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<li id="toc-Classical_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classical Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Byzantine period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_4th_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_4th_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Before the 4th Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_4th_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Latin emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_4th_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_4th_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>After the 4th Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_4th_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Austrian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_French_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_French_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>First French Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_French_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Elba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_French_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_French_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Second French Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_French_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Iberian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Americas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aztec_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aztec_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Aztec Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aztec_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Inca Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Columbian_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Columbian_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-Columbian Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Columbian_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indian subcontinent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mauryan_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauryan_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mauryan Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauryan_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Delhi Sultanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>British Raj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Regional emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_African_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_African_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Central African Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_African_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle East Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiser" title="Keiser – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Keiser" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="إمبراطور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Emperador" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%C4%83" title="Amiră – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amiră" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emperador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvih%C3%A1ra" title="Mburuvihára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvihára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperator" title="İmperator – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmperator" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ایمپیراتور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایمپیراتور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F" title="সম্রাট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্রাট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4ng-t%C3%A8" title="Hông-tè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hông-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Імператар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імператар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Імпэратар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імпэратар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Emperador" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koasa" title="Koasa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Koasa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaer" title="Impalaer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emperador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADsa%C5%99" title="Císař – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Císař" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejser" title="Kejser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kejser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiser" title="Keiser – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keiser" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκράτορας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκράτορας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emperador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiestro" title="Imperiestro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperiestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enperadore" title="Enperadore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enperadore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="امپراتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisari" title="Keisari – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Keisari" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empereur" title="Empereur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empereur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer" title="Keizer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keizer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceusair" title="Ceusair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceusair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador,_emperatriz" title="Emperador, emperatriz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emperador, emperatriz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="皇帝" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vong_Ti" title="Vong Ti – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vong Ti" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="황제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80" title="Կայսր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կայսր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar" title="Kaisar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisari" title="Keisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Keisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatore" title="Imperatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="קיסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar" title="Kaisar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaisar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იმპერატორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იმპერატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizari" title="Kaizari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaizari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperator" title="Împerator – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împerator" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperators" title="Imperators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Imperators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatorius" title="Imperatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer" title="Keizer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Keizer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperador" title="Imperador – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imperador" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r_(rang)" title="Császár (rang) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Császár (rang)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="സാമ്രാട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാമ്രാട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="सम्राट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सम्राट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იმპერატორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იმპერატორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="امبراطور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maharaja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar" title="Kaisar – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kaisar" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%B2ng-d%C3%A1%CC%A4" title="Huòng-dá̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huòng-dá̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperador" title="Amperador – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Amperador" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Императорсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Императорсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A7%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA" title="ဧကရာဇ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဧကရာဇ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer" title="Keizer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="皇帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiser" title="Keiser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisar" title="Keisar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Keisar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empereus" title="Empereus – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Empereus" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperaire" title="Emperaire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Emperaire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="شہنشاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarz" title="Cesarz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperador" title="Imperador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83rat" title="Împărat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împărat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hungti" title="hungti – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hungti" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Emperor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandori" title="Perandori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiraturi" title="Mpiraturi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpiraturi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emperor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="شهنشاھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شهنشاھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis%C3%A1r" title="Cisár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cisár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1" title="ئیمپراتۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisari" title="Keisari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keisari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsare" title="Kejsare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Emperador" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4" title="จักรพรรดิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%86" title="ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mparator" title="İmparator – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İmparator" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Імператор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імператор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81" title="شہنشاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہنشاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inperador" title="Inperador – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inperador" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF" title="Hoàng đế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoàng đế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impreur" title="Impreur – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Impreur" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="皇帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皇帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="皇帝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatori%C3%A7a" title="İmperatoriça – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriça" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皇帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Emperor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of monarch</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the monarchical office. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Emperor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Emperor (disambiguation)">Emperor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Empress" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Empress_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Empress (disambiguation)">Empress (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Europe and East Asia and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Emperor" title="Talk:Emperor">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Naruhito_and_Empress_Masako_20190515.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_Naruhito_and_Empress_Masako_20190515.jpg/250px-Emperor_Naruhito_and_Empress_Masako_20190515.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_Naruhito_and_Empress_Masako_20190515.jpg/330px-Emperor_Naruhito_and_Empress_Masako_20190515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_Naruhito_and_Empress_Masako_20190515.jpg/500px-Emperor_Naruhito_and_Empress_Masako_20190515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Naruhito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Naruhito">Emperor Naruhito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Masako" title="Empress Masako">Empress Masako</a> of Japan (official portrait of 2019). 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy" title="Category:Monarchy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal, noble,<br />gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_(Gules_Mitre).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/120px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/250px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emperor, Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">dowager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar, Tsarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_dowager" class="mw-redirect" title="King dowager">dowager</a></li></ul></li> <li>Queen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">dowager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king, Great queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_king" title="High king">High king, High queen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">Princess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_consort" title="Princess consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduke, Archduchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">Grand duke, Grand duchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prince" title="Grand prince">Grand prince, Grand princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke, Duchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz, Knyaginya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst, Fürstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">Heir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke, Duchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzog" title="Herzog">Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector, Princess-elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst, Fürstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess, Marchioness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave, Margravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">Marcher lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">Count palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count, Countess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">Mormaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount, Viscountess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">Castellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">Burgrave, Burgravine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidame" title="Vidame">Vidame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starosta" title="Starosta">Starosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron, Baroness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant in chief">Tenant in chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Territorial lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">Liege lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lendmann" title="Lendmann">Lendmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobile_(aristocracy)" title="Nobile (aristocracy)">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primor" title="Primor">Primor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">Fidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet, Baronetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavasour" title="Vavasour">Vavasour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial knight">Imperial knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight/Chevalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight bachelor">Knight bachelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_(Scotland)" title="Thane (Scotland)">Thane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">Druzhinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentleman, Gentlewoman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_at_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Man at arms">Man at arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelfrei" title="Edelfrei">Edelfrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">Ministerialis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial,_royal,_noble_and_chivalric_ranks" title="Template:Imperial, royal, noble and chivalric ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial,_royal,_noble_and_chivalric_ranks" title="Template talk:Imperial, royal, noble and chivalric ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial,_royal,_noble_and_chivalric_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial, royal, noble and chivalric ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/220px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/330px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/440px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Gaius Octavianus Caesar "Augustus", or simply <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, was the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i><b>emperor</b></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a></i>, via <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>: <i lang="fro">empereor</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can mean the male ruler of an <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>. <i><b>Empress</b></i>, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (<a href="/wiki/Empress_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress consort">empress consort</a>), mother/grandmother (<a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grand_empress_dowager" title="Grand empress dowager">grand empress dowager</a>), or a woman who rules in her own right and name (<a href="/wiki/Empress_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress regnant">empress regnant</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i>). Emperors are generally recognized to be of the highest monarchic <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and noble ranks">rank</a>, surpassing <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the title of Emperor has been used since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor of Japan</a> is the only currently <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current sovereign monarchs">reigning monarch</a> whose title is translated into English as "Emperor".