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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early years (1489–1527)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_(1489–1527)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_service_of_Henry_VIII_(1527–1532)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_service_of_Henry_VIII_(1527–1532)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the service of Henry VIII (1527–1532)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_service_of_Henry_VIII_(1527–1532)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointed_Archbishop_of_Canterbury_(1532–1534)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointed_Archbishop_of_Canterbury_(1532–1534)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury (1532–1534)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointed_Archbishop_of_Canterbury_(1532–1534)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_vicegerency_(1535–1538)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_vicegerency_(1535–1538)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Under the vicegerency (1535–1538)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_vicegerency_(1535–1538)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_reversed_(1539–1542)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_reversed_(1539–1542)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reforms reversed (1539–1542)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_reversed_(1539–1542)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_from_the_King_(1543–1547)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_from_the_King_(1543–1547)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Support from the King (1543–1547)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_from_the_King_(1543–1547)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_divines_and_reformed_doctrines_(1547–1549)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_divines_and_reformed_doctrines_(1547–1549)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Foreign divines and reformed doctrines (1547–1549)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_divines_and_reformed_doctrines_(1547–1549)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1548–1549)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1548–1549)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1548–1549)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1548–1549)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidating_gains_(1549–1551)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidating_gains_(1549–1551)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Consolidating gains (1549–1551)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidating_gains_(1549–1551)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_reform_programme_(1551–1553)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_reform_programme_(1551–1553)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Final reform programme (1551–1553)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_reform_programme_(1551–1553)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials,_recantations,_execution_(1553–1556)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials,_recantations,_execution_(1553–1556)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Trials, recantations, execution (1553–1556)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials,_recantations,_execution_(1553–1556)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Aftermath and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Cranmer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1" title="توماس كرانمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس كرانمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Томас Кранмер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Кранмер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Томас Кранмэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Кранмэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Τόμας Κράνμερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Κράνμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1" title="توماس کرنمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس کرنمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%9C%EB%A8%B8" title="토머스 크랜머 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 크랜머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="תומאס קרנמר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס קרנמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ტომას კრანმერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას კრანმერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Kranmers" title="Tomass Kranmers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Kranmers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="തോമസ് ക്രാന്മർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് ക്രാന്മർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1" title="توماس كرانمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس كرانمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သောမတ် ကရန်း မား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောမတ် ကရန်း မား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="トマス・クランマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・クランマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1" title="توماس کرانمر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس کرانمر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Cranmer" title="Tomás Cranmer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tomás Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кранмер, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кранмер, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumm%C3%A0su_Cranmer" title="Tummàsu Cranmer – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tummàsu Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Томас Кранмер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Кранмер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமஸ் கிரான்மர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமஸ் கிரான்மர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Томас Кранмер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Кранмер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Cranmer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E9%BA%A5" title="湯馬士·克蘭麥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯馬士·克蘭麥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E9%BA%A5" title="托馬斯·克蘭麥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托馬斯·克蘭麥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q199894#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1555</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Reverend" title="The Right Reverend">The Right Reverend</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">Right Honourable</a></span></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Thomas Cranmer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/330px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/440px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait, 1545<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diocese</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Installed</th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1533<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1555</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1533<br />by <a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1489<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Aslockton" title="Aslockton">Aslockton</a>, Nottinghamshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1556 (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Cranmer's signature"><img alt="Thomas Cranmer's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Thomas_Cranmer_Signature.svg/130px-Thomas_Cranmer_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Thomas_Cranmer_Signature.svg/195px-Thomas_Cranmer_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Thomas_Cranmer_Signature.svg/260px-Thomas_Cranmer_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="116" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">Anglicanism</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Cranmer</b> (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a theologian, leader of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> and, for a short time, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a>. He is honoured as a <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Martyrs" title="Oxford Martyrs">martyr</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. </p><p>Cranmer helped build the case for the <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> of Henry's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, he supported the principle of <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy" title="Acts of Supremacy">royal supremacy</a>, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm and protector of his people from the abuses of Rome. During Cranmer's tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury, he established the first <a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">doctrinal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy#Anglican_Communion" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical</a> structures of the reformed <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Under Henry's rule, Cranmer did not make many radical changes in the Church due to power struggles between religious conservatives and reformers. He published the first officially authorised <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> service, the <i><a href="/wiki/Exhortation_and_Litany" title="Exhortation and Litany">Exhortation and Litany</a></i>. </p><p>When Edward, who was devout and had been raised in the tenants of a reformed Church came to the throne, Cranmer was able to promote faster changes. He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, a complete liturgy for the English Church and in doing so, turning to the language of the people. With the assistance of several <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental reformers</a> to whom he gave refuge, he changed doctrine or discipline in areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>, the role of <a href="/wiki/Religious_image" title="Religious image">images</a> in places of worship, and the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of saints. Cranmer <a href="/wiki/Promulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Promulgate">promulgated</a> the new doctrines through the prayer book, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Homilies</a></i> and other publications. </p><p>After the accession of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Mary I, Cranmer was put on trial for treason and <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from state and Church authorities, he made several <a href="/wiki/Recantation" title="Recantation">recantations</a> and reconciled himself with the Catholic Church. While this would have customarily absolved him, Mary wanted him executed, and he was <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a> on 21 March 1556; on the day of his execution, he withdrew his recantations, to die a <a href="/wiki/Heretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic">heretic</a> to Catholics and a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> for the principles of the English Reformation. Cranmer's death was immortalised in <i><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></i> and his legacy lives on within the Church of England through the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> statement of faith derived from his work. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranmer_PaternalArms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cranmer_PaternalArms.png/170px-Cranmer_PaternalArms.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cranmer_PaternalArms.png/255px-Cranmer_PaternalArms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cranmer_PaternalArms.png/340px-Cranmer_PaternalArms.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Cranmer's paternal <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a>: <i>Argent, a chevron between three cranes azure</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrype1840181_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrype1840181-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cranmer was born in 1489 at <a href="/wiki/Aslockton" title="Aslockton">Aslockton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a younger son of Thomas Cranmer by his wife Agnes Hatfield. Thomas Cranmer was of modest wealth but was from a well-established <a href="/wiki/Armigerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Armigerous">armigerous</a> gentry family which took its name from the <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cranmer_Hall,_Lincolnshire" title="Cranmer Hall, Lincolnshire">Cranmer</a> in Lincolnshire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19342_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19342-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Ledger_stone" title="Ledger stone">ledger stone</a> to one of his relatives in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_of_Beverley,_Whatton" title="Church of St John of Beverley, Whatton">Church of St John of Beverley, Whatton</a>, near Aslockton is inscribed as follows: <i>Hic jacet Thomas Cranmer, Armiger, qui obiit vicesimo septimo die mensis Maii, anno d(omi)ni. MD centesimo primo, cui(us) a(n)i(ma)e p(ro)p(i)cietur Deus Amen</i> ("here lies Thomas Cranmer, Esquire, who died on the 27th day of May in the year of our lord 1501, on whose soul may God look upon with mercy"). The arms of the Cranmer and Aslockton families are displayed. The figure is that of a man with flowing hair and gown and a purse on his right side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown189181_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown189181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their oldest son, John Cranmer, inherited the family estate, while Thomas and his younger brother, Edmund, were placed on the path to clerical careers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_(1489–1527)"><span id="Early_years_.281489.E2.80.931527.29"></span>Early years (1489–1527)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years (1489–1527)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians know nothing definite about Cranmer's early schooling. He probably attended a grammar school in his village. At 14, two years after his father's death, he was sent to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge" title="Jesus College, Cambridge">Jesus College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took him eight years to attain his Bachelor of Arts degree, following a curriculum of logic, classical literature, and philosophy. During this time, he began to collect medieval <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> books, which he preserved faithfully throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his master's degree he studied the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanists</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>. He finished the course in three years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after receiving his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)">Master of Arts</a> degree in 1515, he was elected to a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellowship</a> of Jesus College.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometime after Cranmer took his MA, he married a woman named Joan. Although he was not yet a priest, he was obliged to give up his fellowship, resulting in losing his residence at Jesus College. To support himself and his wife, he took a job as a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_College,_Cambridge" title="Buckingham College, Cambridge">Buckingham Hall</a> (later reformed as <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Joan died during her first childbirth, Jesus College showed its regard for Cranmer by reinstating his fellowship. He began studying <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and by 1520, he had been <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">ordained</a>, the university already having named him as one of its preachers. He received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> degree in 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not much is known about Cranmer's thoughts and experiences during his three decades at Cambridge. Traditionally, he has been portrayed as a humanist whose enthusiasm for biblical scholarship prepared him to adopt <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> ideas, which were spreading during the 1520s. A study of his <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a> reveals an early antipathy to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and an admiration for Erasmus.