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id="toc-Number_of_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Number of speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_in_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_in_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Distribution in Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_in_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_and_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_and_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Preservation and revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_and_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_preservation_and_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_preservation_and_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Challenges to preservation and revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_preservation_and_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Official</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scottish_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Scottish Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications_in_the_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications_in_the_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Qualifications in the language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications_in_the_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.4</span> <span>Signage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Nova Scotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Outside Nova Scotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_and_further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_and_further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Higher and further education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_and_further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Personal names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ogham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ogham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Ogham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ogham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insular_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insular_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Insular script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insular_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Latin script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noun inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Verb inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brittonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brittonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Brittonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brittonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neologisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neologisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Neologisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neologisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loanwords_into_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords_into_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Loanwords into other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords_into_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_words_and_phrases_with_Irish_and_Manx_equivalents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_words_and_phrases_with_Irish_and_Manx_equivalents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Common words and phrases with Irish and Manx equivalents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_words_and_phrases_with_Irish_and_Manx_equivalents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish Gaelic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skots-Gaelies" title="Skots-Gaelies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skots-Gaelies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="የስኮትላንድ ጋይሊክኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የስኮትላንድ ጋይሊክኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्कॉटिश गेलिक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्कॉटिश गेलिक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyttiscgaelisc_spr%C3%A6c" title="Scyttiscgaelisc spræc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Scyttiscgaelisc spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB)" title="Ашотланд бызшәа (агаел) – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ашотланд бызшәа (агаел)" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الغيلية الإسكتلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الغيلية الإسكتلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gaelico_escoc%C3%A9s" title="Idioma gaelico escocés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma gaelico escocés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A8lico_%C3%A8coc%C3%AAs" title="Gaèlico ècocês – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gaèlico ècocês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A9licu_escoc%C3%A9s" title="Gaélicu escocés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gaélicu escocés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eotland_kelt_dili" title="Şotland kelt dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şotland kelt dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایسکات دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکات دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-kat-l%C3%A2n_Gael-g%C3%AD" title="So͘-kat-lân Gael-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-kat-lân Gael-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шатландская гэльская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шатландская гэльская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F)" title="Шатляндзкая мова (кельцкая) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шатляндзкая мова (кельцкая)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шотландски келтски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шотландски келтски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4lisch" title="Gälisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gälisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouezeleg_Skos" title="Gouezeleg Skos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouezeleg Skos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A8lic_escoc%C3%A8s" title="Gaèlic escocès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaèlic escocès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB)_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Шотланд (гэл) чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шотланд (гэл) чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk%C3%A1_gael%C5%A1tina" title="Skotská gaelština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skotská gaelština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelicu_scuzzese" title="Gaelicu scuzzese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gaelicu scuzzese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeleg" title="Gaeleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gaeleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk_g%C3%A6lisk_(sprog)" title="Skotsk gælisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skotsk gælisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelagiella" title="Gaelagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gaelagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottisch-g%C3%A4lische_Sprache" title="Schottisch-gälische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schottisch-gälische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeli_keel" title="Gaeli keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gaeli keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σκωτική Γαελική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκωτική Γαελική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A9lico_escoc%C3%A9s" title="Gaélico escocés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gaélico escocés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotgaela_lingvo" title="Skotgaela lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skotgaela lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_ga%C3%A9lica_escocesa" title="Luenga gaélica escocesa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga gaélica escocesa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskoziako_gaelera" title="Eskoziako gaelera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskoziako gaelera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گیلی اسکاتلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیلی اسکاتلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Scottish Gaelic" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotskt_g%C3%A6liskt_(m%C3%A1l)" title="Skotskt gæliskt (mál) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skotskt gæliskt (mál)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%A9lique_%C3%A9cossais" title="Gaélique écossais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaélique écossais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk-Gaelysk" title="Skotsk-Gaelysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skotsk-Gaelysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_gaeliche_scozese" title="Lenghe gaeliche scozese – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe gaeliche scozese" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeilge_na_hAlban" title="Gaeilge na hAlban – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaeilge na hAlban" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelg_ny_h-Albey" title="Gaelg ny h-Albey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gaelg ny h-Albey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Gàidhlig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gàidhlig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_escocesa" title="Lingua escocesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua escocesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Gael-ng%C3%AE" title="Scotland Gael-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Scotland Gael-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="스코틀랜드 게일어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코틀랜드 게일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գելական շոտլանդերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գելական շոտլանդերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="स्कॉटिश गैलिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कॉटिश गैलिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotski_gaelski_jezik" title="Škotski gaelski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Škotski gaelski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skota-Gaelana_linguo" title="Skota-Gaelana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skota-Gaelana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Gaelik_Skotlandia" title="Bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gaelic_scotese" title="Lingua gaelic scotese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua gaelic scotese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Шотландиаг æвзаг (кельтаг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шотландиаг æвзаг (кельтаг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skosk_gel%C3%ADska" title="Skosk gelíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skosk gelíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gaelica_scozzese" title="Lingua gaelica scozzese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua gaelica scozzese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גאלית סקוטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאלית סקוטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Galig" title="Basa Galig – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Galig" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შოტლანდიურ-გელური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შოტლანდიურ-გელური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA)_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Шотланд (кельттік) тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шотланд (кельттік) тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanek" title="Albanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Albanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigaeli_cha_Uskoti" title="Kigaeli cha Uskoti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kigaeli cha Uskoti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Шотландса кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шотландса кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Шотланд тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шотланд тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Scotica_(Gadelica)" title="Lingua Scotica (Gadelica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Scotica (Gadelica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotu_g%C4%93lu_valoda" title="Skotu gēlu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skotu gēlu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kot%C5%B3_g%C4%97l%C5%B3_kalba" title="Škotų gėlų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Škotų gėlų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoa_gaelica_sco%C3%A7eize" title="Lengoa gaelica scoçeize – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoa gaelica scoçeize" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjots_Gaelic" title="Sjots Gaelic – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjots Gaelic" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gailica_(lingua)" title="Gailica (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gailica (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_scuzzesa" title="Lengua scuzzesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua scuzzesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3t_gael_nyelv" title="Skót gael nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skót gael nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шкотски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шкотски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_gaelika_ek%C3%B4sey" title="Fiteny gaelika ekôsey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny gaelika ekôsey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="स्कॉटिश गेलिक भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्कॉटिश गेलिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შოტლანდიურ-გელური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შოტლანდიურ-გელური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الغيليه الاسكتلنديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الغيليه الاسكتلنديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="گالیک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گالیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Gaelik_Scotland" title="Bahasa Gaelik Scotland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Gaelik Scotland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Gael_Skotlandia" title="Bahaso Gael Skotlandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Gael Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AD-g%C3%A1ik-l%C3%A0ng_Gael-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Sŭ-gáik-làng Gael-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sŭ-gáik-làng Gael-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schots-Gaelisch" title="Schots-Gaelisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schots-Gaelisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk-g%C3%A4lisk" title="Skotsk-gälisk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Skotsk-gälisk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="スコットランド・ゲール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコットランド・ゲール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Шотландийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шотландийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skots-g%C3%A4lik" title="Skots-gälik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skots-gälik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk-g%C3%A6lisk" title="Skotsk-gælisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skotsk-gælisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk-g%C3%A6lisk" title="Skotsk-gælisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skotsk-gælisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ac%C3%B4ssais" title="Êcôssais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êcôssais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_escoc%C3%A9s" title="Gaelic escocés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gaelic escocés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_tili" title="Gel tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gel tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੌਲਿਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੌਲਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9" title="سکاٹ گیلک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکاٹ گیلک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ga%C3%A9lica_scoss%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga gaélica scossèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga gaélica scossèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottsch_G%C3%A4%C3%A4lsche_Spraak" title="Schottsch Gäälsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schottsch Gäälsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gaelicki_szkocki" title="Język gaelicki szkocki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język gaelicki szkocki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ga%C3%A9lica_escocesa" title="Língua gaélica escocesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua gaélica escocesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sco%C8%9Bian%C4%83" title="Limba scoțiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba scoțiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskut_kilta_simi" title="Iskut kilta simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskut kilta simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Шотландский язык (кельтский) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шотландский язык (кельтский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱜᱮᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ga%C3%A8lica_iscotzesa" title="Limba gaèlica iscotzesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba gaèlica iscotzesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Gaelic" title="Scots Gaelic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scots Gaelic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottisk_G%C3%A4lisk" title="Skottisk Gälisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Skottisk Gälisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Scottish Gaelic language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scottish Gaelic language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0k%C3%B3tska_gael%C4%8Dina" title="Škótska gaelčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Škótska gaelčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotska_gel%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Škotska gelščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škotska gelščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkocko_gaelicko_godka" title="Szkocko gaelicko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szkocko gaelicko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گادێلیی سکۆتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گادێلیی سکۆتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шкотски гелски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шкотски гелски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotski_gelski_jezik" title="Škotski gelski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škotski gelski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeli" title="Gaeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gaeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk_gaeliska" title="Skotsk gaeliska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skotsk gaeliska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="சுகாத்திசு கேலிக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுகாத்திசு கேலிக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C)_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Шотланд (гэль) теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шотланд (гэль) теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาแกลิกสกอต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาแกลิกสกอต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sko%C3%A7%C3%A7a_(Kelt_dili)" title="İskoçça (Kelt dili) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskoçça (Kelt dili)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шотландська гельська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шотландська гельська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B4_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9" title="اسکاٹش گیلک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکاٹش گیلک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="شوتلاندىيە گائېل تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شوتلاندىيە گائېل تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otlandijan_kel%27_(kel%27tine)" title="Šotlandijan kel' (kel'tine) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šotlandijan kel' (kel'tine)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Gael_Scotland" title="Tiếng Gael Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Gael Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B4sw%C3%A8s" title="Escôswès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Escôswès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schots_Gaelic" title="Schots Gaelic – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Schots Gaelic" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏格兰盖尔语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏格兰盖尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="蘇格蘭蓋爾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ki" title="İskoçki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İskoçki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏格兰盖尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏格兰盖尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Gaelik_Skotlandia" title="Basa Gaelik Skotlandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Gaelik Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otlandi_zyvon" title="Šotlandi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Šotlandi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9314#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Scottish Gaelic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Scots Gaelic</li><li>Gaelic</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gàidhlig</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkaːlɪkʲ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">70,000 L1 and L2 speakers in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Census_of_Scotland_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Census_of_Scotland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />130,000 people in Scotland reported having some Gaelic language ability in 2022;<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Census_of_Scotland_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Census_of_Scotland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,300 fluent in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Scottish Gaelic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Argyll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sutherland_Gaelic" title="East Sutherland Gaelic">East Sutherland</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Gaelic" title="Glasgow Gaelic">Glaswegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintyre_Gaelic" title="Kintyre Gaelic">Kintyre</a></li> <li>Hebridean</li> <li>Lewis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Minch_Gaelic" title="Mid-Minch Gaelic">Mid-Minch</a></li> <li>Perthshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skye_Gaelic" title="Skye Gaelic">Skye</a></li> <li>West Sutherland</li> <li>others</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a> (historically)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> (historically)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=gd">gd</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=163">gla</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gla" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gla">gla</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/scot1245">scot1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3049">Scottish Gaelic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=50-AAA">50-AAA</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/250px-Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/500px-Scots_Gaelic_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x" data-file-width="9969" data-file-height="14790" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">2011 distribution of Gaelic speakers in Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/330px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/500px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Scottish Gaelic is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture of Scotland</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/120px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/180px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/240px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Broad Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_traditions" title="Category:Scottish traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_clothing" title="Category:Scottish clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackle" title="Hackle">Hackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Clavie" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of the Clavie">Burning of the Clavie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_supper" title="Burns supper">Burns supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Riding">Common Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saining" title="Saining">Saining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalk" title="Skalk">Skalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Helly_Aa" title="Up Helly Aa">Up Helly Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Scottish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Scottish units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Scotland">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_and_bank_holidays_in_Scotland" title="Public and bank holidays in Scotland">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Day">St. Andrew's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_supper" title="Burns supper">Burns supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan_Day" title="Tartan Day">Tartan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark_Lanimers" title="Lanark Lanimers">Lanimer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealltainn</a>/<a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lùnastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhainn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts_in_Scotland" title="Category:Performing arts in Scotland">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland#Folk_music" title="Music of Scotland">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Scottish highland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_country_dance" title="Scottish country dance">Scottish country dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_sword_dances" title="Scottish sword dances">Scottish sword dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (Scotland)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keening" title="Keening">Keening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waulking_song" title="Waulking song">Waulking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Scotland" title="Opera in Scotland">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puirt_%C3%A0_beul" title="Puirt à beul">Puirt à beul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Border_Ballad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Border Ballad (page does not exist)">Border Ballad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Scotland">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Scotland" title="Television in Scotland">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Scotland" title="Football in Scotland">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggis_hurling" title="Haggis hurling">Haggis hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailes_(ball_game)" title="Hailes (ball game)">Hailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Scotland" title="Horse racing in Scotland">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Scotland" title="Rugby union in Scotland">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" title="Coat of arms of Scotland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Lion Rampant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Scottish inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/17px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/26px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/34px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Scotland" title="Template:Culture of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Culture of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Scottish Gaelic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GAL</span>-ik</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a>: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gàidhlig</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈkaːlɪkʲ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/Gaidhlig.ogg\/Gaidhlig.