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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Braille standard for the English language</div> <p><b>Unified English Braille Code</b> (<b>UEBC</b>, formerly <b>UBC</b>, now usually simply <b>UEB</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> code standard, developed to encompass the wide variety of literary and technical material in use in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> today, in uniform fashion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard <a href="/wiki/Braille_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille cell">6-dot braille</a> only provides 63 distinct characters (not including the <a href="/wiki/Space_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Space character">space character</a>), and thus, over the years a number of distinct rule-sets have been developed to represent literary text, mathematics, scientific material, computer software, the <a href="/wiki/@" class="mw-redirect" title="@">@</a> symbol used in email addresses, and other varieties of written material. Different countries also used differing encodings at various times: during the 1800s <a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> competed with <a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English Braille</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a> in the <i>War of the Dots</i>. As a result of the expanding need to represent technical symbolism, and divergence during the past 100 years across countries, braille users who desired to read or write a large range of material have needed to learn different sets of rules, depending on what kind of material they were reading at a given time. Rules for a particular type of material were often not compatible from one system to the next (the rule-sets for literary/mathematical/computerized encoding-areas were sometimes conflicting—and of course differing approaches to encoding mathematics were not compatible with each other), so the reader would need to be notified as the text in a book moved from computer braille code for programming to <a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth Code</a> for mathematics to standard literary braille. Moreover, the braille rule-set used for math and computer science topics, and even to an extent braille for literary purposes, differed among various English-speaking countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unified English Braille is intended to develop one set of rules, the same everywhere in the world, which could be applied across various types of English-language material. The notable exception to this unification is <a href="/wiki/Music_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Braille">Music Braille</a>, which UEB specifically does not encompass, because it is already well-standardized internationally. Unified English Braille is designed to be readily understood by people familiar with the literary braille (used in standard prose writing), while also including support for specialized math and science symbols, computer-related symbols (the @ sign<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as more specialised programming-language syntax), foreign alphabets, and visual effects (bullets, bold type, accent marks, and so on). </p><p>According to the original<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1991 specification<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for UEB, the goals were: </p> <dl><dd>1. simplify and unify the system of braille used for encoding <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, reducing community-fragmentation</dd> <dd>2. reduce the overall number of official coding systems, which currently include: <dl><dd>a. literary code (since 1933, <a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English Braille</a> Grade 2 has been the main component) <dl><dd>i. <a href="/wiki/BANA" class="mw-redirect" title="BANA">BANA</a> flavor used in North America, et cetera</dd> <dd>ii. <a href="/wiki/BAUK" class="mw-redirect" title="BAUK">BAUK</a> flavor used in United Kingdom, etc.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>b. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Textbook_Formats_and_Techniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Textbook Formats and Techniques (page does not exist)">Textbook Formats and Techniques</a> code</dd> <dd>c. math-notation and science-notation codes <dl><dd>i. <a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemeth Code">Nemeth Code</a> (since 1952, in North America and several other countries)</dd> <dd>ii. modern variants of Taylor Code, a subset of literary code (since 18xx, standard elsewhere, alternative in North America)</dd> <dd>iii. Extended Nemeth Code With <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> Module</dd> <dd>iv. Extended Nemeth Code With Ancient <a href="/wiki/Numeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeration">Numeration</a> Module</dd> <dd>v. Mathematical <a href="/wiki/Diagrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagrams">Diagrams</a> Module (not actually associated with any particular coding-system)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>d. <a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a> (since the 1980s,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for special characters) <dl><dd>i. the basic CBC</dd> <dd>ii. CBC With <a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a> Module</dd></dl></dd> <dd>e. <a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille Music Code</a> (since <a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829</a>, last upgraded/unified <a href="/wiki/Braille_music#Variations_in_Braille_music" title="Braille music">1997</a>, used for vocals and <a href="/wiki/Instrumentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentals">instrumentals</a>—this one explicitly <i>not</i> to be unified nor eliminated)</dd> <dd>f. [added later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>] <a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a> code (used for <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> transcriptions—this one did not yet exist in 1991)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>3. if possible, unify the literary-code used across English-speaking countries</dd> <dd>4. where it is not possible to reduce the number of coding systems, reduce conflicts <dl><dd>a. most especially, rule-conflicts (which make the codes incompatible at a "software" level—in human brains and computer algorithms)</dd> <dd>b. symbol conflicts, for example, the characters "$", "%", "]", and "[" are all represented differently in the various code systems</dd> <dd>c. sometimes the official coding-systems themselves are not explicitly in conflict, but <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a> in their rules can lead to accidental conflicts</dd></dl></dd> <dd>5. the overall goal of steps 1 to 4 above is to make acquisition of reading, writing, and teaching skill in the use of braille quicker, easier, and more efficient</dd> <dd>6. this in turn will help reverse the trend of steadily eroding usage of Braille itself (which is being replaced by electronics and/or illiteracy)</dd> <dd>7. besides those practical goals, it is also desired that braille—as a writing system—have the properties required for long-term success: <dl><dd>a. universal, with no special code-system for particular subject-matter, no special-purpose "modules", and no serious disagreements about how to encode English</dd> <dd>b. coherent, with no internal conflicts, and thus no need for authoritative fiat to "resolve" such conflicts by picking winners and losers</dd> <dd>c. ease of use, with dramatically less need for braille-coding-specific lessons, certifications, workshops, literature, etc.