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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dromon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9" title="الدرمونة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدرمونة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дромон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дромон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drom%C3%B3_(vaixell)" title="Dromó (vaixell) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dromó (vaixell)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drom%C3%B3n" title="Dromón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dromón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromone" title="Dromone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dromone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Δρόμων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δρόμων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B3mundur" title="Drómundur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Drómundur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromone" title="Dromone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dromone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דרומון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרומון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дромон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дромон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A4" title="デュロモイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デュロモイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B3mon" title="Drómon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Drómon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дромон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дромон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дромон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дромон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dromon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дромон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дромон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" title="快速大帆船 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="快速大帆船" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E8%92%99%E8%88%B9" title="德羅蒙船 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德羅蒙船" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of warship of the Byzantine navy</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantines_repel_the_Russian_attack_of_941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Byzantines_repel_the_Russian_attack_of_941.jpg/250px-Byzantines_repel_the_Russian_attack_of_941.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Byzantines_repel_the_Russian_attack_of_941.jpg/375px-Byzantines_repel_the_Russian_attack_of_941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Byzantines_repel_the_Russian_attack_of_941.jpg/500px-Byzantines_repel_the_Russian_attack_of_941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i> showing the Byzantine fleet repelling the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(941)" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (941)">Rus' attack</a> on Constantinople in 941, and the use of the spurs to smash the oars of the Rus' vessels. Boarding actions and hand-to-hand fighting determined the outcome of most naval battles in the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006144_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006144-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dromon</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> δρόμων, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dromōn</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">runner</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) was a type of <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> and the most important <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine navy</a> from the 5th to 12th centuries AD, when they were succeeded by Italian-style galleys. It was developed from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">liburnian</a>, which was the mainstay of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>dromond</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>dromont</i> are derived from the dromon, and described any particularly large medieval ship.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_features">Evolution and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-10_model_reconstructions_of_Roman_ships,_5-_Dromon_of_the_Byzantine_navy_(10-12th_centuries_AD),_left-_Bireme_of_the_Neumagen_Type_(220_-_230_AD),_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt,_Mainz_(34729616210).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1-10_model_reconstructions_of_Roman_ships%2C_5-_Dromon_of_the_Byzantine_navy_%2810-12th_centuries_AD%29%2C_left-_Bireme_of_the_Neumagen_Type_%28220_-_230_AD%29%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt%2C_Mainz_%2834729616210%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1-10_model_reconstructions_of_Roman_ships%2C_5-_Dromon_of_the_Byzantine_navy_%2810-12th_centuries_AD%29%2C_left-_Bireme_of_the_Neumagen_Type_%28220_-_230_AD%29%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt%2C_Mainz_%2834729616210%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1-10_model_reconstructions_of_Roman_ships%2C_5-_Dromon_of_the_Byzantine_navy_%2810-12th_centuries_AD%29%2C_left-_Bireme_of_the_Neumagen_Type_%28220_-_230_AD%29%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt%2C_Mainz_%2834729616210%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction (top) in 1:10 scale of a dromon's hull, at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The appearance and evolution of medieval warships is a matter of debate and conjecture; until recently, no remains of an oared warship from either ancient or early medieval times had been found and information had to be gathered by analyzing literary evidence, crude artistic depictions and the remains of a few merchant vessels (such as the 7th-century Pantano Longarini wreck from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the 7th-century Yassi Ada ship and the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Ser%C3%A7e_Liman%C4%B1_Shipwreck" title="Serçe Limanı Shipwreck">Serçe Limanı wreck</a>). Only in 2005–2006 did archaeological digs for the <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a> project in the <a href="/wiki/Harbour_of_Eleutherios" title="Harbour of Eleutherios">Harbor of Theodosius</a> (modern Yenikapi) uncover the remains of over 36 Byzantine ships from the 6th to 10th centuries, including four light galleys of the <i>galea</i> type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011188–191_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011188–191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accepted view is that the main developments which differentiated the early dromons from the liburnians and that henceforth characterized Mediterranean galleys, were the adoption of a full <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">deck</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">katastrōma</i></span>), the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">rams</a> on the bow in favor of an above-water spur and the gradual introduction of <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> sails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006127_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006127-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the abandonment of the ram (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">rostrum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ἔμβολος</span>) are unclear. Depictions of upward-pointing beaks in the 4th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Vergil">Vatican Vergil</a></i> manuscript may well illustrate that the ram had already been replaced by a spur in late-Roman galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006138–140_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006138–140-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantinists John Pryor and Elizabeth Jeffreys argue that the purpose of the spur was to allow the dromon to ride up on an enemy's oars and crush them, destroying its propulsion, and point out that one of the medieval Latin terms for spur, "calcar", is derived from the verb "to trample".