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Gaidhlig.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Gaidhlig.ogg/Gaidhlig.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaidhlig.ogg" title="File:Gaidhlig.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), also known as <b>Scots Gaelic</b> or simply <b>Gaelic</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic language</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic language">Goidelic</a> branch of Celtic, Scottish Gaelic, alongside both <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, developed out of <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a distinct <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> sometime in the 13th century in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> period, although a <a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">common</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> was shared by the Gaels of both <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and Scotland until well into the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language place names.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census#2011_Census_for_Scotland" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census of Scotland</a>, 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) reported being able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>. Nevertheless, there is a <a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">language revival</a>, and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Scottish_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Scottish census">2022 census of Scotland</a>, it was found that 2.5% of the Scottish population had some skills in Gaelic,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 130,161 persons. Of these, 69,701 people reported speaking the language, with a further 46,404 people reporting that they understood the language, but did not speak, read, or write in it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of Scotland, a dialect known as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> has been spoken in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> since the 18th century. In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, 2,170 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, a decline from 3,980 speakers in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exists a particular concentration of speakers in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, with historic communities in other parts of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, including <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Glengarry County, Ontario">Glengarry County, Ontario</a> having largely disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Province_of_Nova_Scotia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Province_of_Nova_Scotia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scottish Gaelic is classed as an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous language</a> under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government">UK Government</a> has ratified, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Language_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005">Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005</a> established a language-development body, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish Parliament is considering a Scottish Languages Bill which proposes to give the Gaelic and Scots languages official status in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>Aside from "Scottish Gaelic", the language may also be referred to simply as "Gaelic", pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GA</span>-lik</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. However, "Gaelic" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GAY</span>-lik</i></a> also refers to the Irish language (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Manx language (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Gaelg</i></span>). </p><p>Scottish Gaelic is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>-derived language which had come to be spoken in most of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands of Scotland</a> by the early <a href="/wiki/Human_history#Modern_history" title="Human history">modern era</a>. Prior to the 15th century, this language was known as <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Inglis</i></span> ("English")<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Scottis</i></span> ("Scottish"). Beginning in the late 15th century, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Erse</i></span> ("Irish") and the Lowland vernacular as <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Scottis</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Erse</i></span> in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History of the Irish language</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scottish_Gaelic" title="History of Scottish Gaelic">History of Scottish Gaelic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">History of the Irish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scots_lang-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Scots_lang-en.svg/220px-Scots_lang-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Scots_lang-en.svg/330px-Scots_lang-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Scots_lang-en.svg/440px-Scots_lang-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic division in early 12th century Scotland. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0fe3e3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> speaking</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eb82df; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse-Gaelic</a> zone, use of either or both languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eed4e0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> English-speaking zone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0ff183; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric</a> may have survived in this zone</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png/250px-Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png/330px-Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png/500px-Bal_element_in_Scottish_placenames.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Place names in Scotland that contain the element <i>bal-</i> from the Scottish Gaelic <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">baile</i></span> meaning home, farmstead, town or city. These data give some indication of the extent of medieval Gaelic settlement in Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on medieval traditional accounts and the apparent evidence from linguistic geography, Gaelic has been commonly believed to have been brought to Scotland in the 4th and 5th centuries CE by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></i></span> on Scotland's west coast, in what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 551">: 551 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick1972_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick1972-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 66">: 66 </span></sup> An alternative view has been voiced by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Ewan_Campbell" title="Ewan Campbell">Ewan Campbell</a>, who has argued that the putative migration or takeover is not reflected in archaeological or placename data (as pointed out earlier by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Alcock" title="Leslie Alcock">Leslie Alcock</a>). Campbell has also questioned the age and reliability of the medieval historical sources speaking of a conquest. Instead, he has inferred that Argyll formed part of a common <a href="/wiki/Q-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-Celtic">Q-Celtic</a>-speaking area with Ireland, connected rather than divided by the sea, since the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-ewancampbell_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewancampbell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arguments have been opposed by some scholars defending the early dating of the traditional accounts and arguing for other interpretations of the archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of how it came to be spoken in the region, Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Dál Riata</i></span> until the eighth century, when it began expanding into <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Caustantín mac Áeda</a> (Constantine II, 900–943), outsiders began to refer to the region as the kingdom of Alba rather than as the kingdom of the Picts. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> (which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly under way during the reigns of <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Caustantín</i></span> and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilingualism in <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> and Gaelic, prior to the former's extinction, led to the presence of Pictish <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> in Scottish Gaelic<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and syntactic influence<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could be considered to constitute a Pictish substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1018, after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> (theretofore part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and inhabited predominantly by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian Old English</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-Withers1984_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withers1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 16–18">: 16–18 </span></sup> Colloquial speech in Scotland had been developing independently of that in Ireland since the eighth century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time, the entire region of modern-day Scotland was called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Scotia</i></span> in Latin, and Gaelic was the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lingua Scotica</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarkson2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarkson2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 276">: 276 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baoill1997_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baoill1997-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 554">: 554 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">southern Scotland</a>, Gaelic was strong in <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>, adjoining areas to the north and west, <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a>, and parts of western <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>. It was spoken to a lesser degree in north <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyde Valley">Clyde Valley</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Dumfriesshire" title="Dumfriesshire">Dumfriesshire</a>. In south-eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <p>Many historians mark the reign of King Malcolm Canmore (<a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a>) between 1058 and 1093 as the beginning of Gaelic's eclipse in Scotland. His wife <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Wessex</a> spoke no Gaelic, gave her children Anglo-Saxon rather than Gaelic names, and brought many English bishops, priests, and monastics to Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Withers1984_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withers1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup>During the reigns of Malcolm Canmore's sons, Edgar, Alexander I and David I (their successive reigns lasting 1097–1153), <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> names and practices spread throughout Scotland south of the Forth–Clyde line and along the northeastern coastal plain as far north as Moray. Norman French completely displaced Gaelic at court. The establishment of royal burghs throughout the same area, particularly under <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>, attracted large numbers of foreigners speaking Old English. This was the beginning of Gaelic's status as a predominantly rural language in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Withers1984_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withers1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 19–23">: 19–23 </span></sup> </p><p>Clan chiefs in the northern and western parts of Scotland continued to support Gaelic bards who remained a central feature of court life there. The semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lordship of the Isles</a> in the Hebrides and western coastal mainland remained thoroughly Gaelic since the language's recovery there in the 12th century, providing a political foundation for cultural prestige down to the end of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Baoill1997_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baoill1997-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 553–6">: 553–6 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaelic1400Loch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gaelic1400Loch.png/250px-Gaelic1400Loch.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gaelic1400Loch.png/330px-Gaelic1400Loch.png 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1848" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaelic1400nich.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gaelic1400nich.png/250px-Gaelic1400nich.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gaelic1400nich.png/330px-Gaelic1400nich.png 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Linguistic divide in the middle ages. Left: divide in 1400 after Loch, 1932; Right: divide in 1500 after Nicholson, 1974 (both reproduced from Withers, 1984) <ul><li>Note: Caithness Norn as shown in the orange was also spoken in the 1400s in the same region as the 1500s' picture, but its presence, exact timeline, and mixture with Scottish Gaelic is debated*</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Scottish Gaelic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F87217; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>By the mid-14th century what eventually came to be called <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> (at that time termed <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Inglis</a>) emerged as the official language of government and law.<sup id="cite_ref-Withers1988_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withers1988-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 139">: 139 </span></sup> Scotland's emergent nationalism in the era following the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a> was organized using Scots as well. For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brus" title="The Brus">The Brus</a></i> (1375) and Blind Harry's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wallace_(poem)" title="The Wallace (poem)">The Wallace</a></i> (before 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. By the end of the 15th century, English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead as 'Yrisch' or 'Erse', i.e. Irish and their own language as 'Scottis'.<sup id="cite_ref-Withers1984_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withers1984-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 19–23">: 19–23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <p>A steady shift away from Scottish Gaelic continued into and through the modern era. Some of this was driven by policy decisions by government or other organisations, while some originated from social changes. In the last quarter of the 20th century, efforts began to encourage use of the language. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a>, enacted by <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a> in 1609, was one piece of legislation that addressed, among other things, the Gaelic language. It required the heirs of clan chiefs to be educated in lowland, Protestant, English-speaking schools. James VI took several such measures to impose his rule on the Highland and Island region. In 1616, the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a> proclaimed that schools teaching in English should be established. Gaelic was seen, at this time, as one of the causes of the instability of the region. It was also associated with Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devine_1994-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110–113">: 110–113 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_in_Scotland_for_the_Propagation_of_Christian_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge">Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge</a> (SSPCK) was founded in 1709. They met in 1716, immediately after the failed <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a>, to consider the reform and civilisation of the Highlands, which they sought to achieve by teaching English and the Protestant religion. Initially, their teaching was entirely in English, but soon the impracticality of educating Gaelic-speaking children in this way gave rise to a modest concession: in 1723, teachers were allowed to translate English words in the Bible into Gaelic to aid comprehension, but there was no further permitted use. Other less prominent schools worked in the Highlands at the same time, also teaching in English. This process of anglicisation paused when evangelical preachers arrived in the Highlands, convinced that people should be able to read religious texts in their own language. The first well known translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1767, when James Stuart of Killin and <a href="/wiki/Dugald_Buchanan" title="Dugald Buchanan">Dugald Buchanan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rannoch" title="Rannoch">Rannoch</a> produced a translation of the New Testament. In 1798, four tracts in Gaelic were published by the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home, with 5,000 copies of each printed. Other publications followed, with a full Gaelic Bible in 1801. The influential and effective Gaelic Schools Society was founded in 1811. Their purpose was to teach Gaels to read the Bible in their own language. In the first quarter of the 19th century, the SSPCK (despite their anti-Gaelic attitude in prior years) and the British and Foreign Bible Society distributed 60,000 Gaelic Bibles and 80,000 New Testaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter1976_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 98">: 98 </span></sup> It is estimated that this overall schooling and publishing effort gave about 300,000 people in the Highlands some basic literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devine_1994-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 110–117">: 110–117 </span></sup> Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of the Bible; the lack of a well known translation may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie1992_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie1992-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 168–202">: 168–202 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1891_Scotland_Languages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1891_Scotland_Languages.jpg/250px-1891_Scotland_Languages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1891_Scotland_Languages.jpg/330px-1891_Scotland_Languages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1891_Scotland_Languages.jpg/500px-1891_Scotland_Languages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>1891 distribution of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>) and Gaelic in Scotland <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aed0cb; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 75–80% Gaelic, and English</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e7b0ad; color:black;color:#b8544e;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;"><b>━</b></span></span> 25–75% Gaelic, and English; line indicates the 50% <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isogloss" class="extiw" title="wikt:isogloss">isogloss</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d59887; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 5–25% Gaelic, and English</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d7927f; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0–5% Gaelic, and English</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b54640; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Purely English</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Counterintuitively, access to schooling in Gaelic increased knowledge of English. In 1829, the Gaelic Schools Society reported that parents were unconcerned about their children learning Gaelic, but were anxious to have them taught English. The SSPCK also found Highlanders to have significant prejudice against Gaelic. T. M. Devine attributes this to an association between English and the prosperity of employment: the Highland economy relied greatly on seasonal migrant workers travelling outside the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Gàidhealtachd</i></span>. In 1863, an observer sympathetic to Gaelic stated that "knowledge of English is indispensable to any poor islander who wishes to learn a trade or to earn his bread beyond the limits of his native Isle". Generally, rather than Gaelic speakers, it was Celtic societies in the cities and professors of Celtic from universities who sought to preserve the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devine_1994-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 116–117">: 116–117 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Education_(Scotland)_Act_1872" title="Education (Scotland) Act 1872">Education (Scotland) Act 1872</a> provided universal education in Scotland, but completely ignored Gaelic in its plans. The mechanism for supporting Gaelic through the Education Codes issued by the Scottish Education Department were steadily used to overcome this omission, with many concessions in place by 1918. However, the members of Highland school boards tended to have anti-Gaelic attitudes and served as an obstacle to Gaelic education in the late 19th and early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devine_1994-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 110–111">: 110–111 </span></sup> </p><p>Loss of life due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the 1919 sinking of the <a href="/wiki/HMY_Iolaire" title="HMY Iolaire">HMY <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Iolaire</i></span></a>, combined with emigration, resulted in the 1910s seeing unprecedented damage to the use of Scottish Gaelic, with a 46% fall in <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolingual</a> speakers and a 19% fall in <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> speakers between the <a href="/wiki/1911_United_Kingdom_census" title="1911 United Kingdom census">1911</a> and <a href="/wiki/1921_United_Kingdom_census" title="1921 United Kingdom census">1921</a> Censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotsman_2022-12-20_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotsman_2022-12-20-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michelle MacLeod of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen University">Aberdeen University</a> has said that there was no other period with such a high fall in the number of monolingual Gaelic speakers: "Gaelic speakers became increasingly the exception from that point forward with bilingualism replacing monolingualism as the norm for Gaelic speakers."