</dd> <dd>d. uniform yet extensible, with symbol-assignment giving an unvarying identity-relationship, and new symbols possible without conflicts or overhauls</dd></dl></dd> <dd>8. philosophically, an additional goal is to upgrade the braille system to be practical for employment in a <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplace</a>, not just for reading recreational and religious texts <dl><dd>a. computer-friendly (braille-production on modern <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">keyboards</a> and braille-consumption via computerized <a href="/wiki/File_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="File formats">file formats</a>—see also <a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a> which did not really exist back in 1990)</dd> <dd>b. tech-writing-friendly (straightforward handling of <a href="/wiki/Notations" title="Notations">notations</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Math" class="mw-redirect" title="Math">math</a>/<a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programming</a>/<a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>/similar)</dd> <dd>c. precise bidirectional representation (both #8a and #8b can be largely satisfied by a precision <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>…but the existing braille systems as of 1990 were <i>not</i> fully precise, replacing symbols with words, converting unit-systems, altering punctuation, and so on)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>9. upgrades to existing braille-codes are required, and then these modified codes can be merged into a unified code (preferably singular plus the music-code)</dd></dl> <p>Some goals were specially and explicitly called out as key objectives, not all of which are mentioned above: </p> <ul><li>objective#A = precise bidirectional representation of printed-text (see #8c)</li> <li>objective#B = maximizing the usefulness of braille's limited formatting mechanisms in systematic fashion (so that readers can quickly and easily locate the information they are seeking)</li> <li>objective#C = unifying the rule-systems and symbol-assignments for all subject-matters except musical notation, to eliminate 'unlearning' (#9 / #2 / #3)</li> <li>objective#D = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Context-dependence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Context-dependence (page does not exist)">context-independent</a> encoding (symbols must be transcribable in straightforward fashion—without regard to their English meaning)</li> <li>objective#E = <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup</a> or mode-switching ability (to clearly distinguish between information from the printed version, versus <a href="/wiki/Transcriber" title="Transcriber">transcriber</a> commentary)</li> <li>objective#F = easy-to-memorize symbol-assignments (to make learning the coding system easier—and also facilitate reading of relatively rare symbols) (see #7c / #5 / #1)</li> <li>objective#G = <a href="/wiki/Extensible" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible">extensible</a> coding-system (with the possibility of introducing new symbols in a non-conflicting and systematic manner) (see #7d)</li> <li>objective#H = <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmic</a> representation and deterministic rule-set (texts are amenable to automatic computerized <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> from braille to print—and vice versa) (see #8a)</li> <li>objective#I = <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> with English Braille Grade 2 (someone reading regular words and sentences will hardly notice any modifications)</li> <li>objective#J = reverse the steadily declining trend of braille-usage (as a statistical percentage of the blind-community), as soon as possible (see #6)</li></ul> <p>Goals that were specifically <i>not</i> part of the UEB upgrade process were the ability to handle languages outside the <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> (cf. the various national variants of ASCII in the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859">ISO 8859</a> series versus the modern pan-universal <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard, which governs how writing systems are encoded for computerized use). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_adoption">History and adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History and adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work on UEB formally began in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-acb.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acb.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and preliminary draft standard was published in March 1995 (as UBC),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then upgraded several times thereafter. Unified English Braille (UEB) was originally known as Unified Braille Code (UBC), with the English-specific nature being implied, but later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the word "English" was formally incorporated into its name—Unified English Braille Code (UEBC)—and still more recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> it has come to be called Unified English Braille (UEB).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 2, 2004, the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_English_Braille" title="International Council on English Braille">International Council on English Braille</a> (ICEB) gave the go-ahead for the unification of various English braille codes. This decision was reached following 13 years of analysis, research, and debate. ICEB said that Unified English Braille was sufficiently complete for recognition as an international standard for English braille, which the seven ICEB member-countries could consider for adoption as their national code.