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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistoric origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Roman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Post-Roman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_to_late_middle_ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_to_late_middle_ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 High to late middle ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_to_late_middle_ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Devolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Welsh language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devolved_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolved_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Devolved Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolved_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography and natural history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and natural history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Main roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_and_ferries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_and_ferries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Air and ferries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_and_ferries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Population history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 National identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Museums and libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 National symbols and identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9.1 Music and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9.2 Drama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9.3 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wales</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 201 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" > 201 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis" title="Wallis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wallis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5" title="ዌልስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዌልስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93alas" title="Wēalas – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wēalas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Уелс – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Уелс" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ويلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galas" title="Galas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%A3" title="ܘܝܠܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܘܝܠܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payis_de_Galoua" title="Payis de Galoua – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Payis de Galoua" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uels" title="Uels – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uels" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ولز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ولز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ওয়েল্‌স্‌ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েল্‌স্‌" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ui-le%CC%8Dk-s%C5%AB" title="Ui-le̍k-sū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ui-le̍k-sū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Ўэйлз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўэйлз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वेल्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वेल्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Уелс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уелс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vels" title="Vels – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vels" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembre" title="Kembre – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kembre" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C2%B7les" title="Gal·les – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gal·les" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_(apil_sa_nasod)" title="Wales (apil sa nasod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wales (apil sa nasod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles" title="Galles – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Galles" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymru" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ويلز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ويلز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymraeana" title="Kymraeana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kymraeana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουαλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουαλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2les" title="Gâles – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Gâles" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimrio" title="Kimrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kimrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galis" title="Galis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Galis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Galles" title="Pays de Galles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays de Galles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhreatain_Bheag" title="An Bhreatain Bheag – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhreatain Bheag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretyn" title="Bretyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bretyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Chuimrigh" title="A' Chuimrigh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Chuimrigh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="વેલ્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વેલ્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वेल्स – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="वेल्स" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="웨일스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨일스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uele" title="Uele – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Uele" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD" title="Ուելս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուելս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वेल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waliziska" title="Waliziska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Waliziska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wals" title="Wals – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wals" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles" title="Galles – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Galles" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia" title="Gallia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Gallia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWelisi" title="IWelisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IWelisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles" title="Galles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="ויילס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויילס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiles" title="Wiles – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wiles" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bs%C9%A9" title="Wɛlɛsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wɛlɛsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವೇಲ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೇಲ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="უელსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უელსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walij%C3%B4" title="Walijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Walijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembra" title="Kembra – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kembra" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welisi" title="Welisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Welisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal" title="Gal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valisa" title="Valisa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Valisa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດເວລສ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເວລສ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria" title="Cambria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cambria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsa" title="Velsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Velsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Велс – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Велс" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsas" title="Velsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Velsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles" title="Galles – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Galles" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C3%B3lo_Wali" title="Ekólo Wali – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ekólo Wali" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimri" title="Cimri – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cimri" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymrinmua" title="Kymrinmua – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kymrinmua" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0les" title="Gàles – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gàles" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Велс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വേൽസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേൽസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%93ra" title="Wēra – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wēra" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वेल्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेल्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="უელსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უელსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ويلز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويلز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ولز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ولز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%81_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯋꯦꯜꯁ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯦꯜꯁ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACi-%C4%AB-s%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Ŭi-ī-sê̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭi-ī-sê̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဝေလနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝေလနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumri%C3%AB" title="Kumrië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kumrië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वेल्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वेल्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="ウェールズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェールズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waals" title="Waals – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Waals" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles" title="Galles – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Galles" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galas" title="Galas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uels_(hudud)" title="Uels (hudud) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uels (hudud)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਵੇਲਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੇਲਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ویلز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویلز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဝွေးခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဝွေးခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ويلز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويلز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8D" title="វេលស៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វេលស៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaiyis_d%27Gales" title="Poaiyis d'Gales – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Poaiyis d'Gales" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0les" title="Gàles – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gàles" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels" title="Wels – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Wels" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walia" title="Walia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_de_Gales" title="País de Gales – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="País de Gales" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uels" title="Uels – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Uels" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Galilor" title="Țara Galilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țara Galilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valisa" title="Valisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Valisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamri" title="Kamri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kamri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uelese" title="Uelese – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Uelese" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles" title="Galles – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Galles" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uellsi" title="Uellsi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uellsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles" title="Galles – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Galles" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="වේල්සය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වේල්සය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ويلز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويلز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walijo" title="Walijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Walijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalis" title="Waalis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waalis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5%D8%B2" title="وێڵز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێڵز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Велс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="வேல்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேல்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamurt_n_Yigaliyen" title="Tamurt n Yigaliyen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamurt n Yigaliyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="မိူင်းဝေးလ်သ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဝေးလ်သ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales" title="Gales – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Gales" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศเวลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเวลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Уелс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уелс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%93lesi" title="Uēlesi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Uēlesi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galler" title="Galler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uels" title="Uels – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Uels" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali%CC%B1t" title="Wali̱t – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Wali̱t" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уэльс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Уельс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уельс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ویلز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویلز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9lsh" title="Wélsh – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Wélsh" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0%C5%82es" title="Gàłes – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gàłes" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vels%C3%A4n" title="Velsän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Velsän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5mrimaa" title="Kõmrimaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kõmrimaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wale" title="Wale – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Wale" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB" title="威尔士 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威尔士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="וויילס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויילס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9ls%C3%AC" title="Wélsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wélsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="威爾斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威爾斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wel%C4%B1z" title="Welız – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Welız" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsos" title="Velsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Velsos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="威爾斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威爾斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%C3%A8s" title="Walès – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Walès" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Wales" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uels" title="Uels – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Uels" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A3" title="ⵡⵉⵍⵣ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵡⵉⵍⵣ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For the animal, see <a href="/wiki/Whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Whales">Whales</a>. 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Wales</div><div class="ib-country-names"><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Wales"><img alt="Flag of Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/125px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/188px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/250px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Badge_of_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Badge of Wales"><img alt="Royal Badge of Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Royal_Badge_of_Wales.svg/85px-Royal_Badge_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Royal_Badge_of_Wales.svg/128px-Royal_Badge_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Royal_Badge_of_Wales.svg/170px-Royal_Badge_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1239" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: de facto;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau</a>" ("Land of My Fathers") <div 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="br" label="brezhoneg ‪(br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=kw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kw" label="kernowek ‪(kw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Wales (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)"><img alt="Location of Wales (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wales_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/250px-Wales_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wales_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/375px-Wales_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wales_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/500px-Wales_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Wales (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wales&params=51_29_N_3_11_W_type:city">51°29′N 3°11′W / 51.483°N 3.183°W / 51.483; -3.183</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 93.8% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.9% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Welsh_people" title="Asian Welsh people">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.6% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 46.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Wales" title="Irreligion in Wales">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 43.6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.3% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li><li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom#Three_legal_systems" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Legal jurisdiction</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolved parliamentary legislature</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy#England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan" title="Eluned Morgan">Eluned Morgan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Wales" title="Deputy First Minister of Wales">Deputy First Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Huw_Irranca-Davies" title="Huw Irranca-Davies">Huw Irranca-Davies</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-left:10px;">• <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Stevens" title="Jo Stevens">Jo Stevens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-left:10px;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">House of Commons</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Wales_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2024–present)">32 MPs</a> (of 650)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unified by <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Gruffydd ap Llywelyn">Gruffydd ap Llywelyn</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1057<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_100-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 March 1284<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1543<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1967<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Devolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,218 km2 (8,192 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-11">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Land<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,737 km2 (8,007 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-12">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,131,640<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-12">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,107,494<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">151/km2 (391.1/sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-12">[9]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">£74.5 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">£23,804<a href="#cite_note-ONS_GVA-13">[10]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£85.4 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£27,274<a href="#cite_note-ONS_GDP-14">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.910<a href="#cite_note-HDI-15">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign">£</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+0 (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Wales">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB-WLS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:GB-WLS">GB-WLS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.wales" title=".wales">.wales</a> <a href="/wiki/.cymru" title=".cymru">.cymru</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wales (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈkəmrɨ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/32\/Cymru.ogg\/Cymru.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cymru.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Cymru.ogg/Cymru.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cymru.ogg" title="File:Cymru.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country</a> that is part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to the north and west, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to the <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">east</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> to the south-west. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wales&action=edit">[update]</a>, it had a population of 3.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2">[2]</a> It has a total area of 21,218 square kilometres (8,192 sq mi) and over 2,700 kilometres (1,680 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-11">[8]</a> It is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-17">[13]</a> The country lies within the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">north temperate zone</a> and has a changeable, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime climate</a>. Its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>. A distinct <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Welsh culture</a> emerged among the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman withdrawal from Britain</a> in the 5th century, and Wales was briefly united under <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Gruffydd ap Llywelyn">Gruffydd ap Llywelyn</a> in 1055. After over 200 years of war, the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">conquest of Wales</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> was completed by 1283, though <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Revolt">Welsh Revolt</a> against <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">English rule</a> in the early 15th century, and briefly re-established an independent Welsh state with its own national parliament (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: senedd). In the 16th century the whole of Wales was <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> by England and incorporated within the <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English legal system</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a>. Distinctive <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Welsh politics</a> developed in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Party" title="Welsh Liberal Party">Welsh Liberalism</a>, exemplified in the early 20th century by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, was displaced by the growth of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. Welsh national feeling grew over the century: a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> party, <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a>, was formed in 1925, and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Welsh Language Society</a> in 1962. A governing system of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a> is employed in Wales, of which the most major step was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> (Welsh Parliament, formerly the National Assembly for Wales) in 1998, responsible for a range of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">devolved policy matters</a>. At the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrial Revolution</a>, development of the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgical</a> industries transformed the country from an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agricultural society</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial</a> one; the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales Coalfield</a>'s exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales's population. Two-thirds of the population live in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, including Cardiff, <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">nearby valleys</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_East_Wales" title="North East Wales">eastern region</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> has about a sixth of the overall population, with <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a> being the largest northern city. The remaining parts of Wales are <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">sparsely populated</a>. Since decline of the country's traditional extractive and heavy industries, the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, light and service industries, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a> play major roles in its <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">economy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture in Wales</a> is largely livestock-based, making Wales a net exporter of animal produce, contributing towards national <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">agricultural self-sufficiency</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and English are <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>. A majority of the population of Wales speaks English. Welsh is the dominant language in parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">north</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">west</a>, with a total of 538,300 <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language#Status" title="Welsh language">Welsh speakers</a> across the entire country. Wales has <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">four UNESCO world heritage sites</a>, of which three are in the north. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Wales" title="Etymology of Wales">Etymology of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></div> The English words "Wales" and "Welsh" derive from the same <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> root (singular <a href="/wiki/*Walhaz" title="*Walhaz">Wealh</a>, plural Wēalas), a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *<a href="/wiki/*Walhaz" title="*Walhaz">Walhaz</a>, which was itself derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> known to the Romans as <a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a>. This term was later used to refer indiscriminately to inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> came to use the term to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> in particular; the plural form Wēalas evolved into the name for their territory, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_71-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tolkien_1-20">[16]</a> Historically in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, the words were not restricted to modern Wales or to the Welsh but were used to refer to anything that Anglo-Saxons associated with Britons, including other non-Germanic territories in Britain (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>) and places in Anglo-Saxon territory associated with Britons (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Walworth,_County_Durham" title="Walworth, County Durham">Walworth</a> in County Durham and <a href="/wiki/Walton,_Leeds" title="Walton, Leeds">Walton</a> in West Yorkshire).<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and <a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a> is the Welsh name for Wales. These words (both of which are pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈkəm.rɨ]</a>) are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic</a> word combrogi, meaning "fellow-countrymen",<a href="#cite_note-Hist_Wales_69-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> and probably came into use before the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> In literature, they could be spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-Hist_Wales_69-22">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Latinised</a> forms of these names, Cambrian, Cambric and <a href="/wiki/Cambria" title="Cambria">Cambria</a>, survive as names such as the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Mountains" title="Cambrian Mountains">Cambrian Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> geological period.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline of Welsh history</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Archaeology of Wales">Archaeology of Wales</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_origins">Prehistoric origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrynCelliDdu3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A low grassy mound with an entrance at its centre framed by cyclopean stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BrynCelliDdu3.jpg/220px-BrynCelliDdu3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BrynCelliDdu3.jpg/330px-BrynCelliDdu3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BrynCelliDdu3.jpg/440px-BrynCelliDdu3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Celli_Ddu" title="Bryn Celli Ddu">Bryn Celli Ddu</a>, a late Neolithic chambered tomb on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caradog_(5227657).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Caradog_%285227657%29.jpg/170px-Caradog_%285227657%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Caradog_%285227657%29.jpg/255px-Caradog_%285227657%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Caradog_%285227657%29.jpg/340px-Caradog_%285227657%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caratacus" title="Caratacus">Caradog</a> by Thomas Prydderch. Caradog was leader of the north Walian Celtic tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a>.</figcaption></figure> Wales has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">modern humans</a> for at least 29,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-CA_2007-26">[22]</a> Continuous human habitation dates from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>, between 12,000 and 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">years before present (BP)</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> from Central Europe began to migrate to Great Britain. At that time, sea levels were much lower than today. Wales was free of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> by about 10,250 BP, the warmer climate allowing the area to become heavily wooded. The post-glacial rise in sea level separated Wales and Ireland, forming the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>. By 8,000 BP the British Peninsula had become an island.<a href="#cite_note-Tempus_13-27">[23]</a> By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6,000 BP) sea levels in the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> were still about 33 feet (10 metres) lower than today.<a href="#cite_note-GGAT_72_4-28">[24]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">John Davies</a> theorised that the story of <a href="/wiki/Cantre%27r_Gwaelod" title="Cantre'r Gwaelod">Cantre'r Gwaelod</a>'s drowning and tales in the <a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a>, of the waters between Wales and Ireland being narrower and shallower, may be distant folk memories of this time.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_4–6-29">[25]</a> Neolithic colonists integrated with the indigenous people, gradually changing their lifestyles from a nomadic life of hunting and gathering, to become settled farmers about 6,000 BP – the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_4–6-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-GGAT_72-30">[26]</a> They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land, developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production, and built <a href="/wiki/Cromlech" title="Cromlech">cromlechs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pentre_Ifan" title="Pentre Ifan">Pentre Ifan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Celli_Ddu" title="Bryn Celli Ddu">Bryn Celli Ddu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parc_Cwm_long_cairn" title="Parc Cwm long cairn">Parc Cwm long cairn</a> between about 5,800 BP and 5,500 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Coflein1-31">[27]</a> Over the following centuries they assimilated immigrants and adopted ideas from <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> cultures. Some historians, such as <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a>, consider Wales in the Late Bronze Age as part of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">a maritime trading-networked culture</a> that included other <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koch2009-32">[28]</a> This "Atlantic-Celtic" view is opposed by others who hold that the Celtic languages derive their origins from the more easterly <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman invasion of Britain</a> the area of modern Wales had been divided among the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a> (north-east), <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a> (north-west), <a href="/wiki/Demetae" title="Demetae">Demetae</a> (south-west), <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a> (south-east), and <a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovii</a> (east).<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_4–6-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-34">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Wales in the Roman era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales.Roman.Conquest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wales.Roman.Conquest.jpg/220px-Wales.Roman.Conquest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wales.Roman.Conquest.jpg/330px-Wales.Roman.Conquest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wales.Roman.Conquest.jpg/440px-Wales.Roman.Conquest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Roman invasion of Wales</figcaption></figure> The Roman conquest of Wales began in AD 48 and took 30 years to complete; the occupation lasted over 300 years. The campaigns of conquest were opposed by two native tribes: the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a>. Caractacus or <a href="/wiki/Caratacus" title="Caratacus">Caradog</a>, leader of the Ordovices, had initial success in resisting Roman invasions of north Wales but was eventually defeated.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Roman rule in Wales was a military occupation, save for the southern coastal region of <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">south Wales</a>, where there is a legacy of Romanisation.<a href="#cite_note-Jones1-37">[33]</a> The only town in Wales founded by the Romans, <a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a>, is in south east Wales.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> Both Caerwent and <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>, also in southern Wales, became Roman <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> Wales had a rich mineral wealth. The Romans used their engineering <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">technology</a> to extract large amounts of gold, copper, and lead, as well as lesser amounts of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and silver.<a href="#cite_note-Jones3-40">[36]</a> No significant industries were located in Wales in this time;<a href="#cite_note-Jones3-40">[36]</a> this was largely a matter of circumstance as Wales had none of the necessary materials in suitable combination, and the forested, mountainous countryside was not amenable to industrialisation. Latin became the official language of Wales, though the people continued to speak in Brythonic. While Romanisation was far from complete, the upper classes came to consider themselves Roman, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">ruling of 212</a> that granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all free men throughout the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Davies915-41">[37]</a> Further Roman influence came through the spread of Christianity, which gained many followers when Christians were allowed to worship freely; state persecution ceased in the 4th century, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> issuing an <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">edict of toleration</a> in 313.<a href="#cite_note-Davies915-41">[37]</a> Early historians, including the 6th-century cleric <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>, have noted 383 as a significant point in Welsh history.<a href="#cite_note-Davies531-42">[38]</a> In that year, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>, or Macsen Wledig, stripped Britain of troops to launch a successful bid for imperial power, continuing to rule Britain from <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> as emperor, and transferring power to local leaders.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> The earliest Welsh genealogies cite Maximus as the founder of several royal dynasties,<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> and as the father of the Welsh Nation.<a href="#cite_note-Davies531-42">[38]</a> He is given as the ancestor of a Welsh king on the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Eliseg" title="Pillar of Eliseg">Pillar of Eliseg</a>, erected nearly 500 years after he left Britain, and he figures in lists of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Tribes_of_Wales" title="Fifteen Tribes of Wales">Fifteen Tribes of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rachel_Bromwich_2006-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Roman_era">Post-Roman era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Wales in the early Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain_in_AD500_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Britain_in_AD500_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16790.jpg/170px-Britain_in_AD500_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16790.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Britain_in_AD500_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16790.jpg/255px-Britain_in_AD500_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Britain_in_AD500_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16790.jpg/340px-Britain_in_AD500_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Britain in <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> 500: The areas shaded pink on the map were inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>, here labelled Welsh. The pale blue areas in the east were controlled by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>, while the pale green areas to the north were inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 400-year period following the collapse of Roman rule is the most difficult to interpret in the history of Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Davies915-41">[37]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman departure</a> in AD 410, much of the lowlands of Britain to the east and south-east was overrun by various <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, commonly known as Anglo-Saxons. Some have theorized that the cultural dominance of the Anglo-Saxons was due to apartheid-like social conditions in which the Britons were at a disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> By AD 500 the land that would become Wales had divided into a number of kingdoms free from Anglo-Saxon rule.<a href="#cite_note-Davies915-41">[37]</a> The kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ceredigion" title="Kingdom of Ceredigion">Caredigion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glywysing" title="Glywysing">Morgannwg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Tywi" title="Ystrad Tywi">Ystrad Tywi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> emerged as independent Welsh <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies915-41">[37]</a> Archaeological evidence, in the Low Countries and what was to become England, shows early Anglo-Saxon migration to Great Britain reversed between 500 and 550, which concurs with Frankish chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-Davies56-47">[43]</a> John Davies notes this as consistent with a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Badon Hill</a> against the Saxons, which was attributed to <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies56-47">[43]</a> Having lost much of what is now the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> in the 6th and early 7th centuries, a resurgent late-7th-century Powys checked Mercian advances. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Mercia" title="Æthelbald of Mercia">Æthelbald of Mercia</a>, looking to defend recently acquired lands, had built <a href="/wiki/Wat%27s_Dyke" title="Wat's Dyke">Wat's Dyke</a>. According to Davies, this had been with the agreement of king <a href="/wiki/Elisedd_ap_Gwylog" title="Elisedd ap Gwylog">Elisedd ap Gwylog</a> of Powys, as this boundary, extending north from the valley of the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> to the Dee estuary, gave him <a href="/wiki/Oswestry" title="Oswestry">Oswestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hist_Wales_65-66-48">[44]</a> Another theory, after carbon dating placed the dyke's existence 300 years earlier, is that it was built by the post-Roman rulers of <a href="/wiki/Wroxeter" title="Wroxeter">Wroxeter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> seems to have continued this initiative when he created a larger earthwork, now known as <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a> (Clawdd Offa). Davies wrote of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Fox" title="Cyril Fox">Cyril Fox</a>'s study of Offa's Dyke: "In the planning of it, there was a degree of consultation with the kings of Powys and Gwent. On the Long Mountain near <a href="/wiki/Trelystan" title="Trelystan">Trelystan</a>, the dyke veers to the east, leaving the fertile slopes in the hands of the Welsh; near <a href="/wiki/Ruabon" title="Ruabon">Rhiwabon</a>, it was designed to ensure that Cadell ap Brochwel retained possession of the Fortress of Penygadden." And, for Gwent, Offa had the dyke built "on the eastern crest of the gorge, clearly with the intention of recognizing that the <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">River Wye</a> and its traffic belonged to the kingdom of Gwent."<a href="#cite_note-Hist_Wales_65-66-48">[44]</a> However, Fox's interpretations of both the length and purpose of the Dyke have been questioned by more recent research.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> In 853, the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> raided <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, but in 856, <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Mawr" title="Rhodri Mawr">Rhodri Mawr</a> defeated and killed their leader, Gorm.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> of Wales made peace with the Vikings and <a href="/wiki/Anarawd_ap_Rhodri" title="Anarawd ap Rhodri">Anarawd ap Rhodri</a> allied with the Norsemen occupying <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> to conquer the north.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> This alliance later broke down and Anarawd came to an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, with whom he fought against the west Welsh. According to <a href="/wiki/Annales_Cambriae" title="Annales Cambriae">Annales Cambriae</a>, in 894, "Anarawd came with the Angles and laid waste to <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Tywi" title="Ystrad Tywi">Ystrad Tywi</a>."<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CymruMap.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CymruMap.PNG/170px-CymruMap.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CymruMap.PNG/255px-CymruMap.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CymruMap.PNG/340px-CymruMap.PNG 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Medieval map of Welsh realms</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_(f.1.v)_King_Hywel_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.1.v%29_King_Hywel_cropped.jpg/170px-Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.1.v%29_King_Hywel_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.1.v%29_King_Hywel_cropped.jpg/255px-Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.1.v%29_King_Hywel_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.1.v%29_King_Hywel_cropped.jpg/340px-Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.1.v%29_King_Hywel_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a> enthroned</figcaption></figure> The southern and eastern parts of Great Britain lost to English settlement became known in Welsh as <a href="/wiki/Lloegyr" title="Lloegyr">Lloegyr</a> (Modern Welsh Lloegr), which may have referred to the kingdom of Mercia originally and which came to refer to England as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-54">[e]</a> The Germanic tribes who now dominated these lands were invariably called Saeson, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>". The Anglo-Saxons called the Romano-British *<a href="/wiki/*Walhaz" title="*Walhaz">Walha</a>, meaning 'Romanised foreigner' or 'stranger'.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_2-55">[50]</a> The Welsh continued to call themselves Brythoniaid (Brythons or Britons) well into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, though the first written evidence of the use of Cymru and y Cymry is found in a praise poem to <a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a> (Moliant Cadwallon, by Afan Ferddig) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 633.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_71-19">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Armes_Prydein" title="Armes Prydein">Armes Prydein</a>, believed to be written around 930–942, the words Cymry and Cymro are used as often as 15 times.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> However, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement onwards, the people gradually begin to adopt the name Cymry over Brythoniad.<a href="#cite_note-Davies186-57">[52]</a> From 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led to <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Mawr" title="Rhodri Mawr">Rhodri Mawr</a>'s (<abbr title="ruled">r.</abbr> 844–77) inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>. His sons founded the three dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Aberffraw" title="Aberffraw">Aberffraw</a> for Gwynedd, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dinefwr" title="House of Dinefwr">Dinefwr</a> for <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathrafal" title="Mathrafal">Mathrafal</a> for Powys. Rhodri's grandson <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a> (r. 900–50) founded Deheubarth out of his maternal and paternal inheritances of <a href="/wiki/Dyfed" title="Dyfed">Dyfed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seisyllwg" title="Seisyllwg">Seisyllwg</a> in 930, ousted the <a href="/wiki/Aberffraw" title="Aberffraw">Aberffraw</a> dynasty from Gwynedd and Powys and then codified <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Welsh law</a> in the 940s.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_to_late_middle_ages">High to late middle ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">Wales in the High Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Wales in the late Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">List of rulers in Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_rebellions_against_English_rule" title="Welsh rebellions against English rule">Welsh rebellions against English rule</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Gruffydd ap Llywelyn">Gruffydd ap Llywelyn</a> was the only ruler to unite all of Wales under his rule, described by one chronicler after his death as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Wales" title="King of Wales">king of Wales</a>. In 1055 Gruffydd ap Llywelyn killed his rival <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Rhydderch" title="Gruffydd ap Rhydderch">Gruffydd ap Rhydderch</a> in battle and recaptured <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> Originally king of Gwynedd, by 1057 he was ruler of Wales and had annexed parts of England around the border. He ruled Wales with no internal battles.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> His territories were again divided into the traditional kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">John Davies</a> states that Gruffydd was "the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. For about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither precedent nor successor."<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_100-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd" title="Owain Gwynedd">Owain Gwynedd</a> (1100–1170) of the Aberffraw line was the first Welsh ruler to use the title princeps Wallensium (prince of the Welsh), a title of substance given his victory on the <a href="/wiki/Berwyn_range" title="Berwyn range">Berwyn range</a>, according to Davies.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_128-62">[57]</a> During this time, between 1053 and 1063, Wales lacked any internal strife and was at peace.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> Within four years of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> (1066), England had been <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">completely subjugated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_100-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I of England</a> established a series of lordships, allocated to his most powerful warriors, along the Welsh border, their boundaries fixed only to the east (where they met other feudal properties inside England).<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> Starting in the 1070s, these lords began conquering land in southern and eastern Wales, west of the <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">River Wye</a>. The frontier region, and any English-held lordships in Wales, became known as Marchia Wallie, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">Marcher lords</a> were subject to neither <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman_1-65">[60]</a> The extent of the March varied as the fortunes of the Marcher lords and the Welsh princes ebbed and flowed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_History_March-66">[61]</a> Owain Gwynedd's grandson <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ab_Iorwerth" title="Llywelyn ab Iorwerth">Llywelyn Fawr</a> (the Great, 1173–1240), received the <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> of other Welsh lords in 1216 at the council at <a href="/wiki/Aberdyfi" title="Aberdyfi">Aberdyfi</a>, becoming in effect the first <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">prince of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> His grandson <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> secured the recognition of the title Prince of Wales from <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Montgomery" title="Treaty of Montgomery">Treaty of Montgomery</a> in 1267.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Subsequent disputes, including the imprisonment of Llywelyn's wife <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_de_Montfort" title="Eleanor de Montfort">Eleanor</a>, culminated in the first invasion by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies151-69">[64]</a> As a result of military defeat, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aberconwy" title="Treaty of Aberconwy">Treaty of Aberconwy</a> exacted Llywelyn's fealty to England in 1277.<a href="#cite_note-Davies151-69">[64]</a> Peace was short-lived, and, with the 1282 <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a>, the rule of the Welsh princes permanently ended. With Llywelyn's death and his brother prince <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd</a>'s execution, the few remaining <a href="/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets" title="Welsh peers and baronets">Welsh lords</a> did <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> in 1284 provided the constitutional basis for a post-conquest government of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Principality of North Wales</a> from 1284 until 1535/36.<a href="#cite_note-RDEOGB1999-71">[66]</a> It defined Wales as "annexed and united" to the English Crown, separate from England but under the same monarch. The king ruled directly in two areas: the Statute divided the north and delegated administrative duties to the <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Chester" title="Justice of Chester">Justice of Chester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_North_Wales" title="Justiciar of North Wales">Justiciar of North Wales</a>, and further south in western Wales the King's authority was delegated to the <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_South_Wales" title="Justiciar of South Wales">Justiciar of South Wales</a>. The existing royal lordships of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Powys" title="Montgomery, Powys">Montgomery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Builth_Wells" title="Builth Wells">Builth Wells</a> remained unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> To maintain his dominance, Edward constructed a series of castles: <a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy</a>. His son, the future <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>, was born at <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a> in 1284.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> He became the first English prince of Wales in 1301, which at the time provided an income from northwest Wales known as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_at_Cardiff_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The statue of a man in a tunic and short cape clasped at his right shoulder, sculpted in white stone. The figure, set indoors with its back to an arched window, holds a down-pointed sword in his right hand and a scroll in his left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_at_Cardiff_City_Hall.jpg/170px-Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_at_Cardiff_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_at_Cardiff_City_Hall.jpg/255px-Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_at_Cardiff_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_at_Cardiff_City_Hall.jpg/340px-Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_at_Cardiff_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1354 or 1359 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1416) at <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Cardiff" title="City Hall, Cardiff">Cardiff City Hall</a></figcaption></figure>After <a href="/wiki/Welsh_rebellions_against_English_rule#Madog_ap_Llywelyn" title="Welsh rebellions against English rule">the failed revolt in 1294–1295</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Llywelyn" title="Madog ap Llywelyn">Madog ap Llywelyn</a> – who styled himself Prince of Wales in the <a href="/wiki/Penmachno_Document" title="Penmachno Document">Penmachno Document</a> – and the rising of <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_Bren" title="Llywelyn Bren">Llywelyn Bren</a> (1316), the last uprising was led by <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a>. In 1404, Owain was crowned prince of Wales in the presence of emissaries from France, Spain (Castille) and Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_194-75">[70]</a> Glyndŵr went on to hold parliamentary assemblies at several Welsh towns, including a Welsh parliament (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: senedd) at <a href="/wiki/Machynlleth" title="Machynlleth">Machynlleth</a>. The rebellion was eventually defeated by 1412. Having failed Owain went into hiding and nothing was known of him after 1413.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_against_the_Welsh" title="Penal laws against the Welsh">penal laws against the Welsh</a> of 1401–02 passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English parliament</a> made the Welsh second-class citizens. With hopes of independence ended, there were no further wars or rebellions against English colonial rule and the laws remained on the statute books until 1624.