenwich Village townhouse explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_Association_of_the_United_States" title="National Guard Association of the United States">Bombing of the National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco" title="Presidio of San Francisco">Bombing of the Presidio of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bombing of the Bank of America HQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> escape from <a href="/wiki/California_Men%27s_Colony" title="California Men's Colony">California Men's Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County_Civic_Center_attacks" title="Marin County Civic Center attacks">Bombing of Marin County Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_and_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University and the Vietnam War">Bombing at Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Bombing of the United States Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Corrections_and_Rehabilitation" title="California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation">Bombings of the Office of California Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Corrections_and_Community_Supervision" title="New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision">Bombing of the New York Department of Corrections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Bombing of the Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Brink%27s_robbery" title="1981 Brink's robbery">Brink's robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_States_Senate_bombing" title="1983 United States Senate bombing">1983 United States Senate bombing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resistance_Conspiracy_case" title="Resistance Conspiracy case">Resistance Conspiracy case</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Fire_Organizing_Committee" title="Prairie Fire Organizing Committee">Prairie Fire Organizing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/May_19th_Communist_Organization" title="May 19th Communist Organization">May 19th Communist Organization</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Liberation_Front" title="Seattle Liberation Front">Seattle Liberation Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Michael Lerner</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Underground_(film)" title="The Weather Underground (film)">The Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_(film)" title="Katherine (film)">Katherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_(1976_film)" title="Underground (1976 film)">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Company_You_Keep_(film)" title="The Company You Keep (film)">The Company You Keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral_(film)" title="American Pastoral (film)">American Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osawatomie_(periodical)" title="Osawatomie (periodical)">Osawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Right_and_the_WUO" title="Mother Right and the WUO">Mother Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Days" title="Fugitive Days">Fugitive Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_(play)" title="The Anarchist (play)">The Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Free_Press" title="Columbus Free Press">Columbus Free Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippies">Yippies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(Fred_Hampton)" title="Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)">Rainbow Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Anti-Klan_Committee" title="John Brown Anti-Klan Committee">John Brown Anti-Klan Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klonsky" title="Michael Klonsky">Michael Klonsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(United_States)" title="Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) (United States)">Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders" title="Tate–LaBianca murders">Tate–LaBianca murders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riot" title="Attica Prison riot">Attica Prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Homesick_Blues" title="Subterranean Homesick Blues">Subterranean Homesick Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Terrorism">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_New_Left" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_New_Left" title="Template:American New Left"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_New_Left" title="Template talk:American New Left"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_New_Left" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American New Left"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_New_Left" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Left#United_States" title="New Left">American New Left</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(Fred_Hampton)" title="Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)">Rainbow Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLATE" title="SLATE">SLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfucker" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfucker">Up Against the Wall Motherfucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Freedom_Front" title="United Freedom Front">United Freedom Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a> ("Yippies")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venceremos_Brigade" title="Venceremos Brigade">Venceremos Brigade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Student_Alliance" title="Worker Student Alliance">Worker Student Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racial justice movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Brigade" title="Antonio Maceo Brigade">Antonio Maceo Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberation_Army" title="Black Liberation Army">Black Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Liberators" title="Black Liberators">Black Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Berets" title="Brown Berets">Brown Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Wor_Kuen" title="I Wor Kuen">I Wor Kuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Action_Movement" title="Revolutionary Action Movement">Revolutionary Action Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth_Organization" title="Sojourner Truth Organization">Sojourner Truth Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gilbert_(activist)" title="David Gilbert (activist)">David Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gold" title="Ted Gold">Ted Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacobs_(activist)" title="John Jacobs (activist)">John Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Robbins" title="Terry Robbins">Terry Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Tribe" title="Berkeley Tribe">Berkeley Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberated_Barracks" title="Liberated Barracks">Liberated Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guardian" title="National Guardian">National Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Newsreel" title="The Newsreel">The Newsreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_America" title="Radical America">Radical America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramparts_(magazine)" title="Ramparts (magazine)">Ramparts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163724#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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