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006133–144_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006133–144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possibility is that the change occurred because of the gradual evolution of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Trireme#Construction" title="Trireme">shell-first</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a> construction method, against which rams had been designed, into the skeleton-first method, which produced a stronger and more flexible hull, less susceptible to ramming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006145–147,_152_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006145–147,_152-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 7th century, the ram's original function had been forgotten, if we judge by <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>'s comments that they were used to protect against collision with underwater rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006134–135_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006134–135-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors have suggested that it was introduced into the Mediterranean by Arabs, possibly with an ultimate origin in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The discovery of new depictions and literary references in recent decades has led scholars to antedate the appearance of the lateen sail in the Levant to the late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> or early Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-Casson243–245_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casson243–245-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only the triangular, but also the quadrilateral version were known, used for centuries (mostly on smaller craft) in parallel with square sails.<sup id="cite_ref-Casson243–245_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casson243–245-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DromonLateen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DromonLateen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>'s fleet during the <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a>, as described by <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Procopius of Caesarea">Procopius of Caesarea</a>, was apparently at least partly fitted with lateen sails, making it probable that by that time the lateen had become the standard rig for the dromon, with the traditional square sail gradually falling from use in medieval navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasch200164_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasch200164-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DromonLateen_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DromonLateen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 6th-century dromons were single-banked ('<a href="/wiki/Monoreme" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoreme">monoreme</a>') ships of probably 50 oars, arranged with 25 oars on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006130–135_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006130–135-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again unlike <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Hellenistic vessels</a>, which used an <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">outrigger</a>, these extended directly from the hull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryor1995103–104_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryor1995103–104-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later two-banked ('<a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">bireme</a>') dromons of the 9th and 10th centuries, the two oar banks (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">elasiai</i></span>) were divided by the deck, with the first oar bank below and the second oar bank above deck; these rowers were expected to fight with the ship's <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marines</a> in boarding operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006232,_255,_276_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006232,_255,_276-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Christos Makrypoulias suggests an arrangement of 25 oarsmen beneath and 35 on the deck on either side for a dromon of 120 rowers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995164–165_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995164–165-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of these ships was probably about 32 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006205,_291_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006205,_291-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most contemporary vessels had a single mast (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">histos</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">katartion</i></span>), the larger bireme dromons probably needed at least two masts to maneuver, assuming that a lateen sail for a ship this size would have reached unmanageable dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006238_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006238-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolley194852_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolley194852-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was steered by means of two <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">quarter rudders</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">prymnē</i></span>), which also housed a tent (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">skēnē</i></span>) that covered the captain's berth (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">krab[b]at[t]os</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006215_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006215-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prow (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">prōra</i></span>) featured an elevated forecastle (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudopation</i></span>), below which the siphon for the discharge of <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> projected; secondary siphons could also be carried amidships on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006203_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006203-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon1999189_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon1999189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pavesade (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kastellōma</i></span>), on which marines could hang their shields, ran around the sides of the ship, providing protection to the deck crew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006282_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006282-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger ships also had wooden castles (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">xylokastra</i></span>) on either side between the masts, similar to those attested for the Roman liburnians, providing archers with elevated firing platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Galley104_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galley104-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bow spur (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">peronion</i></span>) was intended to ride over an enemy ship's oars, breaking them and rendering it helpless against missile fire and boarding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006143–144_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006143–144-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">galeai</i></span> ships uncovered in the Yenikapi excavations, dating to the 10th–11th centuries, are of uniform design and construction, suggesting centralized manufacturing. They have a length of about 30 metres (98 ft), and are built of <a href="/wiki/European_Black_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="European Black Pine">European Black Pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental plane">Oriental plane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011190–191_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011190–191-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 10th century, there were three main classes of bireme warships of the general dromon type, as detailed in the inventories for the expeditions sent against the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a> in 911 and 949: the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">[chelandion] ousiakon</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">[χελάνδιον] οὑσιακόν</span></span>), so named because it was manned by an <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ousia</i></span> of 108 men; the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">[chelandion] pamphylon</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">[χελάνδιον] πάμφυλον</span></span>), crewed with up to 120–160 men, its name either implying an origin in the region of <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> as a transport ship or its crewing with "picked crews" (from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πᾶν+φῦλον</span></span>, 'all tribes'); and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dromōn</i></span> proper, crewed by two <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ousiai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006189–192,_372_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006189–192,_372-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995149–150_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995149–150-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis">De Ceremoniis</a></i>, the heavy <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dromōn</i></span> is said to have an even larger crew of 230 rowers and 70 marines; the naval expert <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Pryor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Pryor (page does not exist)">John H. Pryor</a> considers them as supernumerary crews being carried aboard, while Makrypoulias suggests that the extra men correspond to a second rower on each of the upper-bank oars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006261–262_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006261–262-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995165_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995165-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller, single-bank ship, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">monērēs</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μονήρης</span></span>, 'single-banked') or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">galea</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γαλέα</span></span>, from which the term "galley" derives), with <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 60</span> men as crew, was used for scouting missions but also in the wings of the battle line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006190_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006190-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three-banked ('trireme') dromons are described in a 10th-century work dedicated to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Parakoimomenos" title="Parakoimomenos">parakoimōmenos</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Basil_Lekapenos" title="Basil Lekapenos">Basil Lekapenos</a>. However, this treatise, which survives only in fragments, draws heavily upon references on the appearance and construction of a classical Greek <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a>, and must therefore be used with care when trying to apply it to the warships of the middle Byzantine period.<sup id="cite_ref-Pryor84_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pryor84-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006284–286_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006284–286-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of trireme vessels is, however, attested in the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">Fatimid navy</a> in the 11th and 12th centuries, and references made by Leo VI to large Arab ships in the 10th century may also indicate trireme galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Pryor108_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pryor108-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For cargo transport, the Byzantines usually commandeered ordinary merchantmen as transport ships (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">phortēgoi</i></span>) or supply ships (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">skeuophora</i></span>). These appear to have been mostly sailing vessels, rather than oared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006305_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006305-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines and Arabs also employed <a href="/wiki/Horse_transports_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horse transports in the Middle Ages">horse-transports</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hippagōga</i></span>), which were either sailing ships or galleys, the latter certainly modified to accommodate the horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006307–308,_322–324_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006307–308,_322–324-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chelandia</i></span> appear originally to have been oared horse-transports, this would imply differences in construction between the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chelandion</i></span> and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dromōn</i></span> proper, terms which otherwise are often used indiscriminately in literary sources. While the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dromōn</i></span> was developed exclusively as a war galley, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chelandion</i></span> would have had to have a special compartment amidships to accommodate a row of horses, increasing its <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hold_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hold (ship)">hold</a> depth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006166–169,_322–325,_449_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006166–169,_322–325,_449-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006144-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006144_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 123–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd edition, "Dromond".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011188–191-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011188–191_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelgado2011"> & Delgado 2011</a>, pp. 188–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006127-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006127_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006138–140-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006138–140_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006133–144-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006133–144_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 133–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006145–147,_152-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006145–147,_152_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 145–147, 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006134–135-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006134–135_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casson243–245-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casson243–245_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casson243–245_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, pp. 243–245, Fig. 180–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasch2001">Basch 2001</a>, pp. 57–64.; <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1995">Campbell 1995</a>, pp. 8–11.; <a href="#CITEREFPomey2006">Pomey 2006</a>, pp. 326–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DromonLateen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DromonLateen_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DromonLateen_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 153–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasch200164-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasch200164_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasch2001">Basch 2001</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006130–135-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006130–135_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 130–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryor1995103–104-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryor1995103–104_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryor1995">Pryor 1995</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006232,_255,_276-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006232,_255,_276_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 232, 255, 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995164–165-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995164–165_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakrypoulias1995">Makrypoulias 1995</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006205,_291-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006205,_291_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 205, 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006238-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006238_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolley194852-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolley194852_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDolley1948">Dolley 1948</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006215-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006215_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006203-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006203_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaldon1999189-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaldon1999189_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaldon1999">Haldon 