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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtl%C9%99vi_i%C4%9Fti%C5%9Fa%C5%9Flar" title="Kütləvi iğtişaşlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kütləvi iğtişaşlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Масови безредици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Масови безредици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widerstand_gegen_die_Staatsgewalt" title="Widerstand gegen die Staatsgewalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Widerstand gegen die Staatsgewalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ناآرامی مدنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناآرامی مدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sordre_civil" title="Désordre civil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Désordre civil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A4%91%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="민중봉기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민중봉기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekacauan_sipil" title="Kekacauan sipil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekacauan sipil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8" title="הפרת סדר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרת סדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolakan_sivil" title="Pergolakan sivil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pergolakan sivil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desordem_civil" title="Desordem civil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desordem civil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Массовые беспорядки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Массовые беспорядки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87rregullimi_civil" title="Çrregullimi civil – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çrregullimi civil" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Civil disorder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilni_nered" title="Civilni nered – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Civilni nered" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Грађански немири – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађански немири" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A" title="การก่อความไม่สงบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อความไม่สงบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Масові заворушення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Масові заворушення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A5t_%E1%BB%95n_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Bất ổn xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bất ổn xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E4%B9%B1" title="内乱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="内乱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Civil_disorder" title="Special:EditPage/Civil disorder">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Civil_disorder" title="Talk:Civil disorder">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Civil+disorder%22">"Civil disorder"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Civil+disorder%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Civil+disorder%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Civil+disorder%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Civil+disorder%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Civil+disorder%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Civil_disorder#This_article_is_extremely_biased_and_also_only_deals_with_the_US" title="Talk:Civil disorder">Talk:Civil disorder</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Civil_disorder" title="Talk:Civil disorder">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Civil disorder</b>, also known as <b>civil disturbance</b>, <b>civil unrest</b>, <b>civil strife</b>, or <b>turmoil</b>, are situations when law enforcement struggle to maintain public order or tranquility.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FEMA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEMA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any number of things may cause civil disorder, whether it is a single cause or a combination of causes; however, most are born from political grievances, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic disparities</a>, social discord, but historically have been the result of long-standing oppression by a group of people towards another. </p><p>Civil disorder arising from political grievances can include a range of events, from a simple protest to a mass civil disobedience. These events can be spontaneous, but can also be planned. These events can turn violent when agitators and law enforcers overreact. </p><p>Civil disorder has in history arisen from economic disputes, political reasons (such as in opposition to oppressive or tyrannical government forces), religious opposition, racial oppression and social discord among various cases throughout history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crowd">Crowd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crowd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tear_gas_used_against_protest_in_Altamira,_Caracas;_and_distressed_students_in_front_of_police_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tear_gas_used_against_protest_in_Altamira%2C_Caracas%3B_and_distressed_students_in_front_of_police_line.jpg/220px-Tear_gas_used_against_protest_in_Altamira%2C_Caracas%3B_and_distressed_students_in_front_of_police_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tear_gas_used_against_protest_in_Altamira%2C_Caracas%3B_and_distressed_students_in_front_of_police_line.jpg/330px-Tear_gas_used_against_protest_in_Altamira%2C_Caracas%3B_and_distressed_students_in_front_of_police_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tear_gas_used_against_protest_in_Altamira%2C_Caracas%3B_and_distressed_students_in_front_of_police_line.jpg/440px-Tear_gas_used_against_protest_in_Altamira%2C_Caracas%3B_and_distressed_students_in_front_of_police_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Tear gas used on students in Altamira, Caracas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Exploiting a crowd's mood, radicals can manipulate and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:_Search/weaponize" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special: Search/weaponize">weaponize</a> a crowd, using skillful agitation to coax the crowd's capacity for violence and turn it into a <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">vengeful mob</a>, directing the crowd's aggression and resentment at the agitator's chosen target.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tactical agitators can leverage media, including <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, to connect with potential crowd members and incite them to break the law or provoke others, all without direct personal contact. Conversely, a skilled leader can calm or divert a crowd using strategic suggestions, commands, or appeals to reason, aiming to de-escalate a situation.