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id="toc-Neuroimaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroimaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Neuroimaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroimaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Cardiovascular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musculoskeletal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musculoskeletal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Musculoskeletal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musculoskeletal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver_and_gastrointestinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver_and_gastrointestinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Liver and gastrointestinal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver_and_gastrointestinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Angiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Contrast agents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Overview table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Specialized configurations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialized_configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Specialized configurations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Specialized_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real-time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Real-time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interventional_MRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interventional_MRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Interventional MRI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interventional_MRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_resonance_guided_focused_ultrasound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_resonance_guided_focused_ultrasound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_resonance_guided_focused_ultrasound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multinuclear_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multinuclear_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Multinuclear imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multinuclear_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_imaging_by_MRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_imaging_by_MRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Molecular imaging by MRI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_imaging_by_MRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_MRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_MRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Parallel MRI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_MRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantitative_MRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantitative_MRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Quantitative MRI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantitative_MRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperpolarized_gas_MRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperpolarized_gas_MRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Hyperpolarized gas MRI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperpolarized_gas_MRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Overuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Artifacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Non-medical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Magnetic resonance imaging</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetieseresonansiebeelding" title="Magnetieseresonansiebeelding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magnetieseresonansiebeelding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imachen_por_resonancia_magnetica" title="Imachen por resonancia magnetica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imachen por resonancia magnetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancia_magn%C3%A9tica_nuclear" title="Resonancia magnética nuclear – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Resonancia magnética nuclear" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqnit_rezonans_tomoqrafiya" title="Maqnit rezonans tomoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maqnit rezonans tomoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="চৌম্বকীয় অনুরণন প্রতিচ্ছবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চৌম্বকীয় অনুরণন প্রতিচ্ছবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Магнитно-резонансна томография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнитно-резонансна томография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetna_rezonanca" title="Magnetna rezonanca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Magnetna rezonanca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatge_per_resson%C3%A0ncia_magn%C3%A8tica" title="Imatge per ressonància magnètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imatge per ressonància magnètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetick%C3%A1_rezonance" title="Magnetická rezonance – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnetická rezonance" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delweddu_cyseiniant_magnetig" title="Delweddu cyseiniant magnetig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Delweddu cyseiniant magnetig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-scanning" title="MR-scanning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MR-scanning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تصوير ب صونيط لمغناطيسي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تصوير ب صونيط لمغناطيسي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetresonanztomographie" title="Magnetresonanztomographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnetresonanztomographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetresonantstomograafia" title="Magnetresonantstomograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnetresonantstomograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μαγνητική τομογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνητική τομογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_por_resonancia_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Imagen por resonancia magnética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imagen por resonancia magnética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneta_resonanca_bildigo" title="Magneta resonanca bildigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magneta resonanca bildigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erresonantzia_magnetiko_bidezko_irudigintza" title="Erresonantzia magnetiko bidezko irudigintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erresonantzia magnetiko bidezko irudigintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تصویربرداری پرتو مغناطیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصویربرداری پرتو مغناطیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagerie_par_r%C3%A9sonance_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Imagerie par résonance magnétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imagerie par résonance magnétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1%C3%BA_athshondais_mhaighn%C3%A9adaigh" title="Íomháú athshondais mhaighnéadaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Íomháú athshondais mhaighnéadaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaxe_por_resonancia_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Imaxe por resonancia magnética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imaxe por resonancia magnética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%88%90%E7%9B%B8" title="核磁共振成相 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="核磁共振成相" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%CC%8Dt-chh%E1%B9%B3%CC%82_Khiung-ch%E1%B9%B3n_S%E1%B9%B3%CC%80n-siong" title="Fu̍t-chhṳ̂ Khiung-chṳn Sṳ̀n-siong – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fu̍t-chhṳ̂ Khiung-chṳn Sṳ̀n-siong" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%B5%EB%AA%85%EC%98%81%EC%83%81" title="자기공명영상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자기공명영상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մագնիսառեզոնանսային շերտագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնիսառեզոնանսային շերտագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC" title="चुम्बकीय अनुनाद प्रतिबिम्ब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुम्बकीय अनुनाद प्रतिबिम्ब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetska_rezonancija" title="Magnetska rezonancija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnetska rezonancija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetala_Reson-Imajifilo" title="Magnetala Reson-Imajifilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Magnetala Reson-Imajifilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencitraan_resonansi_magnetik" title="Pencitraan resonansi magnetik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencitraan resonansi magnetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segul%C3%B3mun" title="Segulómun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Segulómun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_a_risonanza_magnetica" title="Imaging a risonanza magnetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imaging a risonanza magnetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דימות תהודה מגנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דימות תהודה מגנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A0%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%8E%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%B2%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مؠقناطیٖس تَصویٖر سٲزی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مؠقناطیٖس تَصویٖر سٲزی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Магниттік-резонанстық томография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магниттік-резонанстық томография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imajri_pa_r%C3%A9zonans_magn%C3%A9tik" title="Imajri pa rézonans magnétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Imajri pa rézonans magnétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconismus_resonantia_magnetica_factus" title="Iconismus resonantia magnetica factus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iconismus resonantia magnetica factus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C4%93tisk%C4%81s_rezonanses_tomogr%C4%81fija" title="Magnētiskās rezonanses tomogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Magnētiskās rezonanses tomogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9itresonanztomographie" title="Magnéitresonanztomographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Magnéitresonanztomographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetinio_rezonanso_tomografas" title="Magnetinio rezonanso tomografas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnetinio rezonanso tomografas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1gnesesrezonancia-k%C3%A9palkot%C3%A1s" title="Mágnesesrezonancia-képalkotás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mágnesesrezonancia-képalkotás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Магнетна резонанција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магнетна резонанција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%90._%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="എം.ആർ.ഐ. സ്കാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എം.ആർ.ഐ. സ്കാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengimejan_resonans_magnet" title="Pengimejan resonans magnet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengimejan resonans magnet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnetic resonance imaging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E6%B0%97%E5%85%B1%E9%B3%B4%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F%E6%B3%95" title="核磁気共鳴画像法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="核磁気共鳴画像法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetresonanstomografi" title="Magnetresonanstomografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnetresonanstomografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetresonanstomografi" title="Magnetresonanstomografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnetresonanstomografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatjari%C3%A1_per_resson%C3%A0ncia_magnetica" title="Imatjariá per ressonància magnetica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imatjariá per ressonància magnetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetik_rezonans_tomografiya" title="Magnetik rezonans tomografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magnetik rezonans tomografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A)_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87" title="رزونانس (احتزازي) مقناطیسي عکس اخیستنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رزونانس (احتزازي) مقناطیسي عکس اخیستنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetik_rezanans_imijin" title="Magnetik rezanans imijin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Magnetik rezanans imijin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrazowanie_metod%C4%85_rezonansu_magnetycznego" title="Obrazowanie metodą rezonansu magnetycznego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obrazowanie metodą rezonansu magnetycznego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem_por_resson%C3%A2ncia_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Imagem por ressonância magnética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imagem por ressonância magnética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagistic%C4%83_prin_rezonan%C8%9B%C4%83_magnetic%C4%83" title="Imagistică prin rezonanță