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both emperors and kings are <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> or sovereigns, both emperor and empress are considered monarchical titles. In as much as there is a strict definition of emperor, it is that an emperor has no relations implying the superiority of any other ruler and typically rules over more than one nation. Therefore, a king might be obliged to pay <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to another ruler,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or be restrained in his actions in some unequal fashion, but an emperor should in theory be completely free of such restraints. However, monarchs heading empires have not always used the title in all contexts—the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">British sovereign</a> did not assume the title Empress of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> even during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">incorporation of India</a>, though she was declared <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the title of Emperor was used exclusively by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, whose imperial authority was derived from the concept of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i></span>, i.e., they claimed succession to the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman emperors">Roman emperors</a>, thus linking themselves to Roman institutions and traditions as part of state ideology. Although initially ruling much of Central Europe and northern Italy, by the 19th century, the emperor exercised little power beyond the German-speaking states. </p><p>Although technically an elective title, by the late 16th century, the imperial title had in practice come to be inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Archdukes_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdukes of Austria">Archdukes of Austria</a> and, following the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, their control over the states (outside the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and various territories outside the empire) had become nearly non-existent. However, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> was crowned <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> in 1804 and was shortly followed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who declared himself <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a> in the same year. The position of Holy Roman Emperor nonetheless continued until Francis II abdicated that position in 1806. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> also used <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">translatio imperii</i></span> to wield imperial authority as successors to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. Their status was officially recognized by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1514, although not officially used by the Russian monarchs until 1547. However, the Russian emperors are better known by their Russian-language title of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> even after <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> adopted the title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of All Russia">Emperor of All Russia</a> in 1721. </p><p>Historians have liberally used "emperor" and "empire" anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state from the past or the present. Some titles are considered equivalent to "emperor" or are translated as "emperor". Examples of that are Roman emperors' titles, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">Khalifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Huangdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cakravartin">Cakravartin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a>, Aztec monarchs' title, Inca monarchs' title, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes this reference has even extended to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence, such as the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Empire">Athenian Empire</a> of the late 5th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenets">Plantagenets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a> "empires" of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era. However, such "empires" did not need to be headed by an "emperor". "Empire" became identified instead with vast territorial holdings rather than the title of its ruler by the mid-18th century. </p><p>For purposes of protocol, the size and scope of a kingdom or empire may determine <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">precedence</a> in international diplomatic relations, but currently, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">precedence</a> among <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a> who are sovereigns—whether they be kings, queens, emperors, empresses, princes, princesses and presidents may be determined by the size and scope or time that <a href="/wiki/Seniority" title="Seniority">each one has been continuously in office</a>. Outside the European context, "emperor" was the translation given to holders of titles who were accorded the same precedence as European emperors in diplomatic terms. In reciprocity, these rulers might accredit equal titles in their native languages to their European peers. Through centuries of international convention, this has become the dominant rule to identifying an emperor in the modern era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emperor" title="Special:EditPage/Emperor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emperor%22">"Emperor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emperor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Emperor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emperor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emperor%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emperor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rimini083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rimini083.jpg/250px-Rimini083.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rimini083.jpg/330px-Rimini083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rimini083.jpg/500px-Rimini083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A statue of <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator"><i>dictator</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican Rome</a> turned into a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in the second half of the 1st century BC, at first there was no name for the title of the new type of monarch. Ancient Romans abhorred the name <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex ("king")</a>, and it was critical to the political order to maintain the forms and pretenses of republican rule. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a>, an acknowledged and traditional office in Republican Rome. Caesar was not the <a href="/wiki/Titus_Larcius" title="Titus Larcius">first</a> to hold it, but following his assassination the term was abhorred in Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, considered the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, established his hegemony by collecting on himself offices, titles, and honours of Republican Rome that had traditionally been distributed to different people, concentrating what had been distributed power in one man. One of these offices was <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">princeps senatus</a></i>, ("first man of the Senate") and became changed into Augustus' chief honorific, <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps civitatis</a></i> ("first citizen") from which the modern English word and title <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> is descended. The first period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, from 27 BC to AD 284, is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">principate</a></i> for this reason. However, it was the informal descriptive of <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i> ("commander") that became the title increasingly favored by his successors. Previously bestowed on high officials and military commanders who had <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>, Augustus reserved it exclusively to himself as the ultimate holder of all <i>imperium</i>. (<i>Imperium</i> is Latin for the authority to command, one of a various types of authority delineated in Roman political thought.) </p><p>Beginning with Augustus, <i>Imperator</i> appeared in the title of all Roman monarchs through the extinction of the Empire in 1453. After the reign of Augustus' immediate successor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, being proclaimed <i>imperator</i> was transformed into the act of accession to the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Other honorifics used by the Roman emperors have also come to be synonyms for Emperor: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈkae̯sar]</a></span> (as, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Twelve Caesars">Twelve Caesars</a></i>). This tradition continued in many languages: in German it became "<a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a>"; in certain <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> it became "<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>"; in Hungarian it became "Császár", and several more variants. The name derived from <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> "Caesar": this cognomen was adopted by all Roman emperors, exclusively by the ruling monarch after the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> had died out. In this tradition Julius Caesar is sometimes described as the first Caesar/emperor (following Suetonius). This is one of the most enduring titles: Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> to the modern era.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></b> was the <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> first bestowed on Emperor Augustus: on his death it became an official title of his successor and all Roman emperors after him added it to their name. Although it had a high symbolic value, something like "elevated" or "sublime", it was generally not used to indicate the office of <i>Emperor</i> itself. Exceptions include the title of the <i><a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Augustan History</a></i>, a semi-historical collection of emperors' biographies of the 2nd and 3rd century. This title also proved very enduring: after the fall of the Roman Empire, the title would be incorporated into the style of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, a precedent set by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, and its Greek translation <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">Sebastos</a></i> continued to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, although it gradually lost its imperial exclusivity. Augustus had (by his last will) granted the feminine form of this honorific (<a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augusta</a>) to his wife. Since there was no "title" of Empress(-consort) whatsoever, women of the reigning dynasty sought to be granted this honorific, as the highest attainable goal. Few were however granted the title, and it was certainly not a rule that all wives of reigning emperors would receive it.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></b> (as, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i>). In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> Imperator meant "(military) commander". In the late Republic, as in the early years of the new monarchy, <i>Imperator</i> was a title granted to Roman generals by their troops and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> after a great victory, roughly comparable to <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> (head or commander of the entire army). For example, in AD 15 <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> was proclaimed <i>Imperator</i> during the reign of his adoptive father <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. Soon thereafter "Imperator" became however a title reserved exclusively for the ruling monarch. This led to "Emperor" in English and, among other examples, "Empereur" in French and "Mbreti" in Albanian. The Latin feminine form <a href="/wiki/Imperatrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperatrix">Imperatrix</a> only developed after "Imperator" had taken on the connotation of "Emperor".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></b> (Αὐτοκράτωρ) or <b><a href="/wiki/Basileus#Romans_and_Byzantines" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></b> (βασιλεύς): although the Greeks used equivalents of "Caesar" (Καῖσαρ, <i>Kaisar</i>) and "Augustus" (in two forms: transliterated as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αὔγουστος</span></span>, <i>Augoustos</i> or translated as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σεβαστός</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">Sebastos</a></i>) these were rather used as part of the name of the emperor than as an indication of the office. Instead of developing a new name for the new type of monarchy, they used <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αὐτοκράτωρ</span></span> (<i>autokratōr</i>, only partly overlapping with the modern understanding of "<a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a>") or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βασιλεύς</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>, until then the usual name for "<a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a>"). <i>Autokratōr</i> was essentially used as a translation of the Latin <i>Imperator</i> in Greek-speaking part of the Roman Empire, but also here there is only partial overlap between the meaning of the original Greek and Latin concepts. For the Greeks <i>Autokratōr</i> was not a military title, and was closer to the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a></i> concept ("the one with unlimited power"), before it came to mean Emperor. <i>Basileus</i> appears not to have been used exclusively in the meaning of "emperor" (and specifically, the Roman/Byzantine emperor) before the 7th century, although it was a standard informal designation of the emperor in the Greek-speaking East. The title was later applied by the rulers of various Eastern Orthodox countries claiming to be the successors of Rome/Byzantium, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a>.</li></ul> <p>After the turbulent <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> in 69, the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> reigned for three decades. The succeeding <a href="/wiki/Nervan-Antonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervan-Antonian dynasty">Nervan-Antonian dynasty</a>, ruling for most of the 2nd century, stabilised the empire. This epoch became known as the era of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty#Five_Good_Emperors" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Five Good Emperors</a></i>, and was followed by the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis of the 3rd century">Crisis of the 3rd century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Barracks emperors">barracks emperors</a> succeeded one another at short intervals. Three short lived secessionist attempts had their own emperors: the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Britannic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannic Empire">Britannic Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a> though the latter used <i>rex</i> more regularly. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> (27 BC – 284 AD) period was succeeded by what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> (284 AD – 527 AD), during which Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> tried to put the empire on a more formal footing. Diocletian sought to address the challenges of the Empire's now vast geography and the instability caused by the informality of succession by the creation of co-emperors and junior emperors. At one point, there were as many as five sharers of the <i>imperium</i> (see: <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>). In 325 AD <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> defeated his rivals and restored single emperor rule, but following his death the empire was divided among his sons. For a time the concept was of one empire ruled by multiple emperors with varying territory under their control, however following the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> the rule was divided between his two sons and increasingly became separate entities. The areas administered from Rome are referred to by historians the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> or (after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">Battle of Yarmouk</a> in 636 AD) the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Later Roman or Byzantine Empire</a>. The subdivisions and co-emperor system were formally abolished by <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Emperor Zeno</a> in 480 AD following the death of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> last Western Emperor and the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> as the <i>de facto</i> King of Italy in 476 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Byzantine period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_the_4th_Crusade">Before the 4th Crusade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Before the 4th Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanvitale03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sanvitale03.jpg/220px-Sanvitale03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sanvitale03.jpg/330px-Sanvitale03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sanvitale03.jpg/440px-Sanvitale03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9228" data-file-height="5752" /></a><figcaption>Under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, reigning in the 6th century, parts of Italy were for a few decades (re)conquered from the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>: thus, this famous <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>, featuring the Byzantine emperor in the center, can be admired at <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians generally refer to the continuing Roman Empire in the east as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, the original name of the town that <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> would elevate to the Imperial capital as <a href="/wiki/New_Rome" title="New Rome">New Rome</a> in AD 330. (The city is more commonly called <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and is today named <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>). Although the empire was again subdivided and a co-emperor sent to Italy at the end of the fourth century, the office became unitary again only 95 years later at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> and following the death of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, last Western Emperor. This change was a recognition of the reality that little remained of Imperial authority in the areas that had been the Western Empire, with even Rome and Italy itself now ruled by the essentially autonomous <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>. </p><p>These Later Roman "Byzantine" emperors completed the transition from the idea of the emperor as a semi-republican official to the emperor as an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarch</a>. Of particular note was the translation of the Latin <i>Imperator</i> into the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i>, after Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> changed the official language of the empire from Latin to Greek in AD 620. Basileus, a title which had long been used for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was already in common usage as the Greek word for the Roman emperor, but its definition and sense was "King" in Greek, essentially equivalent with the Latin <i>Rex</i>. Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word "autokrator", meaning "one who rules himself", or "monarch", which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a></i>. Essentially, the Greek language did not incorporate the nuances of the Ancient Roman concepts that distinguished <i>imperium</i> from other forms of political power. </p><p>In general usage, the Byzantine imperial title evolved from simply "emperor" (<i>basileus</i>) to "emperor of the Romans" (<i>basileus tōn Rōmaiōn</i>) in the 9th century, to "emperor and autocrat of the Romans" (<i>basileus kai autokratōr tōn Rōmaiōn</i>) in the 10th.