1999</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006282-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006282_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galley104-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galley104_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryor1995">Pryor 1995</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006143–144-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006143–144_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011190–191-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2011190–191_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelgado2011">Delgado 2011</a>, pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006189–192,_372-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006189–192,_372_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 189–192, 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995149–150-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995149–150_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006261–262-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006261–262_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995165-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias1995165_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakrypoulias1995">Makrypoulias 1995</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006190-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006190_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pryor84-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pryor84_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryor2003">Pryor 2003</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006284–286-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006284–286_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 284–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pryor108-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pryor108_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryor1995">Pryor 1995</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006305-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006305_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006307–308,_322–324-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006307–308,_322–324_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 307–308, 322–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006166–169,_322–325,_449-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryorJeffreys2006166–169,_322–325,_449_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006">Pryor & Jeffreys 2006</a>, pp. 166–169, 322–325, 449.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhrweiler1966" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Helene_Ahrweiler" title="Helene Ahrweiler">Ahrweiler, Hélène</a> (1966), <i>Byzance et la mer. La Marine de Guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècles</i> (in French), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0520-0121">0520-0121</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+la+mer.+La+Marine+de+Guerre%2C+la+politique+et+les+institutions+maritimes+de+Byzance+aux+VIIe%E2%80%93XVe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0520-0121&rft.aulast=Ahrweiler&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasch2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Basch, Lucien (2001), "La voile latine, son origine, son évolution et ses parentés arabes", in Tzalas, H. (ed.), <i>Tropis VI, 6th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia 1996 proceedings</i> (in French), Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 55–85</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+voile+latine%2C+son+origine%2C+son+%C3%A9volution+et+ses+parent%C3%A9s+arabes&rft.btitle=Tropis+VI%2C+6th+International+Symposium+on+Ship+Construction+in+Antiquity%2C+Lamia+1996+proceedings&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=55-85&rft.pub=Hellenic+Institute+for+the+Preservation+of+Nautical+Tradition&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Basch&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1995" class="citation cs2">Campbell, I.C. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804061252/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/journals/jwh/jwh061p001.pdf">"The Lateen Sail in World History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_History" title="Journal of World History">Journal of World History</a></i>, <b>6</b> (1): 1–23, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/journals/jwh/jwh061p001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=The+Lateen+Sail+in+World+History&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=I.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhpress.hawaii.edu%2Fjournals%2Fjwh%2Fjwh061p001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Casson, Lionel</a> (1995), <i>Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0"><bdi>0-8018-5130-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Seamanship+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8018-5130-0&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristides1995" class="citation cs2">Christides, Vassilios (1995), "Byzantine Dromon and Arab Shini: The Development of the Average Byzantine and Arab Warships and the Problem of the Number and Function of the Oarsmen", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070444/http://ina.tamu.edu/library/tropis/volumes/3/Tropis%20III%20Proceedings%201989.pdf"><i>Tropis III, 3rd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Athens 1989 proceedings</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 111–122, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ina.tamu.edu/library/tropis/volumes/3/Tropis%20III%20Proceedings%201989.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-06</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Dromon+and+Arab+Shini%3A+The+Development+of+the+Average+Byzantine+and+Arab+Warships+and+the+Problem+of+the+Number+and+Function+of+the+Oarsmen&rft.btitle=Tropis+III%2C+3rd+International+Symposium+on+Ship+Construction+in+Antiquity%2C+Athens+1989+proceedings&rft.pages=111-122&rft.pub=Hellenic+Institute+for+the+Preservation+of+Nautical+Tradition&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Christides&rft.aufirst=Vassilios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fina.tamu.edu%2Flibrary%2Ftropis%2Fvolumes%2F3%2FTropis%2520III%2520Proceedings%25201989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">Delgado, James P</a> (2011), "Ships on Land", in Catsambis, Alexis; Ford, Ben; Hamilton, Donny L. (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 182–191, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537517-6"><bdi>978-0-19-537517-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ships+on+Land&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Maritime+Archaeology&rft.pages=182-191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537517-6&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolley1948" class="citation cs2">Dolley, R. H. (1948), "The Warships of the Later Roman Empire", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Roman Studies">The Journal of Roman Studies</a></i>, <b>38</b>, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 47–53, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298170">10.2307/298170</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298170">298170</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162710370">162710370</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Warships+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162710370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298170&rft.aulast=Dolley&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldon1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Haldon" title="John Haldon">Haldon, John</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5G1rV7tS79sC"><i>Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204</i></a>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-495-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-495-X"><bdi>1-85728-495-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare%2C+State+and+Society+in+the+Byzantine+World%2C+565%E2%80%931204&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85728-495-X&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5G1rV7tS79sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakrypoulias1995" class="citation cs2">Makrypoulias, Christos G. (1995), "The Navy in the Works of Constantine Porphyrogenitus", <i>Graeco-Arabica</i> (6), Athens: 152–171</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graeco-Arabica&rft.atitle=The+Navy+in+the+Works+of+Constantine+Porphyrogenitus&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=152-171&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Makrypoulias&rft.aufirst=Christos+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomey2006" class="citation cs2">Pomey, Patrice (2006), "The Kelenderis Ship: A Lateen Sail", <i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Nautical_Archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology">The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</a></i>, <b>35</b> (2): 326–329, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IJNAr..35..326P">2006IJNAr..35..326P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2006.00111.