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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Месапатамія (фема) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месапатамія (фема)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A0mia_(tema)" title="Mesopotàmia (tema) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesopotàmia (tema)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien_(byzantinisches_Thema)" title="Mesopotamien (byzantinisches Thema) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesopotamien (byzantinisches Thema)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Θέμα Μεσοποταμίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θέμα Μεσοποταμίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_de_Mesopotamia" title="Tema de Mesopotamia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tema de Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie_(th%C3%A8me)" title="Mésopotamie (thème) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mésopotamie (thème)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia_(thema)" title="Mesopotamia (thema) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesopotamia (thema)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მესოპოტამიის თემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მესოპოტამიის თემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Месопотамија (тема) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месопотамија (тема)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema_da_Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Tema da Mesopotâmia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tema da Mesopotâmia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Месопотамия (фема) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Месопотамия (фема)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamska_tema" title="Mezopotamska tema – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezopotamska tema" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Месопотамија (тема) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месопотамија (тема)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya_(thema)" title="Mezopotamya (thema) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezopotamya (thema)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Месопотамія (фема) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Месопотамія (фема)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="美索不达米亚军区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美索不达米亚军区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Mesopotamia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine district (theme)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the province (theme) during the middle Byzantine era. For the preceding province in Roman antiquity until the time of Heraclius, see <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia (Roman province)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mesopotamia (disambiguation)">Mesopotamia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Theme of Mesopotamia<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname">Μεσοποταμία, θέμα Μεσοποταμίας</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (country subdivision)">Theme</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">899/900s–1070s</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Theme-mesopotamia_1000ad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Theme-mesopotamia_1000ad.png/220px-Theme-mesopotamia_1000ad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Theme-mesopotamia_1000ad.png/330px-Theme-mesopotamia_1000ad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Theme-mesopotamia_1000ad.png/440px-Theme-mesopotamia_1000ad.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1402" /></a></span><br />Map of the Theme of Mesopotamia within the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1000 AD.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data">Middle Ages</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">899–911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a>. </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1070</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mesopotamia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μεσοποταμία</span>) was the name of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Theme_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (country subdivision)">theme</a> (a military-civilian province) located in what is today eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It should not be confused with the region of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> or with the older Roman and early Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">province of Mesopotamia</a>. The Byzantine theme was located between the rivers Arsanias (modern <a href="/wiki/Murat_River" title="Murat River">Murat</a>) and Çimisgezek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia_(theme)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_John_Kastamonites,_katepano_of_Mesopotamia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Seal_of_John_Kastamonites%2C_katepano_of_Mesopotamia.jpg/250px-Seal_of_John_Kastamonites%2C_katepano_of_Mesopotamia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Seal_of_John_Kastamonites%2C_katepano_of_Mesopotamia.jpg/375px-Seal_of_John_Kastamonites%2C_katepano_of_Mesopotamia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Seal_of_John_Kastamonites%2C_katepano_of_Mesopotamia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Seal of John Kastamonites, <i><a href="/wiki/Vestes" title="Vestes">vestes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">katepano</a></i> of Mesopotamia</figcaption></figure> <p>The theme was formed probably between 899 and 911, when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI </a> (r. 886–912) appointed the former <i><a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a></i> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pontus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Province of Pontus (page does not exist)">Province of Pontus</a>, named Lucius, as its governor.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the province was formed out the Georgian principality of <a href="/wiki/Taron_(historic_Armenia)" title="Taron (historic Armenia)">Taron</a>, ruled by the chieftain Manuel Bagratiom. Manuel and his four sons were persuaded to cede their territory to the Byzantine Empire in exchange for titles and estates in other themes. The Armenian-populated districts of <a href="/wiki/Keltzene" class="mw-redirect" title="Keltzene">Keltzene</a> (detached from the theme of <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kamacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamacha">Kamacha</a> (part of the theme of <a href="/wiki/Koloneia_(theme)" title="Koloneia (theme)">Koloneia</a>) were then joined to it to form the new theme.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOAKS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogennetos" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos">Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos</a> (r. 913–959) mentions that before its elevation to a theme, the region was an "unnamed <i><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">kleisoura</a></i>", there is evidence of much earlier administrative structures than that.<sup id="cite_ref-DOAKS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seal of a "<i><a href="/wiki/Spatharios" title="Spatharios">spatharios</a></i> and <i>strategos</i> of Mesopotamia" has been dated to c. 810, perhaps indicating the existence of a first short-lived theme there, and a seal of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tourmarches" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourmarches">tourmarches</a></i> with the Armenian name Mousilikes, is tentatively dated to c. 870.