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, none of these (and other) additional epithets and titles had ever been completely discarded. </p><p>One important distinction between the post Constantine I (reigned AD 306–337) emperors and their pagan predecessors was <a href="/wiki/Cesaropapism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesaropapism">cesaropapism</a>, the assertion that the emperor (or other head of state) is also the head of the Church. Although this principle was held by all emperors after Constantine, it met with increasing resistance and ultimately rejection by bishops in the west after the effective end of Imperial power there. This concept became a key element of the meaning of "emperor" in the Byzantine and Orthodox east, but went out of favor in the west with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. </p><p>The Byzantine Empire also produced three women who effectively governed the state: the Empress <a href="/wiki/Irene_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene (empress)">Irene</a> and the Empresses <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (11th century)">Theodora</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_emperors">Latin emperors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latin emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a></div> <p>In 1204 Constantinople fell to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. Following the tragedy of the horrific <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople">sacking</a> of the city, the conquerors declared a new "Empire of Romania", known to historians as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Empire of Constantinople">Latin Empire of Constantinople</a>, installing <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin IX">Baldwin IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a>, as Emperor. However, Byzantine resistance to the new empire meant that it was in constant struggle to establish itself. Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> succeeded in recapturing Constantinople in 1261. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a>, a vassal state the empire had created in <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> (Greece) intermittently continued to recognize the authority of the crusader emperors for another half century. Pretenders to the title continued among the European nobility until circa 1383. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_4th_Crusade">After the 4th Crusade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the 4th Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Constantinople occupied, claimants to the imperial succession styled themselves as emperor in the chief centers of resistance: The <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Laskarid</a> dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenid</a> dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukid</a> dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>. In 1248, Epirus recognized the Nicaean emperors, who subsequently recaptured Constantinople in 1261. The Trapezuntine emperor formally submitted in Constantinople in 1281,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but frequently flouted convention by styling themselves emperor back in Trebizond thereafter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emperor" title="Special:EditPage/Emperor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emperor%22">"Emperor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emperor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Emperor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emperor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emperor%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emperor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>'s close cultural and political interaction with its Balkan neighbors <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and with Russia (Kievan Rus', then Muscovy) led to the adoption of Byzantine imperial traditions in all of these countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_seated_(1500%E2%80%931558),_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_(Alte_Pinakothek,_Munich).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor%2C_seated_%281500%E2%80%931558%29%2C_formerly_attributed_to_Titian_%28Alte_Pinakothek%2C_Munich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Charles_V_(Titian,_Munich)" title="Portrait of Charles V (Titian, Munich)">Portrait of Charles V</a>, Holy Roman Emperor in the 1550s, after <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Emperor</i> of the Romans' title was a reflection of the <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i> (<i>transfer of rule</i>) principle that regarded the Holy Roman emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, despite the continued existence of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the east, hence the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">problem of two emperors</a>. </p><p>From the time of <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto the Great</a> onward, much of the former <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Francia">Eastern Francia</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> elected one of their peers as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">King of Italy</a> before being crowned by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. The emperor could also pursue the election of his heir (usually a son) as King, who would then succeed him after his death. This junior king then bore the title of King of the Romans. Although technically already ruling, after the election he would be crowned as emperor by the pope. The last emperor to be crowned by the pope was <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>; all emperors after him were technically <i>emperors-elect</i>, but were universally referred to as <i>emperor</i>. </p><p>The Holy Roman emperor was considered the first among those in power. He was also the first defender of Christianity. From 1452 to the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 (except in the years 1742 to 1745) only members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> were Holy Roman emperors. <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a> is currently the head of the House of Habsburg.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_Empire">Austrian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Austrian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg/250px-Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg/330px-Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg/500px-Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Austrian Emperor was the last Holy Roman Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Franz II</a>. In the face of aggressions by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, Francis feared for the future of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. He wished to maintain his and his family's Imperial status in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved, as it indeed was in 1806 when an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After which, the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old <i>Reich</i> by severing a good portion from the empire and turning it into a separate <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. With the size of his imperial realm significantly reduced, Francis II, <i>Holy Roman Emperor</i> became Francis I, <i>Emperor of Austria</i>. The new imperial title may have sounded less prestigious than the old one, but Francis' <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> continued to rule from Austria and a Habsburg monarch was still an emperor (<i>Kaiser</i>), and not just merely a king (<i>König</i>), in name. According to the historian Friedrich Heer, the Austrian Habsburg emperor remained an "auctoritas" of a special kind. He was "the grandson of the Caesars", he remained the patron of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Holy Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title lasted just a little over one century until 1918, but it was never clear what territory constituted the "<a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Empire of Austria</a>". When Francis took the title in 1804, the Habsburg lands as a whole were dubbed the <i>Kaisertum Österreich</i>. <i>Kaisertum</i> might literally be translated as "emperordom" (on analogy with "kingdom") or "emperor-ship"; the term denotes specifically "the territory ruled by an emperor", and is thus somewhat more general than <a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a>, which in 1804 carried connotations of universal rule. Austria proper (as opposed to the complex of Habsburg lands as a whole) had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a> since the 15th century, and most of the other territories of the Empire had their own institutions and territorial history. There were some attempts at centralization, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. These efforts were finalized in the early 19th century. When the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a> (Hungary) were given self-government in 1867, the non-Hungarian portions were called the Empire of Austria. They were officially known as the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Imperial Council</a> (<i>Reichsrat</i>)". The title of Emperor of Austria and the associated Empire were both abolished at the end <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1918, when <a href="/wiki/German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German Austria">German Austria</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and the other kingdoms and lands represented in the Imperial Council established their independence or adhesion to other states. </p><p>The <i>Kaisers</i> of the Austrian Empire (1804–1918) were <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Franz I</a> (1804–1835), <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a> (1835–1848), <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> (1848–1916) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Karl I</a> (1916–1918). The current head of the House of Habsburg is <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></div> <p>In 913, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a> was crowned Emperor (<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>, originally more fully Tsesar, <i>cěsar'</i>) of his own people by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> and Imperial regent <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mystikos" title="Nicholas Mystikos">Nicholas Mystikos</a> outside the Byzantine capital.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its final expanded form, under the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> the title read "Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks" (Цар и самодържец на всички българи и гърци, <i>Car i samodăržec na vsički bălgari i gărci</i> in the modern vernacular).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman component in the Bulgarian imperial title indicated both rule over Greek speakers and the derivation of the imperial tradition from the Romans, however this component was never recognised by the Byzantine court. </p><p>Byzantine recognition of Simeon's imperial title was revoked by the succeeding Byzantine government. The decade 914–924 was spent in destructive warfare between Byzantium and Bulgaria over this and other matters of conflict. The Bulgarian monarch, who had further irritated his Byzantine counterpart by claiming the title "Emperor of the Romans" (<i>basileus tōn Rōmaiōn</i>), was eventually recognized, as "Emperor of the Bulgarians" (<i>basileus tōn Boulgarōn</i>) by the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanus I">Romanos I Lakapenos</a> in 924.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine recognition of the imperial dignity of the Bulgarian monarch and the patriarchal dignity of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_All_Bulgaria" title="Patriarch of All Bulgaria">Bulgarian patriarch</a> was again confirmed at the conclusion of permanent peace and a Bulgarian-Byzantine dynastic marriage in 927. In the meantime, the Bulgarian imperial title may have been also tacitly confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, as claimed in later Bulgarian diplomatic correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian imperial title "tsar" was adopted by all Bulgarian monarchs up to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule. Despite the attempt of Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent III">Innocent III</a> to limit the Bulgarian monarch to the title of King (<i>Rex</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan of Bulgaria</a> considered himself an Emperor (<i>Imperator</i>) and his successor <a href="/wiki/Boril_of_Bulgaria" title="Boril of Bulgaria">Boril of Bulgaria</a> was specifically accused of improperly using the imperial title by his neighbor, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Emperor" title="Latin Emperor">Latin Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Flanders" title="Henry of Flanders">Henry of Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Bulgarian imperial title was recognized by its neighbors and trading partners, including Byzantium, Hungary, Serbia, Venice, Genoa, Dubrovnik. 14th-century Bulgarian literary compositions saw the Bulgarian capital (<a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>) as a successor of Rome and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Bulgaria obtained full independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1908, its monarch, who was previously styled <i>Knyaz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a>, took the traditional title of <i>Tsar</i>, this time translated as <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a> is the former Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kings of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> used the title <i>Empereur de France</i> in diplomatic correspondence and treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> emperor from at least 1673 onwards. The Ottomans insisted on this elevated style while refusing to recognize the Holy Roman emperors or the Russian tsars because of their rival claims of the <a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Roman crown</a>. In short, it was an indirect insult by the Ottomans to the HRE and the Russians. The French kings also used it for <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (1682) and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> (1715). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_French_Empire">First French Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First French Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/220px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/330px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/440px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3773" /></a><figcaption>One of the most famous Imperial coronation ceremonies was that of Napoleon, crowning himself Emperor in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> (who had blessed the <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a>), at the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris</a>.<br />The painting by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">David</a> commemorating the event is equally famous: the gothic cathedral restyled <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (style)">style Empire</a></i>, supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Letizia_Ramolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia Ramolino">mother of the Emperor</a> on the balcony (a fictional addition, while she had not been present at the ceremony), the pope positioned near the altar, Napoleon proceeds to crown his then wife, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> as Empress.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, who was already First Consul of the French Republic (<i>Premier Consul de la République française</i>) for life, declared himself <b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a></b> (<i>Empereur des Français</i>) on 18 May 1804, thus creating the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> (<i>Empire Français</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon relinquished the title of Emperor of the French on 6 April and again on 11 April 1814. Napoleon's infant son, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon II of France">Napoleon II</a>, was recognized by the Council of Peers, as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication, and therefore reigned (as opposed to ruled) as Emperor for fifteen days, 22 June to 7 July 1815. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elba">Elba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 3 May 1814, the Sovereign Principality of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> was created as a miniature non-hereditary monarchy under the exiled French Emperor Napoleon I. According to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)</a>, Napoleon I was allowed to enjoy the imperial title for life. The islands were <i>not</i> restyled an empire. </p><p>On 26 February 1815, Napoleon abandoned Elba for France, reviving the French Empire for a <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>; the Allies declared an end to Napoleon's sovereignty over Elba on 25 March 1815, and on 31 March 1815 Elba was ceded to the restored <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> by the Congress of Vienna. After his final defeat, Napoleon was treated as a general by the British authorities during his second exile to Atlantic Isle of <a href="/wiki/St._Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helena">St. Helena</a>. His title was a matter of dispute with the governor of St Helena, who insisted on addressing him as "General Bonaparte", despite the "historical reality that he had been an emperor" and therefore retained the title.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_French_Empire">Second French Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second French Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></div> <p>Napoleon I's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a>, resurrected the title of emperor on 2 December 1852, after establishing the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> in a presidential <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a>, subsequently approved by a plebiscite.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign was marked by large scale public works, the development of social policy, and the extension of France's influence throughout the world. During his reign, he also set about creating the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> (headed by his choice of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>), to regain France's hold in the Americas and to achieve greatness for the 'Latin' race.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon III was deposed on 4 September 1870, after France's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> followed and after the death of his son Napoleon (IV), in 1879 during the Zulu War, the Bonapartist movement split, and the Third Republic was to last until 1940. </p><p>The role of head of the House of Bonaparte is claimed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon">Jean-Christophe Napoléon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Charles, Prince Napoléon">Charles Napoléon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian_Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iberian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperator_totius_Hispaniae" title="Imperator totius Hispaniae">Imperator totius Hispaniae</a></div> <p>The origin of the title <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator_totius_Hispaniae" title="Imperator totius Hispaniae">Imperator totius Hispaniae</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for <i>Emperor of All <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is murky. It was associated with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Leonese monarchy</a> perhaps as far back as <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso the Great">Alfonso the Great</a> (<i>r.