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional contagion</a> plays a significant role in crowd behaviour by fostering a sense of unity among its members. This unity can lead the crowd to adopt a mob mentality and engage in mob behaviour. Crowd members amplify each other's emotions, creating a heightened state of collective emotion. Ideas rapidly spread among the group and to bystanders and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When emotional contagion prevails, raw emotion is high while self-discipline is low. Personal prejudices and unsatisfied desires – usually restrained – are unabashedly released.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incentivizes crowd membership, as the crowd provides cover for individuals to do things they want to do, but would not dare try to do alone. This incentive can become greater for the crowd than its concern for law and authority, leading to unlawful and disruptive acts. Once the crowd engages in such acts, it effectively becomes a mob – a highly emotional, unreasonable, potentially violent crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior">Behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G-20_Toronto_June_2010_(28).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G-20_Toronto_June_2010_%2828%29.jpg/220px-G-20_Toronto_June_2010_%2828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G-20_Toronto_June_2010_%2828%29.jpg/330px-G-20_Toronto_June_2010_%2828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G-20_Toronto_June_2010_%2828%29.jpg/440px-G-20_Toronto_June_2010_%2828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Riot during <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit_protests" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit protests">G-20 Toronto</a>, June 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd behavior</a> is the emotional needs, fears, and prejudices of the crowd members.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is driven by social factors such as the strength, or weakness, of leadership, moral perspective, or community uniformity, and also by psychological factors of suggestion e.g. imitation, anonymity, impersonality, emotional release, emotional contagion, panic, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During civil disorder, any crowd can be a threat to law enforcers because it is open to manipulation. This is because the behavior of a crowd is under the direction of the majority of its members. While its members are usually inclined to obey the law, emotional stimuli, and the feeling of fearlessness that arises from being in a crowd, can cause crowd members to indulge in impulses, act on aggressions, and unleash <a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">rage</a>. When law enforcement limits the full realization of these actions, the crowd will channel this hostility elsewhere, making the crowd a hostile and unpredictable threat to law enforcers.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crowds want to be directed, and can become frustrated by confusion and uncertainty; therefore, leadership can have a profound influence on the intensity and conduct of a crowd's behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first person to <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authoritatively</a> direct a crowd will likely be followed. Opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicals</a> to take charge of a group to emerge when no authoritative voice emerges, and the crowd becomes frustrated without direction. </p><p>Panic, which is extremely and quickly contagious, also affects crowd behavior by influencing their ability to reason, lending to frantic, <a href="/wiki/Irrational" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrational">irrational</a> behavior that can not only endanger the crowd, but also others.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During civil disorder, panic can set in when a crowd member realizes – </p> <ul><li>They are in danger and fleeing is necessary to escape arrest or harm</li> <li>Few escape routes exist</li> <li>The few escape routes are congested with traffic</li> <li>Their actions have caused harm to others</li> <li>When they have not dispersed the scene quickly enough, that their life, or freedom, is at risk from encroaching law enforcement agents<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics">Tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg/220px-Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg/330px-Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg/440px-Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Firemen dousing a building burnt down by rioters during the <a href="/wiki/2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots">2011 England riots</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG/220px-ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG/330px-ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG/440px-ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Protesters occupy the roof of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masked_and_hooded_protesters_holding_Molotov_Cocktails_seen_during_clashes_in_Ukraine,_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Masked_and_hooded_protesters_holding_Molotov_Cocktails_seen_during_clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Masked_and_hooded_protesters_holding_Molotov_Cocktails_seen_during_clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Masked_and_hooded_protesters_holding_Molotov_Cocktails_seen_during_clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Masked_and_hooded_protesters_holding_Molotov_Cocktails_seen_during_clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Masked_and_hooded_protesters_holding_Molotov_Cocktails_seen_during_clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Masked_and_hooded_protesters_holding_Molotov_Cocktails_seen_during_clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Protesters with Molotov cocktails in Kyiv, Ukraine 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>A goal of violent demonstrators is to spur law enforcers to take action that can be exploited as acts of brutality in order to generate sympathy for their cause, and/or to anger and demoralize the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crowds can use a range of tactics to evade law enforcement or to promote disorder, from <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal assault</a> to distracting law enforcers to building barricades. The more well-planned tactics occur, the more purposeful the disorder. For example, crowds may form human blockades to shut down roads, they may trespass on government property, they may try to force mass arrests, they may handcuff themselves to things or to each other, or they may lock arms, making it more difficult to separate them, or they might create confusion or diversions through the use of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_rock_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal rock throwing">rock throwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> acts, giving leeway to law enforcers to be forceful or excessive while trying to remove them.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, sometimes, terrorist elements are involved.