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa adopted the UEB almost immediately (in May 2004<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). During the following year, the standard was adopted by Nigeria (February 5, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Australia (May 14, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and New Zealand (November 2005<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). On April 24, 2010, the Canadian Braille Authority (CBA) voted to adopt UEB, making Canada the fifth nation to adopt UEB officially.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 21, 2011, the UK Association for Accessible Formats voted to adopt UEB as the preferred<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> code in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 2, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Braille_Authority_of_North_America" title="Braille Authority of North America">Braille Authority of North America</a> (BANA) became the sixth of the seven member-countries of the ICEB to officially adopt the UEB.<sup id="cite_ref-bana-adopts-ueb_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bana-adopts-ueb-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_notation">Mathematical notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mathematical notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major criticism against UEB is that it fails to handle <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> or computer science as compactly as codes designed to be optimal for those disciplines. Besides requiring more space to represent and more time to read and write, the verbosity of UEB can make learning mathematics more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth Braille</a>, officially used in the United States since 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-nfb.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfb.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2002 the de facto standard<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for teaching and doing mathematics in braille in the US, was specifically invented<sup id="cite_ref-nfb.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfb.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to correct the cumbersomeness of doing mathematics in braille. However, although the Nemeth encoding standard was officially adopted by the JUTC of the US and the UK in the 1950s, in practice only the USA switched their mathematical braille to the Nemeth system, whereas the UK continued to use the traditional <a href="/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Taylor" title="Henry Martyn Taylor">Henry Martyn Taylor</a> coding (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a>, who was involved with the use of <a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a> for the blind in China during the 1800s) for their braille mathematics. Programmers in the United States who write their programming codefiles in braille—as opposed to in ASCII text with use of a screenreader for example—tend to use Nemeth-syntax numerals, whereas programmers in the UK use yet another system (not Taylor-numerals and not literary-numerals).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key difference<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Nemeth Braille compared to Taylor (and UEB which uses an upgraded version of the Taylor encoding for math) is that Nemeth uses <a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille#Number_Signs" title="Nemeth Braille">"down-shifted" numerals</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Braille#Derivation" title="Braille">fifth decade</a> of the Braille alphabet (overwriting various <a href="/wiki/Braille#Punctuation" title="Braille">punctuation characters</a>), whereas UEB/Taylor uses the traditional 1800s approach with <a href="/wiki/English_Braille#Formatting_marks" title="English Braille">"up-shifted" numerals</a> from the first decade of the (English) Braille alphabet (overwriting <a href="/wiki/English_Braille#System" title="English Braille">the first ten letters</a>, namely ABCDEFGHIJ). Traditional 1800s braille, and also UEB, require insertion of numeral-prefixes when speaking of numerals, which makes representing some mathematical equations 42% more verbose.<sup id="cite_ref-acb.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acb.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an alternative to UEB, there were proposals in 2001<sup id="cite_ref-acb.org_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acb.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most recently these were the subject of various technical workshops during 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-unifiedbrailleforall.com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unifiedbrailleforall.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although UEB adopts some features of Nemeth, the final version of UEB mandates up-shifted numerals,<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are the heart of the controversy. According to <a href="/wiki/BANA" class="mw-redirect" title="BANA">BANA</a>, which adopted UEB in 2012, the official braille codes for the USA will be UEB and Nemeth Braille (as well as Music Braille for vocals and instrumentals plus IPA Braille for phonetic linguistics),<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the use of contradictory representation of numerals and arithmetical symbols in the UEB and Nemeth encodings. Thus, although UEB has officially been adopted in most English-speaking ICEB member-countries, in the USA (and possibly the UK where UEB is only the "preferred" system) the new encoding is not to be the sole encoding. </p><p>Another proposed braille-notation for encoding math is GS8/GS6, which was specifically invented<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early 1990s as an attempt to get rid of the "up-shifted" numerals used in UEB—see <a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardner–Salinas Braille">Gardner–Salinas Braille</a>. GS6 implements "extra-dot" numerals<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/English_Braille#System" title="English Braille">fourth decade</a> of the English Braille alphabet (overwriting various <a href="/wiki/English_Braille#System" title="English Braille">two-letter ligatures</a>). GS8 expands the braille-cell from 2×3 dots to 2×4 dots, quadrupling the available codepoints from the traditional 64 up to 256, but in GS8 the numerals are still represented in the same way as in GS6 (albeit with a couple unused dot-positions at the bottom).