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href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Medication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Surgical treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_ablation_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_ablation_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Thermal ablation techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_ablation_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="سرطان العظم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان العظم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سوموک سرطانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوموک سرطانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knochentumor" title="Knochentumor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knochentumor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezur_tumore" title="Hezur tumore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezur tumore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تومور استخوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تومور استخوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91" title="골종양 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="골종양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Ոսկրի քաղցկեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոսկրի քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ckp%E1%BB%A5kp%E1%BB%A5_akp%E1%BB%A5" title="Ọkpụkpụ akpụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọkpụkpụ akpụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_tulang" title="Tumor tulang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumor tulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumori_delle_ossa" title="Tumori delle ossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tumori delle ossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גידול בעצמות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גידול בעצמות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaul%C5%B3_v%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Kaulų vėžys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaulų vėžys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah_tulang" title="Barah tulang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah tulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottumor" title="Bottumor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bottumor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%85%AB%E7%98%8D" title="骨腫瘍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨腫瘍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benvevskreft" title="Benvevskreft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benvevskreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knokkelsvulst" title="Knokkelsvulst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Knokkelsvulst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowotwory_ko%C5%9Bci" title="Nowotwory kości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowotwory kości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_%C3%B3sseo" title="Tumor ósseo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tumor ósseo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Опухоль кости – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опухоль кости" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor" title="Bone tumor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bone tumor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="شێرپەنجەی ئێسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجەی ئێسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83" title="Рак костију – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рак костију" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luukasvain" title="Luukasvain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luukasvain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelettcancer" title="Skelettcancer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skelettcancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemik_t%C3%BCm%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Kemik tümörü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kemik tümörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Пухлина кістки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пухлина кістки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" title="骨腫瘤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骨腫瘤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1328805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Bone tumor</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibroma_non_ossificante-RX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fibroma_non_ossificante-RX.jpg/220px-Fibroma_non_ossificante-RX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fibroma_non_ossificante-RX.jpg/330px-Fibroma_non_ossificante-RX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fibroma_non_ossificante-RX.jpg/440px-Fibroma_non_ossificante-RX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-ossifying_fibroma" title="Non-ossifying fibroma">Non-ossifying fibroma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthopedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedics">Orthopedics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lump, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focal_neurologic_signs" title="Focal neurologic signs">neurological signs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pathologic_fracture" title="Pathologic fracture">unexplained broken bone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes no symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benign" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign">Noncancerous</a> (benign) or <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">cancerous</a> (malignant)<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">biopsy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies with type<sup id="cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOblue2020p.338-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Common<sup id="cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOblue2020p.338-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>bone tumor</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Neoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplastic">abnormal growth</a> of tissue in <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, traditionally classified as <a href="/wiki/Benign" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign">noncancerous</a> (benign) or <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">cancerous</a> (malignant).<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOblue2020p.338-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_cancer" title="Kidney cancer">kidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be a lump, pain, or <a href="/wiki/Focal_neurologic_signs" title="Focal neurologic signs">neurological signs</a> from pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bone tumor might present with a <a href="/wiki/Pathologic_fracture" title="Pathologic fracture">pathologic fracture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes there are no symptoms and the tumour is found when investigating another problem.