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most participants of civil disorder engage on foot. However, organized efforts can often implore the use vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participants have been known to use scanners to monitor police frequencies or transmitters to sabotage law enforcement communications.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a crowd turns violent, effectively becoming a "mob," it may execute physical attacks on people and property, such as by throwing homemade weapons like <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a>, firing small arms, and planting <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crowd may resort to <a href="/wiki/Rock_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock throwing">throwing rocks</a>, bricks, bottles, etc. If violence is pre-arranged, the crowd can hide their weapons or vandalism tools well before the crowd formation, catching law enforcement by surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crowds may arm themselves with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">Gas masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_rock_throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal rock throwing">Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmets" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmets">Helmets</a></li> <li>Homemade <a href="/wiki/Shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Shields">shields</a></li> <li>Improvised <a href="/wiki/Picket_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Picket sign">picket signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint_bombs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paint bombs (page does not exist)">Paint bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_goggles" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety goggles">Safety goggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_pliers" title="Diagonal pliers">Wire cutters</a></li></ul> <p>A mob may erect barricades to impede, or prevent, the effectiveness of law enforcement. For example, they may use <a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">grappling hooks</a>, chains, rope, or vehicles to breach gates or fences.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may use sticks or poles to limit law enforcement's use of <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">billy clubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may overturn <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> vehicles to impede troops advancing to engage them or vandalize law enforcement vehicles to try to spark over-reaction from law enforcement or to incite further lawlessness from the mob.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobs often employ fire, smoke, or hidden explosive devices e.g. strapped to animals, masked in cigarette lighters or toys, rigged to directed vehicles, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only can these devices be used to create confusion or diversion, but they can also be used to destroy property, mask <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> of mob participants, or provide cover for mob participants firing weapons at law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If law enforcement engages with the mob, in returning fire, any innocent casualties resulting from the chaos usually make law enforcement look undisciplined and oppressive.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Burnt entrance gates of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Residence,_Almaty" title="President's Residence, Almaty">President's Residence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> druing the <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">2022 Kazakh unrest</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_definition">Legal definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S. Code</a>, a person is engaged in civil disorder if he or she - </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(1)<i>"...teaches or demonstrates to any other person the use, application, or making of any firearm or explosive or <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary device</a>, or technique capable of causing injury or death to persons, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be unlawfully employed for use in, or in furtherance of, a civil disorder which may in any way or degree obstruct, delay, or adversely affect commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function; or...</i> </p><p>(2)<i>...transports or manufactures for transportation in commerce any firearm, or explosive or incendiary device, knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be used unlawfully in furtherance of a civil disorder; or...</i> </p><p> (3)<i>...commits or attempts to commit any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere with any fireman or law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-USCode_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCode-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harlem_riots_-_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Harlem_riots_-_1964.jpg/220px-Harlem_riots_-_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Harlem_riots_-_1964.jpg/330px-Harlem_riots_-_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Harlem_riots_-_1964.jpg/440px-Harlem_riots_-_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harlem_riot_of_1964" title="Harlem riot of 1964">Harlem riot, 1964</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riot_Cops_(2823225195).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riot_Cops_%282823225195%29.jpg/220px-Riot_Cops_%282823225195%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riot_Cops_%282823225195%29.jpg/330px-Riot_Cops_%282823225195%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riot_Cops_%282823225195%29.jpg/440px-Riot_Cops_%282823225195%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> Riot police</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Republican_National_Convention_Protests,_Rage_Against_the_Machine_Concert_in_Downtown_Minneapolis,_Minnesota_(23690209639).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2008_Republican_National_Convention_Protests%2C_Rage_Against_the_Machine_Concert_in_Downtown_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota_%2823690209639%29.jpg/220px-2008_Republican_National_Convention_Protests%2C_Rage_Against_the_Machine_Concert_in_Downtown_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota_%2823690209639%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2008_Republican_National_Convention_Protests%2C_Rage_Against_the_Machine_Concert_in_Downtown_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota_%2823690209639%29.jpg/330px-2008_Republican_National_Convention_Protests%2C_Rage_Against_the_Machine_Concert_in_Downtown_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota_%2823690209639%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2008_Republican_National_Convention_Protests%2C_Rage_Against_the_Machine_Concert_in_Downtown_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota_%2823690209639%29.jpg/440px-2008_Republican_National_Convention_Protests%2C_Rage_Against_the_Machine_Concert_in_Downtown_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota_%2823690209639%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention#Protests" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 Republican National Convention Protests</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like mob participants, law enforcers are also susceptible to crowd behavior. Such tense confrontation can emotionally stimulate them, creating a highly emotional atmosphere all around.