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a>, the king's <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, selected several Cambridge scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee,_Archbishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lee, Archbishop of York">Edward Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a>, to be diplomats throughout Europe, Cranmer was chosen for an embassy to the Holy Roman Emperor. His supposed participation in an earlier embassy to Spain mentioned in the older literature, has proved to be spurious.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_service_of_Henry_VIII_(1527–1532)"><span id="In_the_service_of_Henry_VIII_.281527.E2.80.931532.29"></span>In the service of Henry VIII (1527–1532)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the service of Henry VIII (1527–1532)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein,_the_Younger,_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="4203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> recognised Cranmer's value in obtaining support for the annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1536</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Henry VIII's first marriage arose from the death of his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a>, in 1502. Their father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, betrothed Arthur's widow, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, to the future king. The marriage immediately raised questions about the biblical prohibition (in Leviticus 18 and 20) against marriage to a brother's wife. The couple married in 1509, and after a series of miscarriages, a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a>, was born in 1516. By the 1520s, Henry still did not have a son to name as heir, and he took this as a sure sign of God's anger and made overtures to the Vatican about an <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave Cardinal Wolsey the task of prosecuting his case; Wolsey began by consulting university experts. From 1527, Cranmer assisted with the annulment proceedings in addition to his duties as a Cambridge don.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-1529, Cranmer stayed with relatives in <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Holy_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltham Holy Cross">Waltham Holy Cross</a> to avoid an outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in Cambridge. Two of his Cambridge associates, Stephen Gardiner and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Foxe" title="Edward Foxe">Edward Foxe</a>, joined him. The three discussed the annulment issue and Cranmer suggested putting aside the legal case in Rome in favour of a general canvassing of opinions from university theologians throughout Europe. Henry showed much interest in the idea when Gardiner and Foxe presented him with this plan. It is unknown whether the king or his new Lord Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, explicitly approved the plan. Eventually, it was implemented, and Cranmer was requested to join the royal team in Rome to gather university opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Foxe coordinated the research effort and the team produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Collectanea_satis_copiosa" title="Collectanea satis copiosa">Collectanea Satis Copiosa</a></i> ("The Sufficiently Abundant Collections") and <i>The Determinations</i>, historical and theological support for the argument that the king exercised supreme jurisdiction within his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranmer_BishopricArms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cranmer_BishopricArms.png/200px-Cranmer_BishopricArms.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cranmer_BishopricArms.png/300px-Cranmer_BishopricArms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cranmer_BishopricArms.png/400px-Cranmer_BishopricArms.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>New arms granted <i>circa</i> 1544 to Thomas Cranmer by King Henry VIII, instead of his paternal arms: <i>Argent, on a chevron azure between three <a href="/wiki/Pelican_in_her_piety" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelican in her piety">pelicans</a> sable <a href="/wiki/Pelican_in_her_piety" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelican in her piety">vulning themselves</a> <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">proper</a> as many cinquefoils or</i>, telling him "That those birds should signify unto him, that he ought to be ready, as the pelican is, to shed his blood for his young ones, brought up in the faith of Christ"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrype1840181_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrype1840181-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cranmer's first contact with a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental reformer</a> was with <a href="/wiki/Simon_Grynaeus" title="Simon Grynaeus">Simon Grynaeus</a>, a humanist based in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland, and a follower of the Swiss reformers, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a>. In mid-1531, Grynaeus took an extended visit to England to offer himself as an intermediary between the king and the Continental reformers. He struck up a friendship with Cranmer and after his return to Basel, he wrote about Cranmer to the German reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>. Grynaeus' early contacts initiated Cranmer's eventual relationship with the Strasbourg and Swiss reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1532, Cranmer was appointed the resident ambassador at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. As the emperor travelled throughout his realm, Cranmer had to follow him to his residence in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He passed through the Lutheran city of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and saw for the first time the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> was moved to Nuremberg, he met the leading architect of the Nuremberg reforms, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a>. They became good friends, and during that July Cranmer took the surprising action of marrying <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Cranmer" title="Margarete Cranmer">Margarete</a>, the niece of Osiander's wife. He did not take her as his mistress, as was the prevailing custom with priests for whom celibacy was too rigorous. Scholars note that Cranmer had moved, however moderately at this stage, into identifying with certain Lutheran principles.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This progress in his personal life was not matched in his political life as he was unable to persuade Charles, Catherine's nephew, to support the annulment of his aunt's marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appointed_Archbishop_of_Canterbury_(1532–1534)"><span id="Appointed_Archbishop_of_Canterbury_.281532.E2.80.931534.29"></span>Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury (1532–1534)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury (1532–1534)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Cranmer was following Charles through Italy, he received a royal letter dated 1 October 1532 informing him that he had been appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury, following the death of archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a>. Cranmer was ordered to return to England. The appointment had been secured by the family of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, who was being courted by Henry. When Cranmer's promotion became known in London, it caused great surprise as Cranmer had previously held only minor positions in the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranmer left <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> on 19 November and arrived in England at the beginning of January.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry personally financed the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal bulls">papal bulls</a> necessary for Cranmer's promotion to Canterbury. The bulls were easily acquired because the <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncio</a> was under orders from Rome to please the English in an effort to prevent a final breach. The bulls arrived around 26 March 1533 and Cranmer was consecrated as a bishop on 30 March in <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Vesey" title="John Vesey">John Vesey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter" title="Bishop of Exeter">Bishop of Exeter</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Standish" title="Henry Standish">Henry Standish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph" title="Bishop of St Asaph">Bishop of St Asaph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerceval1841[httpsarchiveorgdetailsanapologyfordoc00socigoogpagen204_188]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerceval1841[httpsarchiveorgdetailsanapologyfordoc00socigoogpagen204_188]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even while they were waiting for the bulls, Cranmer continued to work on the annulment proceedings, which required greater urgency after Anne announced her pregnancy. Henry and Anne were secretly married on 24 or 25 January 1533 in the presence of a handful of witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranmer did not learn of the marriage until 14 days later.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_boleyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg/170px-Anne_boleyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg/255px-Anne_boleyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg/340px-Anne_boleyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>The family of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> secured the appointment of Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury. Later portrait by an unknown artist.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the next few months, Cranmer and the king worked on establishing legal procedures on how the monarch's marriage would be judged by his most senior clergy. Several drafts of the procedures have been preserved in letters written between the two. Once procedures were agreed upon, Cranmer opened court sessions on 10 May, inviting Henry and Catherine of Aragon to appear. Gardiner represented the king; Catherine did not appear or send a proxy. On 23 May Cranmer pronounced the judgement that Henry's marriage with Catherine was against the law of God. He even issued a threat of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> if Henry did not stay away from Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was now free to marry and, on 28 May, Cranmer validated Henry and Anne's marriage. On 1 June, Cranmer personally crowned and anointed Anne queen and delivered to her the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">sceptre and rod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a> was furious at this defiance, but he could not take decisive action as he was pressured by other monarchs to avoid an irreparable breach with England. On 9 July he provisionally excommunicated Henry and his advisers (who included Cranmer) unless he repudiated Anne by the end of September. Henry kept Anne as his wife and, on 7 September, Anne gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth</a>. Cranmer <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> her immediately afterwards and acted as one of her godparents.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to assess how Cranmer's theological views had evolved since his Cambridge days. There is evidence that he continued to support humanism; he renewed Erasmus' pension that had previously been granted by Archbishop Warham.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1533, he was confronted with the difficult tasks not only of disciplining a reformer, but also of seeing him burned at the stake. <a href="/wiki/John_Frith_(martyr)" title="John Frith (martyr)">John Frith</a> was condemned to death for his views on the eucharist: he denied the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real presence">real presence</a>. Cranmer personally tried to persuade him to change his views without success.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he rejected Frith's radicalism, by 1534 he clearly signalled that he had broken with Rome and that he had set a new theological course. He supported the cause of reform by gradually replacing the old guard in his <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a> with men such as <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a> who followed the new thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He intervened in religious disputes, supporting reformers, to the disappointment of religious conservatives who desired to maintain the link with Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_vicegerency_(1535–1538)"><span id="Under_the_vicegerency_.281535.E2.80.931538.29"></span>Under the vicegerency (1535–1538)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under the vicegerency (1535–1538)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cromwell,Thomas(1EEssex)01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/170px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/255px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/340px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> was the vicegerent acting as the main agent for the king over spiritual matters. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein</a>, 1532–1533.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cranmer was not immediately accepted by the bishops within his province. When he attempted a <a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">canonical visitation</a>, he had to avoid locations where a resident conservative bishop might make an embarrassing personal challenge to his authority. In 1535, Cranmer had difficult encounters with several bishops, <a href="/wiki/John_Stokesley" title="John Stokesley">John Stokesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a>, and Stephen Gardiner among others. They objected to Cranmer's power and title and argued that the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a> did not define his role. This prompted <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, the king's chief minister, to activate and to take the office of the <a href="/wiki/Vicegerent" title="Vicegerent">vicegerent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the deputy supreme head of ecclesiastical affairs. He created another set of institutions that gave a clear structure to the royal supremacy. Hence, the archbishop was eclipsed by Vicegerent Cromwell in regard to the king's spiritual jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that Cranmer resented his position as junior partner.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was an exceptional scholar, he lacked the political ability to outface even clerical opponents. Those tasks were left to Cromwell.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 January 1536, when Anne miscarried a son, the king began to reflect again on the biblical prohibitions that had haunted him during his marriage with Catherine of Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the miscarriage, the king started to take an interest in <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>. By 24 April, he had commissioned Cromwell to prepare the case for a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unaware of these plans, Cranmer had continued to write letters to Cromwell on minor matters up to 22 April. Anne was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> on 2 May, and Cranmer was urgently summoned by Cromwell. On the very next day, Cranmer wrote a letter to the king expressing his doubts about the queen's guilt, highlighting his own esteem for Anne. After it was delivered, Cranmer was resigned to the fact that the end of Anne's marriage was inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 May, he saw Anne in the Tower and heard her confession and the following day, he pronounced the marriage null and void. Two days later, Anne was executed; Cranmer was one of the few who publicly mourned her death.