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> (born in Wales in 1457) seized the throne of England from <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> in 1485, uniting England and Wales under one royal house. The last remnants of Celtic-tradition <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Welsh law</a> were abolished and replaced by English law by the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a> during the reign of Henry VII's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Tudors-79">[74]</a> In the legal jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, Wales became unified with the kingdom of England; the "<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>" began to refer to the whole country, though it remained a "principality" only in a ceremonial sense.<a href="#cite_note-RDEOGB1999-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-80">[75]</a> The Marcher lordships were abolished, and Wales began electing members of the Westminster parliament.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern period in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg/220px-George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg/330px-George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg/440px-George_Childs_Dowlais_Ironworks_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Dowlais Ironworks (1840) by George Childs (1798–1875)</figcaption></figure>In 1536 Wales had around 278,000 inhabitants, which increased to around 360,000 by 1620. This was primarily due to rural settlement, where animal farming was central to the Welsh economy. Increase in trade and increased economic stability occurred due to the increased diversity of the Welsh economy. Population growth however outpaced economic growth and the standard of living dropped.<a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[77]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrial Revolution in Wales</a>, there were small-scale industries scattered throughout Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Davies392-83">[78]</a> These ranged from those connected to agriculture, such as milling and the <a href="/wiki/Woollen_industry_in_Wales" title="Woollen industry in Wales">manufacture of woollen textiles</a>, through to mining and quarrying.<a href="#cite_note-Davies392-83">[78]</a> Agriculture remained the dominant source of wealth.<a href="#cite_note-Davies392-83">[78]</a> The emerging industrial period saw the development of copper smelting in the <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> area. With access to local coal deposits and a harbour that connected it with Cornwall's copper mines in the south and the large copper deposits at <a href="/wiki/Parys_Mountain" title="Parys Mountain">Parys Mountain</a> on Anglesey, Swansea developed into the world's major centre for non-ferrous metal smelting in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Davies392-83">[78]</a> The second metal industry to expand in Wales was iron smelting, and iron manufacturing became prevalent in both the north and the south of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Davies393-84">[79]</a> In the north, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a>'s Ironworks at <a href="/wiki/Bersham" title="Bersham">Bersham</a> was a major centre, while in the south, at <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a>, the ironworks of <a href="/wiki/Dowlais_Ironworks" title="Dowlais Ironworks">Dowlais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa</a>, Plymouth and <a href="/wiki/Penydarren_Ironworks" title="Penydarren Ironworks">Penydarren</a> became the most significant hub of iron manufacture in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Davies393-84">[79]</a> By the 1820s, south Wales produced 40 per cent of all Britain's <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies393-84">[79]</a> By the 18th century, lawyers, doctors, estate agents and government officials formed a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> with sizeable houses.<a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[77]</a> In the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">slate quarrying</a> began to expand rapidly, most notably in North Wales. The <a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_quarry" title="Penrhyn quarry">Penrhyn quarry</a>, opened in 1770 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pennant,_1st_Baron_Penrhyn" title="Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn">Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn</a>, was employing 15,000 men by the late 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Davies818-85">[80]</a> and along with <a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_quarry" title="Dinorwic quarry">Dinorwic quarry</a>, it dominated the Welsh slate trade. Although slate quarrying has been described as "the most Welsh of Welsh industries",<a href="#cite_note-Davies819-86">[81]</a> it is coal mining which became the industry synonymous with Wales and its people. Initially, coal seams were exploited to provide energy for local metal industries but, with the opening of canal systems and later the railways, Welsh coal mining saw an explosion in demand. As the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales Coalfield</a> was exploited, Cardiff, Swansea, <a href="/wiki/Penarth" title="Penarth">Penarth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Barry, Vale of Glamorgan">Barry</a> grew as world exporters of coal. By its height in 1913, Wales was producing almost 61 million tons of coal.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Wales" title="Modern history of Wales">Modern history of Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales in the World Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MametzWood_Christopher_Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MametzWood_Christopher_Williams.jpg/220px-MametzWood_Christopher_Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MametzWood_Christopher_Williams.jpg/330px-MametzWood_Christopher_Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MametzWood_Christopher_Williams.jpg/440px-MametzWood_Christopher_Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Battle at <a href="/wiki/Mametz_Wood_Memorial" title="Mametz Wood Memorial">Mametz Wood</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Williams_(Welsh_artist)" title="Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)">Christopher Williams</a> (1918)</figcaption></figure> Historian <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Kenneth Morgan</a> described Wales on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> as a "relatively placid, self-confident and successful nation". The output from the coalfields continued to increase, with the Rhondda Valley recording a peak of 9.6 million tons of coal extracted in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> The First World War (1914–1918) saw a total of 272,924 Welshmen under arms, representing 21.5 per cent of the male population. Of these, roughly 35,000 were killed,<a href="#cite_note-Davies284-89">[84]</a> with particularly heavy losses of <a href="/wiki/38th_(Welsh)_Infantry_Division" title="38th (Welsh) Infantry Division">Welsh forces</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mametz_Wood_Memorial" title="Mametz Wood Memorial">Mametz Wood</a> on the Somme and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> The first quarter of the 20th century also saw a shift in the political landscape of Wales. Since 1865, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> had held a parliamentary majority in Wales and, following the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1906</a>, only one non-Liberal Member of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Merthyr Tydfil (UK Parliament constituency)">Merthyr Tydfil</a>, represented a Welsh constituency at Westminster. Yet by 1906, industrial dissension and political militancy had begun to undermine Liberal consensus in the southern coalfields.<a href="#cite_note-Davies461-91">[86]</a> In 1916, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> became the first Welshman to become Prime Minister of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> In December 1918, Lloyd George was re-elected as the head of a Conservative-dominated coalition government, and his poor handling of the 1919 coal miners' strike was a key factor in destroying support for the Liberal party in south Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Davies515-93">[88]</a> The industrial workers of Wales began shifting towards the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. When in 1908 the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">Miners' Federation of Great Britain</a> became affiliated to the Labour Party, the four Labour candidates sponsored by miners were all elected as MPs. By 1922, half the Welsh seats at Westminster were held by Labour politicians—the start of a Labour dominance of Welsh politics that continued into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Davies439-94">[89]</a> After economic growth in the first two decades of the 20th century, Wales's staple industries endured a prolonged slump from the early 1920s to the late 1930s, leading to widespread unemployment and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> For the first time in centuries, the population of Wales went into decline; unemployment reduced only with the production demands of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> The war saw Welsh servicemen and women fight in all major theatres, with some 15,000 of them killed. Bombing raids brought high loss of life as the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">German Air Force</a> targeted the docks at <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke</a>. After 1943, 10 per cent of Welsh conscripts aged 18 were sent to work in the coal mines, where there were labour shortages; they became known as <a href="/wiki/Bevin_Boys" title="Bevin Boys">Bevin Boys</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifist</a> numbers during both World Wars were fairly low, especially in the Second World War, which was seen as a fight against <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies807-97">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Plaid_Cymru_rally_in_Machynlleth_in_1949_where_the_%22Parliament_for_Wales_in_5_years%22_campaign_was_started_(14050400654).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_Plaid_Cymru_rally_in_Machynlleth_in_1949_where_the_%22Parliament_for_Wales_in_5_years%22_campaign_was_started_%2814050400654%29.jpg/220px-A_Plaid_Cymru_rally_in_Machynlleth_in_1949_where_the_%22Parliament_for_Wales_in_5_years%22_campaign_was_started_%2814050400654%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_Plaid_Cymru_rally_in_Machynlleth_in_1949_where_the_%22Parliament_for_Wales_in_5_years%22_campaign_was_started_%2814050400654%29.jpg/330px-A_Plaid_Cymru_rally_in_Machynlleth_in_1949_where_the_%22Parliament_for_Wales_in_5_years%22_campaign_was_started_%2814050400654%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_Plaid_Cymru_rally_in_Machynlleth_in_1949_where_the_%22Parliament_for_Wales_in_5_years%22_campaign_was_started_%2814050400654%29.jpg/440px-A_Plaid_Cymru_rally_in_Machynlleth_in_1949_where_the_%22Parliament_for_Wales_in_5_years%22_campaign_was_started_%2814050400654%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> rally in <a href="/wiki/Machynlleth" title="Machynlleth">Machynlleth</a> in 1949, where the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_for_Wales_Campaign" title="Parliament for Wales Campaign">Parliament for Wales Campaign</a> began</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> was formed in 1925, seeking greater autonomy or independence from the rest of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-LLGC_Plaid-98">[93]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>" became common for describing the area to which English law applied, and in 1955 Cardiff was proclaimed as Wales's capital. <a href="/wiki/Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith_Gymraeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg">Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg</a> (The Welsh Language Society) was formed in 1962, in response to fears that the language might soon die out.<a href="#cite_note-GTJ_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith_Gymraeg-99">[94]</a> Nationalist sentiment grew following the <a href="/wiki/Tryweryn_flooding" title="Tryweryn flooding">flooding of the Tryweryn valley</a> in 1965 to create a reservoir to supply water to the English city of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Although 35 of the 36 Welsh MPs voted against the bill (one abstained), Parliament passed the bill and the village of <a href="/wiki/Capel_Celyn" title="Capel Celyn">Capel Celyn</a> was submerged, highlighting Wales's powerlessness in her own affairs in the face of the numerical superiority of English MPs in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Tryweryn-101">[96]</a> Separatist groupings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Wales_Army" title="Free Wales Army">Free Wales Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Amddiffyn_Cymru" title="Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru">Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru</a> were formed, conducting campaigns from 1963.<a href="#cite_note-MAC_&_FWA-102">[97]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture of the Prince of Wales">investiture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles</a> in 1969, these groups were responsible for a number of bomb attacks on infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> At a by-election in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Gwynfor_Evans" title="Gwynfor Evans">Gwynfor Evans</a> won the parliamentary seat of <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmarthen (UK Parliament constituency)">Carmarthen</a>, Plaid Cymru's first Parliamentary seat.<a href="#cite_note-Gwynfor-104">[99]</a> By the end of the 1960s, the policy of bringing businesses into disadvantaged areas of Wales through financial incentives had proven very successful in diversifying the industrial economy.<a href="#cite_note-Davies236-105">[100]</a> This policy, begun in 1934, was enhanced by the construction of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial estates">industrial estates</a> and improvements in transport communications,<a href="#cite_note-Davies236-105">[100]</a> most notably the <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4 motorway</a> linking south Wales directly to London. It was believed that the foundations for stable economic growth had been firmly established in Wales during this period, but this was shown to be optimistic after the <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">recession of the early 1980s</a> saw the collapse of much of the manufacturing base that had been built over the preceding forty years.<a href="#cite_note-Davies237-106">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devolution">Devolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_addresses_the_Senedd_inside_the_Siambr_(Chamber)_during_the_ceremonial_opening_of_the_Sixth_Senedd_in_Cardiff._(52355107245).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Queen_Elizabeth_II_addresses_the_Senedd_inside_the_Siambr_%28Chamber%29_during_the_ceremonial_opening_of_the_Sixth_Senedd_in_Cardiff._%2852355107245%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_addresses_the_Senedd_inside_the_Siambr_%28Chamber%29_during_the_ceremonial_opening_of_the_Sixth_Senedd_in_Cardiff._%2852355107245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Queen_Elizabeth_II_addresses_the_Senedd_inside_the_Siambr_%28Chamber%29_during_the_ceremonial_opening_of_the_Sixth_Senedd_in_Cardiff._%2852355107245%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_addresses_the_Senedd_inside_the_Siambr_%28Chamber%29_during_the_ceremonial_opening_of_the_Sixth_Senedd_in_Cardiff._%2852355107245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Queen_Elizabeth_II_addresses_the_Senedd_inside_the_Siambr_%28Chamber%29_during_the_ceremonial_opening_of_the_Sixth_Senedd_in_Cardiff._%2852355107245%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_addresses_the_Senedd_inside_the_Siambr_%28Chamber%29_during_the_ceremonial_opening_of_the_Sixth_Senedd_in_Cardiff._%2852355107245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the Sixth Senedd in Cardiff in 2021</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a> repealed a section of the <a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">Wales and Berwick Act</a> and thus "Wales" was no longer part of the legal definition of England. This essentially defined Wales as a separate entity legally (but within the UK), for the first time since before the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a> which defined Wales as a part of the Kingdom of England. The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a> also expanded areas where use of Welsh was permitted, including in some legal situations.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/1979_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1979 Welsh devolution referendum">referendum in 1979</a>, Wales voted against the creation of a Welsh assembly with an 80 per cent majority. In 1997, a <a href="/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Welsh devolution referendum">second referendum</a> on the same issue secured a very narrow majority (50.3 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-Long_Walk-109">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) was set up in 1999 (under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a>) with the power to determine how Wales's central government budget is spent and administered, although the UK Parliament reserved the right to set limits on its powers.<a href="#cite_note-Long_Walk-109">[104]</a> The Government of Wales Act 2006 (c 32) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> and allows further powers to be granted to it more easily. The Act creates a system of government with a separate executive drawn from and accountable to the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-StackPath-110">[105]</a> Following a successful referendum in 2011 on extending the law making powers of the National Assembly it is now able to make laws, known as Acts of the Assembly, on all matters in devolved subject areas, without needing the UK Parliament's agreement.<a href="#cite_note-StackPath-110">[105]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a>, Wales voted in support of leaving the European Union, although demographic differences became evident. According to <a href="/wiki/Danny_Dorling" title="Danny Dorling">Danny Dorling</a>, professor of geography at Oxford University, votes for Leave may have been boosted by the large number English people living in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Senedd_and_Elections_(Wales)_Act_2020" title="Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020">Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020</a>, the National Assembly was renamed "Senedd Cymru" in Welsh and the "Welsh Parliament" in English, which was seen as a better reflection of the body's expanded legislative powers.<a href="#cite_note-Senedd_Cymru_name-112">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh_language">Welsh language</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith,_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Protest_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith%2C_1972.jpg/220px-Protest_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith%2C_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Protest_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith%2C_1972.jpg/330px-Protest_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith%2C_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Protest_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith%2C_1972.jpg/440px-Protest_Cymdeithas_yr_Iaith%2C_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Cymdeithas yr Iaith</a>" (Society for the Language) bilingual road sign protest, 1972.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">History of the Welsh language</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Cymraeg) is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic family</a>;<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> the most closely related languages are <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>. Most linguists believe that the Celtic languages arrived in Britain around 600 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies20146-114">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic languages</a> ceased to be spoken in England and were replaced by the English language, a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a> which arrived in Wales around the end of the eighth century due to the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201419-115">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Bible translations into Welsh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, which encouraged use of the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> in religious services, helped the language survive after Welsh elites abandoned it in favour of English in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies201437,_39-116">[111]</a> Successive Welsh Language Acts, in 1942, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">1993</a>, improved the legal status of Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2014117,_120,_122–123-117">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a> modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time, a major landmark for the language. The Measure also created the post of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a>, replacing the Welsh Language Board.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Following the referendum in 2011, the Official Languages Act became the first Welsh law to be created in 600 years, according to the First Minister at the time, <a href="/wiki/Carwyn_Jones" title="Carwyn Jones">Carwyn Jones</a>. This law was passed by Welsh Assembly members (AMs) only and made Welsh an official language of the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> Starting in the 1960s, many <a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales" title="Road signs in Wales">road signs</a> have been replaced by bilingual versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2014117,_121-120">[115]</a> Various public and private sector bodies have adopted bilingualism to a varying degree and (since 2011) Welsh is the only official (de jure) language in any part of Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2014122–123-121">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics of Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senedd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Senedd.JPG/220px-Senedd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Senedd.JPG/330px-Senedd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Senedd.JPG/440px-Senedd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Senedd_building" title="Senedd building">Senedd building</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a>, opened on <a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">St David's Day</a> 2006.</figcaption></figure> Wales is a country that is part of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-17">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO 3166-2:GB</a> formerly defined Wales as a principality, with England and Scotland defined as countries and Northern Ireland as a province.<a href="#cite_note-ISO_3166-2_2011_newsletter-122">[117]</a> However, this definition was raised in the Welsh Assembly in 2010 and the then <a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General for Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">John Griffiths</a>, stated, 'Principality is a misnomer and that Wales should properly be referred to as a country.'<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> In 2011, ISO 3166-2:GB was updated and the term 'principality' was replaced with 'country'.<a href="#cite_note-ISO_3166-2_2011_newsletter-122">[117]</a> UK Government toponymic guidelines state that, 'though there is a Prince of Wales, this role is deemed to be titular rather than exerting executive authority, and therefore Wales is described as a country rather than a principality.'<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> – the 650-member <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the UK Parliament – there are 32 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">members of Parliament</a> (MPs) who <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Wales_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2024–present)">represent Welsh constituencies</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales" title="2024 United Kingdom general election in Wales">2024 general election</a>, 27 <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_Co-op" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Co-op">Labour Co-op</a> MPs were elected, along with 4 <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> MPs and 1 <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Democrats" title="Welsh Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrat</a> MP from Wales.<a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a> is a department of the UK government responsible for Wales, whose minister, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State for Wales</a> (Welsh secretary), sits in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">UK cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> Wales has a <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> legislature known as the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> (Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament) which holds devolved powers from the UK Parliament via a reserved powers model.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> For the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">local government</a>, Wales has been divided into 22 council areas since 1996. These "principal areas"<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> are responsible for the provision of all local government services.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devolved_Government">Devolved Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Minister_meeting_with_First_Minister_of_Wales_-_52943408033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/First_Minister_meeting_with_First_Minister_of_Wales_-_52943408033.jpg/220px-First_Minister_meeting_with_First_Minister_of_Wales_-_52943408033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/First_Minister_meeting_with_First_Minister_of_Wales_-_52943408033.jpg/330px-First_Minister_meeting_with_First_Minister_of_Wales_-_52943408033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/First_Minister_meeting_with_First_Minister_of_Wales_-_52943408033.jpg/440px-First_Minister_meeting_with_First_Minister_of_Wales_-_52943408033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6636" data-file-height="3971" /></a><figcaption>First Minister Mark Drakeford meets with First Minister of Scotland <a href="/wiki/Humza_Yousaf" title="Humza Yousaf">Humza Yousaf</a> in Edinburgh, 2023</figcaption></figure> Following <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution</a> in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a> created a Welsh devolved assembly, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>, with the power to determine how Wales's central government budget is spent and administered.<a href="#cite_note-Wyn_Jones-131">[126]</a> Eight years later, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a> reformed the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> and allowed further powers to be granted to it more easily. The Act also created a system of government with a separate executive, the Welsh Government, drawn from and accountable to the legislature, the National Assembly. Following a successful referendum in 2011, the National Assembly was empowered to make laws, known as Acts of the Assembly, on all matters in devolved subject areas, without requiring the UK Parliament's approval of legislative competence. It also gained powers to raise taxes.<a href="#cite_note-Expert_Panel-132">[127]</a>: 33–34  In May 2020, the National Assembly was renamed "Senedd Cymru" or "the Welsh Parliament", commonly known as the Senedd in both English and Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-Senedd_Cymru_name-112">[107]</a> Devolved areas of responsibility include agriculture, economic development, education, health, housing, local government, social services, tourism, transport and the Welsh language.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> The Welsh Government also promotes Welsh interests abroad.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law of the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Court_House_Ruthin_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A half timbered building of two floors, with four sets of leaded windows to the front aspect and one set to the side. The build has a steep, slate roof, with a single chimney placed left of centre. Steps and a ramp lead up to its single visible entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Old_Court_House_Ruthin_Wales.jpg/220px-The_Old_Court_House_Ruthin_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Old_Court_House_Ruthin_Wales.jpg/330px-The_Old_Court_House_Ruthin_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Old_Court_House_Ruthin_Wales.jpg/440px-The_Old_Court_House_Ruthin_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Old Court House, <a href="/wiki/Ruthin" title="Ruthin">Ruthin</a>, Denbighshire, built 1401, following <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a>'s attack on the town</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_(f.4.r)_Judge_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.4.r%29_Judge_cropped.jpg/220px-Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.4.r%29_Judge_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.4.r%29_Judge_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a Welsh judge from the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Hywel_Dda" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of Hywel Dda">Laws of Hywel Dda</a></figcaption></figure>By tradition, Welsh Law was compiled during an assembly held at <a href="/wiki/Whitland" title="Whitland">Whitland</a> around 930 by <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>, king of most of Wales between 942 and his death in 950. The '<a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">law of Hywel Dda</a>' (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Cyfraith Hywel), as it became known, codified the previously existing <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Law">folk laws and legal customs</a> that had evolved in Wales over centuries. Welsh Law emphasised the payment of compensation for a crime to the victim, or the victim's kin, rather than punishment by the ruler.