magnetică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imagistică prin rezonanță magnetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Магнитно-резонансная томография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнитно-резонансная томография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Магнитнай дуорайыы томограапыйата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Магнитнай дуорайыы томограапыйата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie_(MRT)" title="Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie (MRT) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie (MRT)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imazhi_me_rezonanc%C3%AB_magnetike" title="Imazhi me rezonancë magnetike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Imazhi me rezonancë magnetike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI" title="MRI – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="MRI" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B7%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="චුම්භක අනුනාද ප්‍රතිරූපණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චුම්භක අනුනාද ප්‍රතිරූපණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnetic resonance imaging" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A1%D9%90" title="ايم آر آءِ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايم آر آءِ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zobrazovanie_magnetickou_rezonanciou" title="Zobrazovanie magnetickou rezonanciou – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zobrazovanie magnetickou rezonanciou" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=MRI&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical imaging technique</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about magnetic resonance imaging. For X-ray tomographic imaging, see <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MRI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MRI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MRI (disambiguation)">MRI (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical diagnostic method </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Magnetic resonance imaging</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv/220px--Structural_MRI_animation.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Structural_MRI_animation.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="256" data-height="256" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="256" data-height="256" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv/Structural_MRI_animation.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /></video><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane#Variations_in_terminology" title="Sagittal plane">Para-sagittal</a> MRI of the head, with <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a> <a href="/wiki/Visual_artifact" title="Visual artifact">artifacts</a> (nose and forehead appear at the back of the head)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), magnetic resonance tomography (MRT)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=88.91&Submit=Search&action=search">88.91</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008279">D008279</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003335.htm">003335</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> technique used in <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a> to generate pictures of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> processes inside the body. <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging#MRI_scanner" title="Physics of magnetic resonance imaging">MRI scanners</a> use strong <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>, magnetic field gradients, and <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> to form images of the organs in the body. MRI does not involve <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> or the use of <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, which distinguishes it from <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">computed tomography</a> (CT) and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET) scans. MRI is a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance#Medicine" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">medical application</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) which can also be used for imaging in other <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance#Applications" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR applications</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rinck-1">[1]</a> MRI is widely used in hospitals and clinics for <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">medical diagnosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">staging</a> and follow-up of disease. Compared to CT, MRI provides better <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> in images of soft tissues, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">brain</a> or abdomen. However, it may be perceived as less comfortable by patients, due to the usually longer and louder measurements with the subject in a long, confining tube, although "open" MRI designs mostly relieve this. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">implants</a> and other non-removable metal in the body can pose a risk and may exclude some patients from undergoing an MRI examination safely. MRI was originally called NMRI (nuclear magnetic resonance imaging), but "nuclear" was dropped to avoid <a href="/wiki/Radiophobia" title="Radiophobia">negative associations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Certain <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a> are able to absorb <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> (RF) energy when placed in an external <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>; the resultant evolving <a href="/wiki/Spin_polarization" title="Spin polarization">spin polarization</a> can induce an RF signal in a radio frequency coil and thereby be detected.<a href="#cite_note-hoult-3">[3]</a> In other words, the nuclear magnetic spin of protons in the hydrogen nuclei resonates with the RF incident waves and emit coherent radiation with compact direction, energy (frequency) and phase. This coherent amplified radiation is easily detected by RF antennas close to the subject being examined. It is a process similar to <a href="/wiki/Masers" class="mw-redirect" title="Masers">masers</a>. In clinical and research MRI, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen atoms</a> are most often used to generate a macroscopic polarized radiation that is detected by the antennas.<a href="#cite_note-hoult-3">[3]</a> Hydrogen atoms are <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">naturally abundant in humans</a> and other biological organisms, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">fat</a>. For this reason, most MRI scans essentially map the location of water and fat in the body. Pulses of radio waves excite the <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">nuclear spin</a> energy transition, and magnetic field gradients localize the polarization in space. By varying the parameters of the <a href="/wiki/Pulse_sequence" title="Pulse sequence">pulse sequence</a>, different contrasts may be generated between tissues based on the <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(NMR)" title="Relaxation (NMR)">relaxation</a> properties of the hydrogen atoms therein. Since its development in the 1970s and 1980s, MRI has proven to be a versatile imaging technique. While MRI is most prominently used in <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnostic medicine</a> and biomedical research, it also may be used to form images of non-living objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">Diffusion MRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional MRI</a> extend the utility of MRI to capture neuronal tracts and blood flow respectively in the nervous system, in addition to detailed spatial images. The sustained increase in demand for MRI within <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health systems</a> has led to concerns about <a href="/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Cost-effectiveness analysis">cost effectiveness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overdiagnosis" title="Overdiagnosis">overdiagnosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-Bindman2012-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Magnetic_resonance_imaging#Dubious" title="Talk:Magnetic resonance imaging">discuss</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_physics">Construction and physics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction and physics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Physics of magnetic resonance imaging">Physics of magnetic resonance imaging</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg/330px-Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg/495px-Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg/660px-Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a cylindrical superconducting MR scanner. Top: cross section of the cylinder with primary coil, gradient coils and RF transmit coils. Bottom: longitudinal section of the cylinder and table, showing the same coils and the RF receive coil.</figcaption></figure> In most medical applications, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> nuclei, which consist solely of a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, that are in tissues create a signal that is processed to form an image of the body in terms of the density of those nuclei in a specific region. Given that the protons are affected by fields from other atoms to which they are bonded, it is possible to separate responses from hydrogen in specific compounds. To perform a study, the person is positioned within an <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging#MRI_scanner" title="Physics of magnetic resonance imaging">MRI scanner</a> that forms a strong <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> around the area to be imaged. First, energy from an <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillating</a> magnetic field is temporarily applied to the patient at the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> frequency. Scanning with X and Y gradient coils causes a selected region of the patient to experience the exact magnetic field required for the energy to be absorbed. The atoms are <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> pulse and the resultant signal is measured by a <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_coil" title="Radiofrequency coil">receiving coil</a>. The RF signal may be processed to deduce position information by looking at the changes in RF level and phase caused by varying the local magnetic field using <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging#Gradients" title="Physics of magnetic resonance imaging">gradient coils</a>. As these coils are rapidly switched during the excitation and response to perform a moving line scan, they create the characteristic repetitive noise of an MRI scan as the windings move slightly due to <a href="/wiki/Magnetostriction" title="Magnetostriction">magnetostriction</a>. The contrast between different tissues is determined by the rate at which excited atoms return to the <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">Exogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agents</a> may be given to the person to make the image clearer.<a href="#cite_note-McRobbie-6">[6]</a> The major components of an MRI scanner are the main <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>, which polarizes the sample, the <a href="/wiki/Shim_(magnetism)" title="Shim (magnetism)">shim coils</a> for correcting shifts in the <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_(physics)" title="Homogeneity (physics)">homogeneity</a> of the main magnetic field, the gradient system which is used to localize the region to be scanned and the RF system, which excites the sample and detects the resulting NMR signal. The whole system is controlled by one or more computers. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg/220px-Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg/330px-Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg/440px-Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>A mobile MRI unit</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:MRI_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.ogg" title="File:MRI - 2020-03-22 - Andy Mabbett.ogg">Audio recording</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="MRI_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/MRI_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/MRI_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.ogg/MRI_-_2020-03-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">A short extract of a 20-minute scanning session, recorded outside the above unit</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_(physics)" title="Homogeneity (physics)">uniform</a> to a few parts per million across the scan volume. The field strength of the magnet is measured in <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">teslas</a> – and while the majority of systems operate at 1.5 T, commercial systems are available between 0.2 and 7 T. 3T MRI systems, also called 3 Tesla MRIs, have stronger magnets than 1.5 systems and are considered better for images of organs and soft tissue.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Whole-body MRI systems for research applications operate in e.g. 9.4T,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 10.5T,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> 11.7T.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Even higher field whole-body MRI systems e.g. 14 T and beyond are in conceptual proposal<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> or in engineering design.