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vicegerency brought the pace of reforms under the control of the king. A balance was instituted between the conservatives and the reformers and this was seen in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Articles">Ten Articles</a></i>, the first attempt at defining the beliefs of the Henrician Church. The articles had a two-part structure. The first five articles showed the influence of the reformers by recognising only three of the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">former seven</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>: baptism, eucharist, and <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>. The last five articles concerned the roles of <a href="/wiki/Religious_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious images">images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rites</a> and ceremonies, and <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, and they reflected the views of the traditionalists. Two early drafts of the document have been preserved and show different teams of theologians at work. The competition between the conservatives and reformers is revealed in rival editorial corrections made by Cranmer and <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">bishop of Durham</a>. The end product had something that pleased and annoyed both sides of the debate.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 11 July, Cranmer, Cromwell, and the <a href="/wiki/Convocation_of_the_English_Clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Convocation of the English Clergy">Convocation</a>, the general assembly of the clergy, had subscribed to the <i>Ten Articles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1536, the north of England was convulsed in a series of uprisings collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a>, the most serious opposition to Henry's policies. Cromwell and Cranmer were the primary targets of the protesters' fury. Cromwell and the king worked furiously to quell the rebellion, while Cranmer kept a low profile.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After it was clear that Henry's regime was safe, the government took the initiative to remedy the evident inadequacy of the <i>Ten Articles</i>. The outcome after months of debate was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Institution_of_a_Christian_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Institution of a Christian Man">The Institution of a Christian Man</a></i> informally known from the first issue as the Bishops' Book. The book was initially proposed in February 1537 in the first vicegerential synod, ordered by Cromwell, for the whole Church. Cromwell opened the proceedings, but as the synod progressed, Cranmer and Foxe took on the chairmanship and the co-ordination. Foxe did most of the final editing and the book was published in late September.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after publication, the book's status remained vague because the king had not given his full support to it. In a draft letter, Henry noted that he had not read the book, but supported its printing. His attention was most likely occupied by the pregnancy of Jane Seymour and the birth of the male heir, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward</a>, that Henry had sought for so long. Jane died shortly after giving birth and her funeral was held on 12 November. That month Henry started to work on the Bishops' Book; his amendments were sent to Cranmer, Sampson, and others for comment. Cranmer's responses to the king were far more confrontational than his colleagues' and he wrote at much greater length.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reveal unambiguous statements supporting reformed theology such as justification by faith or <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i> (faith alone) and <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. His words did not convince the king. A new statement of faith was delayed until 1543 with the publication of the King's Book.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1538, the king and Cromwell arranged with Lutheran princes to have detailed discussions on forming a political and religious alliance. Henry had been seeking a new embassy from the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> since mid-1537. The Lutherans were delighted by this and they sent a joint delegation from various German cities, including a colleague of Martin Luther's, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Myconius" title="Friedrich Myconius">Friedrich Myconius</a>. The delegates arrived in England on 27 May 1538. After initial meetings with the king, Cromwell, and Cranmer, discussions on theological differences were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> under Cranmer's chairmanship. Progress on an agreement was slow partly owing to Cromwell being too busy to help expedite the proceedings and partly because the negotiating team on the English side was evenly balanced between conservatives and reformers. The talks dragged on with the Germans becoming weary despite the Archbishop's strenuous efforts. The negotiations were fatally neutralised by an appointee of the king. Cranmer's colleague, Edward Foxe, who sat on Henry's <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>, had died earlier in the year. The king chose as his replacement Cranmer's conservative rival, Cuthbert Tunstall, who was told to stay near Henry to give advice. On 5 August, when the German delegates sent a letter to the king regarding three items that particularly worried them (compulsory clerical celibacy, the withholding of the chalice from the laity, and the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Sine_populo" title="Sine populo">private masses</a> for the dead), Tunstall was able to intervene for the king and to influence the decision. The result was a thorough dismissal by the king of many of the Germans' chief concerns. Although Cranmer begged the Germans to continue with the negotiations, using the argument "to consider the many thousands of souls in England" at stake, they left on 1 October without any substantial achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms_reversed_(1539–1542)"><span id="Reforms_reversed_.281539.E2.80.931542.29"></span>Reforms reversed (1539–1542)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reforms reversed (1539–1542)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continental reformer <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> was aware that he was very much admired by Henry. In early 1539, Melanchthon wrote several letters to Henry criticising his views on religion, in particular his support of clerical celibacy. By late April another delegation from the Lutheran princes arrived to build on Melanchthon's exhortations. Cromwell wrote a letter to the king in support of the new Lutheran mission. The king had begun to change his stance and concentrated on wooing conservative opinion in England rather than reaching out to the Lutherans. On 28 April 1539, Parliament met for the first time in three years. Cranmer was present, but Cromwell was unable to attend due to ill health. On 5 May the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> created a committee with the customary religious balance between conservatives and reformers to examine and determine doctrine. The committee was given little time to do the detailed work needed for a thorough revision. On 16 May, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> noted that the committee had not agreed on anything, and proposed that the Lords examine six doctrinal questions—which eventually formed the basis of the <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_(1539)" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Articles (1539)">Six Articles</a></i>. They affirmed the conservative interpretation of doctrines such as the real presence, clerical celibacy, and the necessity of auricular confession, the private confession of sins to a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Act of the Six Articles neared passage in Parliament, Cranmer moved his wife and children out of England to safety. Up until this time, the family was kept quietly hidden, most likely in <a href="/wiki/Ford_Palace" title="Ford Palace">Ford Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. The Act passed Parliament at the end of June and it forced Latimer and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Shaxton" title="Nicholas Shaxton">Nicholas Shaxton</a> to resign their dioceses given their outspoken opposition to the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg/170px-ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg/255px-ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg/340px-ADurerMelancthonengraving1526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> was the Continental reformer Henry most admired.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1552 Cranmer invited him to participate in an ecumenical council in England. Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, 1526</figcaption></figure> <p>The setback for the reformers was short-lived. By September, Henry was displeased with the results of the Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell were back in favour. The king asked his archbishop to write a new preface for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a>, an English translation of the Bible that was first published in April 1539 under the direction of Cromwell. The preface was in the form of a sermon addressed to readers. As for Cromwell, he was delighted that his plan of a royal marriage between Henry and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>, the sister of a German prince was accepted by the king. In Cromwell's view, the marriage could potentially bring back contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>. Henry was dismayed with Anne when they first met on 1 January 1540 but married her reluctantly on 6 January in a ceremony officiated by Cranmer. The marriage ended in disaster as Henry decided that he would request a royal divorce. This resulted in Henry being placed in an embarrassing position and Cromwell suffered the consequences. His old enemies, including the Duke of Norfolk, took advantage of the weakened Cromwell and he was arrested on 10 June. He immediately lost the support of all his friends, including Cranmer. As Cranmer had done for Anne Boleyn, he wrote a letter to the king defending the past work of Cromwell. Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves was quickly annulled on 9 July by the vice-gerential synod, now led by Cranmer and Gardiner.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the annulment, Cromwell was executed on 28 July.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranmer now found himself in a politically prominent position, with no one else to shoulder the burden.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the rest of Henry's reign, he clung to Henry's authority. The king had total trust in him and in return, Cranmer could not conceal anything from the king.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of June 1541, Henry with his new wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a>, left for his first visit to the north of England. Cranmer was left in London as a member of a council taking care of matters for the king in his absence. His colleagues were Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Audley,_1st_Baron_Audley_of_Walden" title="Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden">Thomas Audley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour</a>, Earl of Hertford. This was Cranmer's first major piece of responsibility outside the Church. In October, while the king and queen were away, a reformer named <a href="/wiki/John_Lascelles" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lascelles">John Lascelles</a> revealed to Cranmer that Catherine engaged in extramarital affairs. Cranmer gave the information to Audley and Seymour and they decided to wait until Henry's return. Afraid of angering the king, Audley and Seymour suggested that Cranmer inform Henry. Cranmer slipped a message to Henry during mass on <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Day">All Saints Day</a>. An investigation revealed the truth of the marital indiscretions and Catherine was executed in February 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_from_the_King_(1543–1547)"><span id="Support_from_the_King_.281543.E2.80.931547.29"></span>Support from the King (1543–1547)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Support from the King (1543–1547)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1543, several conservative clergymen in Kent banded together to attack and denounce two reformers, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Turner_(reformer)" title="Richard Turner (reformer)">Richard Turner</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bland_(reformer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bland (reformer) (page does not exist)">John Bland</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>. They prepared articles to present to the council, but at the last moment, additional denunciations were added by Stephen Gardiner's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Germain_Gardiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Germain Gardiner">Germain Gardiner</a>. These new articles attacked Cranmer and listed his misdeeds back to 1541. This document and the following actions were the basis of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Prebendaries%27_Plot" title="Prebendaries' Plot">Prebendaries' Plot</a>. The articles were delivered to the Council in London and were probably read on 22 April 1543. The king most likely saw the articles against Cranmer that night. The archbishop appeared unaware that an attack on his person was made. His commissioners in Lambeth dealt specifically with Turner's case where he was acquitted, much to the fury of the conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the plot against Cranmer proceeded, the reformers were attacked on other fronts. On 20 April, the Convocation reconvened to consider revising the Bishops' Book. Cranmer presided over the sub-committees, but the conservatives were able to overturn many reforming ideas, including justification by faith <i>alone</i>. On 5 May, the new revision called <i><a href="/wiki/A_Necessary_Doctrine_and_Erudition_for_any_Christian_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="A Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for any Christian Man">A Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for any Christian Man</a></i> or the King's Book was released. Doctrinally, it was far more conservative than the Bishops' Book. On 10 May, the reformers received another blow. Parliament passed the Act for the Advancement of True Religion, which abolished "erroneous books" and restricted the reading of the Bible in English to those of noble status. Reformers were examined, forced to recant, or imprisoned from May to August.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For five months, Henry took no action on the accusations against his archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspiracy was finally revealed to Cranmer by the king himself. According to Cranmer's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morice" title="Ralph Morice">Ralph Morice</a>, sometime in September 1543, the king showed Cranmer a paper summarising the accusations against him. An investigation was to be mounted and Cranmer was appointed chief investigator. Surprise raids were carried out, evidence gathered, and ringleaders identified. Typically, Cranmer put the clergymen involved in the conspiracy through immediate humiliation, but he eventually forgave them and continued to use their services. To show his trust in Cranmer, Henry gave Cranmer his ring. When the Privy Council arrested Cranmer at the end of November, the nobles were hampered by the symbol of the king's trust in him.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranmer's victory ended with two second-rank leaders imprisoned and Germain Gardiner executed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thomas_Cranmer.png/170px-Thomas_Cranmer.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thomas_Cranmer.png/255px-Thomas_Cranmer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thomas_Cranmer.png/340px-Thomas_Cranmer.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Cranmer painted by an unknown artist after <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>'s death.