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> Other than in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marches</a>, where <a href="/wiki/March_law" title="March law">March law</a> was imposed by the Marcher Lords, Welsh Law remained in force in Wales until the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> in 1284. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> following the death of <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, and Welsh Law was replaced for criminal cases under the Statute. Marcher Law and Welsh Law (for civil cases) remained in force until <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> annexed the whole of Wales under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a> (often referred to as the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543), after which English law applied to the whole of Wales.<a href="#cite_note-HMCS-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">Wales and Berwick Act 1746</a> provided that all laws that applied to England would automatically apply to Wales (and the Anglo-Scottish border town of <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a>) unless the law explicitly stated otherwise; this Act was repealed with regard to Wales in 1967. English law has been the legal system of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> since 1536.<a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_263-138">[133]</a> English law is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system, with no major <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codification</a> of the law and legal <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedents</a> are binding as opposed to persuasive. The court system is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> which is the highest court of appeal in the land for criminal and civil cases. The <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Courts of England and Wales">Senior Courts of England and Wales</a> is the highest <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">court of first instance</a> as well as an <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a>. The three divisions are the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice of England and Wales">High Court of Justice</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a>. Minor cases are heard by <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">magistrates' courts</a> or the <a href="/wiki/County_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="County Court">County Court</a>. In 2007 the Wales and Cheshire Region (known as the Wales and Cheshire Circuit before 2005) came to an end when Cheshire was attached to the North-Western England Region. From that point, Wales became a legal unit in its own right, although it remains part of the single <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> has the authority to draft and approve laws outside of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliamentary</a> system to meet the specific needs of Wales. Under powers approved by a <a href="/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="2011 Welsh devolution referendum">referendum</a> held in March 2011, it is empowered to pass primary legislation, at the time referred to as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales but now known as an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Act of Senedd Cymru</a> in relation to twenty subjects listed in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a> such as health and education. Through this primary legislation, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> can then also enact more specific <a href="/wiki/Secondary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary legislation">subordinate legislation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> Wales is served by four regional police forces: <a href="/wiki/Dyfed-Powys_Police" title="Dyfed-Powys Police">Dyfed-Powys Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwent_Police" title="Gwent Police">Gwent Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Police" title="North Wales Police">North Wales Police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Police" title="South Wales Police">South Wales Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> There are five <a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Wales" title="Prisons in Wales">prisons in Wales</a>: four in the southern half of the country, and <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Berwyn" title="HM Prison Berwyn">one</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Industrial_Estate" title="Wrexham Industrial Estate">Wrexham</a>. Wales has no women's prisons: female inmates are imprisoned in England.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_natural_history">Geography and natural history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography of Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Wales_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of settlements in Wales by population">List of settlements in Wales by population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Wales" title="List of towns in Wales">List of towns in Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">List of cities in Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Wales" title="Natural resources of Wales">Natural resources of Wales</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yr_Wyddfa_(Snowdon)_from_Crib_Goch,_Parc_Cenedlaethol_Eryri_National_Park,_Cymru_(Wales)_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yr_Wyddfa_%28Snowdon%29_from_Crib_Goch%2C_Parc_Cenedlaethol_Eryri_National_Park%2C_Cymru_%28Wales%29_09.jpg/219px-Yr_Wyddfa_%28Snowdon%29_from_Crib_Goch%2C_Parc_Cenedlaethol_Eryri_National_Park%2C_Cymru_%28Wales%29_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yr_Wyddfa_%28Snowdon%29_from_Crib_Goch%2C_Parc_Cenedlaethol_Eryri_National_Park%2C_Cymru_%28Wales%29_09.jpg/328px-Yr_Wyddfa_%28Snowdon%29_from_Crib_Goch%2C_Parc_Cenedlaethol_Eryri_National_Park%2C_Cymru_%28Wales%29_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yr_Wyddfa_%28Snowdon%29_from_Crib_Goch%2C_Parc_Cenedlaethol_Eryri_National_Park%2C_Cymru_%28Wales%29_09.jpg/438px-Yr_Wyddfa_%28Snowdon%29_from_Crib_Goch%2C_Parc_Cenedlaethol_Eryri_National_Park%2C_Cymru_%28Wales%29_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Yr Wyddfa) <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, the highest mountain in Wales</figcaption></figure> Wales is a generally mountainous country on the western side of central southern Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Cymru-143">[138]</a> It is about 170 miles (270 km) north to south.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> The oft-quoted "<a href="/wiki/The_size_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="The size of Wales">size of Wales</a>" is about 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Wales is bordered by England to the east and by sea in all other directions: the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to the north and west, <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel" title="St George's Channel">St George's Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> to the southwest and the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> Wales has about 1,680 miles (2,700 km) of coastline (along the mean high water mark), including the mainland, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Anglesey" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Island,_Anglesey" title="Holy Island, Anglesey">Holyhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Over 50 islands</a> lie off the Welsh mainland, the largest being Anglesey, in the north-west.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> Much of Wales's diverse landscape is mountainous, particularly in the north and central regions. The mountains were shaped during the last ice age, the <a href="/wiki/Devensian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Devensian glaciation">Devensian glaciation</a>. The highest mountains in Wales are in <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a> (Eryri), of which five are over 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The highest of these is <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> (Yr Wyddfa), at 1,085 m (3,560 ft).<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-WalesOnline_mynyddoedd-151">[146]</a> The 14 Welsh mountains, or 15 if including <a href="/wiki/Carnedd_Gwenllian" title="Carnedd Gwenllian">Carnedd Gwenllian</a> – often discounted because of its low <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a> – over 3,000 feet (910 metres) high are known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_3000s" title="Welsh 3000s">Welsh 3000s</a> and are located in a small area in the north-west.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> The highest outside the 3000s is <a href="/wiki/Aran_Fawddwy" title="Aran Fawddwy">Aran Fawddwy</a>, at 905 metres (2,969 feet), in the south of Snowdonia.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a> (Bannau Brycheiniog) are in the south (highest point <a href="/wiki/Pen_y_Fan" title="Pen y Fan">Pen y Fan</a>, at 886 metres (2,907 feet)),<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> and are joined by the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Mountains" title="Cambrian Mountains">Cambrian Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a> (highest point <a href="/wiki/Pumlumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumlumon">Pumlumon</a>, at 752 metres (2,467 feet)).<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Map_of_Wales.svg/220px-Map_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Map_of_Wales.svg/330px-Map_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Map_of_Wales.svg/440px-Map_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Relief map of Wales: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Topography above 600 feet (180 m)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National Parks</a></div></figcaption></figure> Wales has <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">three national parks</a>: Snowdonia, Brecon Beacons, and <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembrokeshire Coast">Pembrokeshire Coast</a> (Arfordir Penfro). It has <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>: Anglesey, the <a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range_and_Dee_Valley" title="Clwydian Range and Dee Valley">Clwydian Range and Dee Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula" title="Llŷn Peninsula">Llŷn Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wye_Valley" title="Wye Valley">Wye Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The Gower Peninsula was the first area in the United Kingdom to be designated as an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>, in 1956. As of 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Wales" title="Coastline of Wales">coastline of Wales</a> had 40 <a href="/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach" title="Blue Flag beach">Blue Flag beaches</a>, three Blue Flag marinas and one Blue Flag boat operator.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> The south and west coasts of Wales, along with the Irish and Cornish coasts, are frequently blasted by Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a>/south-westerlies that, over the years, have sunk and wrecked many vessels. In 1859 over 110 ships were destroyed off the coast of Wales in a hurricane that saw more than 800 lives lost across Britain.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> The greatest single loss occurred with the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_(ship)" title="Royal Charter (ship)">Royal Charter</a> off Anglesey in which 459 people died.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> The 19th century saw over 100 vessels lost with an average loss of 78 sailors per year.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_814-160">[155]</a> Wartime action caused losses near Holyhead, <a href="/wiki/Milford_Haven" title="Milford Haven">Milford Haven</a> and Swansea.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_814-160">[155]</a> Because of offshore rocks and unlit islands, Anglesey and Pembrokeshire are still notorious for shipwrecks, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Empress_oil_spill" title="Sea Empress oil spill">Sea Empress oil spill</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> The first border between Wales and England was zonal, apart from around the River Wye, which was the first accepted boundary.<a href="#cite_note-Davies75-162">[157]</a> Offa's Dyke was supposed to form an early distinct line but this was thwarted by Gruffudd ap Llewellyn, who reclaimed swathes of land beyond the dyke.<a href="#cite_note-Davies75-162">[157]</a> The Act of Union of 1536 formed a linear border stretching from the mouth of the Dee to the mouth of the Wye.<a href="#cite_note-Davies75-162">[157]</a> Even after the Act of Union, many of the borders remained vague and moveable until the Welsh Sunday Closing act of 1881, which forced local businesses to decide which country they fell within to accept either the Welsh or English law.<a href="#cite_note-Davies75-162">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology of Wales</a></div> The earliest geological period of the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Palaeozoic</a> era, the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Mountains" title="Cambrian Mountains">Cambrian Mountains</a>, where geologists first identified Cambrian remnants.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick1852-164">[159]</a> In the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> used their studies of Welsh geology to establish certain principles of <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">palaeontology</a>. The next two periods of the Palaeozoic era, the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, were named after ancient Celtic tribes from this area.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate of Wales</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Wales </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.172em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">159</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.26em;height:1.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">7</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">1</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.28em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">114</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.22em;height:1.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.32em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">7</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">1</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.376em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">119</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.48em;height:1.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">9</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.98em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">2</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.718em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">86</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.68em;height:1.52em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">11</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.18em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">3</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.614em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">81</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.2em;height:1.7em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">15</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">6</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.724em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">86</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.72em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.36em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">17</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.22em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">9</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.568em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">78</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.18em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.82em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">19</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.68em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">11</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">106</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.14em;height:1.62em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">19</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.64em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">11</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.48em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">124</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.76em;height:1.48em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.24em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">16</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.26em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">9</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.064em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">153</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.3em;height:1.26em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.56em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">13</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">7</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.136em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">157</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.74em;height:1.12em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.86em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">9</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.24em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">4</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.466em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">173</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.44em;height:1.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.48em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">7</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">2</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/wales.html">Met Office</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.172em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">6.2</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.26em;height:1.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">44</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">34</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.28em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4.5</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.22em;height:1.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.32em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">44</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">34</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.376em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4.7</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.48em;height:1.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">47</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.98em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">36</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.718em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.4</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.68em;height:1.52em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">52</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.18em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">38</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.614em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.2</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.2em;height:1.7em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">58</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">43</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.724em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.4</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.72em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.36em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">62</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.22em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">47</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.568em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.1</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.18em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.82em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">66</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.68em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">52</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4.2</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.14em;height:1.62em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">66</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.64em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">51</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.48em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.76em;height:1.48em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.24em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">61</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.26em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">48</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.064em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">6</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.3em;height:1.26em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.56em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">55</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">44</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.136em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">6.2</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.74em;height:1.12em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.86em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">49</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.24em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">39</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.466em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">6.8</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.44em;height:1.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.48em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">45</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">36</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milvus_milvus_R(ThKraft).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Milvus_milvus_R%28ThKraft%29.jpg/170px-Milvus_milvus_R%28ThKraft%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Milvus_milvus_R%28ThKraft%29.jpg/255px-Milvus_milvus_R%28ThKraft%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Milvus_milvus_R%28ThKraft%29.jpg/340px-Milvus_milvus_R%28ThKraft%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Red_kite" title="Red kite">Red kite</a>, considered one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">national symbols of Wales</a> and voted the nation's favourite bird<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> Wales lies within the <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">north temperate zone</a>. It has a changeable, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> and is one of the wettest countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Met_Off_1-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies148-150-169">[164]</a> Welsh weather is often cloudy, wet and windy, with warm summers and mild winters.<a href="#cite_note-Met_Off_1-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-WalesOnline_soggy-170">[165]</a> <ul><li>Highest maximum temperature: 37.1 °C (99 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a>, Flintshire on 18 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a></li> <li>Lowest minimum temperature: −23.3 °C (−10 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Rhayader" title="Rhayader">Rhayader</a>, Radnorshire (now <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>) on 21 January 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Met_Office_Temp-172">[167]</a></li> <li>Maximum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 354.3 hours at <a href="/wiki/Dale_Fort" title="Dale Fort">Dale Fort</a>, Pembrokeshire in July 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Met_Haul_1-173">[168]</a></li> <li>Minimum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 2.7 hours at Llwynon, <a href="/wiki/Brecknockshire" title="Brecknockshire">Brecknockshire</a> in January 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Met_Haul_1-173">[168]</a></li> <li>Maximum rainfall in a day (0900 UTC − 0900 UTC): 211 millimetres (8.3 in) at <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a>, Glamorgan, on 11 November 1929.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a></li> <li>Wettest spot – an average of 4,473 millimetres (176 in) rain a year at <a href="/wiki/Crib_Goch" title="Crib Goch">Crib Goch</a> in Snowdonia, Gwynedd (making it also the wettest spot in the United Kingdom).<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity of Wales</a></div> Wales's wildlife is typical of Britain with several distinctions. Because of its long coastline, Wales hosts a variety of seabirds. The coasts and surrounding islands are home to colonies of <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">gannets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_shearwater" title="Manx shearwater">Manx shearwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">puffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">kittiwakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_shag" title="European shag">shags</a> and <a href="/wiki/Razorbill" title="Razorbill">razorbills</a>. In comparison, with 60 per cent of Wales above the 150m contour, the country also supports a variety of upland-habitat birds, including <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">raven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_ouzel" title="Ring ouzel">ring ouzel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">Birds of prey</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_kite" title="Red kite">red kite</a>, a national symbol of Welsh wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> In total, more than 200 different species of bird have been seen at the <a href="/wiki/RSPB" class="mw-redirect" title="RSPB">RSPB</a> reserve at <a href="/wiki/Conwy" title="Conwy">Conwy</a>, including seasonal visitors.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Larger mammals, including brown bears, wolves and wildcats, died out during the Norman period. Today, mammals include shrews, voles, badgers, otters, stoats, weasels, hedgehogs and fifteen species of bat. Two species of small rodent, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-necked_mouse" title="Yellow-necked mouse">yellow-necked mouse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hazel_dormouse" title="Hazel dormouse">dormouse</a>, are of special Welsh note being found at the historically undisturbed border area.<a href="#cite_note-Davies533-180">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">pine marten</a>, which has been sighted occasionally, has been reintroduced in parts of Wales since 2015, having previously not been officially recorded since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">polecat</a> was nearly driven to extinction in Britain, but hung on in Wales and is now rapidly spreading. <a href="/wiki/Feral_goat" title="Feral goat">Feral goats</a> can be found in Snowdonia.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Wales" title="Natural Resources Wales">Natural Resources Wales</a> (NRW) granted a licence to release up to six <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/River_Dyfi" title="River Dyfi">Dyfi Valley</a>, the first official beaver release in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Believed to be home to some of Wales's rarest land invertebrates, some 2,500 disused coal tips are the subject of study by the Welsh Government; the tips are home to a wide variety of other wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> The waters of south-west Wales of Gower, Pembrokeshire and Cardigan Bay attract marine animals, including <a href="/wiki/Basking_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Basking sharks">basking sharks</a>, Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seals</a>, leatherback turtles, dolphins, <a href="/wiki/Porpoises" class="mw-redirect" title="Porpoises">porpoises</a>, jellyfish, crabs and lobsters. Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion, in particular, are recognised as an area of international importance for <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Quay" title="New Quay">New Quay</a> has the only summer residence of bottlenose dolphins in the whole of the UK. River fish of note include <a href="/wiki/Salvelinus" title="Salvelinus">char</a>, eel, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">shad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparling" title="Sparling">sparling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_char" title="Arctic char">Arctic char</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Gwyniad" title="Gwyniad">gwyniad</a> is unique to Wales, found only in <a href="/wiki/Bala_Lake" title="Bala Lake">Bala Lake</a>. Wales is known for its shellfish, including <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">periwinkles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a> are the more common of the country's marine fish.<a href="#cite_note-Hist_286-288-185">[180]</a> The north facing high grounds of Snowdonia support a <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> pre-glacial flora including the iconic Snowdon lily – <a href="/wiki/Gagea_serotina" title="Gagea serotina">Gagea serotina</a> – and other <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> species such as <a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_cespitosa" title="Saxifraga cespitosa">Saxifraga cespitosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_oppositifolia" title="Saxifraga oppositifolia">Saxifraga oppositifolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silene_acaulis" title="Silene acaulis">Silene acaulis</a>. Wales has a number of plant species not found elsewhere in the UK, including the spotted rock-rose <a href="/wiki/Tuberaria_guttata" title="Tuberaria guttata">Tuberaria guttata</a> on Anglesey and <a href="/wiki/Draba_aizoides" title="Draba aizoides">Draba aizoides</a> on the Gower.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy of Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Profile_of_Wales.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Profile_of_Wales.png/220px-Profile_of_Wales.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Profile_of_Wales.png/330px-Profile_of_Wales.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Profile_of_Wales.png/440px-Profile_of_Wales.png 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="5886" /></a><figcaption>A profile of the economy of Wales in 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm/220px--This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="151" data-mwtitle="This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm/This_is_Trade_and_Investment._This_is_Wales._Welsh_Government_video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A 2021 introduction to some of the largest companies based in Wales, including: Airbus, bipsync, HCI Pharmaceutical, ReNeuron, Deloitte, Coaltown Coffee, DMM International and Freudenberg</figcaption></figure> Over the last 250 years, Wales has been transformed from a <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">predominantly agricultural country</a> to an industrial, and then to a <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_economy" title="Post-industrial economy">post-industrial economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> In the 1950s, Wales's GDP was twice as big as Ireland's; by the 2020s, Ireland's economy was four times that of Wales. Since the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> has come to account for the majority of jobs, a feature typifying most advanced economies.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> in 2018, according to OECD and Eurostat data, gross domestic product (GDP) in Wales was £75 billion, an increase of 3.3 per cent from 2017. GDP per head in Wales in 2018 was £23,866, an increase of 2.9 per cent on 2017. This compares to Italy's GDP/capita of £25,000, Spain £22,000, Slovenia £20,000 and New Zealand £30,000.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nation_Cymru-190">[185]</a> In the three months to December 2017, 72.7 per cent of working-age adults <a href="/wiki/Employment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment rate">were employed</a>, compared to 75.2 per cent across the UK as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-:0-191">[186]</a> For the 2018–19 fiscal year, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_fiscal_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh fiscal deficit">Welsh fiscal deficit</a> accounts for 19.4 per cent of Wales's estimated GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Cardiff-192">[187]</a> In 2019, Wales was a net exporter of electricity. It produced 27.9 TWh of electricity while only consuming 14.7 TWh.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> In 2021, the Welsh government said that more than half the country's energy needs were being met by renewable sources, 2 per cent of which was from 363 <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydropower</a> projects.<a href="#cite_note-BBC210302-194">[189]</a> By UK law, Wales contributes to items that do not directly benefit Wales e.g. over £5 billion for <a href="/wiki/HS2" class="mw-redirect" title="HS2">HS2</a> "which will damage the Welsh economy by £200m pa", according to the UK and Welsh Government's transport adviser Mark Barry. Wales also pays more in military costs than most similar-sized countries e.g. Wales pays twice the amount Ireland spends on the military.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> The UK government spends £1.75bn per year on the military in Wales, which is almost as much as Wales spends on education every year (£1.8 billion in 2018/19) and five times as much as the total amount spent on the police in Wales (£365 million).<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> From the middle of the 19th century until the post-war era, the mining and export of coal was the dominant industry. At its peak of production in 1913, nearly 233,000 men and women were employed in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales coalfield">South Wales coalfield</a>, mining 56 million tons of coal.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> Cardiff was once the largest coal-exporting port in the world and, for a few years before the First World War, handled a greater tonnage of cargo than either London or Liverpool.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> In the 1920s, over 40 per cent of the male Welsh population worked in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IWA_2003-199">[194]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Phil_Williams_(Welsh_politician)" title="Phil Williams (Welsh politician)">Phil Williams</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> "devastated Wales", north and south, because of its "overwhelming dependence on coal and steel".<a href="#cite_note-IWA_2003-199">[194]</a> From the mid-1970s, the Welsh economy faced massive restructuring with large numbers of jobs in heavy industry disappearing and being replaced eventually by new ones in <a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">light industry</a> and in services. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wales was successful in attracting an above average share of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Much of the new industry was essentially of a "branch (or "screwdriver") factory" type where a manufacturing plant or call centre is in Wales but the most highly-paid jobs in the company are elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economi-202">[197]</a> Poor-quality soil in much of Wales is unsuitable for crop-growing, so livestock farming has been the focus of farming. About 78 per cent of the land surface is used for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> The Welsh landscape, with its three national parks and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach" title="Blue Flag beach">Blue Flag beaches</a>, attracts <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">large numbers of tourists</a>, who bolster the economy of rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> Wales, like Northern Ireland, has relatively few high <a href="/wiki/Value-added" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-added">value-added</a> employment in sectors such as finance and research and development, attributable in part to a comparative lack of "economic mass" (i.e. population) – Wales lacks a large metropolitan centre.<a href="#cite_note-Economi-202">[197]</a> The lack of high value-added employment is reflected in lower economic output per head relative to other regions of the UK: in 2002 it stood at 90 per cent of the EU25 average and around 80 per cent of the UK average.<a href="#cite_note-Economi-202">[197]</a> In June 2008, Wales made history by becoming the first nation to be awarded <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fairtrade status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> is the currency used in Wales. Numerous Welsh banks issued their own banknotes in the 19th century: the last bank to do so closed in 1908. Since then the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> has had a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Wales" title="Bank of Wales">Commercial Bank of Wales</a>, established in Cardiff by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hodge" title="Julian Hodge">Sir Julian Hodge</a> in 1971, was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a> in 1988 and absorbed into its parent company in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a>, which issues the <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">coinage</a> circulating through the whole of the UK, has been based at a single site in <a href="/wiki/Llantrisant" title="Llantrisant">Llantrisant</a> since 1980.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Decimalisation" title="Decimalisation">decimalisation</a>, in 1971, at least one of the coins in circulation emphasises Wales such as the 1995 and 2000 one pound coin (above). As at 2012, the last designs devoted to Wales saw production in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> During 2020, and well into 2021, the restrictions and lockdowns necessitated by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> affected all sectors of the economy and "tourism and hospitality suffered notable losses from the pandemic" across the UK.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> As of 6 April 2021, visitors from "red list" countries were still not allowed to enter unless they were UK residents. Restrictions will "likely be in place until the summer", one report predicted, with June being the most likely time for tourism from other countries to begin a rebound.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> On 12 April 2021, many tourist facilities were still closed in Wales but non-essential travel between Wales and England was finally permitted. Wales also allowed non-essential retail stores to open.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport in Wales</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_roads">Main roads</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4 motorway</a> running from West London to South Wales links <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>. Responsibility for the section of the motorway within Wales, from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Severn_Crossing" title="Second Severn Crossing">Second Severn Crossing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pont_Abraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont Abraham">Pont Abraham</a> services, sits with the Welsh Government.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55 expressway</a> has a similar role along the North Wales coast, connecting <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a> with Wrexham and Flintshire. It also links to northwest England, principally <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a></li> <li>The main north-south Wales link is the <a href="/wiki/A470_road" title="A470 road">A470</a>, which runs from Cardiff to <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg/189px-Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="189" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg/284px-Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg/378px-Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Rail network of Wales, 2021</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Wales" title="Rail transport in Wales">Rail transport in Wales</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_Borders_franchise" title="Wales & Borders franchise">Wales & Borders franchise</a>, which is overseen by the Welsh Government with most passenger services operated by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales Rail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> The Cardiff region has its own <a href="/wiki/Valley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Lines">urban rail network</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a> in the 1960s mean that most of the remaining network is geared toward east-west travel connecting with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> ports for ferries to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> Services between north and south Wales operate through the English cities of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a> and towns of <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gobowen_railway_station" title="Gobowen railway station">Gobowen for Oswestry</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Marches Line">Welsh Marches Line</a>, with trains on the <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Wales_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart of Wales Line">Heart of Wales Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Swansea_railway_station" title="Swansea railway station">Swansea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Llandovery_railway_station" title="Llandovery railway station">Llandovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llandrindod_Wells_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandrindod Wells railway station">Llandrindod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knighton_railway_station" title="Knighton railway station">Knighton</a>, connecting with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches_line" title="Welsh Marches line">Welsh Marches line</a> at <a href="/wiki/Craven_Arms_railway_station" title="Craven Arms railway station">Craven Arms</a>. Trains in Wales are mainly diesel-powered but the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line" title="South Wales Main Line">South Wales Main Line</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Main_Line" title="Great Western Main Line">Great Western Main Line</a> used by services from <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> to Cardiff is <a href="/wiki/21st-century_modernisation_of_the_Great_Western_main_line" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century modernisation of the Great Western main line">undergoing electrification</a>, although the programme has experienced significant delays and cost overruns.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Wales_North-South_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Wales North-South railway">North-South railway</a> has been suggested to better link North and South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_and_ferries">Air and ferries</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a> is the international airport of Wales. Providing links to European, African and North American destinations, it is about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_city_centre" title="Cardiff city centre">Cardiff city centre</a>, in the Vale of Glamorgan. Intra-Wales flights used to run between Anglesey (Valley) and Cardiff, and were operated since 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Airways" title="Eastern Airways">Eastern Airways</a>;<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> as of 2022, those flights are no longer available. Other internal flights operate to northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> Wales has four commercial ferry ports. Regular ferry services to Ireland operate from <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke Dock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishguard" title="Fishguard">Fishguard</a>. The Swansea to <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> service was cancelled in 2006, reinstated in March 2010, and withdrawn again in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education in Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">History of education in Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">List of universities in Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Wales" title="List of further education colleges in Wales">List of further education colleges in Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Wales" title="Lists of schools in Wales">Lists of schools in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llanbedr_Pont_Steffan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Llanbedr_Pont_Steffan.jpg/220px-Llanbedr_Pont_Steffan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Llanbedr_Pont_Steffan.jpg/330px-Llanbedr_Pont_Steffan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Llanbedr_Pont_Steffan.jpg/440px-Llanbedr_Pont_Steffan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>St. David's Building, Lampeter campus, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Trinity_Saint_David" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wales, Trinity Saint David">University of Wales, Trinity Saint David</a> (Prifysgol Cymru, Y Drindod Dewi Sant). Founded in 1822, it is the oldest degree-awarding institution in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> A distinct education system has developed in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Davies238-226">[221]</a> Formal education before the 18th century was the preserve of the elite. The first grammar schools were established in Welsh towns such as <a href="/wiki/Ruthin" title="Ruthin">Ruthin</a>, Brecon and Cowbridge.<a href="#cite_note-Davies238-226">[221]</a> One of the first successful schooling systems was started by <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Jones_(Llanddowror)" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffith Jones (Llanddowror)">Griffith Jones</a>, who introduced the circulating schools in the 1730s; these are believed to have taught half the country's population to read.<a href="#cite_note-Davies239-227">[222]</a> In the early 19th century, English became the usual language of instruction at schools in Wales. While the country's working class was largely Welsh-speaking at the time, Welsh public opinion wished for children to learn English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes2024280,_293–296-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes202437–38-229">[224]</a> Many schools used corporal punishment to stop children from speaking Welsh in the first half of the 19th century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes202451–52-230">[225]</a> the practice declined in the second half of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes202466-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes2024125,_134-232">[227]</a> The British government never prohibited the use of Welsh at schools but it treated English as the assumed language of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes202497–98,_181-233">[228]</a> More Welsh was gradually used at schools in Welsh-speaking areas in the mid to late 19th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes202496–97-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes2024160–162-235">[230]</a> and teaching of the language began to receive moderate government support from the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnes2024181-236">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">University College of Wales</a> opened in Aberystwyth in 1872. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">Bangor</a> followed, and the three colleges came together in 1893 to form the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies239-227">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Intermediate_Education_Act_1889" title="Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889">Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889</a> created 95 secondary schools. The Welsh Department for the Board of Education followed in 1907, which gave Wales its first significant educational devolution.<a href="#cite_note-Davies239-227">[222]</a> A resurgence in Welsh-language schools in the latter half of the 20th century at nursery and primary level saw attitudes shift towards teaching in the medium of Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-Davies240-237">[232]</a> Welsh is a compulsory subject in all of Wales's state schools for pupils aged 5–16 years old.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> While there has never been an exclusively Welsh-language college, Welsh-medium higher education is delivered through the individual universities and has since 2011 been supported by the <a href="/wiki/Coleg_Cymraeg_Cenedlaethol" title="Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol">Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol</a> (Welsh-language National College) as a delocalised federal institution. In 2021–2022, there were 1,470 maintained schools in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> In 2021–22, the country had 471,131 pupils taught by 25,210 full-time equivalent teachers.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Hospital_of_Wales,_Heath_Park_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736088.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/University_Hospital_of_Wales%2C_Heath_Park_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736088.jpg/220px-University_Hospital_of_Wales%2C_Heath_Park_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736088.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/University_Hospital_of_Wales%2C_Heath_Park_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736088.jpg/330px-University_Hospital_of_Wales%2C_Heath_Park_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736088.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/University_Hospital_of_Wales%2C_Heath_Park_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736088.jpg/440px-University_Hospital_of_Wales%2C_Heath_Park_-_Cardiff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1736088.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Wales" title="University Hospital of Wales">University Hospital of Wales</a>, Cardiff</figcaption></figure> Public healthcare in Wales is provided by <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a> (GIG Cymru), through <a href="/wiki/List_of_NHS_Wales_trusts_and_health_boards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NHS Wales trusts and health boards">seven local health boards and three all-Wales trusts</a>. It was originally formed as part of the NHS structure for England and Wales by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1946" title="National Health Service Act 1946">National Health Service Act 1946</a>, but with powers over the NHS in Wales coming under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> Responsibility for NHS Wales passed to the Welsh Assembly under devolution in 1999, and is now the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_and_Social_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Health and Social Services">Minister for Health and Social Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHS_2009-243">[238]</a> Historically, Wales was served by smaller 'cottage' hospitals, built as voluntary institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Davies361-244">[239]</a> As newer, more expensive, diagnostic techniques and treatments became available, clinical work has been concentrated in newer, larger district hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Davies361-244">[239]</a> In 2006, there were seventeen district hospitals in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Davies361-244">[239]</a> NHS Wales directly employs over 90,000 staff, making it Wales's biggest employer.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> The National Survey for Wales in 2021–22 reported that 72 per cent of adults surveyed had good or very good general health, 19 per cent had fair general health and 8 had bad or very bad general health.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> The survey recorded that 46 per cent of Welsh adults had a long-standing illness, such as arthritis, asthma, diabetes or heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> The survey also reported that 13 per cent of the adult population were <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smokers</a>, 16 per cent admitted drinking alcohol above weekly recommended guidelines, while 56 per cent undertook the recommended 150 minutes of physical activity each week.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> According to the survey, 30 per cent of adults in Wales reported to have eaten at least 5 portions of fruit or vegetables the previous day and 36 per cent reported a healthy weight.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics of Wales</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_history">Population history</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population of Wales</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1536 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">278,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1620 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">360,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1770 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1801 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">587,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1851 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,163,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+98.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,421,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+108.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,656,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,487,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,644,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,811,865</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,910,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,063,456</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,107,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Estimated (pre-1801); census (post-1801)<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> 2001 census<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> 2021 census<a href="#cite_note-2021_census-252">[247]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The population of Wales doubled from 587,000 in 1801 to 1,163,000 in 1851 and had reached 2,421,000 by 1911. Most of the increase came in the coal mining districts, especially <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamorganshire">Glamorganshire</a>, which grew from 71,000 in 1801 to 232,000 in 1851 and 1,122,000 in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> Part of this increase can be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a> seen in most industrialising countries during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrial Revolution</a>, as death rates dropped and birth rates remained steady. However, there was also large-scale migration into Wales during the Industrial Revolution. The English were the most numerous group, but there were also considerable numbers of Irish and smaller numbers of other ethnic groups,<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Italians" title="Welsh Italians">Italians</a>, who migrated to South Wales.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> Wales also received immigration from various parts of the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> in the 20th century, and <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">African-Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> communities add to the ethnocultural mix, particularly in urban Wales. Many of these self-identify as Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> The population in 1972 stood at 2.74 million and remained broadly static for the rest of the decade. However, in the early 1980s, the population fell due to net <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> out of Wales. Since the 1980s, net migration has generally been inward, and has contributed more to <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> than <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">natural change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Overview-257">[252]</a> The resident population of Wales in 2021 according to the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">census</a> was 3,107,500 (1,586,600 female and 1,521,000 male), an increase of 1.4 per cent over 2011. A decreased change from the 5 per cent increase between 2001 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Region_populations-258">[253]</a> Wales accounted for 5.2 per cent of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">population of England and Wales</a> in 2021. <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Wales has seven cities</a>: Cardiff, Newport, Swansea, Wrexham, <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a>. (The last two of these have <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status in the United Kingdom</a> despite their small populations.)