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Most clinical magnets are <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> magnets, which require <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a> to keep them at low temperatures. Lower field strengths can be achieved with permanent magnets, which are often used in "open" MRI scanners for <a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">claustrophobic</a> patients.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Lower field strengths are also used in a <a href="/wiki/Portable_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Portable magnetic resonance imaging">portable MRI</a> scanner approved by the FDA in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Recently, MRI has been demonstrated also at ultra-low fields, i.e., in the microtesla-to-millitesla range, where sufficient signal quality is made possible by prepolarization (on the order of 10–100 mT) and by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Larmor_precession" title="Larmor precession">Larmor precession</a> fields at about 100 microtesla with highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference devices (<a href="/wiki/SQUID" title="SQUID">SQUIDs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T1_and_T2">T1 and T2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: T1 and T2">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(NMR)" title="Relaxation (NMR)">Relaxation (NMR)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_TE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TR_TE.jpg/260px-TR_TE.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/TR_TE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Effects of TR and TE on MR signal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T1t2PD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/T1t2PD.jpg/260px-T1t2PD.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/T1t2PD.jpg/390px-T1t2PD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/T1t2PD.jpg/520px-T1t2PD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Examples of T1-weighted, T2-weighted and <a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence#Proton_density" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">PD-weighted</a> MRI scans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg/260px-Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg/390px-Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg/520px-Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of changing magnetization and spin orientations throughout spin-lattice relaxation experiment</figcaption></figure> Each tissue returns to its equilibrium state after excitation by the independent relaxation processes of T1 (<a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93lattice_relaxation" title="Spin–lattice relaxation">spin-lattice</a>; that is, magnetization in the same direction as the static magnetic field) and T2 (<a href="/wiki/Spin-spin_relaxation_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-spin relaxation time">spin-spin</a>; transverse to the static magnetic field). To create a T1-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to recover before measuring the MR signal by changing the <a href="/wiki/Repetition_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition time">repetition time</a> (TR). This image weighting is useful for assessing the cerebral cortex, identifying fatty tissue, characterizing focal liver lesions, and in general, obtaining morphological information, as well as for <a href="/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent" title="MRI contrast agent">post-contrast</a> imaging. To create a T2-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to decay before measuring the MR signal by changing the <a href="/wiki/Echo_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo time">echo time</a> (TE). This image weighting is useful for detecting <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> and inflammation, revealing <a href="/wiki/Hyperintensity" title="Hyperintensity">white matter lesions</a>, and assessing zonal anatomy in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>. The information from MRI scans comes in the form of <a href="/wiki/Contrast_resolution" title="Contrast resolution">image contrasts</a> based on differences in the rate of relaxation of <a href="/wiki/Spin_quantum_number" title="Spin quantum number">nuclear spins</a> following their perturbation by an oscillating magnetic field (in the form of radiofrequency pulses through the sample).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The relaxation rates are a measure of the time it takes for a signal to decay back to an equilibrium state from either the longitudinal or transverse plane. <a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">Magnetization</a> builds up along the z-axis in the presence of a magnetic field, B0, such that the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">magnetic dipoles</a> in the sample will, on average, align with the z-axis summing to a total magnetization Mz. This magnetization along z is defined as the equilibrium magnetization; magnetization is defined as the sum of all magnetic dipoles in a sample. Following the equilibrium magnetization, a 90° radiofrequency (RF) pulse flips the direction of the magnetization vector in the xy-plane, and is then switched off. The initial magnetic field B0, however, is still applied. Thus, the spin magnetization vector will slowly return from the xy-plane back to the equilibrium state. The time it takes for the magnetization vector to return to its equilibrium value, Mz, is referred to as the longitudinal relaxation time, T1.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Subsequently, the rate at which this happens is simply the reciprocal of the relaxation time: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{1}}}=R_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{1}}}=R_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/913aa38379061c9a8123e77d9d1fc974eaad3433" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.165ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{1}}}=R_{1}}">. Similarly, the time in which it takes for Mxy to return to zero is T2, with the rate <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{2}}}=R_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{2}}}=R_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/932521473815a4156c982488f11d0b66e29d4fe4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.165ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T_{2}}}=R_{2}}">.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Magnetization as a function of time is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Bloch_equations" title="Bloch equations">Bloch equations</a>. T1 and T2 values are dependent on the chemical environment of the sample; hence their utility in MRI. Soft tissue and muscle tissue relax at different rates, yielding the image contrast in a typical scan. The standard display of MR images is to represent fluid characteristics in <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> images, where different tissues turn out as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Signals from different materials </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Signal </th> <th scope="col">T1-weighted </th> <th scope="col">T2-weighted </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #c8ccd1;">High </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Subacute hemorrhage<a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Protein-rich fluid<a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Slowly flowing blood<a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">Paramagnetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_pseudolaminar_necrosis" title="Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis">Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Anatomy</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>Fat</li> <li>More water content,<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-22">[22]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">Extracellularly</a> located <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a> in subacute hemorrhage<a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Pathology</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #a2a9b1;">Intermediate </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray matter">Gray matter</a> darker than <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a><a href="#cite_note-patil-24">[24]</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a> darker than <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey matter</a><a href="#cite_note-patil-24">[24]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #101418; color: #fff;">Low </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>Bone<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Air<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> density as in <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Urine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></li> <li>More water content,<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-22">[22]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, hyperacute or chronic <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">Air</a><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Low proton density, as in <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">Paramagnetic</a> material, such as <a href="/wiki/Deoxyhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyhemoglobin">deoxyhemoglobin</a>, intracellular <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">hemosiderin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Protein-rich fluid<a href="#cite_note-johnson2-23">[23]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostics">Diagnostics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnostics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_by_organ_or_system">Usage by organ or system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage by organ or system">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg/220px-Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg/330px-Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg/440px-Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Patient being positioned for MR study of the head and abdomen</figcaption></figure> MRI has a wide range of applications in <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">medical diagnosis</a> and around 50,000 scanners are estimated to be in use worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> MRI affects diagnosis and treatment in many specialties although the effect on improved health outcomes is disputed in certain cases.<a href="#cite_note-ACPfive-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-backimage-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg/220px-Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg/330px-Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg/440px-Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiologist</a> interpreting MRI images of head and neck</figcaption></figure> MRI is the investigation of choice in the preoperative <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">staging</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">rectal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> and has a role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of other tumors,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> as well as for determining areas of tissue for sampling in biobanking.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neuroimaging">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png/220px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png/330px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>MRI diffusion tensor imaging of <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> tracts</figcaption></figure> MRI is the investigative tool of choice for neurological cancers over CT, as it offers better visualization of the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa" title="Posterior cranial fossa">posterior cranial fossa</a>, containing the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. The contrast provided between <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> makes MRI the best choice for many conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_infections_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="List of infections of the central nervous system">infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Since many images are taken milliseconds apart, it shows how the brain responds to different stimuli, enabling researchers to study both the functional and structural brain abnormalities in psychological disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Abnormal_Psychology-34">[34]</a> MRI also is used in <a href="/wiki/Image_guided_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Image guided surgery">guided</a> <a href="/wiki/Stereotactic_surgery" title="Stereotactic surgery">stereotactic surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">radiosurgery</a> for treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the <a href="/wiki/N-localizer" title="N-localizer">N-localizer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> New tools that implement <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">artificial intelligence in healthcare</a> have demonstrated higher image quality and morphometric analysis in <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> with the application of a denoising system.<a href="#cite_note-JON-December-2021-38">[38]</a> The record for the highest spatial resolution of a whole intact brain (postmortem) is 100 microns, from Massachusetts General Hospital. The data was published in NATURE on 30 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Though MRI is used widely in research on mental disabilities, based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), available research using MRI scans to diagnose ADHD showed great variability.