<sup id="cite_ref-Scotsman_2022-12-20_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotsman_2022-12-20-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_Scotland" title="Linguistic Survey of Scotland">Linguistic Survey of Scotland</a> (1949–1997) surveyed both the dialect of the Scottish Gaelic language, and also mixed use of English and Gaelic across the Highlands and Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct_dialects">Defunct dialects</h3></div> <p>Dialects of Lowland Gaelic have been defunct since the 18th century. Gaelic in the Eastern and Southern Scottish Highlands, although alive until the mid-20th century, is now largely defunct. Although modern Scottish Gaelic is dominated by the dialects of the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Skye, there remain some speakers of the Inner Hebridean dialects of Tiree and Islay, and even a few native speakers from Western Highland areas including <a href="/wiki/Wester_Ross" title="Wester Ross">Wester Ross</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>. Dialects on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Moyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Moyle">Straits of Moyle</a> (the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(British_Isles)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Channel (British Isles)">North Channel</a>) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct, though native speakers were still to be found on the <a href="/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre" title="Mull of Kintyre">Mull of Kintyre</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Rathlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathlin">Rathlin</a> and in North East Ireland as late as the mid-20th century. Records of their speech show that Irish and Scottish Gaelic existed in a dialect chain with no clear language boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some features of moribund dialects have been preserved in Nova Scotia, including the pronunciation of the broad or <a href="/wiki/Velarised" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarised">velarised</a> l (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l̪ˠ</span>) as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a> dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Status"></span> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">Endangered Languages Project</a> lists Gaelic's status as "threatened", with "20,000 to 30,000 active users".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> UNESCO classifies Gaelic as "<a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">definitely endangered</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_Gaelic-speaking_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish Gaelic-speaking people">List of Scottish Gaelic-speaking people</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaelic</a> speakers in Scotland (1755–2022) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Scottish population</th> <th colspan="2">Monolingual Gaelic speakers</th> <th colspan="2">Gaelic and English bilinguals</th> <th colspan="2">Total Gaelic language group </th></tr> <tr> <td>1755</td> <td>1,265,380</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td></td> <td>289,798</td> <td>22.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>1,608,420</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td></td> <td>297,823</td> <td>18.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881</td> <td>3,735,573</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td></td> <td>231,594</td> <td>6.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td>4,025,647</td> <td>43,738</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>210,677</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>254,415</td> <td>6.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>4,472,103</td> <td>28,106</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>202,700</td> <td>4.5%</td> <td>230,806</td> <td>5.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>4,760,904</td> <td>8,400</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>183,998</td> <td>3.9%</td> <td>192,398</td> <td>4.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td>4,573,471</td> <td>9,829</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>148,950</td> <td>3.3%</td> <td>158,779</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>4,588,909</td> <td>6,716</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>129,419</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>136,135</td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>5,096,415</td> <td>2,178</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>93,269</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>95,447</td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>5,179,344</td> <td>974</td> <td><0.1%</td> <td>80,004</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>80,978</td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>5,228,965</td> <td>477</td> <td><0.1%</td> <td>88,415</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>88,892</td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>5,035,315</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>82,620</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>82,620</td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>5,083,000</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>65,978</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>65,978</td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>5,062,011</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>58,652</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>58,652</td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>5,295,403</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>57,602</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>57,602</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>5,447,700</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>69,701</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>69,701</td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The 1755–2001 figures are census data quoted by MacAulay.<sup id="cite_ref-MacAulay1992_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacAulay1992-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 141">: 141 </span></sup> The 2011 Gaelic speakers figures come from table KS206SC of the 2011 Census. The 2011 total population figure comes from table KS101SC. The numbers of Gaelic speakers relate to the numbers aged 3 and over, and the percentages are calculated using those and the number of the total population aged 3 and over. </p><p>Across the whole of Scotland, the 2011 census showed that 25,000 people (0.49% of the population) used Gaelic at home. Of these, 63.3% said that they had a full range of language skills: speaking, understanding, reading and writing Gaelic. 40.2% of Scotland's Gaelic speakers said that they used Gaelic at home. To put this in context, the most common language spoken at home in Scotland after English and Scots is Polish, with about 1.1% of the population, or 54,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_in_Scotland">Distribution in Scotland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="176" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_speaking_Scottish_Gaelic.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Scottish Gaelic speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Current_distribution_in_Scotland"></span> The <a href="/wiki/2011_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 UK Census">2011 UK Census</a> showed a total of 57,375 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.1% of population over three years old), of whom only 32,400 could also read and write the language.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with the 2001 Census, there has been a diminution of about 1300 people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the smallest drop between censuses since the Gaelic-language question was first asked in 1881. The Scottish government's language minister and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</i></span> took this as evidence that Gaelic's long decline has slowed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Outer Hebrides (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Na h-Eileanan Siar</i></span>), where the overall proportion of speakers is 52.2%. Important pockets of the language also exist in the <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highlands</a> (5.4%) and in <a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a> (4.0%) and <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> (4.9%). The locality with the largest absolute number is <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> with 5,878 such persons, who make up over 10% of all of Scotland's Gaelic speakers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumbernauld_Gaelic_Choir_at_Rotary_event_in_2021_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cumbernauld_Gaelic_Choir_at_Rotary_event_in_2021_2.jpg/220px-Cumbernauld_Gaelic_Choir_at_Rotary_event_in_2021_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cumbernauld_Gaelic_Choir_at_Rotary_event_in_2021_2.jpg/330px-Cumbernauld_Gaelic_Choir_at_Rotary_event_in_2021_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cumbernauld_Gaelic_Choir_at_Rotary_event_in_2021_2.jpg/440px-Cumbernauld_Gaelic_Choir_at_Rotary_event_in_2021_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Cumbernauld Gaelic Choir in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaelic continues to decline in its traditional heartland. Between 2001 and 2011, the absolute number of Gaelic speakers fell sharply in the Western Isles (−1,745), Argyll & Bute (−694), and Highland (−634). The drop in <a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a>, the largest parish in the Western Isles by population, was especially acute, from 57.5% of the population in 1991 to 43.4% in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only parish outside the Western Isles over 40% Gaelic-speaking is <a href="/wiki/Kilmuir,_Skye" title="Kilmuir, Skye">Kilmuir</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Skye</a> at 46%. The islands in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> with significant percentages of Gaelic speakers are <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a> (38.3%), <a href="/wiki/Raasay" title="Raasay">Raasay</a> (30.4%), <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a> (29.4%), <a href="/wiki/Lismore,_Scotland" title="Lismore, Scotland">Lismore</a> (26.9%), <a href="/wiki/Colonsay" title="Colonsay">Colonsay</a> (20.2%), and <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a> (19.0%). </p><p>Today, no <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="Civil parishes in Scotland">civil parish</a> in Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 65% (the highest value is in <a href="/wiki/Barvas" title="Barvas">Barvas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a>, with 64.1%). In addition, no civil parish on mainland Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 20% (the highest is in <a href="/wiki/Ardnamurchan" title="Ardnamurchan">Ardnamurchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a>, with 19.3%). Out of a total of 871 civil parishes in Scotland, the proportion of Gaelic speakers exceeds 50% in seven parishes, 25% in 14 parishes, and 10% in 35 parishes. </p><p>Decline in traditional areas has recently been balanced by growth in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a>. Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the number of Gaelic speakers rose in nineteen of the country's 32 council areas. The largest absolute gains were in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a> (+526), <a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a> (+305), the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City council area</a> (+216), and <a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a> (+208). The largest relative gains were in Aberdeenshire (+0.19%), East Ayrshire (+0.18%), <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a> (+0.16%), and <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney</a> (+0.13%).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2018, the census of pupils in Scotland showed 520 students in publicly funded schools had Gaelic as the main language at home, an increase of 5% from 497 in 2014. During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic medium education in Scotland</a> has grown, with 4,343 pupils (6.3 per 1000) being educated in a Gaelic-immersion environment in 2018, up from 3,583 pupils (5.3 per 1000) in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data collected in 2007–2008 indicated that even among pupils enrolled in Gaelic medium schools, 81% of primary students and 74% of secondary students report using English more often than Gaelic when speaking with their mothers at home.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Hanlon_2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Hanlon_2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect on this of the <a href="#Education">significant increase in pupils in Gaelic-medium education</a> since that time is unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_and_revitalization">Preservation and revitalization</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Gaelic Medium Education</a> is one of the primary ways that the Scottish Government is addressing Gaelic language shift. Along with the Bòrd na Gàidhlig policies, preschool and daycare environments are also being used to create more opportunities for intergenerational language transmission in the Outer Hebrides.<sup id="cite_ref-McEwan-Fujita-2022_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEwan-Fujita-2022-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  However, revitalization efforts are not unified within Scotland or Nova Scotia, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcewan-Fujita-2005_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcewan-Fujita-2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can attend <a href="/wiki/Sabhal_M%C3%B2r_Ostaig" title="Sabhal Mòr Ostaig">Sabhal Mòr Ostaig</a>, a national centre for Gaelic Language and Culture, based in <a href="/wiki/Sleat" title="Sleat">Sleat</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>. This institution is the only source for higher education which is conducted entirely in Scottish Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They offer courses for Gaelic learners from beginners into fluency. They also offer regular bachelors and graduate programs delivered entirely in Gaelic. Concerns have been raised around the fluency achieved by learners within these language programs because they are disconnected from vernacular speech communities.<sup id="cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ó_Giollagáin-2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ó_Giollagáin-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regard to language revitalization planning efforts, many feel that the initiatives must come from within Gaelic speaking communities, be led by Gaelic speakers, and be designed to serve and increase fluency within the vernacular communities as the first and most viable resistance to total language shift from Gaelic to English.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcewan-Fujita-2005_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcewan-Fujita-2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, language policies are focused on creating new language speakers through education, instead of focused on how to strengthen intergenerational transmission within existing Gaelic speaking communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcewan-Fujita-2005_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcewan-Fujita-2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_to_preservation_and_revitalization">Challenges to preservation and revitalization</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>, accommodation ethics exist amongst native or local Gaelic speakers when engaging with new learners or non-locals.<sup id="cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accommodation ethics, or ethics of accommodation, is a social practice where local or native speakers of Gaelic shift to speaking English when in the presence of non-Gaelic speakers out of a sense of courtesy or politeness. This accommodation ethic persists even in situations where new learners attempt to speak Gaelic with native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This creates a situation where new learners struggle to find opportunities to speak Gaelic with fluent speakers. <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> is the way people feel about something, or the emotional response to a particular situation or experience. For Gaelic speakers, there is a conditioned and socialized negative affect through a long history of negative Scottish media portrayal and public disrespect, state mandated restrictions on Gaelic usage, and <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">highland clearances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McEwan-Fujita-2022_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEwan-Fujita-2022-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McEwan-Fujita-2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEwan-Fujita-2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This negative affect towards speaking openly with non-native Gaelic speakers has led to a language ideology at odds with revitalization efforts on behalf of new speakers, state policies (such as the Gaelic Language Act), and family members reclaiming their lost mother tongue. New learners of Gaelic often have a positive affective stance to their language learning, and connect this learning journey towards Gaelic language revitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mismatch of these language ideologies, and differences in affective stance, has led to fewer speaking opportunities for adult language learners and therefore a challenge to revitalization efforts which occur outside the home. Positive engagements between language learners and native speakers of Gaelic through mentorship has proven to be productive in socializing new learners into fluency.<sup id="cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McEwan-Fujita-2011_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEwan-Fujita-2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4></div> <p>In the 2022 census, 3,551 people claimed Gaelic as their 'main language.' Of these, 1,761 (49.6%) were in Na h-Eileanan Siar, 682 (19.2%) were in Highland, 369 were in Glasgow City and 120 were in City of Edinburgh; no other council area had as many as 80 such respondents.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scottish_Parliament">Scottish Parliament</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Lorne_Gillies_(421180978).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Anne_Lorne_Gillies_%28421180978%29.jpg/220px-Anne_Lorne_Gillies_%28421180978%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Anne_Lorne_Gillies_%28421180978%29.jpg/330px-Anne_Lorne_Gillies_%28421180978%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Anne_Lorne_Gillies_%28421180978%29.jpg/440px-Anne_Lorne_Gillies_%28421180978%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Lorne_Gillies" title="Anne Lorne Gillies">Anne Lorne Gillies</a> speaking publicly in the Scottish Gaelic language</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaelic has long suffered from its lack of use in educational and administrative contexts and was long suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK government has ratified the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> in respect of Gaelic. Gaelic, along with Irish and Welsh, is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture. It has not received the same degree of official recognition from the UK Government as <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scottish_devolution" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Scottish devolution">devolution</a>, however, Scottish matters have begun to receive greater attention, and it achieved a degree of official recognition when the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Language_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005">Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act</a> was enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> on 21 April 2005. </p><p>The key provisions of the Act are:<sup id="cite_ref-OPSI_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPSI-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Establishing the Gaelic development body, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</i></span> (BnG), on a statutory basis with a view to securing the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language and to promote the use and understanding of Gaelic.</li> <li>Requiring BnG to prepare a National Gaelic Language Plan every five years for approval by Scottish Ministers.</li> <li>Requiring BnG to produce guidance on <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic medium education</a> and Gaelic as a subject for education authorities.</li> <li>Requiring public bodies in Scotland, both Scottish public bodies and cross-border public bodies insofar as they carry out devolved functions, to develop Gaelic language plans in relation to the services they offer, if requested to do so by BnG.</li></ul> <p>After its creation, Bòrd na Gàidhlig required a Gaelic Language Plan from the Scottish Government. This plan was accepted in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-www.gov.scot_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.gov.scot-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of its main commitments were: identity (signs, corporate identity); communications (reception, telephone, mailings, public meetings, complaint procedures); publications (PR and media, websites); staffing (language learning, training, recruitment).<sup id="cite_ref-www.gov.scot_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.gov.scot-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that the bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published; the main alteration was that the guidance of the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bòrd</i></span> is now statutory (rather than advisory). In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on the concept of 'equal respect'. It is not clear what the legal force of this wording is. </p><p>The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum, on 21 April 2005. Under the provisions of the Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Scotland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_Scotland_vehicle_decal_(Bilingual).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Police_Scotland_vehicle_decal_%28Bilingual%29.jpg/220px-Police_Scotland_vehicle_decal_%28Bilingual%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Police_Scotland_vehicle_decal_%28Bilingual%29.jpg/330px-Police_Scotland_vehicle_decal_%28Bilingual%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Police_Scotland_vehicle_decal_%28Bilingual%29.jpg/440px-Police_Scotland_vehicle_decal_%28Bilingual%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>Police Scotland vehicle logo (Bilingual)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some commentators, such as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89amonn_%C3%93_Grib%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éamonn Ó Gribín (page does not exist)">Éamonn Ó Gribín</a></i></span> (2006) argue that the Gaelic Act falls so far short of the status accorded to Welsh that one would be foolish or naïve to believe that any substantial change will occur in the fortunes of the language as a result of <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</i></span>'s efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 December 2008, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Scottish Human Rights Commission">Scottish Human Rights Commission</a> had the UDHR translated into Gaelic for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, given there are no longer any monolingual Gaelic speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-UK_Ratification_of_the_European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_Ratification_of_the_European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following an appeal in the court case of <i>Taylor v Haughney</i> (1982), involving the status of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court</a> ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the goal of the Gaelic Language Act was to aid in revitalization efforts through government mandated official language status, the outcome of the act is distanced from the actual minority language communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Ó_Giollagáin-2020_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ó_Giollagáin-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It helps to create visibility of the minority language in civil structures, but does not impact or address the lived experiences of the Gaelic speaker communities wherein the revitalization efforts may have a higher return of new Gaelic speakers. Efforts are being made to concentrate resources, language planning, and revitalization efforts towards vernacular communities in the Western Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ó_Giollagáin-2020_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ó_Giollagáin-2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Qualifications_in_the_language">Qualifications in the language</h5></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a> offer two streams of Gaelic examination across all levels of the syllabus: Gaelic for learners (equivalent to the modern foreign languages syllabus) and Gaelic for native speakers (equivalent to the English syllabus).