<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> Wrexham, north Wales's largest settlement, became Wales's newest and seventh city in September <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Civic_Honours" title="Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours">2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Wales <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> 2011 Census<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Wales_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and cities in Wales by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Wales">Council area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Wales_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and cities in Wales by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Wales_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and cities in Wales by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Wales">Council area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Wales_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and cities in Wales by population"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_Castle_and_Millennium_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardiff"><img alt="Cardiff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cardiff_Castle_and_Millennium_Stadium.jpg/120px-Cardiff_Castle_and_Millennium_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cardiff_Castle_and_Millennium_Stadium.jpg/180px-Cardiff_Castle_and_Millennium_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cardiff_Castle_and_Millennium_Stadium.jpg/240px-Cardiff_Castle_and_Millennium_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2511" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Meridian_Tower_Swansea_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swansea"><img alt="Swansea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meridian_Tower_Swansea_Skyline.jpg/120px-Meridian_Tower_Swansea_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meridian_Tower_Swansea_Skyline.jpg/180px-Meridian_Tower_Swansea_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Meridian_Tower_Swansea_Skyline.jpg/240px-Meridian_Tower_Swansea_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="2385" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Council" title="Cardiff Council">City & County of Cardiff</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">335,145</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caerphilly" title="Caerphilly">Caerphilly</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_County_Borough" title="Caerphilly County Borough">Caerphilly County Borough</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,402 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Newportciviccentre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newport"><img alt="Newport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Newportciviccentre.jpg/120px-Newportciviccentre.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Newportciviccentre.jpg/180px-Newportciviccentre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Newportciviccentre.jpg/240px-Newportciviccentre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wrexham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163421.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrexham"><img alt="Wrexham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wrexham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163421.jpg/120px-Wrexham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163421.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wrexham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163421.jpg/180px-Wrexham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163421.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wrexham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163421.jpg/240px-Wrexham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163421.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_Swansea_Council" title="City and County of Swansea Council">City & County of Swansea</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">239,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Neath Port Talbot">Neath Port Talbot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,276 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Newport_City_Council" title="Newport City Council">Newport City</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,060</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd" title="Pontypridd">Pontypridd</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf" title="Rhondda Cynon Taf">Rhondda Cynon Taf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham County Borough</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,603</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf" title="Rhondda Cynon Taf">Rhondda Cynon Taf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,748 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barry,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry, Wales">Barry</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,673</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colwyn_Bay" title="Colwyn Bay">Colwyn Bay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough" title="Conwy County Borough">Conwy County Borough</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Neath Port Talbot">Neath Port Talbot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,658</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pontypool" title="Pontypool">Pontypool</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Torfaen" title="Torfaen">Torfaen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,334 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cwmbran" title="Cwmbran">Cwmbran</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Torfaen" title="Torfaen">Torfaen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,915</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Penarth" title="Penarth">Penarth</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,226 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bridgend" title="Bridgend">Bridgend</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bridgend_County_Borough" title="Bridgend County Borough">Bridgend County Borough</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,757</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhyl" title="Rhyl">Rhyl</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,149 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,878</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blackwood,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwood, Wales">Blackwood</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_County_Borough" title="Caerphilly County Borough">Caerphilly County Borough</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,042 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,820</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maesteg" title="Maesteg">Maesteg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bridgend_County_Borough" title="Bridgend County Borough">Bridgend County Borough</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,888 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages of Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/196px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/294px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/391px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="13342" data-file-height="14791" /></a><figcaption>The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh</figcaption></figure>Welsh is an official language in Wales as legislated by the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> Both Welsh and English are also official languages of the Senedd.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> The proportion of the Welsh population able to speak the Welsh language fell from just under 50 per cent in 1901 to 43.5 per cent in 1911, and continued to fall to a low of 18.9 per cent in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-:03-264">[259]</a> The results of the 2001 Census showed an increase in the number of Welsh speakers to 21 per cent of the population aged 3 and older, compared with 18.7 per cent in 1991 and 19 per cent in 1981. This compares with a pattern of steady decline indicated by census results during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> In the 2011 census it was recorded that the proportion of people able to speak Welsh had dropped from 20.8 per cent to 19 per cent (still higher than 1991). Despite an increase in the overall size of the Welsh population this still meant that the number of Welsh speakers in Wales dropped from 582,000 in 2001 to 562,000 in 2011. However this figure was still much higher than 508,000 or 18.7 per cent of people who said they could speak Welsh in the 1991 census.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, the Welsh-speaking population of Wales aged three or older was 17.8 per cent (538,300 people) and nearly three-quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> Other estimates suggest that 29.7 per cent (899,500) of people aged three or older in Wales could speak Welsh in June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-gov-wales-2021-2022-lang-survey-268">[263]</a> English is spoken by almost all people in Wales and is the main language in most of the country. <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> is common in all parts of Wales and is known by various terms, though none is recognised by professional linguists.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_262-269">[264]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wenglish</a>" is the Welsh dialect of the English language. It has been influenced significantly by Welsh grammar and includes words derived from Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> Northern and western Wales retain many areas where Welsh is spoken as a first language by the majority of the population, and English learnt as a second language. Although <a href="/wiki/Monolingualism" title="Monolingualism">monoglotism</a> in young children continues, life-long monoglotism in Welsh no longer occurs.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> joined the European Union, Wales has seen a significant increase in Polish immigrants. This has made <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> the most common main language in Wales after English and Welsh, at 0.7 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG/170px-StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG/255px-StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG/340px-StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. David's Cathedral">St. David's Cathedral</a>, Pembrokeshire</figcaption></figure> Forms of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> have dominated religious life in what is now Wales for more than 1,400 years.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> The 2021 census recorded that 46.5 per cent had "No religion", more than any single religious affiliation and up from 32.1 per cent in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:5-275">[270]</a> The largest religion in Wales is Christianity, with 43.6 per cent of the population describing themselves as Christian in the 2021 census.<a href="#cite_note-:5-275">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Wales is <a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a> (Dewi Sant), with <a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">Saint David's Day</a> (Dydd Gŵyl Dewi Sant) celebrated annually on 1 March.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> The early 20th century saw a religious revival, the <a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="1904–1905 Welsh Revival">1904–1905 Welsh Revival</a>, which started through the evangelism of <a href="/wiki/Evan_Roberts_(minister)" title="Evan Roberts (minister)">Evan Roberts</a> and brought large numbers of converts, sometimes whole communities, to non-Anglican Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> with 56,000 adherents has the largest attendance of the denominations.<a href="#cite_note-Faith_in_Wales-278">[273]</a> It is a province of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, and was part of the Church of England until disestablishment in 1920 under the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Independent Church</a> in Wales was founded at <a href="/wiki/Llanvaches" title="Llanvaches">Llanvaches</a> in 1638 by <a href="/wiki/William_Wroth" title="William Wroth">William Wroth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterian Church of Wales</a> was born out of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a> in the 18th century and seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in 1811.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> The second largest attending faith in Wales is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom">Roman Catholic</a>, with an estimated 43,000 adherents.<a href="#cite_note-Faith_in_Wales-278">[273]</a> Non-Christian religions are small in Wales, making up approximately 2.7 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Faith-280">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a> is the largest, with 24,000 (0.8 per cent) reported Muslims in the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Faith-280">[275]</a> There are also communities of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhs</a>, mainly in the south Wales cities of Newport, Cardiff and Swansea, while the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> is in the western rural county of <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a> was the first non-Christian faith to be established in Wales since Roman times, though by 2001 the community had declined to approximately 2,000<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> and as of 2019 only numbers in the hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales#Ethnicity" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics of Wales § Ethnicity</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirley_Bassey_(1971).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shirley_Bassey_%281971%29.jpg/146px-Shirley_Bassey_%281971%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shirley_Bassey_%281971%29.jpg/220px-Shirley_Bassey_%281971%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shirley_Bassey_%281971%29.jpg/292px-Shirley_Bassey_%281971%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Singer <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Bassey" title="Shirley Bassey">Shirley Bassey</a></figcaption></figure> The 2021 census showed that 93.8 per cent of the population of Wales identified as "White", compared to 95.6 per cent in 2011. 90.6 per cent of the population identified as "White: Welsh, English, Scottish, Northern Irish or British" in 2021. The second-highest ethnicity in 2021 was "Asian, Asian Welsh or Asian British" at 2.9 per cent of the population, compared to 2.3 per cent in 2011. 1.6 per cent of the population identified as "Mixed or multiple ethnic groups", compared to 1.0 per cent in 2011; 0.9 per cent of the population identified as "Black, Black Welsh, Black British, Caribbean or African", compared to 0.6 per cent in 2011; and 0.9 per cent identified as "Other ethnic group" compared to 0.5 per cent in 2011. The local authorities with the highest proportions of "high-level" ethnic groups other than "White" were mainly urban areas including Cardiff, Newport and Swansea. 5.3 per cent of households in Wales were multiple ethnic group households, up from 4.2 per cent in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> In 2021, the first statue of a named, non-fictional woman outdoors was raised for Wales's first black headteacher, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Campbell" title="Betty Campbell">Betty Campbell</a>. In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Flynn" title="Patti Flynn">Patti Flynn</a> (a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Bassey" title="Shirley Bassey">Shirley Bassey</a>, both of <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Bay" title="Tiger Bay">Tiger Bay</a>, Cardiff) became the first black Welsh woman to be awarded a purple plaque.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_identity">National identity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">Welsh national identity</a></div> The 2021 census showed that 55.2 per cent identified as "Welsh only" and 8.1 per cent identified as "Welsh and British", giving the combined proportion of 63.3 per cent for people identifying as Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-:14-286">[281]</a> The Welsh Annual Population Survey showed that the proportion of people who identified as Welsh versus another identity was 62.3 per cent in 2022, compared to 69.2 per cent in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> A 2022 YouGov poll found that 21 per cent considered themselves Welsh not British, 15 per cent more Welsh than British, 24 per cent equally Welsh and British, 7 per cent more British than Welsh, 20 per cent British and not Welsh, and 8 per cent other; a total of 67 per cent thus considered themselves Welsh to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-:11-288">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture of Wales</a></div> Wales has a distinctive culture including its own language, customs, holidays and music. There are four <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales</a>: <a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a> and Canal; the <a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a>; and <a href="/wiki/The_Slate_Landscape_of_Northwest_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a></div> Remnants of native Celtic <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of the pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historic)">Britons</a> was passed down orally by the cynfeirdd (the early poets).<a href="#cite_note-cynfeirdd-290">[285]</a> Some of their work survives in later <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">medieval Welsh manuscripts</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen" title="Black Book of Carmarthen">Black Book of Carmarthen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aneirin" title="Book of Aneirin">Book of Aneirin</a> (both 13th-century); the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin" title="Book of Taliesin">Book of Taliesin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_Book_of_Rhydderch" title="White Book of Rhydderch">White Book of Rhydderch</a> (both 14th-century); and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a> (c. 1400).<a href="#cite_note-cynfeirdd-290">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> stories from the White and Red Books are known as the <a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> Poems such as <a href="/wiki/Cad_Goddeu" title="Cad Goddeu">Cad Goddeu</a> (The Battle of the Trees) and mnemonic list-texts like the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Treasures_of_the_Island_of_Britain" title="Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain">Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain</a>, also contain mythological material.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> These texts include the earliest forms of the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a> and the traditional history of post-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cynfeirdd-290">[285]</a> Other sources of Welsh <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> include the 9th-century Latin historical compilation <a href="/wiki/Historia_Britonum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Britonum">Historia Britonum</a> (the History of the Britons) and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s 12th-century Latin <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> (the History of the Kings of Britain), and later folklore, such as The Welsh Fairy Book by W. Jenkyn Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Wales_(Welsh_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales (Welsh language)">Literature of Wales (Welsh language)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">List of Welsh writers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Wales_(English_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales (English language)">Literature of Wales (English language)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Book_of_Carmarthen_(f.4.r).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen_%28f.4.r%29.jpg/220px-Black_Book_of_Carmarthen_%28f.4.r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen_%28f.4.r%29.jpg/330px-Black_Book_of_Carmarthen_%28f.4.r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen_%28f.4.r%29.jpg/440px-Black_Book_of_Carmarthen_%28f.4.r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Welsh poetry from the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen" title="Black Book of Carmarthen">Black Book of Carmarthen</a>.</figcaption></figure> Wales has one of the oldest unbroken literary traditions in Europe<a href="#cite_note-Davies464-294">[289]</a> going back to the sixth century and including <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a>, regarded as among the finest Latin authors of the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-Davies464-294">[289]</a> The earliest body of Welsh verse, by poets <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aneirin" title="Aneirin">Aneirin</a>, survive not in their original form, but in much-changed, medieval versions.<a href="#cite_note-Davies464-294">[289]</a> Welsh poetry and native lore and learning survived through the era of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature#Poets_of_the_Princes_(c._1100_–_c._1300)" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Poets of the Princes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100–1280) and then the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature#Poets_of_the_Nobility,_or_Cywyddwyr_(c._1300_–_c._1600)" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Poets of the Gentry</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350–1650). The former were professional poets who composed eulogies and elegies to their patrons while the latter favoured the <a href="/wiki/Cywydd" title="Cywydd">cywydd</a> metre.<a href="#cite_note-Davies688-9-295">[290]</a> The period produced one of Wales's greatest poets, <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gwilym" title="Dafydd ap Gwilym">Dafydd ap Gwilym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> After the Anglicisation of the gentry the tradition declined.<a href="#cite_note-Davies688-9-295">[290]</a> Despite the extinction of the professional poet, the integration of the native elite into a wider cultural world did bring other literary benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Davies465-297">[292]</a> Renaissance scholars such as <a href="/wiki/William_Salesbury" title="William Salesbury">William Salesbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(Mallwyd)" title="John Davies (Mallwyd)">John Davies</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> ideals from English universities.<a href="#cite_note-Davies465-297">[292]</a> In 1588 <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan</a> became the first person to translate the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Bible">Bible into Welsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies465-297">[292]</a> From the 16th century the proliferation of the 'free-metre' verse became the most important development in Welsh poetry, but from the middle of the 17th century a host of imported accentual metres from England became very popular.<a href="#cite_note-Davies465-297">[292]</a> By the 19th century the creation of a Welsh epic, fuelled by the eisteddfod, became an obsession with Welsh-language writers.<a href="#cite_note-Davies466-298">[293]</a> The output of this period was prolific in quantity but unequal in quality.<a href="#cite_note-Williams121-299">[294]</a> Initially excluded, religious denominations came to dominate the competitions, with bardic themes becoming scriptural and didactic.<a href="#cite_note-Williams121-299">[294]</a> Developments in 19th-century Welsh literature include <a href="/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Guest" title="Lady Charlotte Guest">Lady Charlotte Guest</a>'s translation into English of the Mabinogion, one of the most important medieval Welsh prose works of Celtic mythology. 1885 saw the publication of <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Lewis_(novel)" title="Rhys Lewis (novel)">Rhys Lewis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Owen" title="Daniel Owen">Daniel Owen</a>, credited as the first novel written in the Welsh language. The 20th century saw a move from the verbose Victorian Welsh style, with works such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gwynn_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Gwynn Jones">Thomas Gwynn Jones</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ymadawiad_Arthur" title="Ymadawiad Arthur">Ymadawiad Arthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies466-298">[293]</a> The First World War had a profound effect on Welsh literature with a more pessimistic style championed by <a href="/wiki/T._H._Parry-Williams" title="T. H. Parry-Williams">T. H. Parry-Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._Williams_Parry" title="R. Williams Parry">R. Williams Parry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies466-298">[293]</a> The industrialisation of south Wales saw a further shift with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Rhydwen_Williams" title="Rhydwen Williams">Rhydwen Williams</a> who used the poetry and metre of a bygone rural Wales but in the context of an industrial landscape. The inter-war period is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Lewis" title="Saunders Lewis">Saunders Lewis</a>, for his political and reactionary views as much as his plays, poetry and criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Davies466-298">[293]</a> The careers of some 1930s writers continued after World War Two, including those of <a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Thomas_(novelist)" title="Gwyn Thomas (novelist)">Gwyn Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Watkins" title="Vernon Watkins">Vernon Watkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a>, whose most famous work <a href="/wiki/Under_Milk_Wood" title="Under Milk Wood">Under Milk Wood</a> was first broadcast in 1954. Thomas was one of the most notable and popular Welsh writers of the 20th century and one of the most innovative poets of his time.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> The attitude of the post-war generation of Welsh writers in English towards Wales differs from the previous generation, with greater sympathy for Welsh nationalism and the Welsh language. The change is linked to the nationalism of <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Lewis" title="Saunders Lewis">Saunders Lewis</a> and the burning of the Bombing School on the <a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula" title="Llŷn Peninsula">Llŷn Peninsula</a> in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> In poetry <a href="/wiki/R._S._Thomas" title="R. S. Thomas">R. S. Thomas</a> (1913–2000) was the most important figure throughout the second half of the 20th century. He "did not learn the Welsh language until he was 30 and wrote all his poems in English".<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> Major writers in the second half of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Emyr_Humphreys" title="Emyr Humphreys">Emyr Humphreys</a> (1919–2020), who during his long writing career published over twenty novels,<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a> (1921–1988).<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_libraries">Museums and libraries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/National_Library_of_Wales.jpg/220px-National_Library_of_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/National_Library_of_Wales.jpg/330px-National_Library_of_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/National_Library_of_Wales.jpg/440px-National_Library_of_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Amgueddfa_Cymru_%E2%80%93_Museum_Wales" title="Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales">Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1907 as the National Museum of Wales. It operates at seven sites: <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">National Museum Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_National_History_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="St Fagans National History Museum">St Fagans National History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Pit_National_Coal_Museum" title="Big Pit National Coal Museum">Big Pit National Coal Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Wool_Museum" title="National Wool Museum">National Wool Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Slate_Museum" title="National Slate Museum">National Slate Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Waterfront_Museum" title="National Waterfront Museum">National Waterfront Museum</a>. Entry to all sites is free.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, houses important collections of printed works, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales#Sir_John_Williams_Collection" title="National Library of Wales">Sir John Williams Collection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shirburn_Castle" title="Shirburn Castle">Shirburn Castle</a> collection,<a href="#cite_note-Davies594-306">[301]</a> as well as art collections including portraits and photographs, <a href="/wiki/Ephemera" title="Ephemera">ephemera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> maps.<a href="#cite_note-Davies594-306">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Welsh art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Wales" title="Architecture of Wales">Architecture of Wales</a></div> Works of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> have been found in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> period, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> of Wales was part of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Illuminated_manuscripts_of_Welsh_origin" title="Category:Illuminated manuscripts of Welsh origin">from Wales</a> survive, including the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Gospels" title="Hereford Gospels">Hereford Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Gospels" title="Lichfield Gospels">Lichfield Gospels</a>. The 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Ricemarch_Psalter" title="Ricemarch Psalter">Ricemarch Psalter</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>) is certainly Welsh, made in <a href="/wiki/St_David%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="St David's">St David's</a>, and shows a late Insular style with unusual Viking influence.