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> The authors conclude that MRI cannot be reliably used to assist in making a clinical diagnosis of ADHD.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAPVR.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PAPVR.gif/220px-PAPVR.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/PAPVR.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>MR angiogram in congenital heart disease</figcaption></figure> Cardiac MRI is complementary to other imaging techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography of the heart">cardiac CT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>. It can be used to assess the structure and the function of the heart.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Its applications include assessment of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">myocardial ischemia and viability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload</a>, vascular diseases, and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">congenital heart disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musculoskeletal">Musculoskeletal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Musculoskeletal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spinal_fMRI" title="Spinal fMRI">Spinal fMRI</a></div> Applications in the musculoskeletal system include <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal imaging</a>, assessment of <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> disease, and <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_pathology" title="Soft tissue pathology">soft tissue tumors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> MRI techniques can also be used for diagnostic imaging of <a href="/wiki/Myopathy#Systemic_diseases" title="Myopathy">systemic muscle diseases</a> including genetic muscle diseases.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Swallowing movements of the throat and esophagus can cause motion artifacts over the imaged spine. Therefore, a saturation pulse[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] applied over this region the throat and esophagus can help to avoid these artifacts. Motion artifacts arising due to pumping of the heart can be reduced by timing the MRI pulse according to heart cycles.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28611728-47">[47]</a> Blood vessel flow artifacts can be reduced by applying saturation pulses above and below the region of interest.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liver_and_gastrointestinal">Liver and gastrointestinal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liver and gastrointestinal">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hepatobiliary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatobiliary system">Hepatobiliary</a> MR is used to detect and characterize lesions of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile ducts</a>. Focal or diffuse disorders of the liver may be evaluated using <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">diffusion-weighted</a>, opposed-phase imaging and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Contrast_Enhanced_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI">dynamic contrast enhancement</a> sequences. Extracellular contrast agents are used widely in liver MRI, and newer hepatobiliary contrast agents also provide the opportunity to perform functional biliary imaging. Anatomical imaging of the bile ducts is achieved by using a heavily T2-weighted sequence in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a>. Functional imaging of the pancreas is performed following administration of <a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">secretin</a>. MR enterography provides non-invasive assessment of inflammatory bowel disease and small bowel tumors. MR-colonography may play a role in the detection of large polyps in patients at increased risk of colorectal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FrydrychowiczLubner2012-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-SandrasegaranLin2010-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-MasselliGualdi2012-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZijtaBipat2009-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angiography">Angiography</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Angiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mra1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mra1.jpg/220px-Mra1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mra1.jpg/330px-Mra1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mra1.jpg/440px-Mra1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic resonance angiography</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Magnetic resonance angiography</a></div> Magnetic resonance <a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">angiography</a> (MRA) generates pictures of the arteries to evaluate them for <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a> (abnormal narrowing) or <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysms</a> (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture). MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (called a "run-off"). A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures, such as administration of a <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> contrast agent (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>) or using a technique known as "flow-related enhancement" (e.g., 2D and 3D time-of-flight sequences), where most of the signal on an image is due to blood that recently moved into that plane (see also <a href="/wiki/FLASH_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FLASH MRI">FLASH MRI</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Wheaton_Miyazaki_pp._286–304-53">[53]</a> Techniques involving phase accumulation (known as phase contrast angiography) can also be used to generate flow velocity maps easily and accurately. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins. In this method, the tissue is now excited inferiorly, while the signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane—thus imaging the venous blood that recently moved from the excited plane.<a href="#cite_note-haacke-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contrast_agents">Contrast agents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contrast agents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent" title="MRI contrast agent">MRI contrast agent</a></div> MRI for imaging anatomical structures or blood flow do not require contrast agents since the varying properties of the tissues or blood provide natural contrasts. However, for more specific types of imaging, <a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">exogenous</a> contrast agents may be given <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenously</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Joint_injection" title="Joint injection">intra-articularly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McRobbie-6">[6]</a> Most contrast agents are either paramagnetic (e.g.: gadolinium, manganese, europium), and are used to shorten T1 in the tissue they accumulate in, or super-paramagnetic (SPIONs), and are used to shorten T2 and T2* in healthy tissue reducing its signal intensity (negative contrast agents). The most commonly used intravenous contrast agents are based on <a href="/wiki/Chelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelate">chelates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, which is highly paramagnetic.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In general, these agents have proved safer than the iodinated contrast agents used in X-ray radiography or CT. <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylactoid reactions</a> are rare, occurring in approx. 0.03–0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Of particular interest is the lower incidence of nephrotoxicity, compared with iodinated agents, when given at usual doses—this has made contrast-enhanced MRI scanning an option for patients with renal impairment, who would otherwise not be able to undergo <a href="/wiki/Radiocontrast" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocontrast">contrast-enhanced CT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Gadolinium-based contrast reagents are typically <a href="/wiki/Polydentate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydentate">octadentate</a> complexes of <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium(III)</a>. The complex is <a href="/wiki/Stability_constants_of_complexes" title="Stability constants of complexes">very stable</a> (log K > 20) so that, in use, the concentration of the un-complexed Gd3+ ions should be below the toxicity limit. The 9th place in the metal ion's <a href="/wiki/Coordination_sphere" title="Coordination sphere">coordination sphere</a> is occupied by a water molecule which exchanges rapidly with water molecules in the reagent molecule's immediate environment, affecting the magnetic resonance <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Relaxation time">relaxation time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In December 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> announced in a drug safety communication that new warnings were to be included on all gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The FDA also called for increased patient education and requiring gadolinium contrast vendors to conduct additional animal and clinical studies to assess the safety of these agents.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Although gadolinium agents have proved useful for patients with kidney impairment, in patients with severe <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> requiring dialysis there is a risk of a rare but serious illness, <a href="/wiki/Nephrogenic_systemic_fibrosis" title="Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis">nephrogenic systemic fibrosis</a>, which may be linked to the use of certain gadolinium-containing agents. The most frequently linked is <a href="/wiki/Gadodiamide" title="Gadodiamide">gadodiamide</a>, but other agents have been linked too.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Although a causal link has not been definitively established, current guidelines in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are that dialysis patients should only receive gadolinium agents where essential and that <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> should be performed as soon as possible after the scan to remove the agent from the body promptly.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In Europe, where more gadolinium-containing agents are available, a classification of agents according to potential risks has been released.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 2008, a new contrast agent named <a href="/wiki/Gadoxetic_acid" title="Gadoxetic acid">gadoxetate</a>, brand name Eovist (US) or Primovist (EU), was approved for diagnostic use: This has the theoretical benefit of a dual excretion path.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequences">Sequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sequences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MRI_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequences">MRI sequences</a></div> An <a href="/wiki/MRI_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequences">MRI sequence</a> is a particular setting of radiofrequency pulses and gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="#T1_and_T2">T1 and T2</a> weighting can also be described as MRI sequences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview_table">Overview table</h4></div> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Table_of_MRI_sequences&action=edit">edit</a> This table does not include <a href="/wiki/MRI_sequences#Uncommon_and_experimental_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequences">uncommon and experimental sequences</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group</th> <th>Sequence</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">Abbr.</a></th> <th>Physics</th> <th>Main clinical distinctions</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spin_echo" title="Spin echo">Spin echo</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#T1_and_T2">T1 weighted</a></td> <td>T1</td> <td>Measuring <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93lattice_relaxation" title="Spin–lattice relaxation">spin–lattice relaxation</a> by using a short <a href="/wiki/Repetition_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition time">repetition time</a> (TR) and <a href="/wiki/Echo_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo time">echo time</a> (TE). </td> <td> <ul><li>Lower signal for more water content,<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin2017-67">[67]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, hyperacute or chronic <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johnson-68">[68]</a></li> <li>High signal for <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a><a href="#cite_note-wisconsin2017-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson-68">[68]</a></li> <li>High signal for <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> substances, such as <a href="/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent" title="MRI contrast agent">MRI contrast agents</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson-68">[68]</a></li></ul> Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:T1-weighted-MRI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/T1-weighted-MRI.png/100px-T1-weighted-MRI.