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diagnosis is generally by <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">X-ray</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiological tests</a> such as <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET scan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">bone scintigraphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood tests might include a <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a>, inflammatory markers, <a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis_of_proteins" title="Gel electrophoresis of proteins">serum electrophoresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">PSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney function">kidney function</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver function">liver function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urine may be tested for <a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein" title="Bence Jones protein">Bence Jones protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For confirmation of diagnosis, a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histological evaluation</a> might be required.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common bone tumor is a <a href="/wiki/Non-ossifying_fibroma" title="Non-ossifying fibroma">non-ossifying fibroma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOblue2020p.338-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year survival">five-year survival</a> in the United States after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67%.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known bone tumor was an <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a> in a foot bone discovered in South Africa, between 1.6 and 1.8 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Strauss2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone08.JPG/220px-Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone08.JPG/330px-Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone08.JPG/440px-Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>X-ray of a <a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_bone_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant cell bone tumor">giant cell bone tumor</a> in the head of the 4th metacarpal of the left hand. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonetumor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bonetumor.jpg/220px-Bonetumor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bonetumor.jpg/330px-Bonetumor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bonetumor.jpg/440px-Bonetumor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>An arm bone tumor</figcaption></figure> <p>Bone tumors are traditionally classified as <a href="/wiki/Benign" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign">noncancerous</a> (benign) or <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">cancerous</a> (malignant).<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several features of bone tumors and soft tissue tumors overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/WHO_blue_books" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO blue books">classification</a> was revised by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This newer classification categorises bone tumors into <a href="/wiki/Cartilage_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilage tumors">cartilage tumors</a>, osteogenic tumors, <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">fibrogenic</a> tumors, <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">vascular</a> tumors of bone, osteoclastic giant cell-rich tumors, notochordal tumors, other mesenchymal tumors of bone, and <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">hematopoietic</a> neoplasms of bone.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOblue2020p.338-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choi2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bone tumors may be classified as "<a href="/wiki/Primary_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary tumors">primary tumors</a>", which originate in bone or from bone-derived cells and tissues, and "<a href="/wiki/Secondary_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary tumor">secondary tumors</a>" which originate in other sites and spread (<a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasize</a>) to the skeleton. <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinomas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_cancer" title="Kidney cancer">kidneys</a> are the carcinomas that most commonly metastasize to bone. Secondary malignant bone tumors are estimated to be 50 to 100 times as common as primary bone cancers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_bone_tumors">Primary bone tumors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary bone tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary tumors of bone can be divided into <a href="/wiki/Benign" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign">benign tumors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>. Common benign bone tumors may be <a href="/wiki/Neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasia">neoplastic</a>, developmental, <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">traumatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> in etiology. Some benign tumors are not true neoplasms, but rather, represent <a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">hamartomas</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Osteochondroma" title="Osteochondroma">osteochondroma</a>. The most common locations for many primary tumors, both benign and malignant include the distal femur and proximal tibia (around the knee joint). Examples of benign bone tumors include <a href="/wiki/Osteoma" title="Osteoma">osteoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoid_osteoma" title="Osteoid osteoma">osteoid osteoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteochondroma" title="Osteochondroma">osteochondroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoblastoma" title="Osteoblastoma">osteoblastoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enchondroma" title="Enchondroma">enchondroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_tumor_of_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant cell tumor of bone">giant cell tumor of bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aneurysmal_bone_cyst" title="Aneurysmal bone cyst">aneurysmal bone cyst</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Malignant primary bone tumors, known as <a href="/wiki/Bone_sarcoma" title="Bone sarcoma">bone sarcomas</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chondrosarcoma" title="Chondrosarcoma">chondrosarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewing_sarcoma" title="Ewing sarcoma">Ewing sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibrosarcoma" title="Fibrosarcoma">fibrosarcoma</a>, and other types. While malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) - now generally called "<a href="/wiki/Pleomorphic_undifferentiated_sarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma">pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma</a>" - primary in bone is known to occur occasionally,<sup id="cite_ref-JeonSong_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeonSong-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> current paradigms tend to