</i> 866–910). The last two kings of its <a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese dynasty</a> were called emperors in a contemporary source.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho III of Navarre">Sancho III of Navarre</a> conquered Leon in 1034 and began using it. His son, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I of Castile">Ferdinand I of Castile</a> also took the title in 1039. Ferdinand's son, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI of León and Castile</a> took the title in 1077. It then passed to his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_I_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso I of Aragon">Alfonso I of Aragon</a> in 1109. His stepson and Alfonso VI's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VII of Castile">Alfonso VII</a> was the only one who actually had an imperial coronation in 1135. </p><p>The title was not exactly hereditary but self-proclaimed by those who had, wholly or partially, united the Christian northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, often at the expense of killing rival siblings. The popes and Holy Roman emperors protested at the usage of the imperial title as a usurpation of leadership in western Christendom. After Alfonso VII's death in 1157, the title was abandoned, and the kings who used it are not commonly mentioned as having been "emperors", in Spanish or other historiography. </p><p>After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the legitimate heir to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos" title="Andreas Palaiologos">Andreas Palaiologos</a>, willed away his claim to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand and Isabella">Ferdinand and Isabella</a> in 1503.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_(MNBA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_%28MNBA%29.jpg/250px-Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_%28MNBA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_%28MNBA%29.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_%28MNBA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_%28MNBA%29.jpg/500px-Jean-Baptiste_Debret_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_%28MNBA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6643" data-file-height="9678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal and the Algarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the independence and proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Kingdom of Portugal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Prince Pedro</a>, who became Emperor, in 1822, his father, King <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a> briefly held the honorific style of Titular <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> and the treatment of <i>His Imperial and Royal Majesty</i> under the 1825 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">Treaty of Rio de Janeiro</a>, by which Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil. The style of Titular Emperor was a life title, and became extinct upon the holder's demise. John VI held the imperial title for a few months only, from the ratification of the Treaty in November 1825 until his death in March 1826. During those months, however, as John's imperial title was purely honorific while his son, Pedro I, remained the sole monarch of the Brazilian Empire. <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Duarte Pio</a> is the current head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Emperor" title="British Emperor">British Emperor</a></div> <p>In the late 3rd century, by the end of the epoch of the <i>barracks emperors</i> in Rome, there were two <a href="/wiki/Carausian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carausian Revolt">Britannic emperors</a>, reigning for about a decade. After the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a>, the Imperator <a href="/wiki/Cunedda" title="Cunedda">Cunedda</a> forged the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a> in northern Wales, but all his successors were titled kings and princes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was no consistent title for the king of England before 1066, and monarchs chose to style themselves as they pleased. Imperial titles were used inconsistently, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan</a> in 930 and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>. <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a> (1102–1167) is the only English monarch commonly referred to as "emperor" or "empress", but she acquired her title through her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. </p><p>During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> the <a href="/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute in Restraint of Appeals">Statute in Restraint of Appeals</a> declared that 'this realm of England is an Empire...governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Crown">imperial Crown</a> of the same'. This was in the context of the divorce of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, to emphasize that England had never accepted the quasi-imperial claims of the papacy. Hence England and, by extension its modern successor state, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>, is according to English law an Empire ruled by a King endowed with the imperial dignity. However, this has not led to the creation of the <i>title</i> of Emperor in England, nor in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, nor in the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_V_of_the_united_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_V_of_the_united_Kingdom.jpg/250px-George_V_of_the_united_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_V_of_the_united_Kingdom.jpg/330px-George_V_of_the_united_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_V_of_the_united_Kingdom.jpg/500px-George_V_of_the_united_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1801, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a> rejected the title of Emperor when offered. The only period when British monarchs held the title of <i>Emperor</i> in a dynastic succession started when the title <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Empress of India</a> was created for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government led by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli,_1st_Earl_of_Beaconsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, conferred the additional title upon her by an Act of Parliament, reputedly to assuage the monarch's irritation at being, as a mere Queen, notionally inferior to the emperors of Russia, Germany, and Austria. That included her own daughter (<a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Princess Victoria</a>, who was the wife of the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">reigning German Emperor</a>). Hence, "Queen Victoria felt handicapped in the battle of protocol by not being an Empress herself".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Imperial designation was also formally justified as the expression of Britain succeeding the former <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Emperor</a> as <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a> over hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a> provided for the abolition of the use of the title "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a>, but this was not executed by <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">King George VI</a> until a <a href="/wiki/Royal_proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal proclamation">royal proclamation</a> on 22 June 1948. Despite this, George VI continued as king of India until 1950 and as king of Pakistan until his death in 1952. </p><p>The last Empress of India was George VI's wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Empire">German Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/250px-Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/330px-Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg/500px-Kohner_-_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the guise of idealism giving way to realism, German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>'s authoritarian <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i>. Bismarck wanted to unify the rival German states to achieve his aim of a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany. Three wars led to military successes and helped to convince German people to do this: the <a href="/wiki/Second_war_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Second war of Schleswig">Second war of Schleswig</a> against Denmark in 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> in 1866, and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> in 1870–71. During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870-1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870-1871)">Siege of Paris</a> in 1871, the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>, supported by its allies from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> with the proclamation of the Prussian king <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I of Germany">Wilhelm I</a> as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the humiliation of the French, who ceased to resist only days later. </p><p>After his death he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a> who was only emperor for 99 days. In the same year his son <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> became the third emperor within a year. He was the last German emperor. After the empire's defeat in World War I the empire, called the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>, had a president as head of state instead of an emperor. The use of the word <i>Reich</i> was abandoned following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_(1763,_Tretyakov_gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_%281763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg/170px-Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_%281763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_%281763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg/255px-Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_%281763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_%281763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg/340px-Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_%281763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> of Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1472, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Paleologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Paleologue">Sophia Palaiologina</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>, grand prince of Moscow, who began championing the idea of Russia being the successor to the Byzantine Empire. This idea was represented more emphatically in the composition the monk Filofej addressed to their son <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a>. In 1480, after ending Muscovy's dependence on its overlords of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Horde" title="Great Horde">Great Horde</a>, Ivan III began the usage of the titles <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> and Autocrat (<i>samoderzhets</i>). His insistence on recognition as such by the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> since 1489 resulted in the granting of this recognition in 1514 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> to Vasili III. His son <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a> emphatically crowned himself <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a> on 16 January 1547. The word "Tsar" derives from Latin <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>, but this title was used in Russia as equivalent to "King"; the error occurred when medieval Russian clerics referred to the biblical Jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate Roman and Byzantine rulers — "Caesar". </p><p>On 31 October 1721, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> was proclaimed Emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Governing_Senate" title="Governing Senate">Governing Senate</a>. The title used was Latin "<i>Imperator</i>", which is a westernizing form equivalent to the traditional Slavic title "<i>Tsar</i>". He based his claim partially upon a letter discovered in 1717 written in 1514 from Maximilian I to Vasili III, in which the Holy Roman Emperor used the term in referring to Vasili. </p><p>A formal address to the ruling Russian monarch adopted thereafter was 'Your Imperial Majesty'. The <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich" title="Tsarevich">crown prince</a> was addressed as 'Your Imperial Highness'. </p><p>The title has not been used in Russia since the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Nicholas_II" title="Abdication of Nicholas II">abdication</a> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> on 15 March 1917. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> produced four reigning Empresses, all in the eighteenth century. These were <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a>. </p><p>The role of head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a> is claimed by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Vladimirovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia</a> (Great-great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew_Romanoff" title="Prince Andrew Romanoff">Prince Andrew Romanoff</a> (great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Emich_of_Leiningen" title="Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen">Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen</a> (Great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Serbs">Emperor of Serbs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg/130px-Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg/195px-Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg/260px-Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Serbs">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_the_Mighty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dušan the Mighty">Dušan the Mighty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1345, the Serbian King <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Dusan">Stefan Uroš IV Dušan</a> proclaimed himself Emperor (<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>) and was crowned as such at <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> on <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> 1346 by the newly created <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Patriarch">Serbian Patriarch</a>, and by the Patriarch of Bulgaria and the autocephalous Archbishop of Ohrid. His imperial title was recognized by Bulgaria and various other neighbors and trading partners but not by the Byzantine Empire. In its final standardized form, the Serbian imperial title read "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (цар Срба и Грка, <i>car Srba i Grka</i> in modern Serbian). It was only employed by two monarchs in Serbia, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and his son Stefan Uroš V, becoming extinct after the latter's death in 1371. A half-brother of Dušan, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a>, and then his son <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Uro%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovan Uroš">Jovan Uroš</a>, claimed the same title, until the latter's abdication in 1373, while ruling as dynasts in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. The "Greek" component in the Serbian imperial title indicates both rule over Greek speakers and the derivation of the imperial tradition from the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A renegade Hungarian-Serb commander, <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Nenad" title="Jovan Nenad">Jovan Nenad</a>, who claimed to be a descendant of Serbian and Byzantine rulers, styled himself Emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_traditions">Pre-Columbian traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moctezuma_Xocoyotzin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moctezuma_Xocoyotzin.png/250px-Moctezuma_Xocoyotzin.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moctezuma_Xocoyotzin.png/330px-Moctezuma_Xocoyotzin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moctezuma_Xocoyotzin.png/500px-Moctezuma_Xocoyotzin.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> of the Aztec Empire wearing a <a href="/wiki/Tilm%C3%A0tli" title="Tilmàtli">tilmàtli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Aztec and Inca traditions are unrelated to one another. Both were conquered under the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain</a> who was simultaneously emperor-elect of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> during the fall of the Aztecs and fully emperor during the fall of the Incas. Incidentally by being king of Spain, he was also Roman (Byzantine) emperor in pretence through <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos" title="Andreas Palaiologos">Andreas Palaiologos</a>. The translations of their titles were provided by the Spanish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aztec_Empire">Aztec Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aztec Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Tlatoani" class="extiw" title="es:Huey Tlatoani">es:Huey Tlatoani</a></div> <p>The only <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> North American rulers to be commonly called emperors were the <i>Huey Tlatoani</i> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Tlatoani" class="extiw" title="es:Huey Tlatoani">es:Huey Tlatoani</a>) of the Mexica city-states of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlacopan" title="Tlacopan">Tlacopan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcoco</a>, which along with their allies and tributaries are popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> (1375–1521). <i>Tlatoani</i> is a generic Nahuatl word for "speaker"; however, most English translators use "king" for their translation, thus rendering <i>huey tlatoani</i> as <i>great king</i> or <i>emperor.</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Triple Alliance was an <a href="/wiki/Elected_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elected monarchy">elected monarchy</a> chosen by the elite. The emperors of Tenochtitlan and Texcoco were nominally equals, each receiving two-fifths of tribute from the vassal kingdoms, whereas the emperor of Tlacopan was a junior member and only received one-fifth of the tribute,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> due to the fact that Tlacopan was a newcomer to the alliance. Despite the nominal equality, Tenochtitlan eventually assumed a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> dominant role in the Empire, to the point that even the emperors of Tlacopan and Texcoco would acknowledge Tenochtitlan's effective supremacy. Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> executed Emperor <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a> and installed puppet rulers who became vassals for Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inca_Empire">Inca Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Inca Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a></div> <p>The only pre-Columbian South American rulers to be commonly called emperors were the <i><a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> (1438–1533). Spanish conquistador <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>, conquered the Inca for Spain, killed Emperor <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, and installed puppets as well. Atahualpa may actually be considered a usurper as he had achieved power by <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">killing his half-brother</a> and he did not perform the required coronation with the imperial crown <i><a href="/wiki/Mascaipacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascaipacha">mascaipacha</a></i> by the <i>Huillaq Uma</i> (high priest). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Columbian_Americas">Post-Columbian Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post-Columbian Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/170px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/255px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/340px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> in full <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Regalia of Brazil">regalia</a> at the opening of the General Assembly, by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico" title="Pedro Américo">Pedro Américo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> ordered the invasion of Portugal in 1807 because it refused to join the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Braganzas</a> moved their capital to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> to avoid the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Bourbons">Spanish Bourbons</a> (Napoleon I arrested them and made his brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a> king). When the French general <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, the Portuguese fleet had already left with all the local elite. </p><p>In 1808, under a British naval escort, the fleet arrived in Brazil. Later, in 1815, the Portuguese Prince Regent (since 1816 <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">King João VI</a>) proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>, as a union of three kingdoms, lifting Brazil from its colonial status. </p><p>After the fall of Napoleon I and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal revolution</a> in Portugal, the Portuguese royal family returned to Europe (1821). Prince Pedro of Braganza (King João's older son) stayed in South America acting as regent of the local kingdom, but, two years later in 1822, he proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a>. He did, however, recognize his father, João VI, as <i>Titular Emperor of Brazil</i> —a purely honorific title—until João VI's death in 1826. </p><p>The empire came to an end in 1889, with the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Emperor Pedro II</a> (Pedro I's son and successor), when the <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazilian republic</a> was <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">proclaimed</a>. </p><p>Today the headship of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Imperial House of Brazil</a> is disputed between two branches of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="House of Orléans-Braganza">House of Orléans-Braganza</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Haiti">Emperor of Haiti</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> was declared an empire by its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>, who made himself Jacques I, on 20 May 1805. He was assassinated the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haiti again became an empire from 1849 to 1859 under <a href="/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque" title="Faustin Soulouque">Faustin Soulouque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperador_Maximiliano_I_de_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Emperador_Maximiliano_I_de_Mexico.jpg/250px-Emperador_Maximiliano_I_de_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Emperador_Maximiliano_I_de_Mexico.jpg/330px-Emperador_Maximiliano_I_de_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Emperador_Maximiliano_I_de_Mexico.jpg/500px-Emperador_Maximiliano_I_de_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="3170" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> was the first of two empires created. After the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire">declaration of independence</a> on 15 September 1821, it was the intention of the Mexican parliament to establish a commonwealth whereby the king of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a>, would also be <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a>, but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices. Should the king refuse the position, the law provided for a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> to accede to the Mexican throne. </p><p>Ferdinand VII, however, did not recognize the independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico. By request of Parliament, the president of the regency <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on 12 July 1822 as <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustín I">Agustín I</a>. Agustín de Iturbide was the general who helped secure Mexican independence from Spanish rule, but was overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Casa_Mata" title="Plan of Casa Mata">Plan of Casa Mata</a>. </p><p>In 1863, the invading French, under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> (see above), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">nobility</a>, helped create the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>, and invited Archduke Maximilian, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>, younger brother of the Austrian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Josef I</a>, to become emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>. The childless Maximilian and his consort <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Belgium" title="Charlotte of Belgium">Empress Carlota of Mexico</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>, adopted Agustín's grandsons Agustin and Salvador as his heirs to bolster his claim to the throne of Mexico. Maximilian and Carlota made <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Castle" title="Chapultepec Castle">Chapultepec Castle</a> their home, which has been the only palace in North America to house sovereigns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the withdrawal of French protection in 1867, Maximilian was captured and executed by the liberal forces of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This empire led to French influence in the Mexican culture and also <a href="/wiki/French_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mexican">immigration from France</a>, Belgium, and Switzerland to Mexico. Maximilian's closest living agnatic relative is <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a>, the head of the House of Habsburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emperor" title="Special:EditPage/Emperor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persia</a>, from the time of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, Persian rulers used the title "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a></i> in Persian) since they had dominion over peoples from the borders of India to the borders of Greece and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> probably crowned himself <i>shahanshah</i> after conquering Persia,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing the phrase <i>basileus ton basileon</i> to Greek. It is also known that <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a>, king of Armenia, was named as the king of kings when he made his empire after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>. Georgian title "mephet'mephe" has the same meaning. </p><p>The last <i>shahanshah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>) was ousted in 1979 following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>. <i>Shahanshah</i> is usually translated as <i>king of kings</i> or simply <i>king</i> for ancient rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> dynasties, and often shortened to <i>shah</i> for rulers since the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> dynasty in the 16th century. Iranian rulers were typically regarded in the West as emperors. </p><p>The title <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> takes various forms depending on the language, and was used not only in Iran but also in countries surrounding Iran. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings#Assyria_and_Babylon" title="King of Kings">Šar Šarrāni</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-malinowski_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinowski-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king of kings form of <i>Šar</i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, etc.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="King of kings">Shahanshah</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-malinowski_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinowski-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></i>, used in Iran, etc.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings#Hellenic_usage" title="King of Kings">Basileus Basileōn</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-malinowski_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinowski-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a></i>, used in Macedonia, Byzantine, etc.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja">Rajadhiraja</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-malinowski_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinowski-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, etc. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-malinowski_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinowski-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a></i>, the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></i>, used in Ottoman, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a>, etc.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings#Buyid_revival" title="King of Kings">Malik al-Muluk</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></i>, used in Palmyra, <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a>, etc.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mepe-Mepeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mepe-Mepeta">Mepe-Mepeta</a></i>, the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Mepe" title="Mepe">Mepe</a></i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C9%99gus%C3%A4_n%C3%A4g%C3%A4st" class="mw-redirect" title="Nəgusä nägäst">Nəgusä nägäst</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-malinowski_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malinowski-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the king of kings form of <i><a href="/wiki/Negus" title="Negus">Negus</a></i>, used in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a> of khans"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Iran" title="List of monarchs of Iran">List of monarchs of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Parthia" title="List of monarchs of Parthia">List of monarchs of Parthia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire">List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Darius_I.jpg/250px-Darius_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Darius_I.jpg/330px-Darius_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Darius_I.jpg/500px-Darius_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Aechaemenid Emperor <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Persian monarchs took the imperial title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="King of kings">shahenshah</a> (king of kings) to show superiority towards subordinate kings (<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>). The title of the empress consort was <a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a>. The Sassanid monarchs used the title King of kings of Iranians and <a href="/wiki/Aneran" title="Aneran">non-Iranians</a> to denote their rule over non-Iranian lands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Sultans of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleiman_Agostino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/250px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/330px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Suleiman_Agostino.JPG/500px-Suleiman_Agostino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Veneziano" title="Agostino Veneziano">Agostino Veneziano</a>'s engraving of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> wearing his <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">Venetian Helmet</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman rulers</a> held <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Ottoman titles and appellations">many titles and appellations</a> denoting their Imperial status. These included: <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Hakan</a>. </p><p>The full style of the Ottoman sultan once the empire's frontiers had stabilized became:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sultan (given name) <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>, Sovereign of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">The Sublime House of Osman</a>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan us-Selatin</a></i></span> (Sultan of Sultans), <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Hakan</a></i></span> (Khan of Khans), <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Commander of the faithful</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protector_(title)#Islamic" title="Protector (title)">Custodian</a> of the Holy Cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem#Ottoman_rule" title="Jerusalem">Quds</a> (Jerusalem), <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a> (Emperor) of The Three Cities of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Istanbul#Ottoman_Empire" title="History of Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (Constantinople), <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (Adrianople) and <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, and of the Cities of <a href="/wiki/Damascus#The_Ottoman_conquest" title="Damascus">Châm</a> (Damascus) and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Cairo</a> (Egypt), of all <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Barkah</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Alep</a>, of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq#Ottoman_Iraq_and_Mamluk_rule" title="History of Iraq">the Arab and Persian Iraq</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">El Hasa</a> strip, of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyâr-ı Bekr</a></i></span>, of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia#Ottoman_Empire" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum</a>, of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Sivas</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Van</a>, of Barbaria, of <a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habech</a> (Abyssinia), of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Châm</a> (Syria), of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete#Venetian_and_Ottoman_Crete" title="History of Crete">Crete</a>, of the province of <a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a> (Peloponnese), of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Bahr-i Sefid</a> (Mediterranean Sea), of <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Bahr-i Siyah</a> (Black Sea), of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> (the European part of the Empire), of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Bagdad</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Greece</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a>, of the two regions of <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabarda</a>, of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Ottoman_and_Persian_domination" title="History of Georgia (country)">Gorjestan</a> (Georgia), of the <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">steppe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, of the whole <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">country</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Feodosia#Kefe_(Ottoman)" title="Feodosia">Kefa</a> (Theodosia) and of all the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">neighbouring regions</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a>, of the City and Fort of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade#Ottoman_rule_and_Austrian_invasions" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, of the province of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Sirbistan</a> (Serbia), with <a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications_in_Serbia" title="List of fortifications in Serbia">all the castles</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Serbia" title="List of cities in Serbia">cities</a>, of all <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Arnaut</a>, of all <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Eflak</a> (Wallachia) and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Bogdania</a> (Moldavia), as well as <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#List" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">all the dependencies and borders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Empire_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Empire territories">many others countries and cities</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Constantinople">Ottoman capture of Constantinople</a> in 1453, the Ottoman sultans began to style themselves <b>Kaysar-i Rum</b> (Ceaser of the Romans) as they asserted themselves to be the heirs to the Roman Empire by right of conquest. The title was of such importance to them that it led them to eliminate the various Byzantine successor states – and therefore rival claimants – over the next eight years. Though the term "emperor" was rarely used by Westerners of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman sultan">Ottoman sultan</a>, it was generally accepted by Westerners that he had imperial status. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harun_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harun Osman">Harun Osman</a> is currently the head of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="hi:सम्राट्">hi:सम्राट्</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, there was a <a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">imperial system</a> called the <i>Samrajya system</i> and its emperor's title was <i>Samrat</i> (<a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="hi:सम्राट्">hi:सम्राट्</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mahajan_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahajan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those monarchs, who could bring under subjection many rulers, claimed the title of <i>Samrat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient india">Indian</a> imperialism was called the <i>Chakravarti system</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mahajan_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahajan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperors wished to be called <i><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-derrett_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derrett-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">universal monarch</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual condition of <i>Samrat</i>, which is an objective term, and the theoretical status of <i>Chakravarti</i>, which is a poetical concept, were connected in point of psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-derrett_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derrett-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauryan_Empire">Mauryan Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Mauryan Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maurya_emperors" title="List of Maurya emperors">List of Maurya emperors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka%27s_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ashoka%27s_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg/250px-Ashoka%27s_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ashoka%27s_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg/330px-Ashoka%27s_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ashoka%27s_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg/500px-Ashoka%27s_visit_to_the_Ramagrama_stupa_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Mauryan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> riding a <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">chariot</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa">Sanchi Stupa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 322 to 185 BC the Indian subcontinent was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya dynasty</a> of Magadha, whose monarchs used the title(s) of Chakravarti or Samrat. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> is referred to as the first emperor of the mostly unified <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first references to a <i>Chakravartin</i> as a secular monarch appear in reference to <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi_Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Delhi Sultanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Delhi" title="List of sultans of Delhi">List of sultans of Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a></div> <p>From 1206 to 1526 most of the Indian subcontinent was dominated by the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, whose monarchs used the title <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Hindustan" title="Emperor of Hindustan">Emperor of Hindustan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Elderly_Akbar_Receives_Murtaza_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Elderly_Akbar_Receives_Murtaza_Khan.jpg/250px-The_Elderly_Akbar_Receives_Murtaza_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Elderly_Akbar_Receives_Murtaza_Khan.jpg/330px-The_Elderly_Akbar_Receives_Murtaza_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Elderly_Akbar_Receives_Murtaza_Khan.jpg/500px-The_Elderly_Akbar_Receives_Murtaza_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the 14th century until the 19th century the Indian subcontinent was dominated by predominantly Muslim rulers like the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, whose rulers used the title <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">Shahenshah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a> (or Badshah) of <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Raj">British Raj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: British Raj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a></div> <p>When the British monarchs ruled over India, they adopted the additional title of <i><a href="/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaisar-i-Hind">Kaisar-i-Hind</a></i> (transl. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_emperors">Regional emperors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Regional emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a> secured the position of <i>Samrat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mahajan_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahajan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Pravarasena_I" title="Pravarasena I">Pravarasena I</a> was titled <i>Samrat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ruler of Kalinga, <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a>, used the title <i><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(region)" title="Kalinga (region)">Kalinga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MajumdarBhavan1951_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MajumdarBhavan1951-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmikarna" title="Lakshmikarna">Lakshmikarna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuri dynasty</a> proclaimed himself <i><a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">Chakravartin</a></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Imperial Cholas</a> used the title <i><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravartigal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The term <i>Chakravartin</i> was used by the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title <i>Tribhuvana-Chakravarti</i>, literally "emperor of the three worlds", was used by the <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dharasena IV, the <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valabhi" title="Kingdom of Valabhi">Valabhi</a>, called himself <i>Chakravartin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Kingdom" title="Hoysala Kingdom">Hoysala Kingdom</a> assumed the title <i>Hoysala-Chakravartin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emperor" title="Special:EditPage/Emperor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emperor%22">"Emperor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emperor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Emperor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emperor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emperor%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emperor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg/170px-Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg/255px-Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg/340px-Haile_Selassie_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> who ruled from 1930 to 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1270 the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> used the title <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">Nəgusä Nägäst</i></span>, literally "King of Kings". The use of the <i>king of kings</i> style began a millennium earlier in this region, however, with the title being used by the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Sembrouthes" title="Sembrouthes">Sembrouthes</a> in the 3rd century. </p><p>Another title used by this dynasty was <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">Itegue Zetopia</i></span>. <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">Itegue</i></span> translates as Empress, and was used by the only reigning empress, <a href="/wiki/Zewditu" title="Zewditu">Zewditu</a>, along with the official title <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">Negiste Negest</i></span> ("Queen of Kings"). </p><p>In 1936, the Italian king <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> claimed the title of emperor after Ethiopia was occupied by Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Second Italo-Abyssinian War</a>. After the defeat of the Italians by the British and the Ethiopians in 1941, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Haile Selassie</a> was restored to the throne but Victor Emmanuel did not relinquish his claim until 1943, even though he had no standing to the title.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current head of the Solomonic dynasty is <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yacob_Amha_Selassie" title="Zera Yacob Amha Selassie">Zera Yacob Amha Selassie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_African_Empire">Central African Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Central African Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Central_Africa" title="Emperor of Central Africa">Emperor of Central Africa</a></div> <p>In 1976, President <a href="/wiki/Jean-B%C3%A9del_Bokassa" title="Jean-Bédel Bokassa">Jean-Bédel Bokassa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, proclaimed the country to be an autocratic <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a>, and made himself Emperor as Bokassa I. The expenses of his coronation ceremony actually bankrupted the country. He was overthrown three years later and the republic was restored.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_at_home,_king_abroad" title="Emperor at home, king abroad">Emperor at home, king abroad</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emperor" title="Special:EditPage/Emperor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:皇帝">皇帝</a> is the title of emperors in East Asia. An emperor is called <i>Huángdì</i> in Chinese, <i>Hwangje</i> in Korean, <i>Hoàng đế</i> in Vietnamese, and <i>Kōtei</i> in Japanese, but these are all just their respective pronunciations of the Chinese character 皇帝. But, the Japanese call only their emperors with the special title <i><a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennō">Tennō</a></i> (天皇). </p><p>The rulers of China and (once Westerners became aware of the role) Japan were always accepted in the West as emperors, and referred to as such. The claims of other East Asian monarchies to the title may have been accepted for diplomatic purposes, but it was not necessarily used in more general contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_Shi_Huang_BW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Qin_Shi_Huang_BW.png/170px-Qin_Shi_Huang_BW.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Qin_Shi_Huang_BW.png 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, first emperor of China</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> tradition is different from the Roman tradition, having arisen separately. What links them together is the use of the Chinese logographs 皇 (<i>huáng</i>) and 帝 (<i>dì</i>) which together or individually are imperial. Because of the cultural influence of China, China's neighbors adopted these titles or had their native titles conform in <i><a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">hanzi</a></i>. Anyone who spoke to the emperor was to address the emperor as bìxià (陛下, lit. the "Bottom of the Steps"), corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty_(style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Majesty (style)">Imperial Majesty</a>"; shèngshàng (聖上, lit. Holy Highness); or wànsuì (万岁, lit. "You, of Ten Thousand Years"). </p><p>In 221 BC, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Ying Zheng</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> at the time, proclaimed himself <i><a href="/wiki/Shi_Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Huangdi">Shi Huangdi</a></i> (始皇帝), which translates as "first emperor". <i>Huangdi</i> is composed of <i>huang</i> ("august one", 皇) and <i>di</i> ("sage-king", 帝), and referred to legendary/mythological <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">sage-emperors</a> living several millennia earlier, of which three were <i>huang</i> and five were <i>di</i>. Thus Ying Zheng became <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, abolishing the system where the <i>huang</i>/<i>di</i> titles were reserved to dead and/or mythological rulers. Since then, the title "king" became a lower ranked title, and later divided into two grades. Although not as popular, the title 王 <i>wang</i> (king or prince) was still used by many monarchs and dynasties in China up to the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taipings</a> in the 19th century. 王 is pronounced <i>vương</i> in Vietnamese, <i>ō</i> in Japanese, and <i>wang</i> in Korean. </p><p>The imperial title continued in China until the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> was overthrown in 1912. The title was briefly revived from 12 December 1915 to 22 March 1916 by President <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> and again in early July 1917 when General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xun_(Qing_loyalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Xun (Qing loyalist)">Zhang Xun</a> attempted to restore last Qing emperor <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> to the throne. Puyi retained the title and attributes of a foreign emperor, as a personal status, until 1924. After the Japanese occupied <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> in 1931, they proclaimed it to be the Empire of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, and Puyi became emperor of Manchukuo. This empire ceased to exist when it was occupied by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, an emperor would have one empress (<i>Huanghou</i>, 皇后) at one time, although posthumous entitlement to empress for a <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubine</a> was not uncommon. The earliest known usage of <i>huanghou</i> was in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. The emperor would generally select the empress from his <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a>. In subsequent dynasties, when the distinction between wife and concubine became more accentuated, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> would have chosen an empress-designate before his reign. <a href="/wiki/Early_Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Imperial China">Imperial China</a> produced only one reigning empress, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>, and she used the same Chinese title as an emperor (<i>Huangdi</i>, 皇帝). Wu Zetian then reigned for about 15 years (AD 690–705). </p><p>Under the tributary system of China, monarchs of Korea and Vietnam sometimes called themselves <i>emperor</i> in their country. They introduced themselves as <i>king</i> for China and other countries (<a href="/wiki/Emperor_at_home,_king_abroad" title="Emperor at home, king abroad">Emperor at home, king abroad</a>). In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshimitsu" title="Ashikaga Yoshimitsu">Ashikaga Yoshimitsu</a> a <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> was granted title of <i>King of Japan</i> for trade by the Ming emperor. However, the Shogun was a subject of the Japanese emperor. It was contrary to rules of tributary system, but the Ming emperor connived it for the purpose of suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Showa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/250px-Emperor_Showa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/330px-Emperor_Showa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Emperor_Showa.jpg/500px-Emperor_Showa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a>, the last Japanese emperor having ruled with prerogative powers, combined with assumption of divinity (photographed 1926 on his ascendancy to the <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne" title="Chrysanthemum Throne">Chrysanthemum Throne</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest emperor recorded in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a>, who is said to be a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>'s grandson Ninigi who descended from Heaven (<a href="/wiki/Tenson_k%C5%8Drin" title="Tenson kōrin">Tenson kōrin</a>). If one believes what is written in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nihon Shoki</i></span>, the emperors have an unbroken direct male lineage that goes back more than 2,600 years.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Japan, the earliest titles for the sovereign were either ヤマト大王/大君 (<i>yamato <a href="/wiki/Okimi" title="Okimi">ōkimi</a></i>, Grand King of Yamato), 倭王/倭国王 (<i>waō</i>/<i>wakokuō</i>, King of Wa, used externally), or 治天下大王 (<i>amenoshita shiroshimesu <a href="/wiki/Okimi" title="Okimi">ōkimi</a></i>, Grand King who rules all under heaven, used internally). </p><p>In 607, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Empress Suiko</a> sent a diplomatic document to China, which she wrote "the emperor of the land of the rising sun (日出處天子) sends a document to the emperor of the land of the setting sun (日沒處天子)" and began to use the title emperor externally.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 7th century, the word 天皇 (which can be read either as <i>sumera no mikoto</i>, divine order, or as <i>tennō</i>, Heavenly Emperor, the latter being derived from a Tang Chinese term referring to the Pole star around which all other stars revolve) began to be used. The earliest use of this term is found on a wooden slat, or <i><a href="/wiki/Mokkan" title="Mokkan">mokkan</a></i>, unearthed in Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture in 1998. The slat dated back to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Jit%C5%8D" title="Empress Jitō">Empress Jitō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reading 'Tennō' has become the standard title for the Japanese sovereign up to the present age. The term 帝 (<i>mikado</i>, Emperor) is also found in literary sources. </p><p>In the Japanese language, the word <i>tennō</i> is restricted to Japan's own monarch; <i>kōtei</i> (皇帝) is usually used for foreign emperors. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-tenn%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daijō-tennō">retired emperors</a> often kept power over a child-emperor as de facto regent. For a long time, a <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i> (formally the imperial <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictator</a>, but made hereditary) or an <a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku" title="Sesshō and Kampaku">imperial regent</a> wielded actual political power. In fact, through much of Japanese history, the emperor has been little more than a figurehead. The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> restored practical abilities and the political system under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last shogun <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a> resigned in 1868. </p><p>After World War II, all claims of divinity were dropped (see <a href="/wiki/Ningen-sengen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningen-sengen">Ningen-sengen</a>). The Diet acquired all prerogative powers of the Crown, reverting the latter to a ceremonial role.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1979, after the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a> (1976–1979), <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a> was the only monarch in the world with the title emperor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of the early 21st century, Japan's succession law prohibits a female from ascending the throne. With the birth of a <a href="/wiki/Aiko,_Princess_Toshi" title="Aiko, Princess Toshi">daughter</a> as the first child of the then-Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>, Japan <a href="/wiki/Naruhito#Marriage_and_family" title="Naruhito">considered abandoning that rule</a>. However, shortly after the announcement that <a href="/wiki/Kiko,_Crown_Princess_of_Japan" title="Kiko, Crown Princess of Japan">Princess Kiko</a> was pregnant with her third child, the proposal to alter the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law" title="Imperial Household Law">Imperial Household Law</a> was suspended by then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a>. On 3 January 2007, as the child turned out to be a <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hisahito_of_Akishino" title="Prince Hisahito of Akishino">son</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> announced that he would drop the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Naruhito is the 126th monarch according to Japan's <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">traditional order of succession</a>. The second and third in line of succession are <a href="/wiki/Fumihito,_Prince_Akishino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumihito, Prince Akishino">Fumihito, Prince Akishino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hisahito" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Hisahito">Prince Hisahito</a>. Historically, Japan has had eight reigning empresses who used the genderless title <i>Tennō</i>, rather than the female consort title <i>kōgō</i> (皇后) or <i>chūgū</i> (中宮). There is ongoing discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_succession_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Imperial succession controversy">Japanese Imperial succession controversy</a>. Although current Japanese law prohibits female succession, all Japanese emperors claim to trace their lineage to <i><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></i>, the Sun Goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shintō</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. Thus, the emperor is thought to be the highest authority of the Shinto religion, and one of his duties is to perform Shinto rituals for the people of Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_imperial_titles" title="Korean imperial titles">Korean imperial titles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%ED%92%88_%EC%88%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%ED%92%88_%EC%88%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84%281%29.jpg/170px-%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%ED%92%88_%EC%88%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%ED%92%88_%EC%88%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84%281%29.jpg/255px-%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%ED%92%88_%EC%88%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%ED%92%88_%EC%88%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84%281%29.jpg/340px-%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%ED%92%88_%EC%88%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84_%EB%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%EB%AA%A8%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="6770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sunjong" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Sunjong">Emperor Sunjong</a>, the last emperor of Korea</figcaption></figure> <p>Some rulers of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> (37 BC–AD 668) used the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Taewang" class="mw-redirect" title="Taewang">Taewang</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">태왕</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">太王</span></span>), literally translated as "Greatest King". The title of <i>Taewang</i> was also used by some rulers of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> (57 BC–AD 935), including <a href="/wiki/Beopheung_of_Silla" title="Beopheung of Silla">Beopheung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jinheung_of_Silla" title="Jinheung of Silla">Jinheung</a>. </p><p>The rulers of <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> (698–926) internally called themselves <i>Seongwang</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">성왕</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">聖王</span></span>; lit. "Holy King").