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/T1-weighted-MRI.png/150px-T1-weighted-MRI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/T1-weighted-MRI.png/200px-T1-weighted-MRI.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="557" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#T1_and_T2">T2 weighted</a></td> <td>T2</td> <td>Measuring <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93spin_relaxation" title="Spin–spin relaxation">spin–spin relaxation</a> by using long TR and TE times </td> <td> <ul><li>Higher signal for more water content<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin2017-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Low signal for fat in standard Spine Echo (SE),<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin2017-67">[67]</a> though not with Fast Spin Echo/Turbo Spin Echo (FSE/TSE). FSE/TSE is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_care" title="Standard of care">standard of care</a> in modern medicine because it is faster. With FSE/TSE, fat has high signal due to disruption of <a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine</a> <a href="/wiki/J-coupling" title="J-coupling">J-coupling</a> between adjacent fat <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Low signal for <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> substances<a href="#cite_note-johnson-68">[68]</a></li></ul> Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_brain.jpg/100px-Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_brain.jpg/150px-Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_brain.jpg/200px-Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="449" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence#PD" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">Proton density weighted</a></td> <td>PD</td> <td>Long <a href="/wiki/Repetition_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition time">TR</a> (to reduce T1) and short <a href="/wiki/Echo_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo time">TE</a> (to minimize T2).<a href="#cite_note-Graham2011-70">[70]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropathy" title="Arthropathy">Joint disease</a> and injury.<a href="#cite_note-Overview-71">[71]</a> <ul><li>High signal from <a href="/wiki/Tear_of_meniscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tear of meniscus">meniscus tears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LefevreNaouri2016-72">[72]</a> (pictured)</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Proton_density_MRI_of_a_grade_2_medial_meniscal_tear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proton_density_MRI_of_a_grade_2_medial_meniscal_tear.jpg/100px-Proton_density_MRI_of_a_grade_2_medial_meniscal_tear.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proton_density_MRI_of_a_grade_2_medial_meniscal_tear.jpg/150px-Proton_density_MRI_of_a_grade_2_medial_meniscal_tear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proton_density_MRI_of_a_grade_2_medial_meniscal_tear.jpg/200px-Proton_density_MRI_of_a_grade_2_medial_meniscal_tear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="308" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gradient_echo" title="Gradient echo">Gradient echo</a> (GRE)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_free_precession_imaging" title="Steady-state free precession imaging">Steady-state free precession</a></td> <td>SSFP</td> <td>Maintenance of a steady, residual transverse magnetisation over successive cycles.<a href="#cite_note-Luijkx-73">[73]</a></td> <td>Creation of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">cardiac MRI</a> videos (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-Luijkx-73">[73]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Four_chamber_cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaging.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Four_chamber_cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaging.gif/100px-Four_chamber_cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaging.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Four_chamber_cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaging.gif/150px-Four_chamber_cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaging.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Four_chamber_cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaging.gif 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T2*-weighted_imaging" title="T2*-weighted imaging">Effective T2 or "T2-star"</a></td> <td>T2*</td> <td>Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE) with a long echo time and small flip angle<a href="#cite_note-ChavhanBabyn2009-74">[74]</a></td> <td>Low signal from <a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">hemosiderin</a> deposits (pictured) and hemorrhages.<a href="#cite_note-ChavhanBabyn2009-74">[74]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Effective_T2-weighted_MRI_of_hemosiderin_deposits_after_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Effective_T2-weighted_MRI_of_hemosiderin_deposits_after_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.png/100px-Effective_T2-weighted_MRI_of_hemosiderin_deposits_after_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Effective_T2-weighted_MRI_of_hemosiderin_deposits_after_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.png/150px-Effective_T2-weighted_MRI_of_hemosiderin_deposits_after_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Effective_T2-weighted_MRI_of_hemosiderin_deposits_after_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.png/200px-Effective_T2-weighted_MRI_of_hemosiderin_deposits_after_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="486" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Susceptibility_weighted_imaging" title="Susceptibility weighted imaging">Susceptibility-weighted</a></td> <td>SWI</td> <td>Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE), fully flow compensated, long echo time, combines phase image with magnitude image<a href="#cite_note-swi-75">[75]</a> </td> <td>Detecting small amounts of hemorrhage (<a href="/wiki/Diffuse_axonal_injury" title="Diffuse axonal injury">diffuse axonal injury</a> pictured) or calcium.<a href="#cite_note-swi-75">[75]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Susceptibility_weighted_imaging_(SWI)_in_diffuse_axonal_injury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Susceptibility_weighted_imaging_%28SWI%29_in_diffuse_axonal_injury.jpg/100px-Susceptibility_weighted_imaging_%28SWI%29_in_diffuse_axonal_injury.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Susceptibility_weighted_imaging_%28SWI%29_in_diffuse_axonal_injury.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="152" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Inversion recovery </td> <td>Short tau inversion recovery</td> <td>STIR</td> <td>Fat suppression by setting an <a href="/wiki/Inversion_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion time">inversion time</a> where the signal of fat is zero.<a href="#cite_note-Shorttau-76">[76]</a> </td> <td>High signal in <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, such as in more severe <a href="/wiki/Stress_fracture" title="Stress fracture">stress fracture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stress-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shin_splints" title="Shin splints">Shin splints</a> pictured:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shinsplint-mri_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shinsplint-mri_%28crop%29.jpg/70px-Shinsplint-mri_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shinsplint-mri_%28crop%29.jpg/105px-Shinsplint-mri_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shinsplint-mri_%28crop%29.jpg/140px-Shinsplint-mri_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="416" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluid-attenuated_inversion_recovery" title="Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery">Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery</a></td> <td>FLAIR</td> <td>Fluid suppression by setting an inversion time that nulls fluids</td> <td>High signal in <a href="/wiki/Lacunar_stroke" title="Lacunar stroke">lacunar infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage" title="Subarachnoid hemorrhage">subarachnoid haemorrhage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-Hacking_et_al._2015-78">[78]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FLAIR_MRI_of_meningitis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FLAIR_MRI_of_meningitis.jpg/100px-FLAIR_MRI_of_meningitis.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FLAIR_MRI_of_meningitis.jpg/150px-FLAIR_MRI_of_meningitis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FLAIR_MRI_of_meningitis.jpg/200px-FLAIR_MRI_of_meningitis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="521" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Double inversion recovery</td> <td>DIR</td> <td>Simultaneous suppression of <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> by two inversion times.<a href="#cite_note-muzio-79">[79]</a> </td> <td>High signal of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> plaques (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-muzio-79">[79]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Axial_DIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_sclerosis_lesions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Axial_DIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_sclerosis_lesions.jpg/100px-Axial_DIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_sclerosis_lesions.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Axial_DIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_sclerosis_lesions.jpg/150px-Axial_DIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_sclerosis_lesions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Axial_DIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_sclerosis_lesions.jpg/200px-Axial_DIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_sclerosis_lesions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1176" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_weighted_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion weighted imaging">Diffusion weighted</a> (DWI)</td> <td>Conventional</td> <td>DWI</td> <td>Measure of <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> of water molecules.<a href="#cite_note-dwi-80">[80]</a> </td> <td>High signal within minutes of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">cerebral infarction</a> (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-IschaemicStroke-81">[81]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_DWI_MRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_DWI_MRI.jpg/100px-Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_DWI_MRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_DWI_MRI.jpg/150px-Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_DWI_MRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_DWI_MRI.jpg/200px-Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_DWI_MRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="225" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apparent_diffusion_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent diffusion coefficient">Apparent diffusion coefficient</a></td> <td>ADC</td> <td>Reduced T2 weighting by taking multiple conventional DWI images with different DWI weighting, and the change corresponds to diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-hammer-82">[82]</a> </td> <td>Low signal minutes after <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">cerebral infarction</a> (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-AnFord2011-83">[83]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_ADC_MRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_ADC_MRI.jpg/100px-Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_ADC_MRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_ADC_MRI.jpg/150px-Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_ADC_MRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_ADC_MRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="234" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diffusion tensor</td> <td>DTI</td> <td>Mainly <a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">tractography</a> (pictured) by an overall greater <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> of water molecules in the directions of nerve fibers.<a href="#cite_note-radiopaedia-dti-84">[84]</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Evaluating white matter deformation by tumors<a href="#cite_note-radiopaedia-dti-84">[84]</a></li> <li>Reduced <a href="/wiki/Fractional_anisotropy" title="Fractional anisotropy">fractional anisotropy</a> may indicate <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChuaWen2008-85">[85]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png/100px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png/150px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png/200px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="463" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Perfusion_MRI" title="Perfusion MRI">Perfusion weighted</a> (PWI) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_susceptibility_contrast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic susceptibility contrast">Dynamic susceptibility contrast</a></td> <td>DSC</td> <td>Measures changes over time in susceptibility-induced signal loss due to <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_contrast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium contrast">gadolinium contrast</a> injection.