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to give the numerals their own distinct position in braille are not new: the original 1829 specification by Louis Braille <a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">gave the numerals their own distinct symbols</a>, with the modern digraph-based literary-braille approach mentioned as an optional fallback. However, after trying the system out in the classroom, the dashes used in the numerals—as well as several other rows of special characters—were found to be too difficult to distinguish from dot-pairs, and thus the typical digraph-based numerals became the official standard in 1837. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2013, with the majority of English-speaking ICEB member-countries having officially adopted UEB, there remain barriers<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to implementation<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deployment. Besides ICEB member-nations, there are also many other countries with blind citizens that <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">teach and use English</a>: India, Hong Kong/China, Pakistan, the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">and so on</a>. Many of these countries use non-UEB math notation, for English-speaking countries specifically, versions of the Nemeth Code were widespread by 1990 (in the United States, Western Samoa, Canada including Quebec, New Zealand, Israel, Greece, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Lebanon) in contrast to the similar-to-UEB-but-not-identical Taylor notation in 1990 (used by the UK, Ireland, Australia, Nigeria, Hong Kong, Jordan, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Singapore, and Zimbabwe).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries in the Middle East used Nemeth and Taylor math-notations as of 1990, i.e. Iran and Saudi Arabia. As of 2013, it is unclear whether the English-using blind populations of various ICEB and non-ICEB nations will move to adopt the UEB, and if so, at what rate. Beyond official adoption rates in schools and by individuals, there are other difficulties. The vast majority<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of existing Braille materials, both printed and electronic, are in non-UEB encodings. Furthermore, other technologies that compete with braille are now ever-more-widely affordable (<a href="/wiki/Screen_readers" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen readers">screen readers</a> for electronic-text-to-speech, plus <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">physical-pages-to-electronic-text</a> software combined with high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Digital_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital cameras">digital cameras</a> and high-speed <a href="/wiki/Automatic_document_feeder" title="Automatic document feeder">document scanners</a>, and the increasing ubiquity of tablets/smartphones/PDAs/PCs). The percentage of blind children who are <a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy#Statistics" title="Braille literacy">literate in braille</a> is already declining—and even those who know some system tend not to know UEB, since that system is still very new. Still, as of 2012 many of the original goals for UEB have already been fully or partially accomplished: </p> <ul><li>A unified literary code across most English-speaking countries (see separate section of this article on the adoption of UEB)</li> <li>Number of coding-subsystems reduced from five major and one minor (banaLiterary/baukLiteraryAndTaylor/textbook/nemeth/cbc + music/etc.) down to two major and two minor (uebLiterary/nemeth using formal codeswitching<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + music/ipa),<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus the generality of the basic uebLiterary was increased to fully cover parentheses, math-symbols, emails, and websites.<sup id="cite_ref-UEB-FAQ_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UEB-FAQ-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reasonable level of backward compatibility with the American style of English Braille (more time is required before the exact level of transitional pain can be pinpointed, but studies in Australia and the UK indicate<sup id="cite_ref-brailleauthority.org2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brailleauthority.org2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that braille users in the United States will also likely cope quite easily)</li> <li>Making braille more computer-friendly, especially in terms of translation and backtranslation of the encoding system<sup id="cite_ref-UEB-FAQ_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UEB-FAQ-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fully extensible encoding system, where new symbols can be added without causing conflicts or requiring coding-overhauls<sup id="cite_ref-unifiedbrailleforall.com_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unifiedbrailleforall.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all the symbol-duplications were eliminated (there are still at least two representations of the $ symbol for instance<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (December 2016)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup>). Since there are still two major coding-systems for math-notation and other technical or scientific writing (Nemeth as an option in the United States versus the Taylor-style math-notation recently added<sup id="cite_ref-UEB-FAQ_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UEB-FAQ-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to uebLiterary that will likely be used in other countries), some rule conflicts remain, and braille users will be required to "unlearn" certain rules when switching. In the long run, whether these accomplishments will translate into broader goals, of reducing community fragmentation among English-speaking braille users, boosting the acquisition speed of reading/writing/teaching skill in the use of braille, and thereby preserving braille's status as a useful writing-system for the blind, as of 2013 remains to be seen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Salinas_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardner Salinas braille">Gardner Salinas braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth Braille</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brailleauthority.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BANA+Adopts+UEB&rft.pub=Braille+Authority+of+North+America&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrailleauthority.org%2Fpressreleases%2Fpr-2012november.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unifiedbrailleforall.com/presentation-by-maylene-bird/">"unifiedbrailleforall.com – unifiedbrailleforall Resources and Information"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=unifiedbrailleforall.com+%E2%80%93+unifiedbrailleforall+Resources+and+Information.