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thus possible that Mesopotamia was constituted in the late 9th century out of an Armenian principality as a division (<i><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">tourma</a></i>) of some neighbouring theme, with its prince receiving a Byzantine title and continuing to govern it, before it was expanded into a full theme. This may also explain the peculiar custom of its <i>strategos</i> drawing, until 911, his salary not from the imperial treasury but from the customs proceeds of the <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">kommerkion</i></span> of his province.<sup id="cite_ref-DOAKS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOAKS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commanders of the theme continued to be appointed throughout the 10th century, co-existing with the new post of "<i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a></i> of Mesopotamia", established c. 975. Unlike the <i>strategos</i>, the <i>doux</i> was a regional commander, controlling the central sector of Byzantium's eastern frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century, most of the attested <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">doukes</i></span> of Mesopotamia were Armenians, including <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Magistros" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Magistros">Gregory Magistros</a> and his son. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (r. 1071–1078) tried to re-establish Byzantine authority, but the province fell to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia_(theme)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGeerNesbittOikonomides2001">McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 1348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharanis1963">Charanis 1963</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOAKS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAKS_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGeerNesbittOikonomides2001">McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGeerNesbittOikonomides2001">McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001</a>, pp. 140–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGeerNesbittOikonomides2001">McGeer, Nesbitt & Oikonomides 2001</a>, p. 135; <a href="#CITEREFHolmes2005">Holmes 2005</a>, pp. 322–330.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia_(theme)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharanis1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Charanis, Peter</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/armenian/chartoc.html"><i>The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Lisbon: <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Foundation" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation">Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian</a> Armenian Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17186882">17186882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Calouste+Gulbenkian+Armenian+Library&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17186882&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Farmenian%2Fchartoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesopotamia+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2005" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Catherine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_h3_c0U1jVoC"><i>Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025)</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927968-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927968-5"><bdi>978-0-19-927968-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basil+II+and+the+Governance+of+Empire+%28976%E2%80%931025%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927968-5&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_h3_c0U1jVoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesopotamia+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesopotamia+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeerNesbittOikonomides2001" class="citation book cs1">McGeer, Eric; Nesbitt, John; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Oikonomides, Nicolas</a>, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86Of2XxW2NMC"><i>Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East</i></a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-282-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-282-X"><bdi>0-88402-282-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Byzantine+Seals+at+Dumbarton+Oaks+and+in+the+Fogg+Museum+of+Art%2C+Volume+4%3A+The+East&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88402-282-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D86Of2XxW2NMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesopotamia+%28theme%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_themes_in_De_Thematibus" title="Template:Byzantine themes in De Thematibus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_themes_in_De_Thematibus" title="Template talk:Byzantine themes in De Thematibus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_themes_in_De_Thematibus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine themes in De Thematibus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Themes_of_the_Byzantine_Empire_according_to_De_Thematibus_(c._950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> according to <i><a href="/wiki/De_Thematibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Thematibus">De Thematibus</a></i> (c. 950)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Eastern or Asian themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(theme)" title="Cappadocia (theme)">Cappadocia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charsianon" title="Charsianon">Charsianon</a>)</li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Thracesian_Theme" title="Thracesian Theme">Thracesian Theme</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsician Theme</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Optimatoi" title="Optimatoi">Optimates</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Bucellarian_Theme" title="Bucellarian Theme">Bucellarian Theme</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia_(theme)" title="Paphlagonia (theme)">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></li> <li>9. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Koloneia_(theme)" title="Koloneia (theme)">Koloneia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Sebasteia_(theme)" title="Sebasteia (theme)">Sebasteia</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Lykandos" title="Lykandos">Lykandos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(theme)" title="Seleucia (theme)">Seleucia</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot Theme</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(theme)" title="Cyprus (theme)">Cyprus</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Western or European themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thrace</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Macedonia</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Strymon_(theme)" title="Strymon (theme)">Strymon</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(theme)" title="Peloponnese (theme)">Peloponnese</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Cephallenia_(theme)" title="Cephallenia (theme)">Cephallenia</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(theme)" title="Nicopolis (theme)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Sicily</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Longobardia" 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