<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rulers of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (918–1392) used the titles of emperor and <i><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a> of the East of the Ocean</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">해동천자</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">海東天子</span></span>). Goryeo's imperial system ended in 1270 with capitulation to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">Gojong</a>, the king of Joseon, proclaimed the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> (1897–1910), becoming the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Korea">emperor of Korea</a>. He declared the <a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">era name</a> of "Gwangmu" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">광무</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">光武</span></span>), meaning "Bright and Martial". The Korean Empire lasted until 1910, when it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Mongolia">Emperor of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/170px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/255px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/340px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="4040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> was the founder and first <a href="/wiki/Great_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great khan">Great Khan</a> or Emperor of the largest land empire in history, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. His reign as emperor lasted from 1206 to 1227 and he is considered by some to be the greatest conqueror of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i>, a Chinese history book, records that the title <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> and the title <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Huángdì</a> are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a> of khans or grand khan) was held by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1206; he also formally took the Chinese title <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China"><i>huangdi</i></a>, as "Genghis Emperor" (<span lang="zh">成吉思皇帝</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chéngjísī Huángdì</span></i> ). Only the Khagans from Genghis Khan to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in 1368 are normally referred to as emperors in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Vietnam">Emperor of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bao_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bao Dai">Bao Dai</a>, the last emperor of Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt Kingdom</a> (40–43, 544–602, 938–1407, 1427–1945) (The first ruler of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to take the title of Emperor (Hoàng Đế) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Early Lý dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Lý Nam Đế">Lý Nam Đế</a>, in the year AD 544) </p><p>Ngô Quyền, the first ruler of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> as an independent state, used the title <i>Vương</i> (王, <i>King</i>). However, after the death of Ngô Quyền, the country immersed in a civil war known as <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a> that lasted for over 20 years. In the end, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a> unified the country after defeating all the warlords and became the first ruler of Đại Việt to use the title <i>Hoàng Đế</i> (皇帝, <i>Emperor</i>) in 968. Succeeding rulers in Vietnam then continued to use this Emperor title until 1806 when this title was stopped being used for a century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was not the first to claim the title of <i>Hoàng Đế</i> (皇帝, <i>Emperor</i>). Before him, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_B%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Lý Bí">Lý Bí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mai_Th%C3%BAc_Loan" title="Mai Thúc Loan">Mai Thúc Loan</a> also claimed this title. However, their rules were short-lived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Vietnamese emperors also gave this title to their ancestors who were lords or influential figures in the previous dynasty, as did the Chinese emperors. This practice was one of the many indications that Vietnam considered itself an equal to China which remained intact up to the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1802 the newly established <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> requested canonization from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> and received the title <i>Quốc Vương</i> (國王, <i>King of a State)</i> and the name of the country as <i>Việt Nam</i> (越南) instead <i>Đại Việt</i> (大越). To avoid unnecessary armed conflicts, the Vietnamese rulers accepted this in diplomatic relation and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_at_home,_king_abroad" title="Emperor at home, king abroad">used the title Emperor only domestically</a>. However, Vietnamese rulers never accepted the vassalage relationship with China and always refused to come to Chinese courts to pay homage to Chinese rulers (a sign of vassalage acceptance). China waged a number of wars against Vietnam throughout history, and after each failure, settled for the tributary relationship. The <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> waged three wars against Vietnam to force it into a vassalage relationship but after successive failures, Kublai Khan's successor, <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a>, finally settled for a tributary relationship with Vietnam. Vietnam sent tributary missions to China once in three years (with some periods of disruptions) until the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> France replaced China in control of northern Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emperors of the last dynasty of Vietnam continued to hold this title until the French conquered Vietnam. The emperor, however, was then a puppet figure only and could easily be disposed of by the French for more pro-France figure. Japan took Vietnam from France and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>-occupied Vietnam was declared an <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">empire</a> by the Japanese in March 1945. The line of emperors came to an end with <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>, who was deposed after the war, although he later served as head of state of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> from 1949 to 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a> – Roman prestige; contrast with power, imperium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_emperors" title="Lists of emperors">Lists of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">Tlatoani</a> – Ruler of a Mesoamerican āltepētl (city-state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a> – Self-proclaimed Emperor of the United States (1818–1880)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the emergence of the modern country of Spain (beginning with the union of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> in 1492), the Latin word <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></i>, in any of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance languages</a>, either in singular or plural forms (in English: Spain or Spains), was used to refer to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula, and not exclusively, as in modern usage, to the country of Spain, thus excluding Portugal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agostino never saw the Sultan, but probably did see and sketch the helmet in Venice.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=emperor">"emperor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=emperor&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Demperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUyama2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uyama, Takuei (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gendai.ismedia.jp/articles/-/67945?page=2">"天皇はなぜ「王（キング）」ではなく「皇帝（エンペラー）」なのか"</a> [The Title of the Monarch of Japan: not the "King" but the "Emperor"] (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9C%E3%80%8C%E7%8E%8B%EF%BC%88%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%80%8C%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%EF%BC%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=Uyama&rft.aufirst=Takuei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgendai.ismedia.jp%2Farticles%2F-%2F67945%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeng" class="citation web cs1">Peng, Ying-chen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/south-east-se-asia/china-art/a/forbidden-city">"The Forbidden City"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Forbidden+City&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Ying-chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fap-art-history%2Fsouth-east-se-asia%2Fchina-art%2Fa%2Fforbidden-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski2022" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Gościwit (2022). "<i>Imperator-Huangdi</i>: The Idea of the Highest Universal Divine Ruler in the West and China". In Balbo, Andrea; Ahn, Jaewon; Kim, Kihoon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110731590-002/html?lang=en"><i>Empire and Politics in the Eastern and Western Civilizations</i></a>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110731590-002">10.1515/9783110731590-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073159-0"><bdi>978-3-11-073159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperator-Huangdi%3A+The+Idea+of+the+Highest+Universal+Divine+Ruler+in+the+West+and+China&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Politics+in+the+Eastern+and+Western+Civilizations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110731590-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-073159-0&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Go%C5%9Bciwit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110731590-002%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Alexandrovi%C4%8D_Ostrogorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky">George Ostrogorsky</a>, "Avtokrator i samodržac", <i>Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije</i> CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, <i>The Last Centuries of Byzantium</i>, second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heer, Friedrich. Holy Roman Empire (2002); Lonnie Johnson "Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends" (2011), p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm">"The Holy Roman Empire"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fnational%2Fhre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/heiliges-roemisches-reich-im-ueberblick-geschichte-der-staatlichen-emanzipation-1.827525-0#seite-2">"Heiliges Römisches Reich : Geschichte der staatlichen Emanzipation"</a>. 27 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heiliges+R%C3%B6misches+Reich+%3A+Geschichte+der+staatlichen+Emanzipation&rft.date=2006-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fheiliges-roemisches-reich-im-ueberblick-geschichte-der-staatlichen-emanzipation-1.827525-0%23seite-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFliamfoley632020" class="citation web cs1">liamfoley63 (6 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/2020/08/06/august-6-1806-dissolution-of-the-holy-roman-empire/">"August 6, 1806. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire"</a>. <i>European Royal History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Royal+History&rft.atitle=August+6%2C+1806.+Dissolution+of+the+Holy+Roman+Empire.&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft.au=liamfoley63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com%2F2020%2F08%2F06%2Faugust-6-1806-dissolution-of-the-holy-roman-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Heer "Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität" (1981), p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lonnie Johnson "Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends" (2011), p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anatol Murad "Franz Joseph I of Austria and his Empire." (1968) p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mladjov 2015: 171–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charters of Ivan Alexander and Ivan Shishman, in Petkov 2008: 500, 506–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mladjov 2015: 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mladjov 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prinzing 1973: 420–421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaimakamova 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnt.bg/news/bulgaria%E2%80%99s-former-king-and-pm-simeon-ii-celebrates-his-80th-birthday-149283news.html">"Bulgaria's Former King and PM Simeon II Celebrates his 80th Birthday"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria%27s+Former+King+and+PM+Simeon+II+Celebrates+his+80th+Birthday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnt.bg%2Fnews%2Fbulgaria%25E2%2580%2599s-former-king-and-pm-simeon-ii-celebrates-his-80th-birthday-149283news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np4b.html">"Napoleon and War in 1804–05"</a>. <i>www.fsmitha.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fsmitha.com&rft.atitle=Napoleon+and+War+in+1804%E2%80%9305&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsmitha.com%2Fh3%2Fh34-np4b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Napoleon</i>, Vincent Cronin, p419, HarperCollins, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Napoleon</i>, Frank McLynn, p644, Pimlico 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Mémorial de Sainte Hélène</i>, Emmanuel De Las Cases, Tome III, page101, published by Jean De Bonnot, Libraire à l'enseigne du canon, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about-history.com/the-second-french-empire-1852-1870/">"The Second French Empire (1852–1870)"</a>. <i>About History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+History&rft.atitle=The+Second+French+Empire+%281852%E2%80%931870%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout-history.com%2Fthe-second-french-empire-1852-1870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAppelbaumMacphersonRosemblatt2003" class="citation book cs1">Appelbaum, Nancy P.; Macpherson, Anne S.; Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1O6HwzwQs4C&pg=PA88"><i>Race and nation in modern Latin America</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5441-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5441-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-5441-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+nation+in+modern+Latin+America&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5441-9&rft.aulast=Appelbaum&rft.aufirst=Nancy+P.&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+Anne+S.&rft.au=Rosemblatt%2C+Karin+Alejandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1O6HwzwQs4C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicol1992" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immortalemperorl0000nico/mode/2up"><i>The immortal emperor : the life and legend of Constantine Palaiologos, last emperor of the Romans</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41456-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41456-2"><bdi>978-0-521-41456-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+immortal+emperor+%3A+the+life+and+legend+of+Constantine+Palaiologos%2C+last+emperor+of+the+Romans&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41456-2&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+MacGillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimmortalemperorl0000nico%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFliamfoley632019" class="citation web cs1">liamfoley63 (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/2019/11/12/history-of-styles-and-titles-part-iv-emperor-of-britain/">"History of Styles and Titles Part IV: Emperor of Britain"</a>. <i>European Royal History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Royal+History&rft.atitle=History+of+Styles+and+Titles+Part+IV%3A+Emperor+of+Britain.&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.au=liamfoley63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F11%2F12%2Fhistory-of-styles-and-titles-part-iv-emperor-of-britain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongford1972" class="citation book cs1">Longford, Elizabeth (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BGWCT8QaGD0C&q=handicapped+in+her+battles+over+protocol+by+not+being+an+Empress"><i>Queen Victoria: Born to Succeed</i></a>. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780515028683" title="Special:BookSources/9780515028683"><bdi>9780515028683</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Victoria%3A+Born+to+Succeed&rft.pages=404&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780515028683&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGWCT8QaGD0C%26q%3Dhandicapped%2Bin%2Bher%2Bbattles%2Bover%2Bprotocol%2Bby%2Bnot%2Bbeing%2Ban%2BEmpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/treaty-of-frankfurt-am-main-ends-franco-prussian-war">"Treaty of Frankfurt am Main ends Franco-Prussian War"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 5 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Frankfurt+am+Main+ends+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Ftreaty-of-frankfurt-am-main-ends-franco-prussian-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1987: 309–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p. 3). See also the entry for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/tl/nahuatlTLAHTLI.html#TLAHTOANI">"TLAHTOANI"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614183207/http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/tl/nahuatlTLAHTLI.html#TLAHTOANI">Archived</a> 2007-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Wimmer (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/political-figure/jean-jacques-dessalines">"Jean-Jacques Dessalines"</a>. <i>Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Jean-Jacques+Dessalines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpolitical-figure%2Fjean-jacques-dessalines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weexpats.com/mexican-historical-figures-maximilian/">"Mexican Historical Figures: Maximilian I"</a>. <i>WeExpats</i>. 