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></i></span> performs assessment of spoken Gaelic, resulting in the issue of a Bronze Card, Silver Card or Gold Card. Syllabus details are available on An Comunn's website. These are not widely recognised as qualifications, but are required for those taking part in certain competitions at the annual <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Mod_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (Scotland)">mods</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="European_Union">European Union</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: The UK has now left the EU.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In October 2009, a new agreement allowed Scottish Gaelic to be formally used between Scottish Government ministers and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> officials. The deal was signed by Britain's representative to the EU, Sir <a href="/wiki/Kim_Darroch" title="Kim Darroch">Kim Darroch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish government</a>. This did not give Scottish Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">official status</a> in the EU but gave it the right to be a means of formal communications in the EU's institutions. The Scottish government had to pay for the translation from Gaelic to other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>. The deal was received positively in Scotland; <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Murphy" title="Jim Murphy">Jim Murphy</a> said the move was a strong sign of the UK government's support for Gaelic. He said; "Allowing Gaelic speakers to communicate with European institutions in their mother tongue is a progressive step forward and one which should be welcomed".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culture Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Russell_(Scottish_politician)" title="Michael Russell (Scottish politician)">Mike Russell</a> said; "this is a significant step forward for the recognition of Gaelic both at home and abroad and I look forward to addressing the council in Gaelic very soon. Seeing Gaelic spoken in such a forum raises the profile of the language as we drive forward our commitment to creating a new generation of Gaelic speakers in Scotland."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Signage">Signage</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ainmean-%C3%80ite_na_h-Alba" title="Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba">Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_Gaelic-English_road_sign_in_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bilingual_Gaelic-English_road_sign_in_Scotland.jpg/250px-Bilingual_Gaelic-English_road_sign_in_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bilingual_Gaelic-English_road_sign_in_Scotland.jpg/330px-Bilingual_Gaelic-English_road_sign_in_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bilingual_Gaelic-English_road_sign_in_Scotland.jpg/500px-Bilingual_Gaelic-English_road_sign_in_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual Gaelic–English road sign, at <a href="/wiki/Lochaline" title="Lochaline">Lochaline</a> in the Scottish Highlands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Gaelic_road_sign_on_Harris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Gaelic_road_sign_on_Harris.jpg/250px-Scottish_Gaelic_road_sign_on_Harris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Gaelic_road_sign_on_Harris.jpg/330px-Scottish_Gaelic_road_sign_on_Harris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Gaelic_road_sign_on_Harris.jpg/500px-Scottish_Gaelic_road_sign_on_Harris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Monolingual Gaelic direction sign, at <a href="/wiki/Rodel" title="Rodel">Rodel</a> (Roghadal) on Harris in the Outer Hebrides</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Queen_Street_F%C3%A0ilte_gu_Sr%C3%A0id_na_Banrighinn_Glasgow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Welcome_to_Queen_Street_F%C3%A0ilte_gu_Sr%C3%A0id_na_Banrighinn_Glasgow.jpg/220px-Welcome_to_Queen_Street_F%C3%A0ilte_gu_Sr%C3%A0id_na_Banrighinn_Glasgow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Welcome_to_Queen_Street_F%C3%A0ilte_gu_Sr%C3%A0id_na_Banrighinn_Glasgow.jpg/330px-Welcome_to_Queen_Street_F%C3%A0ilte_gu_Sr%C3%A0id_na_Banrighinn_Glasgow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Welcome_to_Queen_Street_F%C3%A0ilte_gu_Sr%C3%A0id_na_Banrighinn_Glasgow.jpg/440px-Welcome_to_Queen_Street_F%C3%A0ilte_gu_Sr%C3%A0id_na_Banrighinn_Glasgow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual English/Gaelic sign at Queen Street Station in Glasgow</figcaption></figure> <p>Bilingual road signs, street names, business and advertisement signage (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout Gaelic-speaking regions in the Highlands and Islands, including Argyll. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name (such as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Ràtagan</i></span> or <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Loch Ailleart</i></span> rather than the anglicised forms <i>Ratagan</i> or <i>Lochailort</i> respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-North-harris.org-2005_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-harris.org-2005-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some monolingual <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_road_signs_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic road signs in Scotland">Gaelic road signs</a>, particularly direction signs, are used on the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>, where a majority of the population can have a working knowledge of the language. These omit the English translation entirely. </p><p>Bilingual railway station signs are now more frequent than they used to be. Practically all the stations in the Highland area use both English and Gaelic, and the use of bilingual station signs has become more frequent in the Lowlands of Scotland, including areas where Gaelic has not been spoken for a long time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This has been welcomed by many supporters of the language as a means of raising its profile as well as securing its future as a 'living language' (i.e. allowing people to use it to navigate from A to B in place of English) and creating a sense of place. However, in some places, such as Caithness, the Highland Council's intention to introduce bilingual signage has incited controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> has acted in recent years to correct many of the mistakes that appear on maps. They announced in 2004 that they intended to correct them and set up a committee to determine the correct forms of Gaelic place names for their maps.<sup id="cite_ref-North-harris.org-2005_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North-harris.org-2005-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ainmean-%C3%80ite_na_h-Alba" title="Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba">Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba</a> ("Place names in Scotland") is the national advisory partnership for Gaelic place names in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></div> <p>In the nineteenth century, Canadian Gaelic was the third-most widely spoken European language in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a><sup id="cite_ref-scots_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scots-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gaelic-speaking immigrant communities could be found throughout what is modern-day Canada. Gaelic poets in Canada produced a significant literary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-seanchaidh_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seanchaidh-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Gaelic-speaking individuals and communities declined sharply, however, after the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nova_Scotia">Nova Scotia</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntigonishNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/AntigonishNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antigonish" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonish">Antigonish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the 21st century, it was estimated that no more than 500 people in Nova Scotia still spoke Scottish Gaelic as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. In the 2011 census, 300 people claimed to have Gaelic as their first language (a figure that may include Irish Gaelic).<sup id="cite_ref-Curatorial_Report_No._97_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curatorial_Report_No._97-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same 2011 census, 1,275 people claimed to speak Gaelic, a figure that not only included all Gaelic languages but also those people who are not first language speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom 300 claim to have Gaelic as their "mother tongue."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nova Scotia government maintains the Office of Gaelic Affairs (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Iomairtean na Gàidhlig</i></span>), which is dedicated to the development of Scottish Gaelic language, culture and tourism in Nova Scotia, and which estimates about 2,000 total Gaelic speakers to be in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Province_of_Nova_Scotia_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Province_of_Nova_Scotia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in Scotland, areas of North-Eastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton have bilingual street signs. Nova Scotia also has <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Comhairle na Gàidhlig</i></span> (The Gaelic Council of Nova Scotia), a non-profit society dedicated to the maintenance and promotion of the Gaelic language and culture in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Canada">Maritime Canada</a>. In 2018, the Nova Scotia government launched a new Gaelic vehicle licence plate to raise awareness of the language and help fund Gaelic language and culture initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-plate_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plate-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2021, the first Gaelic-medium primary school outside of Scotland, named <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Taigh Sgoile na Drochaide</i></span>, opened in Mabou, Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-primary_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primary-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Outside_Nova_Scotia">Outside Nova Scotia</h5></div> <p>Maxville Public School in <a href="/wiki/Maxville,_Ontario" title="Maxville, Ontario">Maxville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Glengarry County, Ontario">Glengarry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Gray_High_School" title="Colonel Gray High School">Colonel Gray High School</a> now offers both an introductory and an advanced course in Gaelic; both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> is host to the <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Comunn Gàidhlig Bhancoubhair</i></span> (The Gaelic Society of Vancouver), the Vancouver Gaelic Choir, the Victoria Gaelic Choir, as well as the annual Gaelic festival <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Mòd</i></span> <i>Vancouver</i>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>'s Scottish Cultural Centre also holds seasonal Scottish Gaelic evening classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_broadcasting_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland">Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland" title="BBC Scotland">BBC</a> operates a Gaelic-language radio station <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">Radio nan Gàidheal</a></i></span> as well as a television channel, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a></i></span>. Launched on 19 September 2008, BBC Alba is widely available in the UK (on <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a>). It also broadcasts across Europe on the <a href="/wiki/Astra_28.2%C2%B0E" title="Astra 28.2°E">Astra 2 satellites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-astra_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astra-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The channel is being operated in partnership between BBC Scotland and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/MG_Alba" title="MG Alba">MG Alba</a></i></span> – an organisation funded by the Scottish Government, which works to promote the Gaelic language in broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutbbcalba_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutbbcalba-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ITV franchise in central Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Television" title="Scottish Television">STV Central</a>, has, in the past, produced a number of Scottish Gaelic programmes for both <a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a> and its own main channel.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutbbcalba_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutbbcalba-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until BBC Alba was broadcast on Freeview, viewers were able to receive the channel <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/TeleG" title="TeleG">TeleG</a></i></span>, which broadcast for an hour every evening. Upon BBC Alba's launch on Freeview, it took the channel number that was previously assigned to TeleG. </p><p>There are also television programmes in the language on other BBC channels and on the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">independent commercial channels</a>, usually subtitled in English. The <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchise in the north of Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Grampian_Television" title="Grampian Television">STV North</a> (formerly <i>Grampian Television</i>) produces some non-news programming in Scottish Gaelic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland_2">Scotland</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic medium education">Scottish Gaelic medium education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Ghlaschu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Ghlaschu.jpg/220px-Sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Ghlaschu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Ghlaschu.jpg/330px-Sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Ghlaschu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Ghlaschu.jpg/440px-Sgoil_Gh%C3%A0idhlig_Ghlaschu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Gaelic_School" title="Glasgow Gaelic School">Glasgow Gaelic School</a>)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Number of<br />students in <br />Gaelic medium<br />education</th> <th>Percentage<br />of all<br /> students<br />in Scotland </th></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>2,480</td> <td>0.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>2,535</td> <td>0.36%<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>2,601</td> <td>0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>2,766</td> <td>0.40%<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>2,638</td> <td>0.39%<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>2,647</td> <td>0.39%<sup id="cite_ref-scotland.gov.uk_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotland.gov.uk-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>2,929</td> <td>0.44%<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>2,871</td> <td>0.43%<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>2,953</td> <td>0.44%<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>3,583</td> <td>0.53%<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>3,660</td> <td>0.54%<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>3,892</td> <td>0.57%<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>3,965</td> <td>0.58%<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>4,343</td> <td>0.63%<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>4,631</td> <td>0.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>4,849</td> <td>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>5,066</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>5,110</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>5,461</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which completely ignored Gaelic and led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living in 2001 could recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even later, when these attitudes had changed, little provision was made for Gaelic medium education in Scottish schools. As late as 1958, even in Highland schools, only 20% of primary students were taught Gaelic as a subject, and only 5% were taught other subjects through the Gaelic language.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Hanlon_2012_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Hanlon_2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaelic-medium playgroups for young children began to appear in Scotland during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Parent enthusiasm may have been a factor in the "establishment of the first Gaelic medium primary school units in Glasgow and Inverness in 1985".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first modern solely Gaelic-medium secondary school, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Gaelic_School" title="Glasgow Gaelic School">Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu</a></i></span> ("Glasgow Gaelic School"), was opened at Woodside in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in 2006 (61 partially Gaelic-medium primary schools and approximately a dozen Gaelic-medium secondary schools also exist). According to <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</i></span>, a total of 2,092 primary pupils were enrolled in Gaelic-medium primary education in 2008–09, as opposed to 24 in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Columba_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba Initiative">Columba Initiative</a>, also known as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">colmcille</i></span> (formerly <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Iomairt Cholm Cille</i></span>), is a body that seeks to promote links between speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Irish. </p><p>In November 2019, the language-learning app <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> opened a <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">beta</a> course in Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting from summer 2020, children starting school in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Western Isles</a> will be enrolled in GME (Gaelic-medium education) unless parents request differently. Children will be taught Scottish Gaelic from P1 to P4 and then English will be introduced to give them a bilingual education.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada_2">Canada</h4></div> <p>In May 2004, the Nova Scotia government announced the funding of an initiative to support the language and its culture within the province. Several public schools in Northeastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton offer Gaelic classes as part of the high-school curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maxville Public School in <a href="/wiki/Maxville,_Ontario" title="Maxville, Ontario">Maxville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glengarry_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Glengarry County, Ontario">Glengarry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. In <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, the Colonel Gray High School offer an introductory and an advanced course in Scottish Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Higher_and_further_education">Higher and further education</h4></div> <p>A number of Scottish and some Irish universities offer full-time degrees including a Gaelic language element, usually graduating as Celtic Studies. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada, <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_College_of_Celtic_Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts">Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_University" title="Cape Breton University">Cape Breton University</a> (formerly known as the "University College of Cape Breton") offer Celtic Studies degrees and/or Gaelic language programs. The government's Office of Gaelic Affairs offers lunch-time lessons to public servants in Halifax. </p><p>In Russia the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> offers Gaelic language, history and culture courses. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Highlands_and_Islands" title="University of the Highlands and Islands">University of the Highlands and Islands</a> offers a range of Gaelic language, history and culture courses at the National Certificate, Higher National Diploma, Bachelor of Arts (ordinary), Bachelor of Arts (Honours) and Master of Science levels. It offers opportunities for postgraduate research through the medium of Gaelic. Residential courses at <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Sabhal_M%C3%B2r_Ostaig" title="Sabhal Mòr Ostaig">Sabhal Mòr Ostaig</a></i></span> on the Isle of Skye offer adults the chance to become fluent in Gaelic in one year. Many continue to complete degrees, or to follow up as distance learners. A number of other colleges offer a one-year certificate course, which is also available online (pending accreditation). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lews_Castle_College" title="Lews Castle College">Lews Castle College</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Benbecula" title="Benbecula">Benbecula</a> campus offers an independent 1-year course in Gaelic and Traditional Music (FE, SQF level 5/6). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church">Church</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_Services_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35208.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Church_Services_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35208.jpg/250px-Church_Services_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35208.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Church_Services_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35208.jpg/330px-Church_Services_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Church_Services_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35208.jpg/500px-Church_Services_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A sign indicating services in Gaelic and English at a <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(post_1900)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Church of Scotland (post 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> congregation in the community of <a href="/wiki/Ness,_Lewis" title="Ness, Lewis">Ness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Western Isles, the isles of <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris,_Outer_Hebrides" title="Harris, Outer Hebrides">Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Uist" title="North Uist">North Uist</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> majority (largely <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> – <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Eaglais na h-Alba</i></span> in Gaelic, <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(post_1900)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Church of Scotland (post 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a>). The isles of <a href="/wiki/South_Uist" title="South Uist">South Uist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barra" title="Barra">Barra</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> majority. All these churches have Gaelic-speaking congregations throughout the Western Isles. Notable city congregations with regular services in Gaelic are <a href="/wiki/St_Columba_Church_of_Scotland,_Glasgow" title="St Columba Church of Scotland, Glasgow">St Columba's Church, Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirk,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyfriars Kirk, Edinburgh">Greyfriars Tolbooth & Highland Kirk</a>, Edinburgh. <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Leabhar Sheirbheisean</i></span>—a shorter Gaelic version of the English-language Book of Common Order—was published in 1996 by the Church of Scotland. </p><p>The widespread use of English in worship has often been suggested as one of the historic reasons for the decline of Gaelic. The Church of Scotland is supportive today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (April 2017)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> but has a shortage of Gaelic-speaking ministers. The Free Church also recently announced plans to abolish Gaelic-language communion services, citing both a lack of ministers and a desire to have their congregations united at communion time.