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said that his beard signified his mourning of the king and his rejection of the old Church.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the atmosphere in Cranmer's favour, he pursued quiet efforts to reform the Church, particularly the liturgy. On 27 May 1544, the first officially authorised vernacular service was published, the processional service of intercession known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Exhortation_and_Litany" title="Exhortation and Litany">Exhortation and Litany</a></i>. It survives today with minor modifications in the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litany</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocations</a> to saints, but Cranmer thoroughly reformed this aspect by providing no opportunity in the text for such <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a>. Additional reformers were elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>, and new legislation was introduced to curb the effects of the Act of the Six Articles and the Act for the Advancement of True Religion.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1546, the conservatives in a coalition including Gardiner, the Duke of Norfolk, the Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_1st_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton">Wriothesley</a>, and the bishop of London, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmund Bonner</a>, made one last attempt to challenge the reformers. Several reformers with links to Cranmer were targeted. Some, such as Lascelles, were burned at the stake. Powerful reform-minded nobles Edward Seymour and <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley</a> returned to England from overseas and turned the tide against the conservatives. Two incidents tipped the balance. Gardiner was disgraced before the king when he refused to agree to exchange episcopal estates, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey">the son of the Duke of Norfolk</a> was charged with treason and executed. There is no evidence that Cranmer played any part in these political games, and there were no further plots as the king's health ebbed in his final months. Cranmer performed his final duties for the king on 28 January 1547 when he gave a reformed statement of faith while gripping Henry's hand instead of giving him his <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>. Cranmer mourned Henry's death, and it was later said that he demonstrated his grief by growing a beard. The beard was also a sign of his break with the past. Continental reformers grew beards to mark their rejection of the old Church, and this significance of clerical beards was well understood in England. On 31 January, he was among the <a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executors</a> of the king's final will that nominated Edward Seymour as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> and welcomed the boy king, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_divines_and_reformed_doctrines_(1547–1549)"><span id="Foreign_divines_and_reformed_doctrines_.281547.E2.80.931549.29"></span>Foreign divines and reformed doctrines (1547–1549)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign divines and reformed doctrines (1547–1549)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin-Bucer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Martin-Bucer_1.jpg/170px-Martin-Bucer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Martin-Bucer_1.jpg/255px-Martin-Bucer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Martin-Bucer_1.jpg/340px-Martin-Bucer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>, who had corresponded with Cranmer for many years, was forced to take refuge in England.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the regency of Seymour, the reformers became part of the establishment. A royal visitation of the provinces took place in August 1547, and each parish was instructed to obtain a copy of the <i>Homilies</i>. This book consisted of twelve homilies, four of which were written by Cranmer. His reassertion of the doctrine of justification by faith elicited a strong reaction from Gardiner.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "Homily of Good Works annexed to Faith," Cranmer attacked <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">monasticism</a> and the importance of various personal actions involved in liturgical recitations and ceremonies. Hence, he narrowed the range of good works considered necessary and reinforced the importance of faith. In each parish visited, injunctions were put in place that resolved to "...eliminate any image which had any suspicion of devotion attached to it."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cranmer's eucharistic views, which had already moved away from official Catholic doctrine, received another push from Continental reformers. Cranmer had been in contact with Martin Bucer since initial contacts were made with the Schmalkaldic League. Cranmer and Bucer's relationship became ever closer owing to Charles V's victory over the League at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a>, which left England as the sole major nation that gave sanctuary to persecuted reformers. Cranmer wrote a letter to Bucer (now lost) with questions on eucharistic theology. In Bucer's reply dated 28 November 1547, he denied the human real presence and condemned <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">adoration</a> of the elements. The letter was delivered to Cranmer by two Italian reformed theologians, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Martire_Vermigli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro Martire Vermigli">Peter Martyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Ochino" title="Bernardino Ochino">Bernardino Ochino</a>, who were invited to take refuge in England. Martyr also brought with him an epistle written allegedly by <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, <i>Ad Caesarium Monachum</i>, which appeared to provide <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> support against the corporeal real presence.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These documents influenced Cranmer's thoughts on the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1549, Strasbourg forced Martin Bucer and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fagius" title="Paul Fagius">Paul Fagius</a> to leave. Cranmer immediately invited the men to England and promised they would be placed in English universities. When they arrived on 25 April, Cranmer was delighted to meet Bucer face to face after eighteen years of correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He needed these scholarly men to train a new generation of preachers as well as to assist in the reform of liturgy and doctrine. Others who accepted his invitations included the Polish reformer, <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski" title="Jan Łaski">Jan Łaski</a>, but Cranmer could not convince Osiander and Melanchthon that they should come to England.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1548–1549)"><span id="Book_of_Common_Prayer_.281548.E2.80.931549.29"></span><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1548–1549)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Book of Common Prayer (1548–1549)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Common_Prayer,_1549_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg/220px-Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg/330px-Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg/440px-Book_of_Common_Prayer%2C_1549_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The title page of the 1549 <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>As the use of English in worship services spread, the need for a complete uniform liturgy for the Church became evident. Initial meetings to start what would eventually become the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a> were held in the former <a href="/wiki/Chertsey_Abbey" title="Chertsey Abbey">abbey of Chertsey</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> in September 1548. The list of participants can be only partially reconstructed, but it is known that the members were balanced between conservatives and reformers. These meetings were followed by a debate on the Eucharist in the House of Lords which took place between 14 and 19 December. Cranmer publicly revealed in this debate that he had abandoned the doctrine of the corporeal real presence and believed that the Eucharistic presence was only spiritual.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament backed the publication of the prayer book after Christmas by passing the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1549" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1549">Act of Uniformity 1549</a>; it then legalised clerical marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to ascertain how much of the prayer book is Cranmer's personal composition. Generations of liturgical scholars have been able to track down the sources that he used, including the <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">Sarum Rite</a>, writings from <a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Wied" title="Hermann of Wied">Hermann von Wied</a>, and several Lutheran sources including Osiander and <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is more problematic to determine how Cranmer worked on the book and with whom he worked. Where information about his possible helpers is lacking, he is given the credit for the editorship and the overall structure of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the new prayer book was made compulsory on 9 June 1549. This triggered a series of protests in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> where the English language was not yet in common usage,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2010189Genocide_and_Ethnocide_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2010189Genocide_and_Ethnocide-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now known as the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a>. By early July, the uprising had spread to other parts in the east of England. The rebels made a number of demands including the restoration of the Six Articles, the use of Latin for the mass with only the consecrated bread given to the laity, the restoration of prayers for souls in purgatory, and the rebuilding of abbeys. Cranmer wrote a strong response to these demands to the King in which he denounced the wickedness of the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 July, Cranmer commandeered <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> where he vigorously defended the official Church line. A draft of his sermon, the only extant written sample of his preaching from his entire career, shows that he collaborated with Peter Martyr on dealing with the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidating_gains_(1549–1551)"><span id="Consolidating_gains_.281549.E2.80.931551.29"></span>Consolidating gains (1549–1551)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consolidating gains (1549–1551)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prayer Book Rebellion and other events harmed the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset#Council_of_Regency" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Seymour regency</a>. The Privy Council became divided when several dissident Councillors joined behind John Dudley to oust Seymour. Cranmer and two other Councillors, <a href="/wiki/William_Paget,_1st_Baron_Paget" title="William Paget, 1st Baron Paget">William Paget</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Thomas Smith (diplomat)">Thomas Smith</a> initially rallied behind Seymour. After a flurry of letters passed between the two sides, a bloodless <i>coup d'état</i> ended Seymour's Protectorship on 13 October 1549. Despite the support of religiously conservative politicians behind Dudley's coup, the reformers managed to maintain control of the new government, and the English Reformation continued to consolidate gains.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seymour was initially imprisoned in the Tower but was shortly released on 6 February 1550 and returned to the council. The archbishop was able to transfer his former chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a>, from the minor <a href="/wiki/See_of_Rochester" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Rochester">see of Rochester</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">diocese of London</a>. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/John_Ponet" title="John Ponet">John Ponet</a> took Ridley's former position. Incumbent conservatives were uprooted and replaced with reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hooper_by_Henry_Bryan_Hall_after_James_Warren_Childe_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_Hooper_by_Henry_Bryan_Hall_after_James_Warren_Childe_cropped.jpg/170px-John_Hooper_by_Henry_Bryan_Hall_after_James_Warren_Childe_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/John_Hooper_by_Henry_Bryan_Hall_after_James_Warren_Childe_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a> was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwinglian</a> Reformation and advocated more radical reforms. Portrait by Henry Bryan Hall, 1839.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first result of cooperation and consultation between Cranmer and Bucer was the <a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">first Edwardine Ordinal</a>, the liturgy for the ordination of priests. This was missing in the first prayer book and was not published until 1550. Cranmer adopted Bucer's draft and created three services for commissioning: a deacon, a priest, and a bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvis200597–99_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvis200597–99-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Cranmer produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_True_and_Catholic_Doctrine_of_the_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ" title="Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ">Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ</a></i>, a semi-official explanation of the eucharistic theology within the prayer book. It was the first full-length book with Cranmer's name on the title page. The preface summarises his quarrel with Rome in a well-known passage where he compared "beads, pardons, pilgrimages, and such other like popery" with weeds. Still, the roots of the weeds were transubstantiation, the corporeal real presence, and the sacrificial nature of the mass.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Bucer assisted in the development of the English Reformation, he was still quite concerned about the speed of its progress. Both Bucer and Fagius had noticed that the 1549 prayer book was not a remarkable step forward. However, Cranmer assured Bucer that it was only a first step and that its initial form was temporary.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1550, Bucer was becoming disillusioned. Cranmer ensured he did not feel alienated and kept in close touch with him. This attention paid off during the <a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">vestments controversy</a>. This incident was initiated by <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a> who had recently returned from <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. Hooper was unhappy with Cranmer's prayer book and ordinal and particularly objected to using ceremonies and vestments. When the Privy Council selected him to be the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Gloucester" title="Bishop of Gloucester">Bishop of Gloucester</a> on 15 May 1550, he laid down conditions for not wearing the required vestments. He found an ally among the Continental reformers in Jan Łaski, who had become a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Church,_Austin_Friars" title="Dutch Church, Austin Friars">Stranger church</a> in London, a designated place of worship for Continental Protestant refugees. His church's forms and practices had taken reforms much further than Cranmer would have liked. Bucer and Peter Martyr, while they sympathised with Hooper's position, supported Cranmer's arguments of timing and authority. Cranmer and Ridley stood their ground. This led to Hooper's imprisonment, and he eventually gave in. He was consecrated on 8 March 1551 according to the ordinal and preached before the king in his episcopal garments. Cranmer's vision of reform was maintained through careful steps under the government's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_reform_programme_(1551–1553)"><span id="Final_reform_programme_.281551.E2.80.931553.29"></span>Final reform programme (1551–1553)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final reform programme (1551–1553)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">Book of Common Prayer (1552)</a></div> <p>Cranmer's role in politics was diminishing when, on 16 October 1551, Seymour was arrested on charges of treason. In December, Seymour was put on trial, and although acquitted of treason, he was judged guilty of <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> and was put to death on 22 January 1552.