consider MFH a <a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_diagnosis" title="Wastebasket diagnosis">wastebasket diagnosis</a>, and the current trend is toward using specialized studies (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemical</a> tests) to classify these undifferentiated tumors into other tumor classes. <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">hematologic</a> cancer, originating in the bone marrow, which also frequently presents as one or more bone lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ cell tumors">Germ cell tumors</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">teratoma</a>, often present and originate in the midline of the sacrum, coccyx, or both. These sacrococcygeal teratomas are often relatively amenable to treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_bone_tumors">Secondary bone tumors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secondary bone tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondary bone tumors are <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> which have spread from other organs, most commonly carcinomas of the breast, lung, and prostate. Rarely, primary bone malignancies such as <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a> may also spread to other bones.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reliable and valid statistics on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of malignant bone tumours are difficult to come by, particularly in older adults (those over 75 years of age) - because <a href="/wiki/Carcinomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinomas">carcinomas</a> that are widely metastatic to bone are rarely ever curable. Biopsies to determine the origin of the tumour in cases like this are rarely done.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></div> <p>Clinical features of a bone tumor depend on the type of tumor and which part of which bone is affected.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santini2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santini2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms and signs usually result from the pressure effect of the tumor.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There may be a lump, with or without pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pain may increase with the growth of the tumor and may be worse at night and at rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bone tumor might present with an <a href="/wiki/Pathologic_fracture" title="Pathologic fracture">unexplained broken bone</a>; with little or no trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the tumor presses a nerve, <a href="/wiki/Focal_neurologic_signs" title="Focal neurologic signs">neurological signs</a> may be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes there are no symptoms and the tumour is found when investigating another problem.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bone tumour may be felt on examination, following which a <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">plain X-ray</a> is usually carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CostelloeMadewell2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CostelloeMadewell2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood tests might include a <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a>, inflammatory markers, <a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis_of_proteins" title="Gel electrophoresis of proteins">serum electrophoresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">PSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney function">kidney function</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver function">liver function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urine may be sent for <a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein" title="Bence Jones protein">Bence Jones protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography"> tests</a> that might be requested include a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET scan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">bone scintigraphy</a>. For confirmation of diagnosis, a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histological evaluation</a> might be required, using either a needle or by incision (open biopsy).<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staging">Staging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Staging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_1A_bone_cancer_CRUK_198.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 1A bone cancer"><img alt="Stage 1A bone cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Diagram_showing_stage_1A_bone_cancer_CRUK_198.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_1A_bone_cancer_CRUK_198.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Diagram_showing_stage_1A_bone_cancer_CRUK_198.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_1A_bone_cancer_CRUK_198.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Diagram_showing_stage_1A_bone_cancer_CRUK_198.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_1A_bone_cancer_CRUK_198.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 1A bone cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_1B_bone_cancer_CRUK_201.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 1B bone cancer"><img alt="Stage 1B bone cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diagram_showing_stage_1B_bone_cancer_CRUK_201.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_1B_bone_cancer_CRUK_201.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diagram_showing_stage_1B_bone_cancer_CRUK_201.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_1B_bone_cancer_CRUK_201.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diagram_showing_stage_1B_bone_cancer_CRUK_201.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_1B_bone_cancer_CRUK_201.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 1B bone cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_2A_bone_cancer_CRUK_211.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 2A bone cancer"><img alt="Stage 2A bone cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Diagram_showing_stage_2A_bone_cancer_CRUK_211.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_2A_bone_cancer_CRUK_211.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Diagram_showing_stage_2A_bone_cancer_CRUK_211.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_2A_bone_cancer_CRUK_211.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Diagram_showing_stage_2A_bone_cancer_CRUK_211.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_2A_bone_cancer_CRUK_211.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 2A bone cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_2B_bone_cancer_CRUK_215.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 2B bone cancer"><img alt="Stage 2B bone cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Diagram_showing_stage_2B_bone_cancer_CRUK_215.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_stage_2B_bone_cancer_CRUK_215.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Diagram_showing_stage_2B_bone_cancer_CRUK_215.svg/180px-Diagram_showing_stage_2B_bone_cancer_CRUK_215.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Diagram_showing_stage_2B_bone_cancer_CRUK_215.svg/240px-Diagram_showing_stage_2B_bone_cancer_CRUK_215.