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></div> <p>From the sixth century to the present day, Scottish Gaelic has been used as a literary language. Two prominent writers of the twentieth century are <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frater" title="Anne Frater">Anne Frater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Sorley MacLean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish Gaelic name</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h4></div> <p>Gaelic has its own version of European-wide names which also have English forms, for example: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Iain</i></span> (John), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alasdair</i></span> (Alexander), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Uilleam</i></span> (William), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Catrìona</i></span> (Catherine), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Raibeart</i></span> (Robert), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Cairistìona</i></span> (Christina), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Anna</i></span> (Ann), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Màiri</i></span> (Mary), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Seumas</i></span> (James), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Pàdraig</i></span> (Patrick) and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tòmas</i></span> (Thomas). Not all traditional Gaelic names have direct equivalents in English: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Oighrig</i></span>, which is normally rendered as <i>Euphemia</i> (Effie) or <i>Henrietta</i> (Etta) (formerly also as Henny or even as Harriet), or, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Diorbhal</i></span>, which is "matched" with <i>Dorothy</i>, simply on the basis of a certain similarity in spelling. Many of these traditional Gaelic-only names are now regarded as old-fashioned, and hence are rarely or never used. </p><p>Some names have come into Gaelic from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>; for example, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Somhairle</i></span> ( < <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Somarliðr</i></span>), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tormod</i></span> (< <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Þórmóðr</i></span>), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Raghnall</i></span> or <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Raonull</i></span> (< <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Rǫgnvaldr</i></span>), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Torcuil</i></span> (< <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Þórkell, Þórketill</i></span>), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Ìomhar</i></span> (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ívarr</i></span>). These are conventionally rendered in English as <i>Sorley</i> (or, historically, <i>Somerled</i>), <i>Norman</i>, <i>Ronald</i> or <i>Ranald</i>, <i>Torquil</i> and <i>Iver</i> (or <i>Evander</i>). </p><p>Some Scottish names are Anglicized forms of Gaelic names: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Aonghas</i></span> → (Angus), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Dòmhnall</i></span>→ (Donald), for instance. <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Hamish</i></span>, and the recently established <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Mhairi</i></span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vaːri]</span>) come from the Gaelic for, respectively, James, and Mary, but derive from the form of the names as they appear in the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a>: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Seumas</i></span> (James) (nom.) → <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Sheumais</i></span> (voc.) and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Màiri</i></span> (Mary) (nom.) → <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Mhàiri</i></span> (voc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surnames">Surnames</h4></div> <p>The most common class of Gaelic surnames are those beginning with <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Irish_surname_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish surname prefixes">mac</a></i></span> (Gaelic for "son"), such as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">MacGillEathain</i></span> / <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">MacIllEathain</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SQA_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (MacLean). The female form is <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">nic</i></span> (Gaelic for "daughter"), so Catherine MacPhee is properly called in Gaelic, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Catrìona Nic a' Phì</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (strictly, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">nic</i></span> is a contraction of the Gaelic phrase <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">nighean mhic</i></span>, meaning "daughter of the son", thus <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">NicDhòmhnaill</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-SQA_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> really means "daughter of MacDonald" rather than "daughter of Donald"). The "of" part actually comes from the genitive form of the patronymic that follows the prefix; in the case of <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">MacDhòmhnaill</i></span>, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Dhòmhnaill</i></span> ("of Donald") is the genitive form of <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Dòmhnall</i></span> ("Donald").<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames: <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bàn</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bain_(surname)" title="Bain (surname)">Bain</a> – white), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">ruadh</i></span> (Roy – red), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">dubh</i></span> (Dow, <a href="/wiki/Duff_(surname)" title="Duff (surname)">Duff</a> – black), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">donn</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Dunn_(surname)" title="Dunn (surname)">Dunn</a> – brown), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">buidhe</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bowie_(surname)" title="Bowie (surname)">Bowie</a> – yellow) although in Gaelic these occur as part of a fuller form such as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">MacGille</i></span> 'son of the servant of', i.e. <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">MacGilleBhàin, MacGilleRuaidh, MacGilleDhuibh, MacGilleDhuinn, MacGilleBhuidhe</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography</a></div> <p>Most varieties of Gaelic show either eight or nine vowel qualities (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>ɤ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ/</span>) in their inventory of vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>, which can be either long or short. There are also two <a href="/wiki/Reduced_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced vowel">reduced vowels</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ]</span>) which occur only in their short versions. Although some vowels are strongly nasal, instances of distinctive <a href="/wiki/Nasalized_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalized vowel">nasality</a> are rare. There are about nine <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> and a few <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthongs</a>. </p><p>Most consonants have both <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a> and non-palatal counterparts, including a very rich system of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trills</a> (i.e. three contrasting "l" sounds, three contrasting "n" sounds and three contrasting "r" sounds). The historically voiced stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span> have lost their voicing, so the phonemic contrast today is between unaspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪<span class="wrap"> </span>k]</span> and aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ]</span>. In many dialects, these stops may however gain voicing through secondary articulation through a preceding nasal, for examples <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">doras</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ɔɾəs̪]</span> "door" but <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">an doras</i></span> "the door" as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪ɔɾəs̪]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪ˠɔɾəs̪]</span>. </p><p>In some fixed phrases, these changes are shown permanently, as the link with the base words has been lost, as in <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">an-dràsta</i></span> "now", from <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">an tràth-sa</i></span> "this time/period". </p><p>In medial and final position, the aspirated stops are <a href="/wiki/Preaspiration" title="Preaspiration">preaspirated</a> rather than postaspirated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic orthography</a></div> <p>Scottish Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> is fairly regular; its standard was set by the 1767 <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The 1981 <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Examination_Board" title="Scottish Examination Board">Scottish Examination Board</a> recommendations for Scottish Gaelic, the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions, were adopted by most publishers and agencies, although they remain controversial among some academics, most notably Ronald Black.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of consonants (broad or slender) is indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> surrounding them. Slender (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalised</a>) consonants are surrounded by slender vowels (<span class="nowrap">⟨e, i⟩</span>), while broad (neutral or <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarised</a>) consonants are surrounded by broad vowels (<span class="nowrap">⟨a, o, u⟩</span>). The spelling rule known as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">caol ri caol agus leathann ri leathann</i></span> ("slender to slender and broad to broad") requires that a word-medial consonant or consonant group followed by <span class="nowrap">⟨i, e⟩</span> is preceded by <span class="nowrap">⟨i, e⟩</span> and similarly, if followed by <span class="nowrap">⟨a, o, u⟩</span> is preceded by <span class="nowrap">⟨a, o, u⟩</span>. </p><p>This rule sometimes leads to the insertion of a <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent</a> written vowel. For example, plurals in Gaelic are often formed with the suffix <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">-an</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ən]</a></span>, for example, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bròg</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[prɔːk]</span> ("shoe") / <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">brògan</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[prɔːkən]</span> ("shoes"). But because of the spelling rule, the suffix is spelled -<span class="nowrap">⟨ean⟩</span> (but pronounced the same, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ən]</a></span>) after a slender consonant, as in <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">muinntir</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɯi̯ɲtʲɪrʲ]</span> ("[a] people") / <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">muinntirean</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɯi̯ɲtʲɪrʲən]</span> ("peoples") where <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> is purely a graphic vowel inserted to conform with the spelling rule because <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> precedes the <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lexical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical stress">Unstressed</a> vowels omitted in speech can be omitted in informal writing, e.g. <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tha mi an dòchas.</i></span> ("I hope.") > <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tha mi 'n dòchas.</i></span> </p><p>Scots English orthographic rules have also been used at various times in Gaelic writing. Notable examples of Gaelic verse composed in this manner are the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dean_of_Lismore" title="Book of the Dean of Lismore">Book of the Dean of Lismore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fernaig_manuscript" title="Fernaig manuscript"><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Fernaig</i></span> manuscript</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oghamgigha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oghamgigha.jpg/220px-Oghamgigha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oghamgigha.jpg/330px-Oghamgigha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Oghamgigha.jpg/440px-Oghamgigha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Giogha Stone bearing a Goidelic Ogham inscription</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ogham">Ogham</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> was used in Ireland to write <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> until it was supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> in the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scotland, the majority of Ogham inscriptions are in <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> but a number of Goidelic Ogham inscriptions also exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Giogha" class="mw-redirect" title="Giogha">Giogha Stone</a> which bears the inscription VICULA MAQ CUGINI 'Viqula, son of Comginus',<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Goidelic MAQ (modern <i>mac</i> 'son') rather than Brythonic MAB (cf. modern Welsh <i>mab</i> 'son'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insular_script">Insular script</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uilleam-MacDhunShleibhe-Eirinn_a_Gul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Uilleam-MacDhunShleibhe-Eirinn_a_Gul.jpg/220px-Uilleam-MacDhunShleibhe-Eirinn_a_Gul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Uilleam-MacDhunShleibhe-Eirinn_a_Gul.jpg/330px-Uilleam-MacDhunShleibhe-Eirinn_a_Gul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Uilleam-MacDhunShleibhe-Eirinn_a_Gul.jpg/440px-Uilleam-MacDhunShleibhe-Eirinn_a_Gul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">A' maidin neochiontas na h-óige</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/William_Livingston_(poet)" title="William Livingston (poet)">Uilleam MacDhunléibhe</a>, 19th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a> was used both in Ireland and Scotland but had largely disappeared in Scotland by the 16th century. It consisted of the same 18 letters still in modern use <span class="nowrap">⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and generally did not contain <span class="nowrap">⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩</span>. </p><p>In addition to the base letters, vowels in the Insular script could be <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">accented</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<span class="nowrap">⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩</span> to indicate length. The <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Overdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">overdot</a> was used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of <span class="nowrap">⟨ḟ, ṡ⟩</span>, while the following <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> was used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ch, ph, th⟩</span>. The lenition of other letters was not generally indicated initially but eventually the two methods were used in parallel to represent the lenition of any consonant and competed with each other until the standard practice became to use the overdot in the Insular Script and the following <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> in Roman type, i.e. <span class="nowrap">⟨ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ⟩</span> are equivalent to <span class="nowrap">⟨bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th⟩</span>. The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to decorative usages. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Comunn_Gaidhealach_Memorial_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/An_Comunn_Gaidhealach_Memorial_Plaque.jpg/220px-An_Comunn_Gaidhealach_Memorial_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/An_Comunn_Gaidhealach_Memorial_Plaque.jpg/330px-An_Comunn_Gaidhealach_Memorial_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/An_Comunn_Gaidhealach_Memorial_Plaque.jpg/440px-An_Comunn_Gaidhealach_Memorial_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the founders of the Comunn Gaidhealach in Oban in 1891 using the Insular Script for decorative purposes</figcaption></figure> <p>Letters with an overdot have been available since <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode 5.0</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_script">Latin script</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography#Alphabet" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic orthography § Alphabet</a></div> <p>The modern Scottish Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> has 18 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>: <span class="nowrap">⟨a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u⟩</span>. <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is mostly used to indicate <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>. The letters of the alphabet were traditionally <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%ADatharogam" title="Bríatharogam">named after trees</a>, but this custom has fallen out of use. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Long_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowels">Long vowels</a> are marked with a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (<span class="nowrap">⟨à, è, ì, ò, ù⟩</span>), indicated through <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> (e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨ao⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯː]</span>) or conditioned by certain consonant environments (e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> preceding a non-intervocalic <span class="nowrap">⟨nn⟩</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span>). Traditionally the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> was used on <span class="nowrap">⟨á, é, ó⟩</span> to represent long <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-mid vowels">close-mid vowels</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">spelling reforms</a> replaced it with the grave accent.<sup id="cite_ref-SQA_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain 18th century sources used only an acute accent along the <a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">lines of Irish</a>, such as in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" title="Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair">Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair</a> (1741–51) and the earliest editions (1768–90) of <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Ban_MacIntyre" title="Duncan Ban MacIntyre">Duncan Ban MacIntyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic grammar</a></div> <p>Scottish Gaelic is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">inflecting</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object word order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">two grammatical genders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_inflection">Noun inflection</h3></div> <p>Gaelic nouns inflect for four cases (nominative/accusative, vocative, genitive and dative) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). </p><p>They are also normally classed as either masculine or feminine. A small number of words that used to belong to the neuter class show some degree of gender confusion. For example, in some dialects <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">am muir</i></span> "the sea" behaves as a masculine noun in the nominative case, but as a feminine noun in the genitive (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">na mara</i></span>). </p><p>Nouns are marked for case in a number of ways, most commonly involving various combinations of <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_inflection">Verb inflection</h3></div> <p>There are 12 irregular verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most other verbs follow a fully predictable paradigm, although polysyllabic verbs ending in <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">laterals</a> can deviate from this paradigm as they show <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncopation</a>. </p><p>There are: </p> <ul><li>Three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a>: 1st, 2nd and 3rd</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: singular and plural</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voices</a>: traditionally called active and passive, but actually personal and impersonal</li> <li>Three non-composed combined TAM forms expressing <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, i.e. non-past (future-habitual), conditional (future of the past), and past (preterite); several composed TAM forms, such as pluperfect, future perfect, present perfect, present continuous, past continuous, conditional perfect, etc. Two verbs, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bi</i></span>, used to attribute a notionally temporary state, action, or quality to the subject, and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">is</i></span> (a defective verb that has only two forms), used to show a notional permanent identity or quality, have non-composed present and non-past tense forms: (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bi</i></span>) <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">tha</i></span> [perfective present], <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bidh</i></span>/<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bithidh</i></span> [imperfective non-past]<sup id="cite_ref-SQA_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all other expected verb forms, though the verb adjective ("past participle") is lacking; (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">is</i></span>) <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">is</i></span>, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bu</i></span> past and conditional.</li> <li>Four moods: independent (used in affirmative main clause verbs), relative (used in verbs in affirmative relative clauses), dependent (used in subordinate clauses, anti-affirmative relative clauses, and anti-affirmative main clauses), and subjunctive.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3></div> <p>Word order is strictly verb–subject–object, including questions, negative questions and negatives. Only a restricted set of preverb particles may occur before the verb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2></div> <p>The majority of the vocabulary of Scottish Gaelic is of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> origin. However, Gaelic contains substantially more words of non-Goidelic extraction than Irish. The main sources of loanwords into Gaelic are the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> languages English, Scots and Norse. Other sources include <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-macbain96_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macbain96-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many direct Latin loanwords in Scottish Gaelic were adopted during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> (600 AD-1200 AD) stages of the language and are often terms related to Christianity. Latin is also the source of the days of the week <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Diluain</i></span> ("Monday"), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Dimàirt</i></span> (Tuesday), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Disathairne</i></span> ("Saturday") and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Didòmhnaich</i></span> ("Sunday").<sup id="cite_ref-macbain96_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macbain96-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brittonic">Brittonic</h3></div> <p>The Brittonic languages Cumbric and Pictish were spoken in Scotland during the Early to High Middle Ages, and Scottish Gaelic has many Brittonic influences. Scottish Gaelic contains a number of apparently P-Celtic loanwords, but it is not always possible to disentangle P and Q Celtic words. However, some common words such as <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">dìleab</i></span> ("legacy"), <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">monadh</i></span> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mynydd</i></span>; "mountain") and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">preas</i></span> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">prys</i></span>; "bush") are transparently Brittonic in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scottish Gaelic contains a number of words, principally toponymic elements, that are sometimes more closely aligned in their usage and sense with their Brittonic cognates than with their Irish. This is indicative of the operation of a Brittonic substrate influence. Such items include:<sup id="cite_ref-pp_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cpns_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpns-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gaelic </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Brittonic </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Irish </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>lios </td> <td>palace (in place-names) </td> <td>llys </td> <td>palace, court </td> <td>les (Old Irish) </td> <td>land between a house and its enclosure </td></tr> <tr> <td>srath </td> <td>river-valley </td> <td>ystrad (Welsh) </td> <td>river-valley </td> <td>srath </td> <td>grassland </td></tr> <tr> <td>tom </td> <td>thicket, knoll, mound </td> <td>tom/tomen (Welsh) </td> <td>dung, mound </td> <td>tom </td> <td>shrub </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neologisms">Neologisms</h3></div> <p>In common with other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> coined for modern concepts are typically based on <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, although often coming through English; <i>television</i>, for instance, becomes <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">telebhisean</i></span> and <i>computer</i> becomes <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">coimpiùtar</i></span>. Some speakers use an English word even if there is a Gaelic equivalent, applying the rules of Gaelic grammar. With verbs, for instance, they will simply add the verbal suffix (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">-eadh</i></span>, or, in <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a>, <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">-igeadh</i></span>, as in, "<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tha mi a'</i></span> watch <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">eadh</i></span> (Lewis, "watch <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">igeadh</i></span>") <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">an</i></span> telly" (I am watching the television), instead of "<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tha mi a' coimhead air an telebhisean</i></span>". This phenomenon was described over 170 years ago, by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of <a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a> in the <i>New Statistical Account of Scotland</i>, and examples can be found dating to the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels has become more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords_into_other_languages">Loanwords into other languages</h3></div> <p>Scottish Gaelic has also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Standard_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Standard English">Scottish Standard English</a>. Loanwords include: whisky, slogan, brogue, jilt, clan, galore, <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a>, gob, as well as familiar elements of Scottish geography like ben (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">beinn</i></span>), glen (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">gleann</i></span>) and <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a></i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> has also influenced Lowland Scots and English in Scotland, but it is not always easy to distinguish its influence from that of Scottish Gaelic.