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This emotional stimulation can become infectious throughout law enforcement agents, conflicting with their disciplined training. </p><p>When emotional tension is high among law enforcement agents, they may breach their feeling of restraint and commit acts, against people in the mob, that they normally would suppress.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emotional atmosphere can also make them highly susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Rumor" title="Rumor">rumors</a> and fear.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like mob members, law enforcement agents, acting as a group, can also lose their sense of individuality and develop a feeling of anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under emotional instability, individual prejudices, that any individual law enforcement agent may harbor against the mob, or against individual participants of the mob, may influence the behavior of the law enforcement agent.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the mob, these conditions make law enforcement actors more likely to imitate the behavior of each other, which can result in a chain of biased, excessive, or otherwise, dangerous, behavior in which law enforcement agents act upon mob agents as impersonal threats and not as human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such action is heightened in which law enforcement agents are monolithic, across race and ethnicity, as law enforcement will become more susceptible to framing the disorder as a confrontation between "them" and "us."<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actions by law enforcement agents, motivated by emotion and prejudice, is often used as evidence against their ill will toward a crowd, or a mob, with their behavior only further inflaming confrontation rather than reducing it.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under such situations, law enforcement agents are rarely held accountable for all their actions against a crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Accountability_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accountability-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a> – Disruptive action oriented to change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a> – Nonviolent disobedience of the law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a> – Method of activism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a> – Revolt or uprising by irregular forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots" title="List of riots">List of riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States</a> – List of incidents from 1783 to the present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a> – Imposition of direct military control or suspension of civil law by a government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a> – Violent attack on an ethnic or religious group, usually Jews</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a> – Violent resistance against government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a> – Rapid and fundamental political change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a> – Violence motivated by conflict between sects of ideology or religion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USArmy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/files/projects/foiasearch/pdf/DODDOA008742.pdf">"Field Manual No. 19-15: Civil Disturbances"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Army<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Field+Manual+No.+19-15%3A+Civil+Disturbances&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Ffiles%2Fprojects%2Ffoiasearch%2Fpdf%2FDODDOA008742.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEMA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEMA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Glossary: Civil Disturbance</i>. Federal Emergency Management Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary%3A+Civil+Disturbance&rft.pub=Federal+Emergency+Management+Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCode-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCode_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title18/html/USCODE-2009-title18.htm">"18 U.S.C. § 231 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 18. Crimes and Criminal Procedure § 231. Civil disorders"</a>. the Code of Laws of the United States of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18+U.S.C.+%C2%A7+231+-+U.S.+Code+-+Unannotated+Title+18.+Crimes+and+Criminal+Procedure+%C2%A7+231.+Civil+disorders&rft.pub=the+Code+of+Laws+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2009-title18%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2009-title18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accountability-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Accountability_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Graham2016" class="citation news cs1">David A. Graham (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/police-accountability/472524/">"What Can the U.S. Do to Improve Police Accountability?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Can+the+U.S.+Do+to+Improve+Police+Accountability%3F&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.au=David+A.+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2016%2F03%2Fpolice-accountability%2F472524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivil+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Revolution67.com/">Revolution '67 Film website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529125258/http://www.bongiornoproductions.com/REVOLUTION_67/REVOLUTION_67.html">Archived</a> 2020-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21829234.300-brazil-uprising-points-to-rise-of-leaderless-networks.html">Brazil uprising points to rise of leaderless networks</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&oldid=1254467651">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_disorder&oldid=1254467651</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_disorder" title="Category:Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2019">Articles needing additional references from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_July_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from July 2019">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2020">Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States-centric" title="Category:United States-centric">United States-centric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 03:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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