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WeExpats&rft.atitle=Mexican+Historical+Figures%3A+Maximilian+I&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweexpats.com%2Fmexican-historical-figures-maximilian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Darius_I/">"Darius I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Darius+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FDarius_I%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Kampouris in <i>The Astounding, Immortal Story of Alexander the Great</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://greekreporter.com/2019/01/30/the-astounding-immortal-story-of-alexander-the-great/">https://greekreporter.com/2019/01/30/the-astounding-immortal-story-of-alexander-the-great/</a> 30 Jan 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malinowski-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malinowski_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malinowski_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malinowski_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malinowski_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malinowski_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malinowski_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski2022" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Gościwit (2022). "<i>Imperator-Huangdi</i>: The Idea of the Highest Universal Divine Ruler in the West and China". In Balbo, Andrea; Ahn, Jaewon; Kim, Kihoon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110731590-002/html?lang=en"><i>Empire and Politics in the Eastern and Western Civilizations</i></a>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110731590-002">10.1515/9783110731590-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073159-0"><bdi>978-3-11-073159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperator-Huangdi%3A+The+Idea+of+the+Highest+Universal+Divine+Ruler+in+the+West+and+China&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Politics+in+the+Eastern+and+Western+Civilizations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110731590-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-073159-0&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Go%C5%9Bciwit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110731590-002%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavant2013" class="citation book cs1">Savant, Sarah Bowen (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U4CAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>The New Muslims of Post-Conquest Iran: Tradition, Memory, and Conversion</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29231-4"><bdi>978-1-107-29231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Muslims+of+Post-Conquest+Iran%3A+Tradition%2C+Memory%2C+and+Conversion&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-107-29231-4&rft.aulast=Savant&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Bowen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U4CAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQhDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA203"><i>Alden's Manifold Cyclopedia of Knowledge and Language</i></a>. Vol. 21. J. B. Alden. 1890. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alden%27s+Manifold+Cyclopedia+of+Knowledge+and+Language&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=J.+B.+Alden&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQhDAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theottomans.org/english/family/index.asp">"TheOttomans.org – The Ottomans History"</a>. <i>theottomans.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theottomans.org&rft.atitle=TheOttomans.org+%E2%80%93+The+Ottomans+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheottomans.org%2Fenglish%2Ffamily%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobilitytitles.net/turkish-ottoman-nobility-royalty/">"Turkish And Ottoman Nobility And Royalty | Nobility Titles – Genuine Titles Of Nobility For Sale"</a>. <i>Nobility Titles</i>. 10 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobility+Titles&rft.atitle=Turkish+And+Ottoman+Nobility+And+Royalty+%7C+Nobility+Titles+%E2%80%93+Genuine+Titles+Of+Nobility+For+Sale&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnobilitytitles.net%2Fturkish-ottoman-nobility-royalty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahajan-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahajan_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahajan_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahajan_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahajan_V.D." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dhar_Mahajan" title="Vidya Dhar Mahajan">Mahajan V.D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. S. Chand Publishing. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5253-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5253-132-5"><bdi>978-93-5253-132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-93-5253-132-5&rft.au=Mahajan+V.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TJlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuniya1978" class="citation book cs1">Luniya, Bhanwarlal Nathuram (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0k9AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Those+monarchs,+who+could+bring+under+subjection+many+petty+rulers+called+Rajans,+claimed+the+title+of+Samrat.%22"><i>Life and Culture in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1000 A.D.</i></a> Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Culture+in+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+1000+A.D.&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Lakshmi+Narain+Agarwal&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Luniya&rft.aufirst=Bhanwarlal+Nathuram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0k9AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Those%2Bmonarchs%2C%2Bwho%2Bcould%2Bbring%2Bunder%2Bsubjection%2Bmany%2Bpetty%2Brulers%2Bcalled%2BRajans%2C%2Bclaimed%2Bthe%2Btitle%2Bof%2BSamrat.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-derrett-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derrett_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-derrett_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDerrett2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Duncan_M._Derrett" title="J. Duncan M. Derrett">Derrett, J. Duncan M.</a> (11 December 2023) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOP7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">"Hindu empires"</a>. <i>Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law: Volume One: Dharmasastra and Related Ideas</i>. BRILL. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-64389-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-64389-5"><bdi>978-90-04-64389-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindu+empires&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Classical+and+Modern+Hindu+Law%3A+Volume+One%3A+Dharmasastra+and+Related+Ideas&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-64389-5&rft.aulast=Derrett&rft.aufirst=J.+Duncan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOP7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/chakravartin">Chakravartin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chandragupta">Chandragupta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA482"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>. <q>Pravarasena I was the only Vakataka king with the imperial title <i>samrat</i>; the others had the relatively modest title <i>maharaja</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGW5Gx0HSXKUC%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MajumdarBhavan1951-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MajumdarBhavan1951_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Chandra_Majumdar1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Kalinga-chakravartin%22"><i>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%3A+The+age+of+imperial+unity&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3dDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Kalinga-chakravartin%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar2004" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA366"><i>Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24225-8</bdi></a>. <q>The unobtrusive titles used by the early Chola kings were replaced with high-sounding ones, such as <i>chakravartigal</i> (emperor, the equivalent of the northern <i>chakravartin</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24225-8&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5irrXX0apQC%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenon2013" class="citation book cs1">Menon, Indira (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym17YA_jhCgC&pg=PT4"><i>Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India</i></a>. Ambi Knowledge Resource. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903591-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903591-3-9"><bdi>978-81-903591-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+in+Stone%3A+The+Temples+of+South+India&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ambi+Knowledge+Resource&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-903591-3-9&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Indira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYm17YA_jhCgC%26pg%3DPT4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNākacāmi1980" class="citation book cs1">Nākacāmi, Irā (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L80jAAAAMAAJ&q=Chakravartin"><i>Art and Culture of Tamil Nadu</i></a>. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Culture+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Sundeep+Prakashan&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=N%C4%81kac%C4%81mi&rft.aufirst=Ir%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL80jAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DChakravartin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahajan_V.D." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dhar_Mahajan" title="Vidya Dhar Mahajan">Mahajan V.D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA449"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. S. Chand Publishing. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5253-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5253-132-5"><bdi>978-93-5253-132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-93-5253-132-5&rft.au=Mahajan+V.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TJlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAiyangar2004" class="citation book cs1">Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC&pg=PA252"><i>Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1850-3"><bdi>978-81-206-1850-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%3A+Collected+Essays+on+the+Literary+and+Political+History+of+Southern+India&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1850-3&rft.aulast=Aiyangar&rft.aufirst=Sakkottai+Krishnaswami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtArUg0OMpcC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVadala2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vadala, Alexander Attilio (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156913311x590664">"Elite Distinction and Regime Change: The Ethiopian Case"</a>. <i>Comparative Sociology</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">636–</span>653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156913311X590664">10.1163/156913311X590664</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-1330">1569-1330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Sociology&rft.atitle=Elite+Distinction+and+Regime+Change%3A+The+Ethiopian+Case&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E636-%3C%2Fspan%3E653&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156913311X590664&rft.issn=1569-1330&rft.aulast=Vadala&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Attilio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooksandjournals.brillonline.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1163%2F156913311x590664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLentz1994" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Harris M (1 January 1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/headsofstatesgov00lent"><i>Heads of states and governments: a worldwide encyclopedia of over 2,300 leaders, 1945 through 1992</i></a></span>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899509266" title="Special:BookSources/0899509266"><bdi>0899509266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+states+and+governments%3A+a+worldwide+encyclopedia+of+over+2%2C300+leaders%2C+1945+through+1992&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=0899509266&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Harris+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheadsofstatesgov00lent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Manchukuo">"Manchukuo | puppet state created by Japan in China [1932]"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Manchukuo+%7C+puppet+state+created+by+Japan+in+China+%5B1932%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FManchukuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHays" class="citation web cs1">Hays, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub111/item586.html">"JAPANESE EMPEROR AND IMPERIAL FAMILY | Facts and Details"</a>. <i>factsanddetails.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factsanddetails.com&rft.atitle=JAPANESE+EMPEROR+AND+IMPERIAL+FAMILY+%7C+Facts+and+Details&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fjapan%2Fcat16%2Fsub111%2Fitem586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225163843/https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/seminar/19/00080/093000003/">Satoshi Yabuuchi, <i>時代背景から知る仏像の秘密</i>, The Nikkei</a>, 10 October 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318174952/http://bunshun.jp/articles/-/6397">Masataka Kondo, <i>ご存知ですか 3月2日は飛鳥池遺跡で「天皇」木簡が出土したと発表された日です</i></a>, 2 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Kissinger on China. 2011, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the Emperor of Japan is classified as constitutional monarch among political scientists, the current constitution of Japan defines him only as 'a symbol of the nation' and no subsequent legislation states his status as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a> or equates the Crown synonymously with any government establishment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070103/ap_on_re_as/japan_imperial_succession">"Japan Imperial Succession"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Imperial+Succession&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20070103%2Fap_on_re_as%2Fjapan_imperial_succession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7219" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷219">New Book of Tang, vol. 209</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEm2013" class="citation book cs1">Em, Henry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxAd2Aw_jP0C&pg=PA24"><i>The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822353720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822353720"><bdi>978-0822353720</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+Sovereignty+and+Historiography+in+Modern+Korea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0822353720&rft.aulast=Em&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxAd2Aw_jP0C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2016" class="citation book cs1">Weatherford, Jack (25 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWF_CwAAQBAJ"><i>Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: How the World's Greatest Conqueror Gave Us Religious Freedom</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2116-1"><bdi>978-0-7352-2116-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+and+the+Quest+for+God%3A+How+the+World%27s+Greatest+Conqueror+Gave+Us+Religious+Freedom&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7352-2116-1&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWF_CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103" class="extiw" title="s:zh:魏書/卷103">Book of Wei, vol. 103</a>; "「丘豆伐」猶魏言駕馭開張也，「可汗」猶魏言皇帝也。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, George (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26596471">"From civil war to uncivil peace: The Vietnamese army and the early Nguyễn state (1802–1841)"</a>. <i>South East Asia Research</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967828X16649042">10.1177/0967828X16649042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-828X">0967-828X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26596471">26596471</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148779423">148779423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+East+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=From+civil+war+to+uncivil+peace%3A+The+Vietnamese+army+and+the+early+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+state+%281802%E2%80%931841%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0967-828X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148779423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26596471%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0967828X16649042&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26596471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuyet_Nhung_Tran,_Anthony_J._S._Reid2006" class="citation cs2">Tuyet Nhung Tran, Anthony J. S. Reid (2006), <i>Việt Nam Borderless Histories</i>, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 67, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21770-9"><bdi>978-0-299-21770-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+Borderless+Histories&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-299-21770-9&rft.au=Tuyet+Nhung+Tran%2C+Anthony+J.+S.+Reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst2009" class="citation web cs1">Hurst, Ryan (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/nigerian-civil-war-1967-1970/">"Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) •"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigerian+Civil+War+%281967%E2%80%931970%29+%E2%80%A2&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fglobal-african-history%2Fnigerian-civil-war-1967-1970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_FF5BADFE44A0417BAA2F1F9C6F206209">"Vietnam: A Television History; America's Mandarin (1954–1963); Interview with Ngo Dinh Luyen"</a>. <i>openvault.wgbh.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openvault.wgbh.org&rft.atitle=Vietnam%3A+A+Television+History%3B+America%27s+Mandarin+%281954%E2%80%931963%29%3B+Interview+with+Ngo+Dinh+Luyen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenvault.wgbh.org%2Fcatalog%2FV_FF5BADFE44A0417BAA2F1F9C6F206209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce, James, 1st Viscount</a> (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Emperor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Emperor">"Emperor" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emperor&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=James%2C+1st+Viscount&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Fine, J. V. A. Jr., <i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i>, Ann Arbor, 1987.</li> <li>Kaimakamova, M., "Turnovo – New Constantinople: The Third Rome in the Fourteench-Century Bulgarian Translation of Constantine Manasses' Synopsis Chronike," <i>The Medieval Chronicle</i> 4 (2006) 91–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789401203500/B9789401203500_s008.xml?language=en">online</a></li> <li>Mladjov, I. S. R., "Between Byzantium and Rome: Bulgaria in the aftermath of the Photian Schism," <i>Byzantine Studies/Études Byzantines</i> 4 (n.s.) (1999) 173–181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5629764/I_Mladjov_Between_Byzantium_and_Rome_Bulgaria_and_the_West_in_the_Aftermath_of_the_Photian_Schism_Byzantine_Studies_Etudes_Byzantines_4_1999_">online</a></li> <li>Mladjov, I. S. R., "The Crown and the Veil: Titles, Spiritual Kinship, and Diplomacy in Tenth-Century Bulgaro-Byzantine Relations," <i>History Compass</i> 13 (2015) 171–183. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12165815/I_Mladjov_The_Crown_and_the_Veil_Titles_Spiritual_Kinship_and_Diplomacy_in_Tenth_Century_Bulgaro_Byzantine_Relations_History_Compass_13_2015_171_183">online</a></li> <li>Petkov, K., <i>The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century</i>, Leiden, 2008.</li> <li>Prinzing, G., "Der Brief Kaiser Heinrichs von Konstantinopel vom 13. Januar 1212," <i>Byzantion</i> 43 (1973) 395–431. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantion-06-1931/Byzantion-43-%281973%29/page/422/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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