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> Some Welsh artists of the 16th–18th centuries tended to leave the country to work, moving to London or Italy. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(painter)" title="Richard Wilson (painter)">Richard Wilson</a> (1714–1782) is arguably the first major British landscapist; although more notable for his Italian scenes, he painted several Welsh scenes on visits from London. By the late 18th century, the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape art</a> grew and clients were found in the larger Welsh towns, allowing more Welsh artists to stay in their homeland. Artists from outside Wales were also drawn to paint Welsh scenery, at first because of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bard_(1774).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Bard_%281774%29.jpeg/220px-The_Bard_%281774%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Bard_%281774%29.jpeg/330px-The_Bard_%281774%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Bard_%281774%29.jpeg/440px-The_Bard_%281774%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>The Bard, 1774, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Thomas Jones</a> (1742–1803).</figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> in 1857 provided for the establishment of a number of art schools throughout the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Institute,_Cardiff" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wales Institute, Cardiff">Cardiff School of Art</a> opened in 1865. Graduates still very often had to leave Wales to work, but <a href="/wiki/Betws-y-Coed" title="Betws-y-Coed">Betws-y-Coed</a> became a popular centre for artists, and its artists' colony helped to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambrian_Academy_of_Art" title="Royal Cambrian Academy of Art">Royal Cambrian Academy of Art</a> in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> The sculptor Sir William <a href="/wiki/Goscombe_John" title="Goscombe John">Goscombe John</a> made works for Welsh commissions, although he had settled in London. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Williams_(Welsh_artist)" title="Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)">Christopher Williams</a>, whose subjects were mostly resolutely Welsh, was also based in London. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Stephens_(artist)" title="Thomas E. Stephens (artist)">Thomas E. Stephens</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Vicari" title="Andrew Vicari">Andrew Vicari</a> had very successful careers as portraitists, based respectively in the United States and France.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> Welsh painters gravitated towards the art capitals of Europe. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a> and his sister <a href="/wiki/Gwen_John" title="Gwen John">Gwen John</a> lived mostly in London and Paris. However, the landscapists Sir <a href="/wiki/Kyffin_Williams" title="Kyffin Williams">Kyffin Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Prendergast_(artist)" title="Peter Prendergast (artist)">Peter Prendergast</a> lived in Wales for most of their lives, while remaining in touch with the wider art world. <a href="/wiki/Ceri_Richards" title="Ceri Richards">Ceri Richards</a> was very engaged in the Welsh art scene as a teacher in Cardiff and even after moving to London; he was a figurative painter in international styles including <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>. Various artists have moved to Wales, including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, the London-Welshman <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jones (poet)">David Jones</a>, and the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Jones_(sculptor)" title="Jonah Jones (sculptor)">Jonah Jones</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kardomah_Gang" title="The Kardomah Gang">The Kardomah Gang</a> was an intellectual circle in Swansea, centred on the poet <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a> and the poet and artist <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Watkins" title="Vernon Watkins">Vernon Watkins</a>, which also included the painter <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Janes" title="Alfred Janes">Alfred Janes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> South Wales had several notable <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">potteries</a>, one of the first important sites being the <a href="/wiki/Ewenny#Potteries" title="Ewenny">Ewenny Pottery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bridgend" title="Bridgend">Bridgend</a>, which began producing earthenware in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Davies701-314">[309]</a> In the 18th and 19th centuries, with more scientific methods becoming available, more refined ceramics were produced: this was led by the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Pottery" title="Cambrian Pottery">Cambrian Pottery</a> (1764–1870, also known as "Swansea pottery"), and later <a href="/wiki/Nantgarw_Pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantgarw Pottery">Nantgarw Pottery</a> near Cardiff, which was in operation from 1813 to 1820 making fine <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, and then utilitarian pottery from 1833 until 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Davies701-314">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portmeirion_Pottery" title="Portmeirion Pottery">Portmeirion Pottery</a>, founded in 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Williams-Ellis" title="Susan Williams-Ellis">Susan Williams-Ellis</a> (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Clough_Williams-Ellis" title="Clough Williams-Ellis">Clough Williams-Ellis</a>, creator of the Italianate village of <a href="/wiki/Portmeirion" title="Portmeirion">Portmeirion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>) is based in <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_symbols_and_identity">National symbols and identity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">Welsh national identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">National symbols of Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_Dragon_(Y_Ddraig_Goch).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/220px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/330px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/440px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a>, a popular symbol in Wales.</figcaption></figure> Wales is regarded as a modern <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nation</a> which contributes to its national identity,<a href="#cite_note-:4-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-kochnation-316">[311]</a> with Welsh artists regularly appearing at <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a> is the principal symbol of national identity and pride, personifying the fearlessness of the Welsh nation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-318">[313]</a> The dragon is first referenced in literature as a symbol of the people in the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Gwrtheyrn), <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Britons" title="King of the Britons">King of the Celtic Britons</a>, is interrupted while attempting to build a fort at Dinas Emrys. He is told by Ambrosius<a href="#cite_note-320">[f]</a> to dig up two dragons beneath the castle. He discovers a red dragon representing the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>, and a white dragon representing Anglo-Saxons. Ambrosius prophesies that the Celtic Britons will reclaim the island and push the Anglo-Saxons back to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-HistoriaBrittonum-321">[315]</a> As an emblem, the red dragon of Wales has been used since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wales">King of Gwynedd</a> from around 655 AD, and appears prominently on the national <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">flag of Wales</a>, which became an official flag in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> The banner of <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> is associated with Welsh nationhood; it was carried into battle by Welsh forces during <a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyndŵr Rising">Glyndŵr's battles</a> against the English, and includes four lions on red and gold.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> The standard is similar to the arms of <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> (Llywelyn the Last), the last Prince of Wales before the conquest of Wales by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>. The design may also be influenced by the arms of Glyndŵr's parents, both of whom had lions in their arms. <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r_Day" title="Owain Glyndŵr Day">Owain Glyndŵr Day</a> is celebrated on 16 September in Wales and there have been calls to make it a national bank holiday.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-325">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a> is also used in Wales: it consists of three white feathers emerging from a gold coronet, and the German motto Ich dien (I serve). Several Welsh representative teams, including <a href="/wiki/Logo_of_the_Welsh_Rugby_Union" title="Logo of the Welsh Rugby Union">the Welsh rugby union</a>, and Welsh regiments in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Welsh" title="Royal Welsh">Royal Welsh</a>, use the badge or a stylised version of it.<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[g]</a> On 1 March, Welsh people celebrate <a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">Saint David's Day</a>, commemorating the death of the country's patron saint in 589.<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> It is not a recognised <a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holiday</a> although there have been calls to make it so.<a href="#cite_note-:8-332">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-333">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-334">[327]</a> The day is celebrated by schools and cultural societies across Wales, and customs include the wearing of a <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Daffodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Daffodil">daffodil</a>, which are two national emblems of Wales. Children also wear the national costume.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a> The origins of the leek can be traced to the 16th century, while the daffodil became popular in the 19th century, encouraged by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies189-336">[329]</a> This is attributed to confusion (or association) between the Welsh for leeks, cennin, and that for daffodils, cennin Pedr or St. Peter's leeks.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Cymru-143">[138]</a> A report in 1916 gave preference to the leek, which has appeared on British pound coins.<a href="#cite_note-Davies189-336">[329]</a> Other Welsh festivals include <a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Mabsant" title="Gŵyl Mabsant">Mabsant</a> when parishes would celebrate the patron saint of their local church, although this is now rarely observed,<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> and a more modern celebration, <a href="/wiki/Dydd_Santes_Dwynwen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dydd Santes Dwynwen">Dydd Santes Dwynwen</a> (St Dwynwen's Day), observed on 25 January in a similar way to St Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau</a>" (English: Land of My Fathers) is the de facto, national anthem of Wales and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Wales national team, as well as the opening of the Senedd and other official occasions.<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> "Cymru am byth" ("Wales forever") is a popular Welsh motto.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> Another Welsh motto "Y <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Ddraig Goch</a> Ddyry Cychwyn" ("the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a> inspires action") has been used on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge of Wales</a> when it was created in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sport in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millennium_Stadium_(aerial_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Millennium_Stadium_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/220px-Millennium_Stadium_%28aerial_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Millennium_Stadium_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/330px-Millennium_Stadium_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Millennium_Stadium_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/440px-Millennium_Stadium_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</a>, Cardiff</figcaption></figure> More than 50 <a href="/wiki/Governing_bodies_of_sports_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Governing bodies of sports in Wales">national governing bodies</a> regulate and organise their sports in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> Most of those involved in competitive sports select, organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries. Wales is represented at major world sporting events such as the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland as part of a <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the Olympics">Great Britain</a> team. Wales has hosted several international sporting events.<a href="#cite_note-walessportsevents-343">[336]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958 Commonwealth Games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> the <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999 Rugby World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ryder_Cup" title="2010 Ryder Cup">2010 Ryder Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2017_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 UEFA Champions League Final">2017 UEFA Champions League Final</a>.<a href="#cite_note-walessportsevents-343">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> Although football has traditionally been the more popular sport in <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Wales" title="Rugby union in Wales">rugby union</a> is seen as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">Welsh identity</a> and an expression of national consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales national rugby union team</a> takes part in the annual <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a> and has also competed in every <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, hosting the tournament in <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999</a>. The five professional sides that replaced the traditional club sides in major competitions in 2003 were replaced in 2004 by the four regions: <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiff Blues">Cardiff Blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragons_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons (rugby union)">Dragons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)" title="Ospreys (rugby union)">Ospreys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarlets" title="Scarlets">Scarlets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> The Welsh regional teams play in the <a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Heineken_Champions_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken Champions Cup">Heineken Champions Cup</a> if they qualify<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Rugby_Challenge_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="European Rugby Challenge Cup">European Rugby Challenge Cup</a>, again dependent on qualification.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Wales" title="Rugby league in Wales">Rugby league in Wales</a> dates back to 1907. A professional <a href="/wiki/Welsh_League" title="Welsh League">Welsh League</a> existed from 1908 to 1910.<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> Wales has had <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Wales" title="Football in Wales">its own football</a> league, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Premier League">Welsh Premier League</a>, since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> For historical reasons, five Welsh clubs play in the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system" title="English football league system">English football league system</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C." title="Cardiff City F.C.">Cardiff City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C." title="Swansea City A.F.C.">Swansea City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport County A.F.C">Newport County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C." title="Wrexham A.F.C.">Wrexham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Town_F.C._(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merthyr Town F.C. (2010)">Merthyr Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a> The country has produced a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wales_international_footballers" title="List of Wales international footballers">footballers</a> who have played at international level.<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> At <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_football_team" title="Wales national football team">Wales national team</a> achieved their best ever finish, reaching the semi-finals.<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a> In international <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, Wales and England field a single representative team, administered by the <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board" title="England and Wales Cricket Board">England and Wales Cricket Board</a> (ECB), called the <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England cricket team</a>, or simply 'England'.<a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> Occasionally, a separate <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_cricket_team" title="Wales national cricket team">Wales team</a> play limited-overs competitions. <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_County_Cricket_Club" title="Glamorgan County Cricket Club">Glamorgan County Cricket Club</a> is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a> Wales has produced notable participants of individual sports including <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a> track and field,<a href="#cite_note-359">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_boxing_champions" title="List of Welsh boxing champions">boxing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Wales">Media in Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in Wales">List of newspapers in Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Wales" title="Radio in Wales">Radio in Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Wales" title="Television in Wales">Television in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filming_%22Torchwood%22_in_Cardiff_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Filming_%22Torchwood%22_in_Cardiff_%282%29.jpg/220px-Filming_%22Torchwood%22_in_Cardiff_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Filming_%22Torchwood%22_in_Cardiff_%282%29.jpg/330px-Filming_%22Torchwood%22_in_Cardiff_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Filming_%22Torchwood%22_in_Cardiff_%282%29.jpg/440px-Filming_%22Torchwood%22_in_Cardiff_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>A number of BBC productions, such as <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torchwood" title="Torchwood">Torchwood</a>, have been filmed in Wales.</figcaption></figure> Wales became the UK's first <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> nation in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales" title="BBC Cymru Wales">BBC Cymru Wales</a> is the national broadcaster,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_amdanyn_nhw-365">[358]</a> producing both television and radio programmes in Welsh and English.<a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> It has also produced programmes such as <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(British_TV_series)" title="Life on Mars (British TV series)">Life on Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torchwood" title="Torchwood">Torchwood</a> for BBC's network audience across the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_amdanyn_nhw-365">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>, the UK's main commercial broadcaster, has a Welsh-orientated service branded <a href="/wiki/ITV_Cymru_Wales" title="ITV Cymru Wales">ITV Cymru Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> began broadcasting in 1982. Its output was mostly in Welsh at peak hours, but shared English-language content with <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> at other times. Since the <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">digital switchover</a> the channel has broadcast exclusively in Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> is the BBC's Welsh-language radio service, which broadcasts throughout Wales.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_amdanyn_nhw-365">[358]</a> A number of independent radio stations broadcast in the Welsh regions, predominantly in English. In 2006, several regional radio stations broadcast in Welsh: output ranged from two two-minute news bulletins each weekday (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Maldwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Maldwyn">Radio Maldwyn</a>) to over 14 hours of Welsh-language programmes weekly (<a href="/wiki/Swansea_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Swansea Sound">Swansea Sound</a>) to essentially bilingual stations such as <a href="/wiki/Heart_Cymru" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart Cymru">Heart Cymru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Ceredigion" title="Radio Ceredigion">Radio Ceredigion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a> Most of the newspapers sold and read in Wales are national newspapers available throughout Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)" title="Western Mail (Wales)">Western Mail</a> is Wales's only print national daily newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_papurau-371">[364]</a> Wales-based regional daily newspapers include the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Post_(North_Wales)" title="Daily Post (North Wales)">Daily Post</a> (which covers North Wales), the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Evening_Post" title="South Wales Evening Post">South Wales Evening Post</a> (Swansea), the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Echo" title="South Wales Echo">South Wales Echo</a> (Cardiff), and the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Argus" title="South Wales Argus">South Wales Argus</a> (Newport).<a href="#cite_note-BBC_papurau-371">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Y_Cymro" title="Y Cymro">Y Cymro</a> is a Welsh-language newspaper, published weekly.<a href="#cite_note-Mercator-372">[365]</a> Wales on Sunday is the only Welsh Sunday newspaper that covers the whole of Wales.<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Books_Council_of_Wales" title="Books Council of Wales">Books Council of Wales</a> is the Welsh-Government-funded body tasked with promoting Welsh literature in Welsh and English.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> The BCW provides publishing grants for qualifying English- and Welsh-language publications.<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a> Around 650 books are published each year, by some of the dozens of Welsh publishers.<a href="#cite_note-Llyfrau-376">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a> Wales's main publishing houses include <a href="/wiki/Gomer_Press" title="Gomer Press">Gomer Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwasg_Carreg_Gwalch" title="Gwasg Carreg Gwalch">Gwasg Carreg Gwalch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honno_(press)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honno (press)">Honno</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y_Lolfa" title="Y Lolfa">Y Lolfa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Llyfrau-376">[369]</a> Journals with a Welsh focus include Cambria (a Welsh affairs magazine published bi-monthly in English),<a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a> Planet, and <a href="/wiki/Poetry_Wales" title="Poetry Wales">Poetry Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a> Welsh-language magazines include the current affairs titles <a href="/wiki/Golwg" title="Golwg">Golwg</a> ("View"), published weekly, and <a href="/wiki/Barn_(Welsh_magazine)" title="Barn (Welsh magazine)">Barn</a> ("Opinion"), published monthly.<a href="#cite_note-Mercator-372">[365]</a> Y Wawr ("The Dawn") is published quarterly by <a href="/wiki/Merched_y_Wawr" title="Merched y Wawr">Merched y Wawr</a>, the national organisation for women.<a href="#cite_note-Mercator-372">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Y_Traethodydd" title="Y Traethodydd">Y Traethodydd</a> ("The Essayist"), a quarterly publication by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterian Church of Wales</a>, first appeared in 1845 and is the oldest Welsh publication still in print.<a href="#cite_note-Mercator-372">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cawl_Cymreig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cawl_Cymreig.jpg/179px-Cawl_Cymreig.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cawl_Cymreig.jpg/269px-Cawl_Cymreig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cawl_Cymreig.jpg/358px-Cawl_Cymreig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cawl" title="Cawl">Cawl</a>, a traditional meat and vegetable dish from Wales.</figcaption></figure> Traditional Welsh dishes include <a href="/wiki/Laverbread" title="Laverbread">laverbread</a> (made from <a href="/wiki/Porphyra_umbilicalis" title="Porphyra umbilicalis">Porphyra umbilicalis</a>, an edible <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bara_brith" title="Bara brith">bara brith</a> (fruit bread), <a href="/wiki/Cawl" title="Cawl">cawl</a> (a lamb stew), <a href="/wiki/Cawl_cennin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cawl cennin">cawl cennin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leek_soup" title="Leek soup">leek soup</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_cake" title="Welsh cake">Welsh cakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a> are sometimes served as a traditional breakfast with bacon and laverbread.<a href="#cite_note-381">[374]</a> Although Wales has its own traditional food and has absorbed much of the cuisine of England, Welsh diets now owe more to the countries of <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a> is the country's favourite dish, while hamburgers and Chinese food outsell <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> as takeaways.<a href="#cite_note-Davies293-382">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_festivals">Music and festivals</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Wales" title="List of festivals in Wales">List of festivals in Wales</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Tom_Jones_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_(cropped-2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sir_Tom_Jones_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped-2%29.jpg/158px-Sir_Tom_Jones_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped-2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sir_Tom_Jones_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped-2%29.jpg/238px-Sir_Tom_Jones_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped-2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sir_Tom_Jones_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped-2%29.jpg/317px-Sir_Tom_Jones_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_%28cropped-2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Singer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)" title="Tom Jones (singer)">Tom Jones</a></figcaption></figure> Wales, "the land of song", is notable for its solo artists, its <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_chorus" title="Men's chorus">male voice choirs</a> and its harpists.<a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a> The annual <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod" class="mw-redirect" title="National Eisteddfod">National Eisteddfod</a> is the country's main performance festival. The Llangollen <a href="/wiki/International_Eisteddfod" class="mw-redirect" title="International Eisteddfod">International Eisteddfod</a> provides an opportunity for the singers and musicians of the world to perform. The Welsh Folk Song Society publishes collections of historical songs and tunes.<a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a> Traditional instruments of Wales include the telyn deires (<a href="/wiki/Triple_harp" title="Triple harp">triple harp</a>), fiddle, <a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">crwth</a> (bowed lyre) and the pibgorn (hornpipe).<a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a> Male voice choirs emerged in the 19th century, formed as the tenor and bass sections of chapel choirs, and embraced the popular secular hymns of the day.<a href="#cite_note-Davies532-386">[379]</a> Welsh congregations and choirs were known for singing in a rousing four-voice style, becoming characteristic of the country.<a href="#cite_note-387">[380]</a> Many of the historic choirs survive in modern Wales, singing a mixture of traditional and popular songs.