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began the breach between Cranmer and Dudley. It was aggravated during the year by the regency's gradual appropriation of ecclesiastical property.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch520_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch520-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout this political turmoil, Cranmer worked simultaneously on three major projects in his reform programme: the revision of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>, the revision of the prayer book, and the formation of a statement of doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Vermigli_by_Hans_Asper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pietro_Vermigli_by_Hans_Asper.jpg/170px-Pietro_Vermigli_by_Hans_Asper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pietro_Vermigli_by_Hans_Asper.jpg/255px-Pietro_Vermigli_by_Hans_Asper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pietro_Vermigli_by_Hans_Asper.jpg/340px-Pietro_Vermigli_by_Hans_Asper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr (Pietro Martire Vermigli)</a> greatly assisted Cranmer in the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Asper" title="Hans Asper">Hans Asper</a>, 1560.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original Catholic canon law that defined governance within the Church needed revision following Henry's break with Rome. Several revision attempts were made throughout Henry's reign, but these initial projects were shelved as the speed of reform outpaced the time required to revise. As the reformation stabilised, Cranmer formed a committee in December 1551 to restart the work. He recruited Peter Martyr to the committee and he also asked Łaski and Hooper to participate, showing his habitual ability to forgive past actions. Cranmer and Martyr realised that a successful enactment of a reformed ecclesiastical law code in England would have international significance. Cranmer planned to draw together all the reformed churches of Europe under England's leadership to counter the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, the Catholic Church's response to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. In March 1552, Cranmer invited the foremost Continental reformers, Bullinger, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, and Melanchthon, to come to England and to participate in an ecumenical council.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response was disappointing: Melanchthon did not respond, Bullinger stated that neither of them could leave Germany as it was riven by war between the Emperor and the Lutheran princes, and while Calvin showed some enthusiasm, he said he was unable to come. Cranmer acknowledged Calvin and replied, "Meanwhile, we will reform the English Church to the utmost of our ability and give our labour that both its doctrines and laws will be improved after the model of holy scripture."<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch520_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch520-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One partial manuscript of the project survived that was annotated with corrections and comments by Cranmer and Martyr. When the final version was presented to Parliament, the breach between Cranmer and Dudley was complete and the regent effectively killed the canon law bill in the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with the first prayer book, the origins and participants in its revision are obscure, but it was clear that Cranmer led the project and steered its development. It had begun as early as the end of 1549 when the Convocation of Canterbury met to discuss the matter. Late in 1550, the opinions of Martyr and Bucer were sought on how the liturgy might be improved, and they influenced the revision significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view of the spiritual presence was clarified by the use of entirely different words at the offering of the bread and the wine to the communicants. New <a href="/wiki/Rubrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubrics">rubrics</a> noted that any bread could be used, and any bread or wine that remained could be used by the <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a>, thus dissociating the elements from any physical presence. The new book removed any possibility of prayers for the dead because such prayers implied support for the doctrine of purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1552" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1552">Act of Uniformity 1552</a>, which authorised the book's use, specified that it be exclusively used from 1 November. The final version was officially published at almost the last minute, owing to Dudley's intervention. While travelling in the north of the country, he met the Scots reformer <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, who was based in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>. Impressed by his preaching, Dudley selected him as a royal chaplain and brought him south to participate in the reform projects. In a sermon before the king, Knox attacked the practice of kneeling during communion. On 27 September 1552, the Privy Council stopped the printing of the new prayer book and told Cranmer to revise it. He responded with a long letter arguing that it was for Parliament, with the royal assent, to decide any changes in the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 October, the council decided to keep the liturgy as it was and to add the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rubric" title="Black Rubric">Black Rubric</a></i>, which explained that no adoration was intended when kneeling at communion.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the statement which eventually became the <i><a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a></i> are equally obscure. As early as December 1549, the archbishop demanded that his bishops subscribe to certain doctrinal articles. In 1551, Cranmer presented a version of a statement to the bishops, but its status remained ambiguous. Cranmer did not devote much effort to developing the articles, most likely owing to work on the canon law revision. He became more interested once the hope for an ecumenical council faded. By September 1552, draft versions of the articles were being worked on by Cranmer and <a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a>, his scholarly friend, commissioned to translate them into Latin. When the <i>Forty-two Articles</i> were finally published in May 1553, the title page declared that the Convocation agreed upon the articles, which were published by the king's authority. This was not the case and the mistake was likely caused by miscommunications between the archbishop and the Privy Council. Cranmer complained about this to the council, but the authorities noted that the articles were developed during the Convocation (hence evading giving a direct answer). The council gave Cranmer the unhappy task of requiring the bishops to subscribe to the articles, many of whom opposed them and pointed out the anomaly of the title page. While Cranmer was carrying out this duty, events unfolded that rendered the subscriptions futile.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials,_recantations,_execution_(1553–1556)"><span id="Trials.2C_recantations.2C_execution_.281553.E2.80.931556.29"></span>Trials, recantations, execution (1553–1556)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trials, recantations, execution (1553–1556)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_(Episcopal),_Little_Rock_-_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christ_Church_%28Episcopal%29%2C_Little_Rock_-_window.jpg/170px-Christ_Church_%28Episcopal%29%2C_Little_Rock_-_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christ_Church_%28Episcopal%29%2C_Little_Rock_-_window.jpg/255px-Christ_Church_%28Episcopal%29%2C_Little_Rock_-_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christ_Church_%28Episcopal%29%2C_Little_Rock_-_window.jpg/340px-Christ_Church_%28Episcopal%29%2C_Little_Rock_-_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window depicting Cranmer, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Ridley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Latimer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Martyrs" title="Oxford Martyrs">Oxford Martyrs</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a> became seriously ill and the councillors were told that he did not have long to live. In May 1553, the council sent several letters to Continental reformers assuring them that Edward's health was improving. Among the letters was one addressed to Melanchthon inviting him to come to England to take up the <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Regius Professor of Divinity">Regius Chair</a> in Cambridge which had been vacant since the death of Martin Bucer in February 1551. Both Henry VIII and Cranmer had previously failed to convince Melanchthon to come; this time, the council made a serious effort by sending him an advance to cover his travel expenses. Cranmer sent a personal letter urging him to take the offer. Despite his plea, Melanchthon never made the voyage to England. While this effort to shore up the reformation was taking place, the council was working to persuade several judges to put on the throne <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, Edward's cousin and a Protestant, instead of Mary, Henry and Catherine of Aragon's daughter and a Catholic. On 17 June 1553, the king made his will, noting Jane would succeed him, contravening the <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third Succession Act</a>. Cranmer tried to speak to Edward alone, but he was refused and his audience with Edward occurred in the presence of the councillors. Edward told him that he supported what he had written in his will. Cranmer's decision to support Jane must have occurred before 19 June, when royal orders were sent to convene the Convocation for the recognition of the new succession.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-July, there were serious provincial revolts in Mary's favour and support for Jane in the council fell. As Mary was proclaimed queen, Dudley, Ridley, Cheke, and Jane's father, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Duke of Suffolk</a>, were imprisoned. No action was taken against the archbishop. On 8 August, he led Edward's funeral according to the rites of the prayer book. During these months, he advised others, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr</a>, to flee England, but he himself chose to stay. Reformed bishops were removed from office and conservative clergy, such as Edmund Bonner, had their old positions restored. Cranmer did not go down without a fight. When rumours spread that he authorised the use of the mass in Canterbury Cathedral, he declared them to be false and said, "All the doctrine and religion by our said sovereign lord king Edward VI is more pure and according to God's word than any that hath been used in England these thousand years."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not surprisingly, the government regarded Cranmer's declaration as tantamount to sedition. He was ordered to stand before the council in the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a> on 14 September and on that day he said his final goodbye to Martyr. Cranmer was sent straight to the Tower to join Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 November 1553, Cranmer and four others were brought to trial for treason, found guilty, and condemned to death. Numerous witnesses testified that Cranmer had encouraged heresy and had written heretical works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017397_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017397-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through February 1554, Jane Grey and other rebels were executed, and attention then turned to the religious leaders of the reformation. On 8 March 1554, the Privy Council ordered Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer to be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Bocardo_Prison" title="Bocardo Prison">Bocardo prison</a> in Oxford to await a second trial for heresy. During this time, Cranmer was able to smuggle out a letter to Martyr, who had fled to Strasbourg, the last surviving document written in his own hand. He stated that the desperate situation of the church was proof that it would eventually be delivered and wrote, "I pray that God may grant that we may endure to the end!"<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranmer remained isolated in Bocardo prison for seventeen months before the trial started on 12 September 1555. Although it took place in England, the trial was under papal jurisdiction and the final verdict would come from Rome. Under interrogation, Cranmer admitted to every fact that was placed before him, but he denied any treachery, disobedience, or heresy. The trial of Latimer and Ridley started shortly after Cranmer's but their verdicts came almost immediately and they were burned at the stake on 16 October. Cranmer was taken to a tower to watch the proceedings. On 4 December, Rome decided Cranmer's fate by <a href="/wiki/Benefit_of_clergy" title="Benefit of clergy">depriving him of the archbishopric</a> and giving permission to the secular authorities to carry out their sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_of_Thomas_Cranmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trial_of_Thomas_Cranmer.jpg/250px-Trial_of_Thomas_Cranmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trial_of_Thomas_Cranmer.jpg/375px-Trial_of_Thomas_Cranmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trial_of_Thomas_Cranmer.jpg/500px-Trial_of_Thomas_Cranmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption>The Trial of Thomas Cranmer (1580)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his final days, Cranmer's circumstances changed, which led to several <a href="/wiki/Recantation" title="Recantation">recantations</a>. On 11 December, he was taken out of Bocardo and placed in the house of the Dean of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>. This new environment was very different from that of his two years in prison. He was in an academic community and treated as a guest. Approached by a Dominican friar, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Villagarc%C3%ADa" title="Juan de Villagarcía">Juan de Villagarcía</a>, he debated the issues of papal supremacy and purgatory. In his first four recantations, produced between the end of January and mid-February, Cranmer submitted himself to the authority of the king and queen and recognised the Pope as head of the Church. On 14 February 1556, he was degraded from holy orders and returned to Bocardo. He had conceded very little and Edmund Bonner was not satisfied with these admissions. </p><p>On 24 February, a writ was issued to the mayor of Oxford and the date of Cranmer's execution was set for 7 March. Two days after the writ was issued, a fifth statement, the first which could be called a true recantation, was issued. Cranmer repudiated all <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Zwinglian theology</a>, fully accepted Catholic theology, including papal supremacy and transubstantiation, and stated that there was no salvation outside the Catholic Church. He announced his joy at returning to the Catholic faith, asked for and received sacramental <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a>, and participated in the mass. Cranmer's burning was postponed and, under the normal practice of canon law, he should have been absolved. Mary, however, decided that no further postponement was possible. His last recantation was issued on 18 March. It was a sign of a broken man, a sweeping confession of sin.