<a href="#cite_note-DSC-86">[86]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <ul><li>Provides measurements of blood flow</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">cerebral infarction</a>, the infarcted core and the <a href="/wiki/Penumbra_(medicine)" title="Penumbra (medicine)">penumbra</a> have decreased perfusion and delayed contrast arrival (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-Chen2012-87">[87]</a></li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Tmax_by_MRI_perfusion_in_cerebral_artery_occlusion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tmax_by_MRI_perfusion_in_cerebral_artery_occlusion.jpg/100px-Tmax_by_MRI_perfusion_in_cerebral_artery_occlusion.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tmax_by_MRI_perfusion_in_cerebral_artery_occlusion.jpg/150px-Tmax_by_MRI_perfusion_in_cerebral_artery_occlusion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Tmax_by_MRI_perfusion_in_cerebral_artery_occlusion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="206" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arterial_spin_labelling" title="Arterial spin labelling">Arterial spin labelling</a></td> <td>ASL</td> <td>Magnetic labeling of arterial blood below the imaging slab, which subsequently enters the region of interest.<a href="#cite_note-UOM-88">[88]</a> It does not need gadolinium contrast.<a href="#cite_note-ASL-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_contrast_enhanced" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic contrast enhanced">Dynamic contrast enhanced</a></td> <td>DCE</td> <td>Measures changes over time in the shortening of the <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93lattice_relaxation" title="Spin–lattice relaxation">spin–lattice relaxation</a> (T1) induced by a <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_contrast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium contrast">gadolinium contrast</a> bolus.<a href="#cite_note-DCE-90">[90]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1">Faster Gd contrast uptake along with other features is suggestive of malignancy (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull2008-91">[91]</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_dce-mri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Breast_dce-mri.jpg/100px-Breast_dce-mri.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Breast_dce-mri.jpg/150px-Breast_dce-mri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Breast_dce-mri.jpg/200px-Breast_dce-mri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="297" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">Functional MRI</a> (fMRI)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blood-oxygen-level_dependent" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-oxygen-level dependent">Blood-oxygen-level dependent</a> imaging</td> <td>BOLD</td> <td>Changes in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">oxygen saturation</a>-dependent magnetism of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> reflects tissue activity.<a href="#cite_note-nature1990-92">[92]</a> </td> <td>Localizing brain activity from performing an assigned task (e.g. talking, moving fingers) before surgery, also used in research of cognition.<a href="#cite_note-Fmri-93">[93]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:1206_FMRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/100px-1206_FMRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/150px-1206_FMRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1206_FMRI.jpg/200px-1206_FMRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="541" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Magnetic resonance angiography</a> (MRA) and venography</td> <td>Time-of-flight</td> <td>TOF</td> <td>Blood entering the imaged area is not yet <a href="/wiki/Saturation_(magnetic)" title="Saturation (magnetic)">magnetically saturated</a>, giving it a much higher signal when using short echo time and flow compensation. </td> <td>Detection of <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dissection_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissection (medical)">dissection</a><a href="#cite_note-hopkins-94">[94]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mra-mip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mra-mip.jpg/100px-Mra-mip.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mra-mip.jpg/150px-Mra-mip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mra-mip.jpg/200px-Mra-mip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="527" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phase_contrast_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging">Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging</a></td> <td>PC-MRA</td> <td>Two gradients with equal magnitude, but opposite direction, are used to encode a phase shift, which is proportional to the velocity of <a href="/wiki/Spin_(particle_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (particle physics)">spins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td> <td>Detection of <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dissection_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissection (medical)">dissection</a> (pictured).<a href="#cite_note-hopkins-94">[94]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_(VIPR)_Phase_Contrast_(PC)_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg/100px-Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg/150px-Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg/200px-Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction_%28VIPR%29_Phase_Contrast_%28PC%29_sequence_MRI_of_arterial_dissections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="823" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Vastly_undersampled_Isotropic_Projection_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastly undersampled Isotropic Projection Reconstruction">VIPR</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialized_configurations">Specialized configurations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Specialized configurations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy">Magnetic resonance spectroscopy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/In_vivo_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy">In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/In_vivo_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy">Magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a> (MRS) is used to measure the levels of different <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a> in body tissues, which can be achieved through a variety of single voxel or imaging-based techniques.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The MR signal produces a spectrum of resonances that corresponds to different molecular arrangements of the isotope being "excited". This signature is used to diagnose certain metabolic disorders, especially those affecting the brain,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and to provide information on tumor <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) combines both spectroscopic and imaging methods to produce spatially localized spectra from within the sample or patient. The spatial resolution is much lower (limited by the available <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">SNR</a>), but the spectra in each voxel contains information about many metabolites. Because the available signal is used to encode spatial and spectral information, MRSI requires high SNR achievable only at higher field strengths (3 T and above).<a href="#cite_note-DW_Al._2018-99">[99]</a> The high procurement and maintenance costs of MRI with extremely high field strengths<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> inhibit their popularity. However, recent <a href="/wiki/Compressed_sensing" title="Compressed sensing">compressed sensing</a>-based software algorithms (e.g., <a href="/wiki/SAMV_(algorithm)" title="SAMV (algorithm)">SAMV</a><a href="#cite_note-AbeidaZhang-101">[101]</a>) have been proposed to achieve <a href="/wiki/Super-resolution_imaging" title="Super-resolution imaging">super-resolution</a> without requiring such high field strengths. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-time">Real-time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Real-time">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/220px--Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="384" data-height="384" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AReal-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Real-time MRI of a <a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">human heart</a> at a resolution of 50 ms</figcaption></figure><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Real-time_MRI" title="Real-time MRI">Real-time MRI</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real-time_MRI&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv/220px--Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_(2-chamber_view).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_(2-chamber_view).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Real-time_MRI_of_a_human_heart_%282-chamber_view%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="463" data-height="463" /></video><figcaption>Real-time MRI of a human heart (2-chamber view) at 22 ms resolution<a href="#cite_note-Real-time_MRI_Zhang2010a-102">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/220px--Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Real-time MRI of a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a> while <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a>, at 40 ms resolution</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Real-time_MRI" title="Real-time MRI">Real-time magnetic resonance imaging</a> (RT-MRI) refers to the continuous monitoring of moving objects in real time. Traditionally, real-time MRI was possible only with low image quality or low temporal resolution. An <a href="/wiki/Iterative_reconstruction" title="Iterative reconstruction">iterative reconstruction</a> algorithm removed limitations. Radial <a href="/wiki/FLASH_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FLASH MRI">FLASH MRI</a> (real-time) yields a temporal resolution of 20 to 30 milliseconds for images with an in-plane resolution of 1.5 to 2.0 mm.<a href="#cite_note-Real-time_MRI_Uecker2010a-103">[103]</a> Real-time MRI adds information about diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. In many cases MRI examinations become easier and more comfortable for patients, especially for the patients who cannot calm their breathing<a href="#cite_note-Real-time_MRI_UyanikLindner2013-104">[104]</a> or who have <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_free_precession_imaging#Commercial_names" title="Steady-state free precession imaging">Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging</a> gives better image contrast between the blood pool and myocardium than FLASH MRI, at the cost of severe banding artifact when B0 inhomogeneity is strong.<a href="#cite_note-Real-time_MRI_UyanikLindner2013-104">[104]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interventional_MRI">Interventional MRI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interventional MRI">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interventional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Interventional magnetic resonance imaging">Interventional magnetic resonance imaging</a></div> The lack of harmful effects on the patient and the operator make MRI well-suited for <a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">interventional radiology</a>, where the images produced by an MRI scanner guide minimally invasive procedures. Such procedures use no <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a> instruments.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> A specialized growing subset of <a href="/wiki/Interventional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Interventional magnetic resonance imaging">interventional MRI</a> is <a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_MRI" title="Intraoperative MRI">intraoperative MRI</a>, in which an MRI is used in surgery. Some specialized MRI systems allow imaging concurrent with the surgical procedure. More typically, the surgical procedure is temporarily interrupted so that MRI can assess the success of the procedure or guide subsequent surgical work.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_resonance_guided_focused_ultrasound">Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound">edit</a>]</div> In guided therapy, <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_focused_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="High-intensity focused ultrasound">high-intensity focused ultrasound</a> (HIFU) beams are focused on a tissue, that are controlled using MR thermal imaging. Due to the high energy at the focus, the temperature rises to above 65 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a> (150 °F) which completely destroys the tissue. This technology can achieve precise <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a> of diseased tissue. MR imaging provides a three-dimensional view of the target tissue, allowing for the precise focusing of ultrasound energy. The MR imaging provides quantitative, real-time, thermal images of the treated area. This allows the physician to ensure that the temperature generated during each cycle of ultrasound energy is sufficient to cause thermal ablation within the desired tissue and if not, to adapt the parameters to ensure effective treatment.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multinuclear_imaging">Multinuclear imaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Multinuclear imaging">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Helium-3#Medical_imaging" title="Helium-3">Helium-3 § Medical imaging</a></div> Hydrogen has the most frequently imaged <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a> in MRI because it is present in biological tissues in great abundance, and because its high <a href="/wiki/Gyromagnetic_ratio" title="Gyromagnetic ratio">gyromagnetic ratio</a> gives a strong signal. However, any nucleus with a net <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">nuclear spin</a> could potentially be imaged with MRI. Such nuclei include <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-7">lithium-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>-19, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-17" title="Oxygen-17">oxygen-17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>-23, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>-31 and <a href="/wiki/Xenon#Isotopes" title="Xenon">xenon-129</a>. 