<sup id="cite_ref-macbain96_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macbain96-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_words_and_phrases_with_Irish_and_Manx_equivalents">Common words and phrases with Irish and Manx equivalents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Scottish_Gaelic_and_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish">Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scottish Gaelic </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Manx_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Gaelic">Manx Gaelic</a> </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">sinn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃiɲ]</span> </td> <td>(South) <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sinn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɪn̠ʲ]</span><br />(West/North) muid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mˠɪdʲ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">shin</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃin]</span> </td> <td>we </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">aon</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯːn]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">aon</i></span> (South) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eːnˠ]</span> (North/West) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iːnˠ]</span> (older North) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯːnˠ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">nane</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[neːn]</span><br />(<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">un</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œn]</span>) </td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">mòr</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[moːɾ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mór</i></span> (North/West) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mˠoːɾˠ]</span> (South) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mˠuəɾˠ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">mooar</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[muːɾ]</span> </td> <td>big </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">iasg</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iəs̪k]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iasc</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iəsˠk]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">eeast</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jiːs(t)]</span> </td> <td>fish </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cù</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰuː]</span><br />(<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">madadh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mat̪əɣ]</span>,<br /><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">gadhar</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[gə(ɣ)ər]</span>) </td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">madadh</i></span> (North) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mˠad̪ˠu]</span> (West) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mˠad̪ˠə]</span> (South)<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">madra</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mˠad̪ˠɾˠə]</span><br /><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gadhar</i></span> (South/West) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡəiɾˠ]</span> (North) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡeːɾˠ]</span><br />(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cú</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuː]</span> "hound") </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">moddey</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɔːðə]</span><br />(<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">coo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰuː]</span> <i>hound</i>) </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">grian</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾʲiən]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">grian</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟɾʲiənˠ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">grian</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡriᵈn]</span> </td> <td>sun </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">craobh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰɾɯːv]</span><br />(<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">crann</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰɾaun̪ˠ]</span> <i>mast</i>) </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">crann</i></span> (North) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾan̪ˠ]</span> (West) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾɑːn̪ˠ]</span> (South) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾaun̪ˠ]</span><br />(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">craobh</i></span> "<i>branch"</i> (North/West) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾˠiːw,<span class="wrap"> </span>-ɯːw]</span> (South) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾˠeːv]</span>) </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">billey</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[biʎə]</span> </td> <td>tree </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cadal</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰat̪əl̪ˠ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">codladh</i></span> (South) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkɔl̪ˠə]</span> (North) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkɔl̪ˠu]</span>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">codail</i></span> "to sleep" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔdəlʲ]</span>) </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">cadley</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲadlə]</span> </td> <td>sleep (verbal noun) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">ceann</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰʲaun̪ˠ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ceann</i></span> (North) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[can̪ˠ]</span> (West) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cɑːn̪ˠ]</span> (South) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[caun̪ˠ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">kione</i></span> (South) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲoᵈn̪ˠ]</span> (north) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲaun̪]</span> </td> <td>head </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cha do dh'òl thu</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xa<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣɔːl̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>u]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">níor ól tú</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̠ʲiːɾˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>oːl̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ˠuː]</span>(North) <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">char ól tú</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xaɾˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔːl̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ˠuː]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">cha diu oo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xa<span class="wrap"> </span>dju<span class="wrap"> </span>u]</span> </td> <td>you did not drink </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">bha mi a' faicinn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[va<span class="wrap"> </span>mi<span class="wrap"> </span>(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>fɛçkʲɪɲ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhí mé ag feiceáil</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vʲiː<span class="wrap"> </span>mʲeː<span class="wrap"> </span>(ə(ɡ))<span class="wrap"> </span>fʲɛcaːlʲ]</span><br />(Munster) <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bhí mé/bhíos ag feiscint</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vʲiː<span class="wrap"> </span>mʲeː/vʲiːsˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>(ə(ɡ))<span class="wrap"> </span>fʲɪʃcintʲ]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">va mee fakin</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[væ<span class="wrap"> </span>mə<span class="wrap"> </span>faːɣin]</span> </td> <td>(Scotland, Man) I saw, I was seeing<br /> (Ireland) I was seeing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">slàinte</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̪l̪ˠaːɲtʲə]</span> </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1inte" title="Sláinte">sláinte</a></i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˠl̪ˠaːn̠ʲtʲə]</span> </td> <td><span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">slaynt</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̪l̪ˠaːɲtʃ]</span> </td> <td>health; cheers! (toast) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: Items in brackets denote archaic, dialectal or regional variant forms </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Scottish Gaelic: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Rugadh na h-uile duine saor agus co-ionnan nan urram 's nan còirichean. Tha iad reusanta is cogaiseach, agus bu chòir dhaibh a ghiùlain ris a chèile ann an spiorad bràthaireil.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: </p> <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The replies are for all Gaelic languages, including <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 29em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2022_Census_of_Scotland-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Census_of_Scotland_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Census_of_Scotland_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/">"Scotland's Census 2022 - 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Parliament&rft.atitle=Scottish+Languages+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2Fbills-and-laws%2Fbills%2Fscottish-languages-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818182046/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gaelic">"Definition of Gaelic in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Gaelic">the original</a> on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Gaelic+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2FGaelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorsbroch" class="citation web cs1">Horsbroch, Dauvit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/693/type/referance">"1350–1450 Early Scots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scots_Language_Centre" title="Scots Language Centre">Scots Language Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200826033405/https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/693/type/referance">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1350%E2%80%931450+Early+Scots&rft.pub=Scots+Language+Centre&rft.aulast=Horsbroch&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotslanguage.com%2Farticles%2Fnode%2Fid%2F693%2Ftype%2Freferance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKIKAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Scottis%20toung%22&pg=RA1-PA50"><i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416043227/https://books.google.com/books?id=aKIKAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Scottis%20toung%22&pg=RA1-PA50">Archived</a> 16 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1872, page 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2012" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Sean (2012). <i>Brewer's dictionary of Irish phrase & fable</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849725927" title="Special:BookSources/9781849725927"><bdi>9781849725927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewer%27s+dictionary+of+Irish+phrase+%26+fable&rft.place=London&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849725927&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1997_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1997" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Charles (1997). <i>The Edinburgh history of the Scots language</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0754-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-0754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+history+of+the+Scots+language&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0754-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick1972-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick1972_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwickDyllon1972" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Nora Kershaw; Dyllon, Myles (1972). <i>The Celtic Realms</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4284-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-4284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Realms&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-4284-6&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora+Kershaw&rft.au=Dyllon%2C+Myles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewancampbell-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ewancampbell_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Ewan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/scotsirish.htm">"Were the Scots Irish?"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>75</b> (288): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00060920">10.1017/S0003598X00060920</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159844564">159844564</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110002412/http://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/scotsirish.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Were+the+Scots+Irish%3F&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=288&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00060920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159844564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricscotland.com%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fscotsirish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/and-they-won-land-among-the-picts-by-friendly-treaty-or-the-sword">'... and they won land among the Picts by friendly treaty or the sword'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714023910/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/and-they-won-land-among-the-picts-by-friendly-treaty-or-the-sword">Archived</a> 14 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. By Cormac McSparron and Brian Williams. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 141, 145–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1983" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Kenneth (1983). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Loanwords, British and Pictish'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Thomson, D.S. (ed.). <i>The Companion to Gaelic Scotland</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Loanwords%2C+British+and+Pictish%27&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+Gaelic+Scotland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen1983" class="citation book cs1">Green, D. (1983). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Gaelic: syntax, similarities with British syntax'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Thomson, D.S. (ed.). <i>The Companion to Gaelic Scotland</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Gaelic%3A+syntax%2C+similarities+with+British+syntax%27&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+Gaelic+Scotland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, S. (2010). "Pictish Placenames Revisited'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Driscoll, S. (ed.). <i>Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Middle Ages</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pictish+Placenames+Revisited%27&rft.btitle=Pictish+Progress%3A+New+Studies+on+Northern+Britain+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withers1984-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Withers1984_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Withers1984_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Withers1984_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Withers1984_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWithers1984" class="citation book cs1">Withers, Charles W. J. (1984). <i>Gaelic in Scotland, 1698–1981</i>. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859760973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859760973"><bdi>978-0859760973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+in+Scotland%2C+1698%E2%80%931981&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0859760973&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunshea2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dunshea, Philip M. (1 October 2013). "Druim Alban, Dorsum Britanniae– 'the Spine of Britain'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Scottish Historical Review</i>. <b>92</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2013.0178">10.3366/shr.2013.0178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Druim+Alban%2C+Dorsum+Britanniae%E2%80%93+%27the+Spine+of+Britain%27&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fshr.2013.0178&rft.aulast=Dunshea&rft.aufirst=Philip+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarkson2011-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarkson2011_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkson2011" class="citation book cs1">Clarkson, Tim (2011). <i>The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels, and Vikings</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906566296" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906566296"><bdi>978-1906566296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Makers+of+Scotland%3A+Picts%2C+Romans%2C+Gaels%2C+and+Vikings&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1906566296&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baoill1997-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baoill1997_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baoill1997_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Baoill, Colm. "The Scots–Gaelic interface", in Charles Jones, ed., The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson2010_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoray_Watson2010" class="citation book cs1">Moray Watson (30 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwurBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3710-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-3710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+Companion+to+the+Gaelic+Language&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3710-2&rft.au=Moray+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwurBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withers1988-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Withers1988_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWithers1988" class="citation book cs1">Withers, Charles W. J. (1988). "The Geographical History of Gaelic in Scotland". In Colin H. Williams (ed.). <i>Language in Geographic Context</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geographical+History+of+Gaelic+in+Scotland&rft.btitle=Language+in+Geographic+Context&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devine_1994-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devine_1994_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevine1994" class="citation book cs1">Devine, T. M. (1994). <i>Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands</i> (2013 ed.). Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9076-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9076-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-9076-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clanship+to+Crofters%27+War%3A+The+social+transformation+of+the+Scottish+Highlands&rft.edition=2013&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-9076-9&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter1976-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter1976_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter1976" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, James (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofcroftin00hunt"><i>The Making of the Crofting Community</i></a></span>. Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859760140" title="Special:BookSources/9780859760140"><bdi>9780859760140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Crofting+Community&rft.pub=Donald&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780859760140&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofcroftin00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie1992-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie1992_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1990–92" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Mackenzie, Donald W. (1990–92). "The Worthy Translator: How the Scottish Gaels got the Scriptures in their own Tongue". <i>Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness</i>. <b>57</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Gaelic+Society+of+Inverness&rft.atitle=The+Worthy+Translator%3A+How+the+Scottish+Gaels+got+the+Scriptures+in+their+own+Tongue&rft.volume=57&rft.date=1990%2F1992&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotsman_2022-12-20-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scotsman_2022-12-20_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scotsman_2022-12-20_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampsie2022" class="citation news cs1">Campsie, Alison (20 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/national/the-decade-when-scotland-lost-half-its-gaelic-speaking-people-3957569">"The decade when Scotland lost half its Gaelic speaking people"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220081358/https://www.scotsman.com/news/national/the-decade-when-scotland-lost-half-its-gaelic-speaking-people-3957569">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=The+decade+when+Scotland+lost+half+its+Gaelic+speaking+people&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft.aulast=Campsie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fthe-decade-when-scotland-lost-half-its-gaelic-speaking-people-3957569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgeulnagaidhlig.ac.uk/professor-cathair-o-dochartaigh/?lang=en">"The Gaelic Story at the University of Glasgow"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124224701/https://sgeulnagaidhlig.ac.uk/professor-cathair-o-dochartaigh/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gaelic+Story+at+the+University+of+Glasgow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgeulnagaidhlig.ac.uk%2Fprofessor-cathair-o-dochartaigh%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ó Baoill, Colm (2000). "The Gaelic Continuum". <i>Éigse</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">121–</span>134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89igse&rft.atitle=The+Gaelic+Continuum&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoill&rft.aufirst=Colm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2002" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gaelic.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/files/Gaelic-Report.pdf"><i>Gaelic in Nova Scotia: An Economic, Cultural and Social Impact Study</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Province of Nova Scotia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033420/https://gaelic.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/files/Gaelic-Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+in+Nova+Scotia%3A+An+Economic%2C+Cultural+and+Social+Impact+Study&rft.pub=Province+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaelic.novascotia.