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the stipulation in canon law that recanting heretics be reprieved, Mary was determined to make an example of Cranmer, arguing that "his iniquity and obstinacy was so great against God and your Grace that your clemency and mercy could have no place with him", and pressed ahead with his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranmer_burning_foxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cranmer_burning_foxe.jpg/250px-Cranmer_burning_foxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cranmer_burning_foxe.jpg/375px-Cranmer_burning_foxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cranmer_burning_foxe.jpg/500px-Cranmer_burning_foxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Cranmer's martyrdom, from <a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a> (1563)</figcaption></figure> <p>Cranmer was told that he would be able to make a final recantation, but that this time it was to be in public during a service at the <a href="/wiki/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" title="University Church of St Mary the Virgin">University Church</a> in Oxford. He wrote and submitted the speech in advance and it was published after his death. At the pulpit on the day of his execution, 21 March 1556, he opened with a prayer and an exhortation to obey the king and queen, but he ended his sermon totally unexpectedly, deviating from the prepared script. He renounced the recantations that he had written or signed with his own hand since his degradation and he stated that, in consequence, his hand would be punished by being burnt first. He then said, "And as for the Pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> with all his false doctrine."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was pulled from the pulpit and taken to where Latimer and Ridley had been burnt six months previously. As the flames drew around him, he fulfilled his promise by placing his right hand into the heart of the fire, calling it "that unworthy hand". His <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">dying words</a> were, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. I see the heavens open and Jesus standing at the right hand of God."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Marian government produced a pamphlet with all six recantations plus the text of the speech Cranmer was to have made in the University Church. His subsequent withdrawal of his recantations was not mentioned, though what actually happened soon became common knowledge, undermining the effectiveness of Marian propaganda. Similarly, the Protestant party had difficulty in making use of the event, given Cranmer's recantations. The <a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">exiles</a>' propaganda concentrated on publishing various specimens of his writings. Eventually <a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a> put Cranmer's story to effective use in 1559, and it featured prominently in his <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_and_Monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts and Monuments">Acts and Monuments</a></i> when it was first printed in 1563.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Cranmer_on_the_Martyr%27s_Memorial,_Oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Statue_of_Cranmer_on_the_Martyr%27s_Memorial%2C_Oxford.jpg/200px-Statue_of_Cranmer_on_the_Martyr%27s_Memorial%2C_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Statue_of_Cranmer_on_the_Martyr%27s_Memorial%2C_Oxford.jpg/300px-Statue_of_Cranmer_on_the_Martyr%27s_Memorial%2C_Oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Statue_of_Cranmer_on_the_Martyr%27s_Memorial%2C_Oxford.jpg/400px-Statue_of_Cranmer_on_the_Martyr%27s_Memorial%2C_Oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Cranmer on the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Memorial,_Oxford" title="Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford">Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cranmer's family had been exiled to the Continent in 1539. It is not known exactly when they returned to England, but it was soon after the accession of Edward VI in 1547 that Cranmer publicly acknowledged their existence. Not much is known about the early years of the children. His daughter, Margaret, was likely born in the 1530s and his son, Thomas, came later, probably during the reign of Edward. Around the time of Mary's accession, Cranmer's wife, Margarete, escaped to Germany, while his son was entrusted to his brother, Edmund Cranmer, who took him to the Continent. Margarete Cranmer eventually married Cranmer's favourite publisher, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whitchurch" title="Edward Whitchurch">Edward Whitchurch</a>. The couple returned to England after Mary's reign and settled in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>. Whitchurch also negotiated for the marriage of Margaret to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton" title="Thomas Norton">Thomas Norton</a>. Whitchurch died in 1562 and Margarete married for the third time to Bartholomew Scott. She died in the 1570s. Both of Cranmer's children died without issue and his line became extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> came to power in 1558 she restored the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s independence from Rome under the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a>. The church that she re-established represented, in effect, a snapshot of the Edwardine Church from September 1552. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">Elizabethan prayer book</a> was basically Cranmer's 1552 edition but without the "Black Rubric". In the <a href="/wiki/Convocation_of_1563" title="Convocation of 1563">Convocation of 1563</a> the <i>Forty-two Articles</i> which were never adopted by the Church were altered in the area of eucharistic doctrine to form the <i>Thirty-Nine Articles</i>. Most of the exiles returned to England and resumed their careers in the Church. To some like <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a>, an Archbishop of Canterbury during Elizabeth's reign, Cranmer provided a shining example whose work should be upheld and extended.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cranmer's greatest concerns were the maintenance of the royal supremacy and the diffusion of reformed theology and practice. Scholars note that he is best remembered for his contribution to the realms of language and of cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His prose helped to guide the development of the English language, and the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> is a major contribution to English literature that influenced many lives in the Anglophone world. It has guided Anglican worship for four hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic biographers sometimes depict Cranmer as an unprincipled opportunist, a <a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a tool of royal tyranny. For their part, some Protestant biographers appear to overlook the ways or occasions in which Cranmer betrayed his own principles.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides can agree in seeing Cranmer as a committed scholar whose life showed the strengths and weaknesses of a very human and often under-appreciated reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of England commemorates Thomas Cranmer as a Reformation Martyr on 21 March, the anniversary of his death, and he is remembered in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">calendar of saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">lesser festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supposed site of the burnings is marked by a paving cross in <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street,_Oxford" title="Broad Street, Oxford">Broad Street, Oxford</a>, where an annual remembrance is held by the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Society_(England)" title="Prayer Book Society (England)">Prayer Book Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">U.S. Episcopal Church liturgical calendar</a> honours him (together with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a>) with a "day of optional observance" on 16 October.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004">Matthew & Harrison 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 340; <a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. frontispiece</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrype1840181-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrype1840181_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrype1840181_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrype1840">Strype 1840</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. 13. The only authority for the date of his birth (2 July) is, according to Ridley, an anonymous biographer who wrote shortly after Cranmer's death. The biographer makes several mistakes about Cranmer's early life.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirst19342-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirst19342_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirst1934">Hirst 1934</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown189181-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown189181_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1891">Brown 1891</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 109. The arms are emblazoned, "A chevron between three cranes" (Cranmer) and "Argent, five fusils in fesse gules each charged with an escallop or" (Aslacton).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 13–15; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 7–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelwyn1993">Selwyn 1993</a>, pp. 63–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACADCRNR503T" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=CRNR503T&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Cranmer, Thomas (CRNR503T)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranmer%2C+Thomas+%28CRNR503T%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DCRNR503T%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 19–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 16–20; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 21–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard2005">Bernard 2005</a>, p. 506; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 23–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2016">MacCulloch 2016</a>, pp. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 42. According to MacCulloch, he became convinced of this perhaps as much as two years before his passion for Anne Boleyn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 41–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 25–33; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 45–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 54–59. The full title is <i>The Determinations of the most famous and most excellent Universities of Italy and France, that it is unlawful for a man to marry his brother's wife, that the Pope hath no power to dispense therewith</i> and it is likely that Cranmer undertook the translation from Latin to English. Comparing the two language versions, MacCulloch notes that the document reveals the first indications of a change away from his humanist Catholicism towards a more radically reformist stance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 60–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1993a">Hall 1993a</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 39–47; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 70–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyris1993a">Ayris 1993a</a>, pp. 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 49–53; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerceval1841[httpsarchiveorgdetailsanapologyfordoc00socigoogpagen204_188]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerceval1841[httpsarchiveorgdetailsanapologyfordoc00socigoogpagen204_188]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerceval1841">Perceval 1841</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anapologyfordoc00socigoog/page/n204">188</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 637–638</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 53–58; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 83–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 59–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 90–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowling1993">Dowling 1993</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard2005">Bernard 2005</a>, p. 507; <a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 98–102, 109–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 91–92, 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyris2002">Ayris 2002</a>, pp. 81–86; <a href="#CITEREFAyris1993a">Ayris 1993a</a>, pp. 125–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 127–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 154; <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2008">Schofield 2008</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 100–104; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 149–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 160–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 113–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 115–118; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 169–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 118–123; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 185–196, 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 123–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 205–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 161–165; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 213–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 178–184; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 235–250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 195–206; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 238, 256–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowell1816">Howell 1816</a>, pp. 433–440. According to Howell, several charges were brought against him but the chief one was heresy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 217–223; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 274–289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 297–308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 308–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 316. It is unknown why Henry took so long to react to the charges against Cranmer. MacCulloch notes that it was Henry's nature to brood over the evidence against his archbishop. He also speculates that Cranmer's support of the King's Book made Henry consider whether the charges were serious. Another possibility is that in playing the situation out, Henry could observe the behaviour of the leading politicians until he was ready to intervene.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 235–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 316–322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 327–329, 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 352–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchiSteinmetz2004">Bagchi & Steinmetz 2004</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 265–270; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 365, 369–376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman-Norton1929">Coleman-Norton 1929</a>, p. 279. The epistle was once widely accepted as written by Chrysostom but is now commonly regarded as a forgery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1993b">Hall 1993b</a>, pp. 227–228; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 380–382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 421–422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1993b">Hall 1993b</a>, pp. 223–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, p. 284; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 405–406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 395–398, 405–408; <a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 285–289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinks1993">Spinks 1993</a>, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1998">Robinson 1998</a>, p. 82; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 414–417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2010189Genocide_and_Ethnocide-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2010189Genocide_and_Ethnocide_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMills2010">Mills 2010</a>, p. 189, Genocide and Ethnocide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 293–297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 410, 429–437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoades1993">Loades 1993</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 443–447. MacCulloch claims that Paget supported Seymour, but according to Loades, only Smith joined with Cranmer. Loades also states that it was likely Cranmer who persuaded Seymour to surrender.