<a href="#cite_note-Davies532-386">[379]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC_National_Orchestra_of_Wales" title="BBC National Orchestra of Wales">BBC National Orchestra of Wales</a> performs in Wales and internationally. The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a> is based at the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre" title="Wales Millennium Centre">Wales Millennium Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Orchestra_of_Wales" title="National Youth Orchestra of Wales">National Youth Orchestra of Wales</a> was the first of its type in the world.<a href="#cite_note-388">[381]</a> Wales has a tradition of producing notable singers in both the classical and pop arenas,<a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a> as well as some popular bands.<a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[385]</a> The Welsh <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> scene has enjoyed a resurgence in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drama">Drama</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Cinema of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Welsh television series">List of Welsh television series</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Zeta-Jones_VF_2012_Shankbone_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Catherine_Zeta-Jones_VF_2012_Shankbone_2.jpg/156px-Catherine_Zeta-Jones_VF_2012_Shankbone_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Catherine_Zeta-Jones_VF_2012_Shankbone_2.jpg/234px-Catherine_Zeta-Jones_VF_2012_Shankbone_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Catherine_Zeta-Jones_VF_2012_Shankbone_2.jpg/312px-Catherine_Zeta-Jones_VF_2012_Shankbone_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones" title="Catherine Zeta-Jones">Catherine Zeta-Jones</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest surviving Welsh plays are two medieval <a href="/wiki/Miracle_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle play">miracle plays</a>, Y Tri Brenin o Gwlen ("The three Kings from Cologne") and Y Dioddefaint a'r Atgyfodiad ("The Passion and the Resurrection").<a href="#cite_note-394">[387]</a> A recognised Welsh tradition of theatre emerged during the 18th century, in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">interlude</a>, a metrical play performed at fairs and markets.<a href="#cite_note-395">[388]</a> Drama in the early 20th century thrived, but the country established neither a Welsh National Theatre nor a national ballet company.<a href="#cite_note-Davies192-396">[389]</a> After the Second World War, the substantial number of amateur theatre companies reduced by two-thirds.<a href="#cite_note-Davies224-397">[390]</a> Competition from television in the mid-20th century led to greater professionalism in the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-Davies224-397">[390]</a> Plays by <a href="/wiki/Emlyn_Williams" title="Emlyn Williams">Emlyn Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alun_Owen" title="Alun Owen">Alun Owen</a> and others were staged, while Welsh actors, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a>, were establishing international reputations.<a href="#cite_note-Davies224-397">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[392]</a> Wales has also produced some well-known comedians.<a href="#cite_note-400">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dance">Dance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_dance" title="Welsh dance">Welsh dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_stepdance" title="Welsh stepdance">Welsh stepdance</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Welsh_dance_and_dress,_Senedd,_St_David%27s_Day_2009_Gwisgoedd_a_dawnsio_traddodiadol_Gymreig,_Senedd,_Dydd_G%C5%B5yl_Dewi_2009_(3678719264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Traditional_Welsh_dance_and_dress%2C_Senedd%2C_St_David%27s_Day_2009_Gwisgoedd_a_dawnsio_traddodiadol_Gymreig%2C_Senedd%2C_Dydd_G%C5%B5yl_Dewi_2009_%283678719264%29.jpg/154px-Traditional_Welsh_dance_and_dress%2C_Senedd%2C_St_David%27s_Day_2009_Gwisgoedd_a_dawnsio_traddodiadol_Gymreig%2C_Senedd%2C_Dydd_G%C5%B5yl_Dewi_2009_%283678719264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Traditional_Welsh_dance_and_dress%2C_Senedd%2C_St_David%27s_Day_2009_Gwisgoedd_a_dawnsio_traddodiadol_Gymreig%2C_Senedd%2C_Dydd_G%C5%B5yl_Dewi_2009_%283678719264%29.jpg/231px-Traditional_Welsh_dance_and_dress%2C_Senedd%2C_St_David%27s_Day_2009_Gwisgoedd_a_dawnsio_traddodiadol_Gymreig%2C_Senedd%2C_Dydd_G%C5%B5yl_Dewi_2009_%283678719264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Traditional_Welsh_dance_and_dress%2C_Senedd%2C_St_David%27s_Day_2009_Gwisgoedd_a_dawnsio_traddodiadol_Gymreig%2C_Senedd%2C_Dydd_G%C5%B5yl_Dewi_2009_%283678719264%29.jpg/308px-Traditional_Welsh_dance_and_dress%2C_Senedd%2C_St_David%27s_Day_2009_Gwisgoedd_a_dawnsio_traddodiadol_Gymreig%2C_Senedd%2C_Dydd_G%C5%B5yl_Dewi_2009_%283678719264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Welsh dancer at the Senedd building</figcaption></figure> Traditional dances include Welsh <a href="/wiki/Welsh_dance" title="Welsh dance">folk dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_stepdance" title="Welsh stepdance">clog dancing</a>. The first mention of dancing in Wales is in a 12th-century account by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Giraldus Cambrensis</a>, but by the 19th century traditional dance had all but died out due to religious opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Davies192-396">[389]</a> In the 20th century a revival was led by <a href="/wiki/Lois_Blake" title="Lois Blake">Lois Blake</a> (1890–1974).<a href="#cite_note-Davies192-396">[389]</a> Clog dancing was preserved and developed by Hywel Wood (1882–1967) and others who perpetuated the art on local and national stages.<a href="#cite_note-Davies193-401">[394]</a> The Welsh Folk Dance Society was founded in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Davies193-401">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">Contemporary dance</a> grew out of Cardiff in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Davies193-401">[394]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Dance_Company_Wales" title="National Dance Company Wales">National Dance Company Wales</a>, formed in 1983, is now resident at the Wales Millennium Centre.<a href="#cite_note-402">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movements_in_Wales" title="List of movements in Wales">List of movements in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">Outline of Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Date powers transferred to National Assembly </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water' </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, 'total extent of the realm' (area to mean low water) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Both .wales and .cymru are not <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">ccTLDs</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Geographic_top-level_domain" title="Geographic top-level domain">GeoTLDs</a>, open to use by all people in Wales and related to Wales. <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> as part of the United Kingdom is also used. <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> is <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">GB</a>, but <a href="/wiki/.gb" title=".gb">.gb</a> is unused. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The earliest instance of Lloegyr occurs in the early 10th-century prophetic poem <a href="/wiki/Armes_Prydein" title="Armes Prydein">Armes Prydein</a>. It seems comparatively late as a place name, the nominative plural <a href="/wiki/Lloegyr" title="Lloegyr">Lloegrwys</a>, "men of Lloegr", being earlier and more common. The English were sometimes referred to as an entity in early poetry (Saeson, as today) but just as often as Eingl (Angles), Iwys (Wessex-men), etc. Lloegr and Sacson became the norm later when England emerged as a kingdom. As for its origins, some scholars have suggested that it originally referred only to <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> – at that time a powerful kingdom and for centuries the main foe of the Welsh. It was then applied to the new kingdom of England as a whole (see for instance <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bromwich" title="Rachel Bromwich">Rachel Bromwich</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Trioedd Ynys Prydein</a>, University of Wales Press, 1987). "The lost land" and other fanciful meanings, such as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s monarch Locrinus, have no etymological basis. (See also Discussion in Reference 40) </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Ambrosius vocor, id est, Embreis Guletic., <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> '"I am called Ambrosius, that is Embreis Guletic"'.<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> Embreis Guletic is probably Emrys Gwledig. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Wales is not separately represented on the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> as, at the time of the flag's creation, Wales was considered part of England.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/anthem/pages/anthem-background.shtml">"BBC Wales – Music – National Anthem – The background to Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. 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Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Regional+gross+domestic+product%3A+all+ITL+regions&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fgrossdomesticproductgdp%2Fdatasets%2Fregionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-15"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/GBR/?years=2022">"Subnational HDI"</a>. Global Data Lab. Retrieved 30 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Subnational+HDI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Ftable%2Fshdi%2FGBR%2F%3Fyears%3D2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Geography_Guide_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"</a>. Open Geography Portal. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=A+Beginners+Guide+to+UK+Geography+%282023%29&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Katherine L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8031/1/Katherine%20Miller%20Semantic%20Field%20of%20Slavery%20in%20Old%20English%20v%203.pdf">"The Semantic Field of Slavery in Old English: Wealh, Esne, Þræl"</a> (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Leeds. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Semantic+Field+of+Slavery+in+Old+English%3A+Wealh%2C+Esne%2C+%C3%9Er%C3%A6l&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Katherine+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F8031%2F1%2FKatherine%2520Miller%2520Semantic%2520Field%2520of%2520Slavery%2520in%2520Old%2520English%2520v%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_Hist_71-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_71_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_71_19-1">b</a> Davies (1994) p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolkien_1-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Tolkien_1_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1963). Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. English and Welsh, an O'Donnell Lecture delivered at Oxford on 21 October 1955.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angles+and+Britons%3A+O%27Donnell+Lectures&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=English+and+Welsh%2C+an+O%27Donnell+Lecture+delivered+at+Oxford+on+21+October+1955&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollason2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Rollason" title="David Rollason">Rollason, David</a> (2003). "Origins of a People". Northumbria, 500–1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04102-7"><bdi>978-0-521-04102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+a+People&rft.btitle=Northumbria%2C+500%E2%80%931100&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04102-7&rft.aulast=Rollason&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hist_Wales_69-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_Wales_69_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hist_Wales_69_22-1">b</a> Davies (1994) p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Lloyd" title="John Edward Lloyd">Lloyd, John Edward</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA191">A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name "Cymry")</a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (published 1912). pp. 191–192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Edwardian+Conquest+%28Note+to+Chapter+VI%2C+the+Name+%22Cymry%22%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191-192&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYwNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore1891" class="citation book cs1">Phillimore, Egerton (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M35QO0vor-EC&pg=PA97">"Note (a) to The Settlement of Brittany"</a>. In Phillimore, Egerton (ed.). Y Cymmrodor. Vol. XI. London: <a href="/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion" title="Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion">Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</a> (published 1892). pp. 97–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Note+%28a%29+to+The+Settlement+of+Brittany&rft.btitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97-101&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Phillimore&rft.aufirst=Egerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM35QO0vor-EC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988">; Davies (1994) p. 71, containing the line: Ar wynep Kymry Cadwallawn was. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Dictionary" title="Chambers Dictionary">Chambers 21st Century Dictionary</a> (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 2008. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-329-1"><bdi>978-81-8424-329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers+21st+Century+Dictionary&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-329-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cambria">"Cambria" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA_2007-26"><a href="#cite_ref-CA_2007_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/welsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm">"Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!"</a>. archaeology.co.uk website. Current Archaeology. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archaeology.co.uk+website&rft.atitle=Welsh+skeleton+re-dated%3A+even+older%21&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fwelsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988">: see <a href="/wiki/Red_Lady_of_Paviland" title="Red Lady of Paviland">Red Lady of Paviland</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tempus_13-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Tempus_13_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Pollard" title="Joshua Pollard">Pollard, Joshua</a> (2001). "Wales' Hidden History, Hunter-Gatherer Communities in Wales: The Neolithic". In <a href="/wiki/Prys_Morgan" title="Prys Morgan">Morgan, Prys</a>; Aldhouse-Green, Stephen (eds.). History of Wales, 25,000 BC AD 2000. Stroud, Gloucestershire: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">Tempus Publishing</a>. pp. 13–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1983-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-1983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wales%27+Hidden+History%2C+Hunter-Gatherer+Communities+in+Wales%3A+The+Neolithic&rft.btitle=History+of+Wales%2C+25%2C000+BC+AD+2000&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pages=13-25&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1983-1&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988">; Davies (2008) pp. 647–648 </li> <li id="cite_note-GGAT_72_4-28"><a href="#cite_ref-GGAT_72_4_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansLewis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Edith; Lewis, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf">"The Prehistoric Funerary and Ritual Monument Survey of Glamorgan and Gwent: Overviews. A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 64: 4. Retrieved 30 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society&rft.atitle=The+Prehistoric+Funerary+and+Ritual+Monument+Survey+of+Glamorgan+and+Gwent%3A+Overviews.+A+Report+for+Cadw+by+Edith+Evans+BA+PhD+MIFA+and+Richard+Lewis+BA&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggat.org.uk%2Fcadw%2Fcadw_reports%2Fpdfs%2FGGAT%252072%2520Overviews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> ; Davies (1994) p. 17; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_01.shtml">"Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000–800 BC (Page 1 of 6)"</a>. BBC History website. BBC. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+website&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+From+Neolithic+to+Bronze+Age%2C+8000%E2%80%93800+BC+%28Page+1+of+6%29&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fbritish_prehistory%2Foverview_british_prehistory_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_Hist_4–6-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_4–6_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_4–6_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_4–6_29-2">c</a> Davies (1994) pp. 4–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-GGAT_72-30"><a href="#cite_ref-GGAT_72_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf">"GGAT 72 Overviews"</a> (PDF). A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. 2003. p. 47. Retrieved 30 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Report+for+Cadw+by+Edith+Evans+BA+PhD+MIFA+and+Richard+Lewis+BA&rft.atitle=GGAT+72+Overviews&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggat.org.uk%2Fcadw%2Fcadw_reports%2Fpdfs%2FGGAT%252072%2520Overviews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Coflein1_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406052935/http://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/">"Parc le Breos Burial Chamber; Parc CWM Long Cairn"</a>. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/">the original</a> on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Commission+on+the+Ancient+and+Historical+Monuments+of+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Parc+le+Breos+Burial+Chamber%3B+Parc+CWM+Long+Cairn&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coflein.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fsite%2F93072%2Fdetails%2FPARC%2BLE%2BBREOS%2BBURIAL%2BCHAMBER%253BPARC%2BCWM%2BLONG%2BCAIRN%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/prehistoric02.shtml">"Themes Prehistoric Wales: The Stone Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales" title="BBC Cymru Wales">BBC Cymru Wales</a> website. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales" title="BBC Cymru Wales">BBC Cymru Wales</a>. 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Cymru+Wales+website&rft.atitle=Themes+Prehistoric+Wales%3A+The+Stone+Age&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fperiods%2Fprehistoric02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch2009-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Koch2009_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf">"Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 (2009)"</a> (PDF). Palaeohispánica: Revista Sobre Lenguas y Culturas de la Hispania Antigua. Palaeohispanica: 339–351. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>. 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Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature. Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4"><bdi>978-1-84217-410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West%3A+Alternative+Perspectives+from+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+Language+and+Literature&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books+and+Celtic+Studies+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-410-4&rft.au=Cunliffe%2C+Karl%2C+Guerra%2C+McEvoy%2C+Bradley%3B+Oppenheimer%2C+R%C3%B8yrvik%2C+Isaac%2C+Parsons%2C+Koch%2C+Freeman+and+Wodtko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry</a> (2008). A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64. <a href="/wiki/The_Prehistoric_Society" title="The Prehistoric Society">The Prehistoric Society</a>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Race+Apart%3A+Insularity+and+Connectivity+in+Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society+75%2C+2009%2C+pp.+55%E2%80%9364&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=The+Prehistoric+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2009" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, John T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf">"A CASE FOR TARTESSIAN AS A CELTIC LANGUAGE"</a> (PDF). Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Palaeohispanica+X+Palaeohispanica&rft.atitle=A+CASE+FOR+TARTESSIAN+AS+A+CELTIC+LANGUAGE&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Frecursos%2Fpublicaciones%2F29%2F54%2F26koch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.wales/articles/1341/Who-were-the-Celts/">"Who were the Celts?"</a>. Museum Wales. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+Wales&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+Celts%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.wales%2Farticles%2F1341%2FWho-were-the-Celts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (1942). Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a>. 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Y Cymmrodor. Vol. VIII. <a href="/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion" title="Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion">Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</a>. pp. 83–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pedigrees+from+Jesus+College+MS.+20&rft.btitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.pages=83-92&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlUrAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore1888" class="citation book cs1">Phillimore, Egerton (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141">"The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859"</a>. In Phillimore, Egerton (ed.). Y Cymmrodor. Vol. IX. <a href="/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion" title="Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion">Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</a>. pp. 141–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Annales+Cambriae+and+Old+Welsh+Genealogies%2C+from+Harleian+MS.+3859&rft.btitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.pages=141-183&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Phillimore&rft.aufirst=Egerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFMrAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rachel_Bromwich_2006-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Rachel_Bromwich_2006_45-0">^</a> Rachel Bromwich, editor and translator. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>, 3rd Edition, (2006) p. 441–444 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavilious2006" class="citation web cs1">Ravilious, Kate (21 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604070220/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060721-england.html">"Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests"</a>. National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060721-england.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76978-5"><bdi>978-0-521-76978-5</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wales.gov.uk/deet/publications/bande/wave/wavee.pdf?lang=en">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wales+A+Vibrant+Economy&rft.pages=12%2C+22%2C+40%2C+42&rft.pub=Welsh+Government&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwales.gov.uk%2Fdeet%2Fpublications%2Fbande%2Fwave%2Fwavee.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303114602/http://www.statswales.wales.gov.uk/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=2829">"Area of agricultural land, by type of crop and grass (Thousand Hectares)"</a>. StatsWales. 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Retrieved 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30th+birthday+celebrations+for+National+Dance+Company+Wales&rft.pub=walesonline.co.uk&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fshowbiz-and-lifestyle%2Fshowbiz%2F2013%2F02%2F22%2F30th-birthday-celebrations-for-national-dance-company-wales-91466-32856193%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Sources <ul><li>Census 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf">200 Years of the Census in ... Wales (2001)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6"><bdi>978-0-14-014581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014581-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWales" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJenkinsBainesLynch2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John; <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Jenkins" title="Nigel Jenkins">Jenkins, Nigel</a>; Baines, Menna; <a href="/wiki/Peredur_Lynch" title="Peredur Lynch">Lynch, Peredur I.</a>, eds. 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wales" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Wales">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Wales" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Wales">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wales" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Wales">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wales" class="extiw" title="voy:Wales">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://senedd.wales/en/Pages/Home.aspx/">Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/">BBC Wales</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/58437">Wales</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitwales.com/">VisitWales.com</a>. The official international guide to places to stay and things to do in Wales.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119123113/http://www.gtj.org.uk/">Gathering the Jewels – Welsh Heritage and Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/browser/#!/country+%22Wales%22/display=plus/pagesize=100/sort=random/image=991">Photographs of Wales</a> on Geograph Britain and Ireland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal">Further historical information and sources at GENUKI</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Wales</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_areas_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Template:Principal areas of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Principal areas of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Principal areas of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_areas_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Principal areas of Wales">Principal areas of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent" title="Blaenau Gwent">Blaenau Gwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgend_County_Borough" title="Bridgend County Borough">Bridgend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_County_Borough" title="Caerphilly County Borough">Caerphilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough" title="Conwy County Borough">Conwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Isle of Anglesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_County_Borough" title="Merthyr Tydfil County Borough">Merthyr Tydfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Neath Port Talbot">Neath Port Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf" title="Rhondda Cynon Taf">Rhondda Cynon Taf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torfaen" title="Torfaen">Torfaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas" title="List of Welsh principal areas">Date / population / area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_areas_by_percentage_of_Welsh-speakers" title="List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers">Welsh speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_principal_areas_by_highest_point" title="List of Welsh principal areas by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Local_authorities_of_Wales" title="Template:Local authorities of Wales">Councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_local_councils_in_Wales" title="Armorial of local councils in Wales">Council armorials</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Breizh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (Éire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mannin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (Alba)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a> (Cymru)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122858612">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/82145424563986831429">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207649/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqjY9ywKtRXDhDV77yyBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4064435-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80014574">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576091">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131399&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559635305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8297708c-5743-47d6-a5ac-f40a41c49ad9">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044287">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wales&params=52.3_N_3.8_W_type:country_region:GB-WLS">52°18′N 3°48′W / 52.3°N 3.8°W / 52.3; -3.8</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wales&oldid=1259105478">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wales&oldid=1259105478</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wales" title="Category:Wales">Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Celtic_nations" 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