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FGaelic-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2008" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/pdf/doi/10.4324/9780203645659.ch3"><i>Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203645659">10.4324/9780203645659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135796419" title="Special:BookSources/9781135796419"><bdi>9781135796419</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126133737/https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/pdf/doi/10.4324/9780203645659.ch3">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Endangered+Languages&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203645659&rft.isbn=9781135796419&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledgehandbooks.com%2Fpdf%2Fdoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203645659.ch3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125129/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/gla">"Scottish Gaelic"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/gla">the original</a> on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages+Project&rft.atitle=Scottish+Gaelic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2Fgla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation news cs1">Ross, John (19 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/endangered-gaelic-on-map-of-world-s-dead-languages-1-830316">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Endangered' Gaelic on map of world's dead languages"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185446/http://www.scotsman.com/news/endangered-gaelic-on-map-of-world-s-dead-languages-1-830316">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=%27Endangered%27+Gaelic+on+map+of+world%27s+dead+languages&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fendangered-gaelic-on-map-of-world-s-dead-languages-1-830316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacAulay1992-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacAulay1992_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacAulay1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_MacAulay" title="Donald MacAulay">MacAulay, Donald</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3kIq1DYAkMC&pg=PA141"><i>The Celtic Languages</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521231275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521231275"><bdi>978-0521231275</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117111552/https://books.google.com/books?id=y3kIq1DYAkMC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0521231275&rft.aulast=MacAulay&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3kIq1DYAkMC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/">"Scotland's Census at a glance: Languages"</a>. <i>Scotland's Census</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Census+at+a+glance%3A+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fcensus-results%2Fat-a-glance%2Flanguages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/cqoji4qx/report_part_1.pdf">"2011: Gaelic report (part 1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scotland's Census</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=2011%3A+Gaelic+report+%28part+1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Fcqoji4qx%2Freport_part_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html">2011 Census of Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200212/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Table QS211SC. Viewed 23 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030405062501/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/common/home.jsp">Scotland's Census Results Online (SCROL)</a>, Table UV12. Viewed 23 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-24281487">"Census shows decline in Gaelic speakers 'slowed'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 26 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705191626/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-24281487">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Census+shows+decline+in+Gaelic+speakers+%27slowed%27&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-24281487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-24955839">"Census shows Gaelic declining in its heartlands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 15 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705190857/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-24955839">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Census+shows+Gaelic+declining+in+its+heartlands&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-24955839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709123743/https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus">"Pupil Census Supplementary Data"</a>. <i>The Scottish Government</i>. 7 December 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Government&rft.atitle=Pupil+Census+Supplementary+Data&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.scot%2FTopics%2FStatistics%2FBrowse%2FSchool-Education%2Fdspupcensus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Hanlon_2012-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Hanlon_2012_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Hanlon_2012_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Hanlon2012" class="citation thesis cs1">O'Hanlon, Fiona (2012). <i>Lost in transition? Celtic language revitalization in Scotland and Wales: the primary to secondary school stage</i> (Thesis). The University of Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Lost+in+transition%3F+Celtic+language+revitalization+in+Scotland+and+Wales%3A+the+primary+to+secondary+school+stage&rft.inst=The+University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEwan-Fujita-2022-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McEwan-Fujita-2022_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McEwan-Fujita-2022_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcEwan-Fujita2022" class="citation book cs1">McEwan-Fujita, Emily (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780748637102-013/html">"9. Sociolinguistic Ethnography of Gaelic Communities"</a>. <i>The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780748637102-013">10.1515/9780748637102-013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3710-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-3710-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219230007/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780748637102-013/html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Sociolinguistic+Ethnography+of+Gaelic+Communities&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Companion+to+the+Gaelic+Language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780748637102-013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3710-2&rft.aulast=McEwan-Fujita&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780748637102-013%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcewan-Fujita-2005-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mcewan-Fujita-2005_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcewan-Fujita-2005_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcewan-Fujita-2005_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcewan-Fujita2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mcewan-Fujita, Emily (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.171.155/html">"Neoliberalism and Minority-Language Planning in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (171): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2005.2005.171.155">10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.171.155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-3668">1613-3668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144370832">144370832</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219230010/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.171.155/html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Neoliberalism+and+Minority-Language+Planning+in+the+Highlands+and+Islands+of+Scotland&rft.issue=171&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144370832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-3668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2005.2005.171.155&rft.aulast=Mcewan-Fujita&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2005.2005.171.155%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/">"Dachaigh – Sabhal Mòr Ostaig"</a>. <i>www.smo.uhi.ac.uk</i> (in Scottish Gaelic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219230001/https://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smo.uhi.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Dachaigh+%E2%80%93+Sabhal+M%C3%B2r+Ostaig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smo.uhi.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McEWAN-FUJITA-2010_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcEWAN-FUJITA2010" class="citation journal cs1">McEWAN-FUJITA, Emily (15 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0047404509990649/type/journal_article">"Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland"</a>. <i>Language in Society</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0047404509990649">10.1017/S0047404509990649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-4045">0047-4045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145694600">145694600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Ideology%2C+affect%2C+and+socialization+in+language+shift+and+revitalization%3A+The+experiences+of+adults+learning+Gaelic+in+the+Western+Isles+of+Scotland&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145694600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-4045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404509990649&rft.aulast=McEWAN-FUJITA&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0047404509990649%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ó_Giollagáin-2020-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ó_Giollagáin-2020_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ó_Giollagáin-2020_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ó_Giollagáin-2020_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Giollagáin2020" class="citation book cs1">Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.57132/mpub.14497417"><i>The Gaelic crisis in the vernacular community : a comprehensive sociolinguistic survey of Scottish Gaelic</i></a>. Gòrdan Camshron, Pàdruig Moireach, Brian Ó Curnáin, Iain Caimbeul, Brian MacDonald, Tamás Péterváry. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.57132%2Fmpub.14497417">10.57132/mpub.14497417</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85752-080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85752-080-4"><bdi>978-1-85752-080-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1144113424">1144113424</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117111555/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1144113424">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaelic+crisis+in+the+vernacular+community+%3A+a+comprehensive+sociolinguistic+survey+of+Scottish+Gaelic&rft.place=Aberdeen%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1144113424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.57132%2Fmpub.14497417&rft.isbn=978-1-85752-080-4&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Giollag%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=Conch%C3%BAr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.57132%2Fmpub.14497417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrebble1969" class="citation book cs1">Prebble, John (1969). <i>The Highland Clearances</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+%26+Communication&rft.atitle=Language+revitalization+discourses+as+metaculture%3A+Gaelic+in+Scotland+from+the+18th+to+20th+centuries&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langcom.2010.12.001&rft.issn=0271-5309&rft.aulast=McEwan-Fujita&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0271530910000571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorian2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dorian, Nancy C. (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x">"Reversing Language Shift: The Social Identity and Role of Scottish Gaelic Learners (Belfast Studies in Language, Culture and Politics) by Alasdair MacCaluim"</a>. <i>Journal of Sociolinguistics</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x">10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219230011/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sociolinguistics&rft.atitle=Reversing+Language+Shift%3A+The+Social+Identity+and+Role+of+Scottish+Gaelic+Learners+%28Belfast+Studies+in+Language%2C+Culture+and+Politics%29+by+Alasdair+MacCaluim&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x&rft.aulast=Dorian&rft.aufirst=Nancy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2009.00407_2.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/webapi/jsf/login.xhtml?invalidSession=true&reason=Session+not+established.">"SuperWEB2(tm) - Log in"</a>. <i>www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk&rft.atitle=SuperWEB2%28tm%29+-+Log+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fwebapi%2Fjsf%2Flogin.xhtml%3FinvalidSession%3Dtrue%26reason%3DSession%2Bnot%2Bestablished.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Kenneth MacKinnon (1991) <i>Gaelic: A Past and Future Prospect</i>. Edinburgh: The Saltire Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPSI-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OPSI_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705200710/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2005/50007--a.htm#1">"Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.scot&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+II+%E2%80%93+CORE+COMMITMENTS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2Fpublications%2Fgaelic-language-plan%2Fpages%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Colin H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011125129/http://geolinguistics.org/geo32articles/GEO-32-Williams-art.pdf">Legislative Devolution and Language Regulation in the United Kingdom</a>, Cardiff University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408090738/http://www.scottishhumanrights.com/news/latestnews/article/shrc60">"Latest News – SHRC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Scottish Human Rights Commission">Scottish Human Rights Commission</a>. 12 October 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latest+News+%E2%80%93+SHRC&rft.pub=Scottish+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.date=2008-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishhumanrights.com%2Fnews%2Flatestnews%2Farticle%2Fshrc60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_Ratification_of_the_European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UK_Ratification_of_the_European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/pdf/WP10-def-ang.pdf">"UK Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Working Paper 10 – R.Dunbar, 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926100538/http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/pdf/WP10-def-ang.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Ratification+of+the+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages.+Working+Paper+10+%E2%80%93+R.Dunbar%2C+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciemen.org%2Fmercator%2Fpdf%2FWP10-def-ang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301005900/http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/celtic/papers/officialstatus.html">"Official Status for Gaelic: Prospects and Problems"</a>. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/celtic/papers/officialstatus.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Status+for+Gaelic%3A+Prospects+and+Problems&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.ed.ac.uk%2Fceltic%2Fpapers%2Fofficialstatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScottish_Qualifications_Authority,_Resource_Management" class="citation web cs1">Scottish Qualifications Authority, Resource Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/74310.6130.html">"Gàidhlig"</a>. <i>www.sqa.org.uk</i>. SQA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425123509/http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/74310.6130.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sqa.org.uk&rft.atitle=G%C3%A0idhlig&rft.au=Scottish+Qualifications+Authority%2C+Resource+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqa.org.uk%2Fsqa%2F74310.6130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScottish_Qualifications_Authority,_Resource_Management" class="citation web cs1">Scottish Qualifications Authority, Resource Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/74312.6133.html">"Gaelic (learners)"</a>. <i>www.sqa.org.uk</i>. SQA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425122559/http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/74312.6133.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sqa.org.uk&rft.atitle=Gaelic+%28learners%29&rft.au=Scottish+Qualifications+Authority%2C+Resource+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqa.org.uk%2Fsqa%2F74312.6133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancomunn.co.uk/nationalmod/gaelic-assessment">"An Comunn Gàidhealach – Royal National Mod : Royal National Mod"</a>. <i>www.ancomunn.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627171845/http://www.ancomunn.co.uk/nationalmod/gaelic-assessment">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+green+light+for+Scots+Gaelic&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fmobile%2Fscotland%2Fhighlands_and_islands%2F8294853.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8294853.stm">"EU green light for Scots Gaelic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 7 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117111723/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8294853.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/s2/12">the original</a> on 26 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2006</span>. <q>By 1850 Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken European language in British North America. It was spoken by as many as 200,000 British North Americans of both Scottish and Irish origin as either a first or a second language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scots&rft.pub=Multicultural+Canada&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bumstead&rft.aufirst=J.M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmulticulturalcanada.ca%2FEncyclopedia%2FA-Z%2Fs2%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seanchaidh-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seanchaidh_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton2015" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Michael (2015). <i>Seanchaidh na Coille / Memory-Keeper of the Forest: Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Literature of Canada</i>. Cape Breton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77206-016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77206-016-4"><bdi>978-1-77206-016-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seanchaidh+na+Coille+%2F+Memory-Keeper+of+the+Forest%3A+Anthology+of+Scottish+Gaelic+Literature+of+Canada&rft.pub=Cape+Breton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-77206-016-4&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Dembling, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11339666/Gaelic_in_Canada_New_Evidence_from_an_Old_Census">Gaelic in Canada: New Evidence from an Old Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121075713/http://www.academia.edu/11339666/Gaelic_in_Canada_New_Evidence_from_an_Old_Census">Archived</a> 21 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Paper read at the 3rd biannual Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig, University of Edinburgh, 21–23 July 2004, in: <i>Cànan & Cultar / Language & Culture: Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 3</i>, edited by Wilson MacLeod, James E. 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Nova Scotia Museum. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>115. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125127/https://gaelic.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/files/Gaelic-Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Nova+Scotia+%E2%80%93+An+Economic%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Social+Impact+Study&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Museum&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaelic.novascotia.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FGaelic-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics Canada, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">Nova Scotia (Code 12)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423074023/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">Archived</a> 23 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (table), <i>National Household Survey (NHS) Profile</i>, 2011 NHS, Catalogue <abbr>№</abbr> 99-004-XWE (Ottawa: September 11, 2013).<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatten2016" class="citation web cs1">Patten, Melanie (29 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/rebirth-of-a-sleeping-language-how-n-s-is-reviving-its-gaelic-culture-1.2797627">"Rebirth of a 'sleeping' language: How N.S. is reviving its Gaelic culture"</a>. <i>Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713013924/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/rebirth-of-a-sleeping-language-how-n-s-is-reviving-its-gaelic-culture-1.2797627">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513084229/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=12&Data=Count&SearchText=Nova%20Scotia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=12">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bell Media. The Canadian Press. 1 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816082804/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/nova-scotia-unveils-gaelic-licence-plate-as-it-seeks-to-expand-language-1.3910559#_gus&_gucid=&_gup=Facebook&_gsc=sEr8tNZ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+CTV+News&rft.atitle=Nova+Scotia+unveils+Gaelic+licence+plate%2C+as+it+seeks+to+expand+language&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlantic.ctvnews.ca%2Fnova-scotia-unveils-gaelic-licence-plate-as-it-seeks-to-expand-language-1.3910559%23_gus%26_gucid%3D%26_gup%3DFacebook%26_gsc%3DsEr8tNZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-primary-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-primary_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gaidhlig.scot/en/gaelic-education-in-nova-scotia/">"Gaelic Medium Education in Nova Scotia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RCI+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Gaelic+language+slowly+gaining+ground+in+Canada&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=Radio+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcinet.ca%2Fen%2F2015%2F01%2F28%2Fgaelic-language-slowly-gaining-ground-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/01/28/gaelic-language-slowly-gaining-ground-in-canada/">"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Canada_International" title="Radio Canada International">Radio Canada International</a></i>. 28 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Published February 2009, Scottish Government.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/293700/0090772.pdf">Pupils in Scotland, 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607080948/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/293700/0090772.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from scotland.gov.uk. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Government%3A+Pupils+Census%2C+Supplementary+Data&rft.pub=Scotland.gov.uk&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FTopics%2FStatistics%2FBrowse%2FSchool-Education%2Fpupilsupdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/supppupils2011">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227162446/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/supppupils2011">Archived</a> 27 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet published 3 February 2012 (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/pupcensus2012">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227162201/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/pupcensus2012">Archived</a> 27 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet published 11 December 2012 (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/pupcensus2013">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227170233/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/pupcensus2013">Archived</a> 27 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227162443/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus">Archived</a> 27 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus15">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301030947/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus15">Archived</a> 1 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus16">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214181332/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus16">Archived</a> 14 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus17">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223422/http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus17">Archived</a> 17 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus18">Pupil Census, Supplementary data 2018</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404150300/https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/dspupcensus/dspupcensus18">Archived</a> 4 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spreadsheet (Table 1.13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/331849/scotland-gaelic-language-student-figures/">Number of primary and high school students taught using the Gaelic language in Scotland from 2018 to 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPagoeta2001" class="citation book cs1">Pagoeta, Mikel Morris (2001). <i>Europe Phrasebook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-224-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-224-4"><bdi>978-1-86450-224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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Celtic language revitalization in Scotland and Wales: the primary to secondary school stage</i> (Thesis). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Gael-force+wind+of+change+in+the+classroom&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthescotsman.scotsman.com%2Fscotland%2FGaelforce-wind-of-change-in.4637948.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-50579327">"Thousands sign up for new online Gaelic course"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130131550/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-50579327">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+sign+up+for+new+online+Gaelic+course&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-50579327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-gaelic-course-on-duolingo-app-has-20-000-signups-ahead-of-launch-1-5053411">"Scottish Gaelic course on Duolingo app has 20,000 signups ahead of launch"</a>. <i>www.scotsman.com</i>. 