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 454–459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvis200597–99-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvis200597–99_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvis2005">Avis 2005</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 322–323; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 460–469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 410–411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 308–315; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 469–484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoades2004">Loades 2004</a>, pp. 109–111 According to Loades, a felony, a lesser crime than treason in English law, included gathering men unlawfully and plotting the death of a councillor. Seymour admitted to these actions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCulloch520-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch520_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch520_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 493–500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 501–502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyris1993b">Ayris 1993b</a>, pp. 318–321; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 500–502, 518–520, 533</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchiSteinmetz2004">Bagchi & Steinmetz 2004</a>, pp. 158–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 322–327; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 504–513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyris2001">Ayris 2001</a>, pp. 15–17, 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 336–337; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 512, 525–530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 503–504, 524, 536–538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 538–541</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinze1993">Heinze 1993</a>, pp. 263–264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 547–553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017397-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017397_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 554–555, 561–562, 572–573 <i>Cf</i>. "he that endureth to the end shall be saved" <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#10:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 10:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinze1993">Heinze 1993</a>, pp. 267–271; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 574–582</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinze1993">Heinze 1993</a>, pp. 273–276; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 584–599. Heinze and MacCulloch note that Cranmer's recantations can be deduced from two primary sources that had opposite polemical aims, <i>Bishop Cranmer's Recantacyons</i> by an unknown author and <i>Acts and Monuments</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 597</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinze1993">Heinze 1993</a>, p. 279; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 603</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinze1993">Heinze 1993</a>, pp. 277–280; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 600–605. According to Heinze and MacCulloch, an additional corroborating account of Cranmer's execution is found in the letter of a Catholic witness with the initials J. A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 606–608</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 148–153; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 361, 481, 609–612</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 620–621</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson1993">Stevenson 1993</a>, pp. 189–198; <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 420–421. Stevenson adds that the marriage vow from the prayer book occupies a singular place in the cultural life of the English language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, pp. 630–632</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverell2008">Overell 2008</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1962">Ridley 1962</a>, pp. 11–12; <a href="#CITEREFNull2006">Null 2006</a>, pp. 2–17. Null provides an overview of Cranmer scholarship and the different points of view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinze1993">Heinze 1993</a>, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx">"Holy Days in the Calendar of the Church of England"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629005446/http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Days+in+the+Calendar+of+the+Church+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-worship%2Fworship%2Ftexts%2Fthe-calendar%2Fholydays.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/broad/buildings/martyrs.html">"Martyrs' Cross, Broad Street, Oxford"</a>. <i>www.oxfordhistory.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518114116/https://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/broad/buildings/martyrs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordhistory.org.uk&rft.atitle=Martyrs%27+Cross%2C+Broad+Street%2C+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhistory.org.uk%2Fbroad%2Fbuildings%2Fmartyrs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. pp. 6, 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pages=6%2C+16&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEq7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Avis, Paul (2005). "The Revision of the Ordinal in the Church of England 1550–2005". <i>Ecclesiology</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 95–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1744136605051929">10.1177/1744136605051929</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-1366">1744-1366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecclesiology&rft.atitle=The+Revision+of+the+Ordinal+in+the+Church+of+England+1550%E2%80%932005&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-110&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1744136605051929&rft.issn=1744-1366&rft.aulast=Avis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyris1993a" class="citation book cs1">Ayris, Paul (1993a). "God's Vicegerent and Christ's Vicar: the Relationship between the Crown and the Archbishopric of Canterbury, 1533–53". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). <i>Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar</i>. 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Hansard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3815652">3815652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Collection+of+State+Trials+and+Proceedings+for+High+Treason+and+Other+Crimes+and+Misdemeanors+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Year+1783&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+C.+Hansard&rft.date=1816&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3815652&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompletecollec14jardgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades1993" class="citation book cs1">Loades, David (1993). "Thomas Cranmer and John Dudley: An Uneasy Alliance, 1549–1553". 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(2004). <i>Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547–1558</i>. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-77226-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-77226-5"><bdi>0-582-77226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intrigue+and+Treason%3A+The+Tudor+Court%2C+1547%E2%80%931558&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-582-77226-5&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc"><i>Thomas Cranmer: A Life</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06688-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06688-0"><bdi>0-300-06688-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-300-06688-0&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomascranmerlif0000macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N3TADAAAQBAJ"><i>All Things Made New: The Reformation and Its Legacy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061682-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061682-3"><bdi>978-0-19-061682-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Things+Made+New%3A+The+Reformation+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-061682-3&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3TADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2017" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7S_DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA397"><i>Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17062-7"><bdi>978-0-300-17062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heretics+and+Believers%3A+A+History+of+the+English+Reformation&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17062-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7S_DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian Howard, eds. (2004). <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56568095">56568095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56568095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2010" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Jon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xF4nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">"Genocide and Ethnocide: The Suppression of the Cornish Language"</a>. In Partridge, John (ed.). <i>Interfaces in Language</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2433-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2433-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-2433-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+Ethnocide%3A+The+Suppression+of+the+Cornish+Language&rft.btitle=Interfaces+in+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2433-0&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxF4nBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNull2006" class="citation book cs1">Null, Ashley (2006). <i>Thomas Cranmer's Doctrine of Repentance: Renewing the Power to Love</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827021-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827021-6"><bdi>0-19-827021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%27s+Doctrine+of+Repentance%3A+Renewing+the+Power+to+Love&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-827021-6&rft.aulast=Null&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverell2008" class="citation book cs1">Overell, Anne (2008). <i>Italian reform and English Reformations, c.1535-c.1585</i>. Farnham, Surrey, UK: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5579-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5579-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-5579-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+reform+and+English+Reformations%2C+c.1535-c.1585&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5579-4&rft.aulast=Overell&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerceval1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Philip_Perceval" title="Arthur Philip Perceval">Perceval, Arthur Philip</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anapologyfordoc00socigoog"><i>An Apology for the Doctrine of Apostolical Succession: With an Appendix, on the English Orders</i></a> (second ed.). London: Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Apology+for+the+Doctrine+of+Apostolical+Succession%3A+With+an+Appendix%2C+on+the+English+Orders.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Rivington&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Perceval&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanapologyfordoc00socigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Ridley, Jasper</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascranmer0000ridl"><i>Thomas Cranmer</i></a></span>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/398369">398369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F398369&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomascranmer0000ridl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1998" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Ian (1998). <i>The Establishment of Modern English Prose in the Reformation and the Enlightenment</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48088-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48088-4"><bdi>0-521-48088-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Establishment+of+Modern+English+Prose+in+the+Reformation+and+the+Enlightenment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-48088-4&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2008" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, John (2008). <i>The Rise & Fall of Thomas Cromwell</i>. Stroud, England: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4604-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4604-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-4604-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+Thomas+Cromwell&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4604-2&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwyn1993" class="citation book cs1">Selwyn, D. G. (1993). "Cranmer's Library". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). <i>Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">The Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9"><bdi>0-85115-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranmer%27s+Library&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+Churchman+and+Scholar&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85115-549-9&rft.aulast=Selwyn&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinks1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._Spinks" title="Bryan D. Spinks">Spinks, Bryan D.</a> (1993). "Treasures Old and New: A Look at Some of Thomas Cranmer's Methods of Liturgical Compilation". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). <i>Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">The Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9"><bdi>0-85115-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treasures+Old+and+New%3A+A+Look+at+Some+of+Thomas+Cranmer%27s+Methods+of+Liturgical+Compilation&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+Churchman+and+Scholar&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85115-549-9&rft.aulast=Spinks&rft.aufirst=Bryan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1993" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Kenneth W. (1993). "Cranmer's Marriage Vow: Its Place in the Tradition". In Ayris, Paul; Selwyn, David (eds.). <i>Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">The Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-549-9"><bdi>0-85115-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranmer%27s+Marriage+Vow%3A+Its+Place+in+the+Tradition&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+Churchman+and+Scholar&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85115-549-9&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrype1840" class="citation book cs1">Strype, John (1840) [1544]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJVIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA181">"Chapter 28"</a>. <i>Historical and Biographical Works: Memorials of Thomas Cranmer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+28&rft.btitle=Historical+and+Biographical+Works%3A+Memorials+of+Thomas+Cranmer&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Strype&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJVIAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1982" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Philip Edgecumbe (1982). <i>Faith and Works: Cranmer and Hooker on Justification</i>. Wilton, Conn.: Morehouse-Barlow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8192-1315-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8192-1315-2"><bdi>0-8192-1315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Works%3A+Cranmer+and+Hooker+on+Justification&rft.place=Wilton%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Morehouse-Barlow&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8192-1315-2&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Philip+Edgecumbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Richard (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5048524774">"Thomas Cranmer: The Yes-Man Who Said No: Richard Wilkinson Elucidates the Paradoxical Career of One of the Key Figures of English Protestantism"</a>. <i>History Review</i>. <b>68</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605100905/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-244158792/thomas-cranmer-the-yes-man-who-said-no-richard-wilkinson">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+The+Yes-Man+Who+Said+No%3A+Richard+Wilkinson+Elucidates+the+Paradoxical+Career+of+One+of+the+Key+Figures+of+English+Protestantism&rft.volume=68&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D5048524774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Leslie (2017). <i>Emblem of Faith Untouched: A Short Life of Thomas Cranmer</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emblem+of+Faith+Untouched%3A+A+Short+Life+of+Thomas+Cranmer&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL2195109A">Works by Thomas Cranmer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199894#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01089">Portraits of Thomas Cranmer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199894#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6615">10.1093/ref:odnb/6615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranmer%2C+Thomas+%281489%E2%80%931556%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Cranmer" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html">The execution of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer (1556)</a> at EnglishHistory.