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 2B bone cancer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_stage_3_bone_cancer_CRUK_218.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stage 3 bone cancer"><img alt="Stage 3 bone cancer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Diagram_showing_stage_3_bone_cancer_CRUK_218.svg/76px-Diagram_showing_stage_3_bone_cancer_CRUK_218.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Diagram_showing_stage_3_bone_cancer_CRUK_218.svg/114px-Diagram_showing_stage_3_bone_cancer_CRUK_218.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Diagram_showing_stage_3_bone_cancer_CRUK_218.svg/152px-Diagram_showing_stage_3_bone_cancer_CRUK_218.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stage 3 bone cancer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment of bone tumors is dependent on the type of tumor.<sup id="cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where available, people with bone tumors are treated at a specialist centre which have surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, oncologists and other support staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, noncancerous bone tumors may be observed for changes and surgery offered if there is pain or pressure effects on neighbouring body parts. Surgical resection with or without cytotoxic drugs may be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy_and_radiotherapy">Chemotherapy and radiotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiotherapy</a> are effective in some tumors (such as <a href="/wiki/Ewing%27s_sarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewing's sarcoma">Ewing's sarcoma</a>) but less so in others (such as <a href="/wiki/Chondrosarcoma" title="Chondrosarcoma">chondrosarcoma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a variety of chemotherapy treatment protocols for bone tumors. The protocol with the best-reported survival in children and adults is an intra-arterial protocol where tumor response is tracked by serial arteriogram. When tumor response has reached >90% necrosis surgical intervention is planned.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major concerns is bone density and bone loss. Non-hormonal <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonates</a> increase bone strength and are available as once-a-week prescription pills. <a href="/wiki/Strontium-89" title="Strontium-89">Strontium-89</a> chloride is an intravenous medication given to help with the pain and can be given in three-month intervals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_treatment">Surgical treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surgical treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">Amputation</a></div> <p>Treatment for some bone cancers may involve <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, such as limb <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a>, or limb sparing surgery (often in combination with <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>). <a href="/wiki/Limb-sparing_techniques" title="Limb-sparing techniques">Limb sparing surgery</a>, or limb salvage surgery, means the <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limb</a> is spared from <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a>. Instead of amputation, the affected bone is removed and replaced in one of two ways: (a) <a href="/wiki/Bone_graft" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone graft">bone graft</a>, in which bone is taken from elsewhere on the body or (b) <a href="/wiki/Artificial_bone" title="Artificial bone">artificial bone</a> is put in. In upper leg surgeries, limb salvage prostheses are available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are other joint preservation surgical reconstruction options, including allograft, tumor-devitalized autograft, vascularized fibula graft, <a href="/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis" title="Distraction osteogenesis">distraction osteogenesis</a>, and custom-made implants.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of massive knee replacements after resection of primary bone tumours showed patients did not score as highly on the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society Score and Knee Society Score as patients who had undergone intra-articular resection.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_ablation_techniques">Thermal ablation techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thermal ablation techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the past two decades, CT guided <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">radiofrequency ablation</a> has emerged as a less invasive alternative to surgical resection in the care of benign bone tumors, most notably <a href="/wiki/Osteoid_osteoma" title="Osteoid osteoma">osteoid osteomas</a>. In this technique, which can be performed under conscious sedation, a RF probe is introduced into the tumor nidus through a cannulated needle under CT guidance and heat is applied locally to destroy tumor cells. Since the procedure was first introduced for the treatment of osteoid osteomas in the early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been shown in numerous studies to be less invasive and expensive, to result in less bone destruction and to have equivalent safety and efficacy to surgical techniques, with 66 to 96% of patients reporting freedom from symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While initial success rates with RFA are high, symptom recurrence after RFA treatment has been reported, with some studies demonstrating a recurrence rate similar to that of surgical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thermal ablation techniques are also increasingly being used in the palliative treatment of painful metastatic bone disease. Currently, external beam radiation therapy is the standard of care for patients with localized bone pain due to metastatic disease. Although the majority of patients experience complete or partial relief of pain following radiation therapy, the effect is not immediate and has been shown in some studies to be transient in more than half of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For patients who are not eligible or do not respond to traditional therapies ( i.e. radiation therapy, chemotherapy, palliative surgery, bisphosphonates or analgesic medications), thermal ablation techniques have been explored as alternatives for pain reduction. Several multi-center clinical trials studying the efficacy of RFA in the treatment of moderate to severe pain in patients with metastatic bone disease have shown significant decreases in patient reported pain after treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies are limited however to patients with one or two metastatic sites; pain from multiple tumors can be difficult to localize for directed therapy. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">cryoablation</a> has also been explored as a potentially effective alternative as the area of destruction created by this technique can be monitored more effectively by CT than RFA, a potential advantage when treating tumors adjacent to critical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outlook depends on the type of tumor. The outcome is expected to be good for people with noncancerous (benign) tumors, although some types of benign tumors may eventually become cancerous (malignant). With malignant bone tumors that have not spread, most patients achieve a cure, but the cure rate depends on the type of cancer, location, size, and other factors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bone tumors that originate from bone are very rare and account for around 0.2% of all tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi2020_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year survival">five-year survival</a> in the United States after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67%.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known bone tumor was an osteosarcoma in a foot bone belonging to a person who died in Swartkrans Cave, South Africa, between 1.6 and 1.8 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Strauss2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bones are a common site for <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer_in_cats_and_dogs" title="Bone cancer in cats and dogs">tumors in cats and dogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dittmer2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dittmer2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_tumor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maruth2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maruth2018_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaruthainarBhumbraCannon2018" class="citation book cs1">Maruthainar N, Bhumbra R, Cannon S (2018). "7. Orthopaedic oncology". In Ramachandran M (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cyGDwAAQBAJ&q=basic+orthopaedic+sciences+ramachandran+second"><i>Basic Orthopaedic Sciences</i></a> (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 105–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-2098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-2098-1"><bdi>978-1-4441-2098-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726175140/https://books.google.com/books?id=_cyGDwAAQBAJ&q=basic+orthopaedic+sciences+ramachandran+second#v=snippet&q=basic%20orthopaedic%20sciences%20ramachandran%20second&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Orthopaedic+oncology&rft.btitle=Basic+Orthopaedic+Sciences&rft.pages=105-121&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-2098-1&rft.aulast=Maruthainar&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Bhumbra%2C+R&rft.au=Cannon%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cyGDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbasic%2Borthopaedic%2Bsciences%2Bramachandran%2Bsecond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+tumor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orthoinfo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthoinfo_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/bone-tumor/">"Bone Tumor - Types and Treatments - OrthoInfo - AAOS"</a>. <i>www.orthoinfo.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320160940/https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/bone-tumor/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orthoinfo.org&rft.atitle=Bone+Tumor+-+Types+and+Treatments+-+OrthoInfo+-+AAOS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthoinfo.aaos.org%2Fen%2Fdiseases--conditions%2Fbone-tumor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+tumor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCQ&A-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCQ&A_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/phase2/mbone.pdf">"Questions and Answers about Bone Cancer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+and+Answers+about+Bone+Cancer&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnceh%2Fradiation%2Fphase2%2Fmbone.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+tumor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOblue2020p.338-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOblue2020p.338_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaR9zQEACAAJ"><i>Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours</i></a>. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020. pp. 338–344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-4502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-4502-5"><bdi>978-92-832-4502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+Tissue+and+Bone+Tumours%3A+WHO+Classification+of+Tumours&rft.pages=338-344&rft.pub=International+Agency+for+Research+on+Cancer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-92-832-4502-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaR9zQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+tumor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEER-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEER_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html">"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Bone and Joint Cancer"</a>. <i>NCI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420090626/https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/bones.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5757505">"Percutaneous image-guided cryoablation of painful metastases involving bone: multicenter trial"</a>. <i>Cancer</i>. <b>119</b> (5): 1033–1041. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.27793">10.1002/cncr.27793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5757505">5757505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23065947">23065947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Percutaneous+image-guided+cryoablation+of+painful+metastases+involving+bone%3A+multicenter+trial&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1033-1041&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5757505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23065947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcncr.27793&rft.aulast=Callstrom&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+DE&rft.au=Solomon%2C+SB&rft.au=Beres%2C+RA&rft.au=Littrup%2C+PJ&rft.au=Davis%2C+KW&rft.au=Paz-Fumagalli%2C+R&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+C&rft.au=Atwell%2C+TD&rft.au=Charboneau%2C+JW&rft.au=Schmit%2C+GD&rft.au=Goetz%2C+MP&rft.au=Rubin%2C+J&rft.au=Brown%2C+KJ&rft.au=Novotny%2C+PJ&rft.au=Sloan%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5757505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+tumor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dittmer2021-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dittmer2021_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmerPemberton2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keren_Dittmer" title="Keren Dittmer">Dittmer KE</a>, Pemberton S (September 2021). "A Holistic Approach to Bone Tumors in Dogs and Cats: Radiographic and Histologic Correlation". <i>Veterinary Pathology</i>. <b>58</b> (5): 841–857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0300985821999832">10.1177/0300985821999832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33779406">33779406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232409416">232409416</a>.</cite><span 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328805" class="extiw" title="d:Q1328805">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C40">C40</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C41">C41</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=170.9">170.