28 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129165941/https://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-gaelic-course-on-duolingo-app-has-20-000-signups-ahead-of-launch-1-5053411">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=Scottish+Gaelic+course+on+Duolingo+app+has+20%2C000+signups+ahead+of+launch&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fscottish-gaelic-course-on-duolingo-app-has-20-000-signups-ahead-of-launch-1-5053411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDingwall2019" class="citation web cs1">Dingwall, Blair (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/scotland/1030484/tens-of-thousands-sign-up-in-matter-of-hours-as-duolingo-releases-scottish-gaelic-course/">"Tens of thousands sign up in matter of hours as Duolingo releases Scottish Gaelic course"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129144602/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/scotland/1030484/tens-of-thousands-sign-up-in-matter-of-hours-as-duolingo-releases-scottish-gaelic-course/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tens+of+thousands+sign+up+in+matter+of+hours+as+Duolingo+releases+Scottish+Gaelic+course&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.aulast=Dingwall&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecourier.co.uk%2Ffp%2Fnews%2Fscotland%2F1030484%2Ftens-of-thousands-sign-up-in-matter-of-hours-as-duolingo-releases-scottish-gaelic-course%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-51221475">"Gaelic to be 'default' in Western Isles schools"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124024444/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-51221475">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gaelic+to+be+%27default%27+in+Western+Isles+schools&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-51221475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/gaelic-core-class-increasingly-popular-in-nova-scotia-1.2932151">"Gaelic core class increasingly popular in Nova Scotia"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115085959/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/gaelic-core-class-increasingly-popular-in-nova-scotia-1.2932151">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gaelic+core+class+increasingly+popular+in+Nova+Scotia&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnova-scotia%2Fgaelic-core-class-increasingly-popular-in-nova-scotia-1.2932151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational2015" class="citation news cs1">International, Radio Canada (28 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/01/28/gaelic-language-slowly-gaining-ground-in-canada/">"Gaelic language slowly gaining ground in Canada"</a>. <i>RCI | English</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623060243/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/01/28/gaelic-language-slowly-gaining-ground-in-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RCI+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Gaelic+language+slowly+gaining+ground+in+Canada&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=Radio+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcinet.ca%2Fen%2F2015%2F01%2F28%2Fgaelic-language-slowly-gaining-ground-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2008" class="citation news cs1">MacLeod, Murdo (6 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/Free-Church-plans-to-scrap.3644503.jp">"Free Church plans to scrap Gaelic communion service"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Free+Church+plans+to+scrap+Gaelic+communion+service&rft.date=2008-01-06&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Murdo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.scotsman.com%2Fscotland%2FFree-Church-plans-to-scrap.3644503.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p026xw3x/p026xvx0">"Alba air Taghadh – beò à Inbhir Nis"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alba+air+Taghadh+%E2%80%93+be%C3%B2+%C3%A0+Inbhir+Nis&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+nan+G%C3%A0idheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp026xw3x%2Fp026xvx0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQA-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SQA_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQA_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQA_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQA_114-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/SQA-Gaelic_Orthographic_Conventions-En-e.pdf">"Gaelic Orthographic Conventions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Orthographic+Conventions&rft.pub=B%C3%B2rd+na+G%C3%A0idhlig&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqa.org.uk%2Ffiles_ccc%2FSQA-Gaelic_Orthographic_Conventions-En-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/alba/oran/people/catriona_anna_nic_a_phi/">"Catrìona Anna Nic a' Phì"</a>. <i>BBC</i> (in Scottish Gaelic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910203707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/alba/oran/people/catriona_anna_nic_a_phi/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Catr%C3%ACona+Anna+Nic+a%27+Ph%C3%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Falba%2Foran%2Fpeople%2Fcatriona_anna_nic_a_phi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoulfe" class="citation web cs1">Woulfe, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/names/gaelic-surnames.php">"Gaelic Surnames"</a>. Library Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425204723/http://www.libraryireland.com/names/gaelic-surnames.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Surnames&rft.pub=Library+Ireland&rft.aulast=Woulfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2Fnames%2Fgaelic-surnames.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Board of Celtic Studies Scotland (1998) <i>Computer-Assisted Learning for Gaelic: Towards a Common Teaching Core</i>. The orthographic conventions were revised by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a> (SQA) in 2005: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070507071828/http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/controller?p_service=Content.show&p_applic=CCC&pContentID=7339">"Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005"</a>. SQA publication BB1532. August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/controller?p_service=Content.show&p_applic=CCC&pContentID=7339">the original</a> on 7 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Orthographic+Conventions+2005&rft.pub=SQA+publication+BB1532&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqa.org.uk%2Fsqa%2Fcontroller%3Fp_service%3DContent.show%26p_applic%3DCCC%26pContentID%3D7339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Celtic-languages/Irish">"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031851/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Celtic-languages/Irish">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Celtic+languages+%E2%80%93+Irish+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCeltic-languages%2FIrish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/stone/gigha_1.html">"GIGHA/1"</a>. <i>Celtic Inscribed Stones Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527222134/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/stone/gigha_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Celtic+Inscribed+Stones+Project&rft.atitle=GIGHA%2F1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Farchaeology%2Fcisp%2Fdatabase%2Fstone%2Fgigha_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46449130"><i>Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai</i></a>. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85791-327-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85791-327-2"><bdi>1-85791-327-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46449130">46449130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117111705/https://search.worldcat.org/title/46449130">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graim%C3%A9ar+Gaeilge+na+mBr%C3%A1ithre+Cr%C3%ADostai.&rft.place=Baile+%C3%81tha+Cliath&rft.edition=Eagr%C3%A1n+nua&rft.pub=An+G%C3%BAm&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46449130&rft.isbn=1-85791-327-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46449130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/ortho.htm">"Irish Orthography"</a>. <i>www.nualeargais.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031917/http://www.nualeargais.ie/gnag/ortho.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nualeargais.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Orthography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nualeargais.ie%2Fgnag%2Fortho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unicode 5.0, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf">"Latin Extended Additional"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410091257/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+Extended+Additional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1E00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(163 KB)</span>. Retrieved 13 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Rahilly, T F, <i>Irish Dialects Past and Present</i>. Brown and Nolan 1932, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901282-55-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-901282-55-3">0-901282-55-3</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Richard <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Brìgh nam Facal</i></span> (1991) <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Roinn nan Cànan Ceilteach</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903204-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-903204-21-5">0-903204-21-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macbain96-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macbain96_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macbain96_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macbain96_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacbain1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macbain" title="Alexander Macbain">Macbain, Alexander</a> (1896). <i>An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language</i> (Digitized facsimile ed.). BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-116-77321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-116-77321-7"><bdi>978-1-116-77321-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Gaelic+Language&rft.edition=Digitized+facsimile&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-1-116-77321-7&rft.aulast=Macbain&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pp_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallDriscollGeddess2010" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Mark A; Driscoll, Stephen T; Geddess, Jane (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6d55DwAAQBAJ"><i>Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. Brill. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004188013" title="Special:BookSources/9789004188013"><bdi>9789004188013</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005115932/https://books.google.com/books?id=6d55DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictish+Progress%3A+New+Studies+on+Northern+Britain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.isbn=9789004188013&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mark+A&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+Stephen+T&rft.au=Geddess%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6d55DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpns-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpns_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatsonTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Watson, W.J.; Taylor, Simon (2011). <i>The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland</i> (reprint ed.). Birlinn LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906566357" title="Special:BookSources/9781906566357"><bdi>9781906566357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Place-Names+of+Scotland&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Birlinn+LTD&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781906566357&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlasdair_mac_Mhaighstir_Alasdair" class="citation web cs1">Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moidart.org.uk/datasets/gbarramcma/about.htm">"Smeòrach Chlann Raghnaill"</a>. <i>www.moidart.org.uk</i>. Archaeology Archive Moidart History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125130/http://www.moidart.org.uk/datasets/gbarramcma/about.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moidart.org.uk&rft.atitle=Sme%C3%B2rach+Chlann+Raghnaill&rft.au=Alasdair+mac+Mhaighstir+Alasdair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moidart.org.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fgbarramcma%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/udhr/celtic.htm">"UDHR in Celtic languages"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703125315/https://omniglot.com/udhr/celtic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=UDHR+in+Celtic+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fudhr%2Fceltic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Gaelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Gillies, H. Cameron. (1896). <i>Elements of Gaelic Grammar</i>. Vancouver: Global Language Press (reprint 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897367-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-897367-02-3">1-897367-02-3</a> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897367-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-897367-00-7">1-897367-00-7</a> (paperback)</li> <li>Gillies, William. (1993). "Scottish Gaelic", in Ball, Martin J. and Fife, James (eds). <i>The Celtic Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions)</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28080-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28080-X">0-415-28080-X</a> (paperback), pp. 145–227</li> <li>Lamb, William. (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2488427/Scottish_Gaelic_2nd_Edition_">Scottish Gaelic</a></i>. Munich: Lincom Europa, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-408-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-408-0">3-89586-408-0</a></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">MacAoidh, Garbhan</i></span>. (2007). <i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Tasgaidh</i></span> – A Gaelic Thesaurus</i>. Lulu Enterprises, North Carolina</li> <li>McLeod, Wilson (ed.). (2006). <i>Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland: Policy, Planning and Public Discourse</i>. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903765-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-903765-59-5">1-903765-59-5</a></li> <li>Robertson, Charles M. (1906–07). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Dialects" class="extiw" title="s:Scottish Gaelic Dialects">Scottish Gaelic Dialects</a>", <i>The Celtic Review</i>, vol. 3 pp. 97–113, 223–39, 319–32.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gd:"> Scottish Gaelic edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Scottish Gaelic, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Scottish Gaelic language"><i><b>Scottish Gaelic language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/alba/">BBC Alba</a></i></span> – Scottish Gaelic language, music and news</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/sites/default/files/pba167p349.pdf">"Gaelic in Medieval Scotland: Advent and Expansion"</a> by Thomas Owen Clancy, Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture, 4 March 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaelicresources.co.uk/about"><i>Gaelic Resource Database</i></a> – founded by Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Scottish_Gaelic_Swadesh_list">Scottish Gaelic Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faclair.com/">Faclair Dwelly air Loidhne</a></i></span> – Dwelly's Gaelic dictionary online</li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/english.html">Gàidhlig air an Lìon</a></i></span> – <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Sabhal Mòr Ostaig</i></span>'s links to pages in and about Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dasg.ac.uk/">DASG</a> – The Digital Archive of Scottish Gaelic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancomunn.co.uk/">An Comunn's website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gaelic.novascotia.ca/">Nova Scotia Office of Gaelic Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scottish_Gaelic260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Template:Scottish Gaelic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Template talk:Scottish Gaelic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish Gaelic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scottish_Gaelic260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Gaelic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scottish_Gaelic" title="History of Scottish Gaelic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Renaissance" title="Scottish Gaelic Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <small>(present)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Minch_Gaelic" title="Mid-Minch Gaelic">Mid-Minch Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebridean Gaelic">Hebridean Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Argyll Gaelic">Argyll Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sutherland_Gaelic" title="East Sutherland Gaelic">East Sutherland Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Dialect phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms" title="Dependent and independent verb forms">Dependent and independent verb forms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Scottish_Gaelic" title="Bible translations into Scottish Gaelic">Bible translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_dictionaries" title="Scottish Gaelic dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official <br />support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaelic_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaelic development (page does not exist)">Gaelic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%AC_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Clì Gàidhlig">Clì Gàidhlig</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gaelic_College" title="The Gaelic College">The Gaelic College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabhal_M%C3%B2r_Ostaig" title="Sabhal Mòr Ostaig">Sabhal Mòr Ostaig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_(Scotland)_Act_1872" title="Education (Scotland) Act 1872">Education (Scotland) Act 1872</a> <small>(past)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Language_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005">Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_broadcasting_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A0na" title="Dàna">Dàna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stornoway_Gazette" title="Stornoway Gazette">Stornoway Gazette</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Highland_Free_Press" title="West Highland Free Press">West Highland Free Press</a> <small>(sporadic)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a> <small>(<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/BBC_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="BBC Gàidhlig">BBC Gàidhlig</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">nan Gàidheal</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acair_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acair (publisher) (page does not exist)">Acair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akerbeltz_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akerbeltz (publisher) (page does not exist)">Akerbeltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn_(publisher)" title="Birlinn (publisher)">Birlinn</a></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/CL%C3%80R" title="CLÀR">CLÀR</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/%C3%99r-sgeul" title="Ùr-sgeul">Ùr-sgeul</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></i></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_music" title="Gaelic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">The <i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Mòd</i></span></i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_road_signs_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic road signs in Scotland">Road signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Gaelic_language" title="Category:Scottish Gaelic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Celtic_languages" title="Nuclear Celtic languages">Nuclear Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Insular_Celtic43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_articles448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_topics" title="Template talk:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_articles448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lochs_of_Scotland" title="List of lochs of Scotland">Lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland" title="Mountains and hills of Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Scotland" title="List of valleys of Scotland">Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Scotland" title="List of ecoregions in Scotland">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Scotland" title="List of biosphere reserves in Scotland">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Scotland" title="Municipalities of Scotland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains" title="List of Munro mountains">Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_governments" title="List of Scottish governments">List of governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Great Seal of Scotland">Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Scotland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Scotland">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland" title="Lists of MPs for constituencies in Scotland">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland" title="List of courts in Scotland">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Courts of Scotland">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court" title="Office of the Accountant of Court">Office of the Accountant of Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">Procurator fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland" title="Prison population of Scotland">Prison population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities in Scotland">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Tweed">Harris Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland" title="Category:Society of Scotland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Scotland" title="Lists of schools in Scotland">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Scotland" title="List of further education colleges in Scotland">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland" title="List of museums in Scotland">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland" title="List of oldest buildings in Scotland">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland" title="Theatre of Scotland">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland" title="Prostitution in Scotland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Royal National Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_tartan" title="Regimental tartan">regimental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors" title="List of Scottish actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists" title="List of Scottish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians" title="List of Scottish musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers" title="List of Scottish writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland" title="Ethnic minorities in Scotland">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaels223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaels" title="Template:Gaels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaels" title="Template talk:Gaels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaels223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Brehon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Gaelic mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_kinship" title="Irish kinship">Gaelic kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge" title="Oireachtas na Gaeilge">Oireachtas na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Am Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Insular Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Gaelic Christian mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Irish21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_royal_families" title="Irish royal families">Royal families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_medical_families" title="Irish medical families">Medical families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_genealogy" title="Irish genealogy">Genealogy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="List28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans" title="List of Irish clans">List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Érainn</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADarraige" title="Cíarraige">Cíarraige</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans_in_Ulster" title="List of Irish clans in Ulster">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_clans" title="List of Scottish clans">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Vannin" title="Culture Vannin">Culture Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heshaght_Ghailckagh" title="Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh">Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge" title="Seachtain na Gaeilge">Seachtain na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULTACH_Trust" title="ULTACH Trust">ULTACH Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comunn_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Comunn na Gàidhlig">Comunn na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Ireland" title="Clans of Ireland">Clans of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">human genetics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">Clan MacLeod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Kingdom of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gaels" title="Category:Gaels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<i>de facto</i> official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernésiais language">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais language">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelta language">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/20px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/26px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/34px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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