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00111.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162300888">162300888</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Kelenderis+Ship%3A+A+Lateen+Sail&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326-329&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162300888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2006.00111.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006IJNAr..35..326P&rft.aulast=Pomey&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor2003" class="citation cs2">Pryor, John H. (2003), "Byzantium and the Sea: Byzantine Fleets and the History of the Empire in the Age of the Macedonian Emperors, c. 900–1025 CE", in <a href="/wiki/John_Hattendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hattendorf">Hattendorf, John B.</a>; Unger, Richard W. (eds.), <i>War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</i>, Boydell Press, pp. 83–104, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-903-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-903-6"><bdi>0-85115-903-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantium+and+the+Sea%3A+Byzantine+Fleets+and+the+History+of+the+Empire+in+the+Age+of+the+Macedonian+Emperors%2C+c.+900%E2%80%931025+CE&rft.btitle=War+at+Sea+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=83-104&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85115-903-6&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor1995" class="citation book cs1">Pryor, John H. (1995). "From Dromōn to Galea: Mediterranean Bireme Galleys AD 500–1300". In <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">Morrison, John S.</a>; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse"><i>The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times</i></a>. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 101–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3"><bdi>0-85177-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Drom%C5%8Dn+to+Galea%3A+Mediterranean+Bireme+Galleys+AD+500%E2%80%931300&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Galley%3A+Mediterranean+Oared+Vessels+Since+Pre-Classical+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101-116&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-85177-554-3&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofgalleymedit0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryorJeffreys2006" class="citation cs2">Pryor, John H.; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jeffreys" title="Elizabeth Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Elizabeth M.</a> (2006), <i>The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204</i>, Brill Academic Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15197-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15197-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+%CE%94%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%9C%CE%A9%CE%9D%3A+The+Byzantine+Navy+ca.+500%E2%80%931204&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15197-0&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Jeffreys%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADromon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template talk:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> vessels and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja rig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistico_(boat)" title="Mistico (boat)">Mistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamaran">Pentamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrimaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrimaran">Quadrimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungalawa">Ungalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a-tele" title="Va'a-tele">Va'a-tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and merchant<br /><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a><br />and other vessels <br />(by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita" title="Boita">Boita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriremes">Quadriremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dromon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtepe" title="Mtepe">Mtepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinger" title="Balinger">Balinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">Bomb vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">Kondura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitik" title="Shitik">Shitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">Zabra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(boat)" title="Hoy (boat)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabaccolo" title="Trabaccolo">Trabaccolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crommesteven" title="Crommesteven">Crommesteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">Flyboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">Full-rigged pinnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchua" title="Manchua">Manchua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">Patache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speronara" title="Speronara">Speronara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square-rigged_caravel" title="Square-rigged caravel">Square-rigged caravel (<i>round</i> or <i>de armada</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeas" title="Galeas">Galeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koff_(ship_type)" title="Koff (ship type)">Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper" title="Baltimore Clipper">Baltimore Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallivat" title="Gallivat">Gallivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(ship)" title="Grab (ship)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundalow" title="Gundalow">Gundalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadour" title="Trincadour">Trincadour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall_frigate" title="Blackwall frigate">Blackwall frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Easter_(ship)" title="Down Easter (ship)">Down Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship" title="Iron-hulled sailing ship">Iron-hulled sailing ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Warship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_barge" title="Tamar barge">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Ketch" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Ketch">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_whaler" title="Montagu whaler">Montagu whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca-longa" title="Barca-longa">Barca-longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masula_boat" title="Masula boat">Masula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth_Niseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgoth Niseach">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">Tartane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_sailboat" title="Ljungström sailboat">Ljungström sailboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_yacht" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsboat" title="Sportsboat">Sportsboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_sailer" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram" title="James Wharram">Wharrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">Inflatable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee" title="Razee">Razee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenailed_boat" title="Treenailed boat">Treenailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_light_displacement_boat" title="Ultra light displacement boat">ULDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_pilot_cutter" title="Bristol Channel pilot cutter">Bristol Channel pilot cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">Fusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_punt" title="Norfolk punt">Norfolk punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausik">Pausik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">Pinnace (ship's boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">Scow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Preceding</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Early</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–717)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Middle</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(717–1204)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;"><b>Late</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1204–1453)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" 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