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001859">D001859</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb29282.htm">29282</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001230.htm">001230</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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talk:Tumors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overview_of_tumors,_cancer_and_oncology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview of <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">Cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocyst" title="Pseudocyst">Pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">Hamartoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malignant progression</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">Carcinoma in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">Metastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_tumor" title="Primary tumor">Primary tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_lymph_node" title="Sentinel lymph node">Sentinel lymph node</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">nasopharyngeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Respiratory system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_neoplasm" title="Urogenital neoplasm">Urogenital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_neoplasm" title="Nervous system neoplasm">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland_neoplasm" title="Endocrine gland neoplasm">Endocrine system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">Sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastoma" title="Blastoma">Blastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">Papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">Adenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">Precancerous condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome" title="Paraneoplastic syndrome">Paraneoplastic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">Staging</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grading_(tumors)" title="Grading (tumors)">grading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNM_staging_system" title="TNM staging system">TNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_staging" title="Ann Arbor staging">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer_staging" title="Prostate cancer staging">Prostate cancer staging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleason_grading_system" title="Gleason grading system">Gleason grading system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes classification">Dukes classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">Carcinogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">Tumor suppressor genes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">oncogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic_bacteria" title="Carcinogenic bacteria">Carcinogenic bacteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_research" title="Cancer research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles" title="Index of oncology articles">Index of oncology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cancer" title="History of cancer">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" title="Cancer and nausea">Cancer and nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_cancer" title="Diet and cancer">Diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tumours_of_bone_and_cartilage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bone_and_cartilage_tumors" title="Template:Bone and cartilage tumors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bone_and_cartilage_tumors" title="Template talk:Bone and cartilage tumors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bone_and_cartilage_tumors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bone and cartilage tumors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tumours_of_bone_and_cartilage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tumours of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartilage_tumor" title="Cartilage tumor">cartilage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaphysis" title="Diaphysis">Diaphysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamantinoma" title="Adamantinoma">Adamantinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_neuroectodermal_tumor" title="Primitive neuroectodermal tumor">Primitive neuroectodermal tumor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ewing_family_of_tumors" title="Ewing family of tumors">Ewing family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewing_sarcoma" title="Ewing sarcoma">Ewing sarcoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysis" title="Metaphysis">Metaphysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">Osteoblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoid_osteoma" title="Osteoid osteoma">Osteoid osteoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoblastoma" title="Osteoblastoma">Osteoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoma" title="Osteoma">Osteoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondroblast" title="Chondroblast">Chondroblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondroma" title="Chondroma">Chondroma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ecchondroma" title="Ecchondroma">ecchondroma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enchondroma" title="Enchondroma">enchondroma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enchondromatosis" title="Enchondromatosis">Enchondromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraskeletal_chondroma" title="Extraskeletal chondroma">Extraskeletal chondroma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrosarcoma" title="Chondrosarcoma">Chondrosarcoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_chondrosarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma">Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_chondrosarcoma" title="Myxoid chondrosarcoma">Myxoid chondrosarcoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteochondroma" title="Osteochondroma">Osteochondroma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteochondromatosis" title="Osteochondromatosis">Osteochondromatosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondromyxoid_fibroma" title="Chondromyxoid fibroma">Chondromyxoid fibroma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Fibrous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteofibrous_dysplasia" title="Osteofibrous dysplasia">Ossifying fibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrosarcoma" title="Fibrosarcoma">Fibrosarcoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epiphysis" title="Epiphysis">Epiphysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondroblast" title="Chondroblast">Chondroblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondroblastoma" title="Chondroblastoma">Chondroblastoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myeloid_tissue" title="Myeloid tissue">Myeloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant-cell_tumor_of_bone" title="Giant-cell tumor of bone">Giant-cell tumor of bone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notochord" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">Notochord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chordoma" title="Chordoma">Chordoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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