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cranmer_thomas.shtml">Thomas Cranmer biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.asp">Letter from Cranmer on Henry VIII's divorce</a> at the Center for Medieval Studies at <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/resources/acis/docs/thirty_nine_articles.cfm">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> from the Anglican Communion official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=141571">Thomas Cranmer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15724">Works by Thomas Cranmer</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">History of Christianity in Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygeberht" title="Hygeberht">Hygeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Church" title="Modern Church">Modern Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Anglicanism" title="Eucharist in Anglicanism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_United_States)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1962)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1962)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Morning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_converted_to_Anglicanism" title="List of people who have converted to Anglicanism">Converts to Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Armorial of the Church of England">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_prayer_beads" title="Anglican prayer beads">Anglican prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_churches_in_the_Americas" title="Anglican churches in the Americas">Anglicanism of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template talk:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archbishops_of_Canterbury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="List of archbishops of Canterbury">List of archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Conquest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wighard" title="Wighard">Wighard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatwine" title="Tatwine">Tatwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Canterbury" title="Cuthbert of Canterbury">Cuthbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregowine" title="Bregowine">Bregowine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6nberht" title="Jænberht">Jænberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhard" title="Æthelhard">Æthelhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfred" title="Wulfred">Wulfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feologild" title="Feologild">Feologild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolnoth" title="Ceolnoth">Ceolnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_(archbishop)" title="Æthelred (archbishop)">Æthelred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plegmund" title="Plegmund">Plegmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athelm" title="Athelm">Athelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhelm" title="Wulfhelm">Wulfhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige" title="Ælfsige">Ælfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhthelm_(bishop_of_Wells)" title="Byrhthelm (bishop of Wells)">Byrhthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeric_(bishop)" title="Sigeric (bishop)">Sigeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Abingdon" title="Ælfric of Abingdon">Ælfric of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert of Jumièges">Robert of Jumièges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conquest to <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_d%27Escures" title="Ralph d'Escures">Ralph d'Escures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Corbeil" title="William de Corbeil">William de Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald of Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Bailleul" title="Roger de Bailleul">Roger de Bailleul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Dover" title="Richard of Dover">Richard of Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin" title="Reginald Fitz Jocelin">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_(sub-prior)" title="Reginald (sub-prior)">Reginald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Gray" title="John de Gray">John de Gray</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_d%27Eynsham" title="Walter d'Eynsham">Walter d'Eynsham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_le_Grant" title="Richard le Grant">Richard le Grant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville" title="Ralph Neville">Ralph Neville</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_of_Sittingbourne" title="John of Sittingbourne">John of Sittingbourne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Blund" title="John Blund">John Blund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Abingdon" title="Edmund of Abingdon">Edmund of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Chillenden" title="William Chillenden">William Chillenden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cobham" title="Thomas Cobham">Thomas Cobham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reynolds" title="Walter Reynolds">Walter Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mepeham" title="Simon Mepeham">Simon Mepeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Stratford" title="John de Stratford">John de Stratford</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Edington" title="William Edington">William Edington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langham" title="Simon Langham">Simon Langham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whittlesey" title="William Whittlesey">William Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Walden" title="Roger Walden">Roger Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chichele" title="Henry Chichele">Henry Chichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_(bishop)" title="John Stafford (bishop)">John Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Potter_(bishop)" title="John Potter (bishop)">John Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="John Moore (archbishop of Canterbury)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton" title="Charles Manners-Sutton">Charles Manners-Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bird_Sumner" title="John Bird Sumner">John Bird Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglican_liturgical_books" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglican_liturgical_books" title="Template:Anglican liturgical books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglican_liturgical_books" title="Template talk:Anglican liturgical books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican_liturgical_books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican liturgical books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglican_liturgical_books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anglican liturgical books</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">1559</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)">1604</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a></dd> <dd><i>Liturgy of Comprehension</i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_England)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, England)">1928</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a></dt> <dd>1790</dd> <dd>1892</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_United_States)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)">1979</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a></dt> <dd>1918</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1962)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1962)">1962</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church of Scotland">Episcopal Church of Scotland</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prayer_Book_(1637)" title="Scottish Prayer Book (1637)">1637</a></dd> <dd>1912</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prayer_Book_(1929)" title="Scottish Prayer Book (1929)">1929</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1984)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1984)">1984</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Special printings</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1843_illustrated_version)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1843 illustrated version)">1843 illustrated version</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1845_illuminated_version)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1845 illuminated version)">1845 illuminated version</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Other liturgical books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Church of England</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Exhortation_and_Litany" title="Exhortation and Litany">Exhortation and Litany</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Primer_(prayer_book)" title="Primer (prayer book)">Primer</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Directory_for_Public_Worship" title="Directory for Public Worship">Directory for Public Worship</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/English_Missal" title="English Missal">English Missal</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Service_Book" title="Alternative Service Book">Alternative Service Book</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a></i></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Elsewhere</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Missal" title="Anglican Missal">Anglican Missal</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anglican_Service_Book" title="The Anglican Service Book">The Anglican Service Book</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Alternative_Services" title="Book of Alternative Services">Book of Alternative Services</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(Unitarian)" title="Book of Common Prayer (Unitarian)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (Unitarian)</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Eucharist:_Rite_Two" title="The Holy Eucharist: Rite Two">The Holy Eucharist: Rite Two</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Services" title="Sunday Services">Sunday Services</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Cranmer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Merbecke" title="John Merbecke">John Merbecke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wren" title="Matthew Wren">Matthew Wren</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Geddes" title="Jenny Geddes">Jenny Geddes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cosin" title="John Cosin">John Cosin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Episcopal_priest)" title="William Smith (Episcopal priest)">William Smith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_White_(bishop_of_Pennsylvania)" title="William White (bishop of Pennsylvania)">William White</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury" title="Samuel Seabury">Samuel Seabury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frere" title="Walter Frere">Walter Frere</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Act of Uniformity (disambiguation)">Acts of Uniformity</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1548" title="Act of Uniformity 1548">1548</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1552" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1552">1552</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1558" title="Act of Uniformity 1558">1558</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">1662</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)#Clarendon_Code" title="Penal law (British)">Clarendon Code</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_(Explanation)_Act_1663" title="Act of Uniformity (Explanation) Act 1663">1663 Explanation Act</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_Amendment_Act_1872" title="Act of Uniformity Amendment Act 1872">1872</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Public_Worship_Regulation_Act_1874" title="Public Worship Regulation Act 1874">1874 Regulation Act</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_(Worship_and_Doctrine)_Measure_1974" title="Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974">Worship and Doctrine Measure 1974</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Revising groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Conference" title="Hampton Court Conference">Hampton Court Conference</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Conference" title="Savoy Conference">Savoy Conference</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England" title="General Synod of the Church of England">General Synod of the Church of England</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Events</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vestarian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestarian controversy">Vestarian controversy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199894#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118670468">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cranmer, Thomas, 1489-1556"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017150">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12031278s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12031278s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36522154">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011211227&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1234932">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07040657X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90771321">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000291142&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr5774lc3dnxqch">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810683034705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/175007">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260078505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14106666">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10536969?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=141571">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/08303944">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1270755">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118670468.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118670468">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028486382">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64m9q5m">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&oldid=1258425096">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cranmer&oldid=1258425096</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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