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funifiedbrailleforall.com%2Fpresentation-by-maylene-bird%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nfb.org-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nfb.org_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nfb.org_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/fr/fr28/fr280110.htm">"The History of the Nemeth Code: An Interview with Dr. Abraham Nemeth"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Nemeth+Code%3A+An+Interview+with+Dr.+Abraham+Nemeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnfb.org%2Fimages%2Fnfb%2Fpublications%2Ffr%2Ffr28%2Ffr280110.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/notices/200210/comm-morin.pdf">"The World of Blind Mathematicians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Blind+Mathematicians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F200210%2Fcomm-morin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029232957/http://dots.physics.orst.edu/gs_seb.html">"Brief Overview of Current Braille Codes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dots.physics.orst.edu/gs_seb.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Overview+of+Current+Braille+Codes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdots.physics.orst.edu%2Fgs_seb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dotlessbraille.org/ueb.htm">"Unified English Braille"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unified+English+Braille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dotlessbraille.org%2Fueb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braille2000.com/brl2000/nubs.htm">"NUBS Documents"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NUBS+Documents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braille2000.com%2Fbrl2000%2Fnubs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unifiedbrailleforall.com-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unifiedbrailleforall.com_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unifiedbrailleforall.com_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unifiedbrailleforall.com/presentation-by-christopher-gray/">"unifiedbrailleforall.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=unifiedbrailleforall.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funifiedbrailleforall.com%2Fpresentation-by-christopher-gray%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brailleauthority.org1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brailleauthority.org/pressreleases/pr-2012november.html">"BANA Adopts UEB"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BANA+Adopts+UEB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrailleauthority.org%2Fpressreleases%2Fpr-2012november.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgi.cnn.com/TECH/9511/new_braille/index.html">"CNN – Blind physicist creates better Braille – Nov 9, 1995"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+%E2%80%93+Blind+physicist+creates+better+Braille+%E2%80%93+Nov+9%2C+1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgi.cnn.com%2FTECH%2F9511%2Fnew_braille%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002194843/http://dots.physics.orst.edu/gs_numbers.html">"GS Numbers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dots.physics.orst.edu/gs_numbers.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GS+Numbers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdots.physics.orst.edu%2Fgs_numbers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_Braille#Digits" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardner–Salinas Braille">Gardner–Salinas Braille#Digits</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brailleauthority.org2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brailleauthority.org/ueb/considerations.html">"Considerations and Impact"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Considerations+and+Impact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrailleauthority.org%2Fueb%2Fconsiderations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brailleauthority.org3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org3_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brailleauthority.org3_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brailleauthority.org/ueb/actions_and_opportunities.html">"Planning the Transition to UEB"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planning+the+Transition+to+UEB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrailleauthority.org%2Fueb%2Factions_and_opportunities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chezdom.net/mathematicalbraillecodes/">"chezdom.net » Braille Mathematical Notations"</a>. 22 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=chezdom.net+%C2%BB+Braille+Mathematical+Notations&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchezdom.net%2Fmathematicalbraillecodes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UEB-FAQ-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UEB-FAQ_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UEB-FAQ_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UEB-FAQ_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brailleauthority.org/ueb/ueb-faq.html">"BANA file"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BANA+file&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrailleauthority.org%2Fueb%2Fueb-faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnified+English+Braille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contrast <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brailleauthority.org/ueb/Guidelines_for_Technical_Material_2008-10.pdf">page 12 definition versus page 13 example</a> and compare with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/mathscience/nemeth1972.pdf">page 236</a> which follows the second style</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_English_Braille&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceb.org/Rules%20of%20Unified%20English%20Braille%202013.pdf">The Rules of Unified English Braille</a> (2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030053019/http://www.acb.org/magazine/2001/bf092001.html#bf06">Comments on Mathematical Aspects of the UEBC by Dr. Abraham Nemeth, inventor of the Nemeth Braille Code</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceb.org/">International Council on English Braille (ICEB)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbp.org/">National Braille Press has a free booklet about the UEBC (in braille or electronic braille only)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dotlessbraille.org/uebc.htm">Some Thoughts on the UEBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326203049/http://www.nyise.org/blind/irwin2.htm">History of standardization of braille-encodings, 1860 through 1950</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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