23Na and 31P are naturally abundant in the body, so they can be imaged directly. Gaseous isotopes such as 3He or 129Xe must be <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(physics)" title="Hyperpolarization (physics)">hyperpolarized</a> and then inhaled as their nuclear density is too low to yield a useful signal under normal conditions. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-17" title="Oxygen-17">17O</a> and 19F can be administered in sufficient quantities in liquid form (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-17" title="Oxygen-17">17O</a>-water) that hyperpolarization is not a necessity.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Using helium or xenon has the advantage of reduced background noise, and therefore increased contrast for the image itself, because these elements are not normally present in biological tissues.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Moreover, the nucleus of any atom that has a net nuclear spin and that is bonded to a hydrogen atom could potentially be imaged via heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI that would image the high-gyromagnetic-ratio hydrogen nucleus instead of the low-gyromagnetic-ratio nucleus that is bonded to the hydrogen atom.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In principle, heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI could be used to detect the presence or absence of specific chemical bonds.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Multinuclear imaging is primarily a research technique at present. However, potential applications include functional imaging and imaging of organs poorly seen on 1H MRI (e.g., lungs and bones) or as alternative contrast agents. Inhaled hyperpolarized 3He can be used to image the distribution of air spaces within the lungs. Injectable solutions containing 13C or stabilized bubbles of hyperpolarized 129Xe have been studied as contrast agents for angiography and perfusion imaging. 31P can potentially provide information on bone density and structure, as well as functional imaging of the brain. Multinuclear imaging holds the potential to chart the distribution of lithium in the human brain, this element finding use as an important drug for those with conditions such as bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-NecusSinha2019-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_imaging_by_MRI">Molecular imaging by MRI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Molecular imaging by MRI">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_imaging" title="Molecular imaging">Molecular imaging</a></div> MRI has the advantages of having very high spatial resolution and is very adept at morphological imaging and functional imaging. MRI does have several disadvantages though. First, MRI has a sensitivity of around 10−3 <a href="/wiki/Concentration#Molarity" title="Concentration">mol/L</a> to 10−5 mol/L, which, compared to other types of imaging, can be very limiting. This problem stems from the fact that the population difference between the nuclear spin states is very small at room temperature. For example, at 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">teslas</a>, a typical field strength for clinical MRI, the difference between high and low energy states is approximately 9 molecules per 2 million. Improvements to increase MR sensitivity include increasing magnetic field strength and <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(physics)" title="Hyperpolarization (physics)">hyperpolarization</a> via optical pumping or dynamic nuclear polarization. There are also a variety of signal amplification schemes based on chemical exchange that increase sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2010-114">[114]</a> To achieve molecular imaging of disease biomarkers using MRI, targeted MRI <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agents</a> with high specificity and high relaxivity (sensitivity) are required. To date, many studies have been devoted to developing targeted-MRI contrast agents to achieve molecular imaging by MRI. Commonly, peptides, antibodies, or small ligands, and small protein domains, such as HER-2 affibodies, have been applied to achieve targeting. To enhance the sensitivity of the contrast agents, these targeting moieties are usually linked to high payload MRI contrast agents or MRI contrast agents with high relaxivities.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> A new class of gene targeting MR contrast agents has been introduced to show gene action of unique mRNA and gene transcription factor proteins.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17234603-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24115049-117">[117]</a> These new contrast agents can trace cells with unique mRNA, microRNA and virus; tissue response to inflammation in living brains.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19295156-118">[118]</a> The MR reports change in gene expression with positive correlation to TaqMan analysis, optical and electron microscopy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23150521-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_MRI">Parallel MRI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parallel MRI">edit</a>]</div> It takes time to gather MRI data using sequential applications of magnetic field gradients. Even for the most streamlined of <a href="/wiki/MRI_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequences">MRI sequences</a>, there are physical and physiologic limits to the rate of gradient switching. Parallel MRI circumvents these limits by gathering some portion of the data simultaneously, rather than in a traditional sequential fashion. This is accomplished using arrays of radiofrequency (RF) detector coils, each with a different 'view' of the body. A reduced set of gradient steps is applied, and the remaining spatial information is filled in by combining signals from various coils, based on their known spatial sensitivity patterns. The resulting acceleration is limited by the number of coils and by the signal to noise ratio (which decreases with increasing acceleration), but two- to four-fold accelerations may commonly be achieved with suitable coil array configurations, and substantially higher accelerations have been demonstrated with specialized coil arrays. Parallel MRI may be used with most <a href="/wiki/MRI_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequences">MRI sequences</a>. After a number of early suggestions for using arrays of detectors to accelerate imaging went largely unremarked in the MRI field, parallel imaging saw widespread development and application following the introduction of the SiMultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics (SMASH) technique in 1996–7.<a href="#cite_note-SMASH-120">[120]</a> The SENSitivity Encoding (SENSE)<a href="#cite_note-SENSE-121">[121]</a> and Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA)<a href="#cite_note-GRAPPA-122">[122]</a> techniques are the parallel imaging methods in most common use today. The advent of parallel MRI resulted in extensive research and development in image reconstruction and RF coil design, as well as in a rapid expansion of the number of receiver channels available on commercial MR systems. Parallel MRI is now used routinely for MRI examinations in a wide range of body areas and clinical or research applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantitative_MRI">Quantitative MRI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Quantitative MRI">edit</a>]</div> Most MRI focuses on qualitative interpretation of MR data by acquiring spatial maps of relative variations in signal strength which are "weighted" by certain parameters.<a href="#cite_note-Gulani-Sieberlich-QMRI-2020-123">[123]</a> Quantitative methods instead attempt to determine spatial maps of accurate tissue relaxometry parameter values or magnetic field, or to measure the size of certain spatial features. Examples of quantitative MRI methods are: <ul><li>T1-mapping (notably used in <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27354273-124">[124]</a>)</li> <li>T2-mapping<a href="#cite_note-pmid34008045-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_susceptibility_mapping" title="Quantitative susceptibility mapping">Quantitative susceptibility mapping</a> (QSM)</li> <li>Quantitative fluid flow MRI (i.e. some <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid_flow_MRI" title="Cerebrospinal fluid flow MRI">cerebrospinal fluid flow MRI</a><a href="#cite_note-Radiopedia-CSFflow-126">[126]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_elastography" title="Magnetic resonance elastography">Magnetic resonance elastography</a> (MRE)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li></ul> Quantitative MRI aims to increase the <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> of MR images and interpretations, but has historically require longer scan times.<a href="#cite_note-Gulani-Sieberlich-QMRI-2020-123">[123]</a> Quantitative MRI (or qMRI) sometimes more specifically refers to multi-parametric quantitative MRI, the mapping of multiple tissue relaxometry parameters in a single imaging session.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33763021-128">[128]</a> Efforts to make multi-parametric quantitative MRI faster have produced sequences which map multiple parameters simultaneously, either by building separate encoding methods for each parameter into the sequence,<a href="#cite_note-pmid18666127-129">[129]</a> or by fitting MR signal evolution to a multi-parameter model.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22378141-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23486058-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperpolarized_gas_MRI">Hyperpolarized gas MRI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hyperpolarized gas MRI">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarized_gas_MRI" title="Hyperpolarized gas MRI">Hyperpolarized gas MRI</a></div> Traditional MRI generates poor images of lung tissue because there are fewer water molecules with protons that can be excited by the magnetic field. Using hyperpolarized gas an MRI scan can identify ventilation defects in the lungs. Before the scan, a patient is asked to inhale hyperpolarized <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> mixed with a buffer gas of helium or nitrogen. The resulting lung images are much higher quality than with traditional MRI. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Safety of magnetic resonance imaging">Safety of magnetic resonance imaging</a></div> MRI is, in general, a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraindications" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraindications">Contraindications</a> to MRI include most <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">cochlear implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">cardiac pacemakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">shrapnel</a>, and metallic <a href="/wiki/Foreign_body" title="Foreign body">foreign bodies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">eyes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_in_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy">Magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy</a> appears to be safe, at least during the second and third <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">trimesters</a> if done without contrast agents.<a href="#cite_note-MervakAltun2019-133">[133]</a> Since MRI does not use any ionizing radiation, its use is generally favored in preference to <a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CT</a> when either modality could yield the same information.<a href="#cite_note-iRefer-134">[134]</a> Some patients experience claustrophobia and may require sedation or shorter MRI protocols.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Amplitude and rapid switching of gradient coils during image acquisition may cause peripheral nerve stimulation.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 300px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IF6CMrjGNN4">Magnetic objects thrown at an MRI magnet</a></td></tr></tbody></table> MRI uses powerful magnets and can therefore cause <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">magnetic materials</a> to move at great speeds, posing a projectile risk, and may cause fatal accidents.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> However, as millions of MRIs are performed globally each year,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> fatalities are extremely rare.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> MRI machines can produce loud noise, up to 120 <a href="/wiki/A-weighted" class="mw-redirect" title="A-weighted">dB(A)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> This can cause <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperacusis" title="Hyperacusis">hyperacusis</a>, so appropriate <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection_device" title="Hearing protection device">hearing protection</a> is essential for anyone inside the MRI scanner room during the examination. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overuse">Overuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Overuse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Overdiagnosis" title="Overdiagnosis">Overdiagnosis</a></div> Medical societies issue guidelines for when physicians should use MRI on patients and recommend against overuse. MRI can detect health problems or confirm a diagnosis, but medical societies often recommend that MRI not be the first procedure for creating a plan to diagnose or manage a patient's complaint. A common case is to use MRI to seek a cause of <a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">low back pain</a>; the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a>, for example, recommends against imaging (including MRI) as unlikely to result in a positive outcome for the patient.<a href="#cite_note-ACPfive-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-backimage-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Artifacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MRI_artifact" title="MRI artifact">MRI artifact</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg/260px-MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg/390px-MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg/520px-MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Motion artifact (T1 coronal study of cervical vertebrae)<a href="#cite_note-ErasmusHurter2004-142">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/MRI_artifact" title="MRI artifact">MRI artifact</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Visual_artifact" title="Visual artifact">visual artifact</a>, that is, an anomaly during visual representation. Many different artifacts can occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some affecting the diagnostic quality, while others may be confused with pathology. Artifacts can be classified as patient-related, signal processing-dependent and hardware (machine)-related.<a href="#cite_note-ErasmusHurter2004-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-medical_use">Non-medical use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Non-medical use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance#Applications" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance § Applications</a></div> MRI is used industrially mainly for routine analysis of chemicals. The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> technique is also used, for example, to measure the ratio between water and fat in foods, monitoring of flow of corrosive fluids in pipes, or to study molecular structures such as catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-Rinck-1">[1]</a> Being non-invasive and non-damaging, MRI can be used to study the anatomy of plants, their water transportation processes and water balance.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> It is also applied to veterinary radiology for diagnostic purposes. Outside this, its use in zoology is limited due to the high cost; but it can be used on many species.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In palaeontology it is used to examine the structure of fossils.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensic</a> imaging provides graphic documentation of an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>, which manual autopsy does not. CT scanning provides quick whole-body imaging of skeletal and <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchymal</a> alterations, whereas MR imaging gives better representation of soft tissue <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30686369-146">[146]</a> All that being said, MRI is more expensive, and more time-consuming to utilize.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30686369-146">[146]</a> Moreover, the quality of MR imaging deteriorates below 10 °C.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24191122-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="History of magnetic resonance imaging">History of magnetic resonance imaging</a></div> In 1971 at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create NMR images. He published the first images of two tubes of water in 1973 in the journal Nature,<a href="#cite_note-LAUTERBUR_1973_pp._190–191-148">[148]</a> followed by the picture of a living animal, a clam, and in 1974 by the image of the thoracic cavity of a mouse. Lauterbur called his imaging method zeugmatography, a term which was replaced by (N)MR imaging.<a href="#cite_note-Rinck-1">[1]</a> In the late 1970s, physicists <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> developed MRI-related techniques, like the <a href="/wiki/Echo-planar_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo-planar imaging">echo-planar imaging</a> (EPI) technique.<a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-EPI-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Damadian" title="Raymond Damadian">Raymond Damadian</a>'s work into <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> (NMR) has been incorporated into MRI, having built one of the first scanners.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Advances in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> technology were crucial to the development of practical MRI, which requires a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Computational_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational power">computational power</a>. This was made possible by the rapidly increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">transistors</a> on a single <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chip.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Mansfield and Lauterbur were awarded the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for their "discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Amplified magnetic resonance imaging">Amplified magnetic resonance imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid_flow_MRI" title="Cerebrospinal fluid flow MRI">Cerebrospinal fluid flow MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">Electron paramagnetic resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_fiber_tracking" title="High-definition fiber tracking">High-definition fiber tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution computed tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroimaging" title="History of neuroimaging">History of neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Magnetic_Resonance_in_Medicine" title="International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine">International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemris" title="Jemris">Jemris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neuroimaging_software" title="List of neuroimaging software">List of neuroimaging software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_immunoassay" title="Magnetic immunoassay">Magnetic immunoassay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_particle_imaging" title="Magnetic particle imaging">Magnetic particle imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_elastography" title="Magnetic resonance elastography">Magnetic resonance elastography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging_(journal)" title="Magnetic Resonance Imaging (journal)">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (journal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_microscopy" title="Magnetic resonance microscopy">Magnetic resonance microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies#Physiology_or_medicine" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Nobel Prize controversies – Physiology or medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_cycle" title="Rabi cycle">Rabi cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_oscillator" title="Robinson oscillator">Robinson oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_MRI" title="Sodium MRI">Sodium MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtopsy" title="Virtopsy">Virtopsy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rinck-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rinck_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rinck_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rinck_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRinck2024" class="citation book cs1">Rinck, Peter A. (2024). Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. A critical introduction. e-Textbook (14th ed.). TRTF – The Round Table Foundation: TwinTree Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Resonance+in+Medicine.+A+critical+introduction.+e-Textbook.&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=TRTF+%E2%80%93+The+Round+Table+Foundation%3A+TwinTree+Media&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Rinck&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magnetic-resonance.org/">"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"</a>. www.magnetic-resonance.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.magnetic-resonance.org&rft.atitle=Magnetic+Resonance+in+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagnetic-resonance.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRobbieMooreGravesPrince2007" class="citation book cs1">McRobbie DW, Moore EA, Graves MJ, Prince MR (2007). 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The British Journal of Radiology. 87 (1036): 20130567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1259%2Fbjr.20130567">10.1259/bjr.20130567</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067017">4067017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24191122">24191122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Radiology&rft.atitle=Essentials+of+forensic+post-mortem+MR+imaging+in+adults&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1036&rft.pages=20130567&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4067017%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24191122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1259%2Fbjr.20130567&rft.aulast=Ruder&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=Thali%2C+MJ&rft.au=Hatch%2C+GM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4067017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAUTERBUR_1973_pp._190–191-148"><a href="#cite_ref-LAUTERBUR_1973_pp._190–191_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLAUTERBUR1973" class="citation journal cs1">LAUTERBUR, P. C. (1973). "Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance". Nature. 242 (5394). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 190–191. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Natur.242..190L">1973Natur.242..190L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F242190a0">10.1038/242190a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4176060">4176060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Image+Formation+by+Induced+Local+Interactions%3A+Examples+Employing+Nuclear+Magnetic+Resonance&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=5394&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F242190a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4176060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Natur.242..190L&rft.aulast=LAUTERBUR&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansfield-EPI-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Mansfield-EPI_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfieldGrannell1975" class="citation journal cs1">Mansfield P, Grannell PK (1975). ""Diffraction" and microscopy in solids and liquids by NMR". Physical Review B. 12 (9): 3618–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PhRvB..12.3618M">1975PhRvB..12.3618M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevb.12.3618">10.1103/physrevb.12.3618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=%22Diffraction%22+and+microscopy+in+solids+and+liquids+by+NMR&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3618-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevb.12.3618&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975PhRvB..12.3618M&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Grannell%2C+PK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandomir2022" class="citation news cs1">Sandomir, Richard (August 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/17/science/raymond-damadian-dead.html">"Raymond Damadian, Creator of the First M.R.I. Scanner, Dies at 86"</a>. The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Raymond+Damadian%2C+Creator+of+the+First+M.R.I.+Scanner%2C+Dies+at+86&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Sandomir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F17%2Fscience%2Fraymond-damadian-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblumKuttner2011" class="citation book cs1">Rosenblum B, Kuttner F (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9kGFX1_oGAC&pg=PA127">Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199792955" title="Special:BookSources/9780199792955"><bdi>9780199792955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Enigma%3A+Physics+Encounters+Consciousness&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199792955&rft.aulast=Rosenblum&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Kuttner%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9kGFX1_oGAC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172340/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2003&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlümer1998" class="citation book cs1">Blümer P (1998). Blümler P, Blümich B, Botto RE, Fukushima E (eds.). Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance: Methods, Materials, Medicine, Biology, Rheology, Geology, Ecology, Hardware. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29637-8"><bdi>978-3-527-29637-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spatially+Resolved+Magnetic+Resonance%3A+Methods%2C+Materials%2C+Medicine%2C+Biology%2C+Rheology%2C+Geology%2C+Ecology%2C+Hardware&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-527-29637-8&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%BCmer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlümichKuhn1992" class="citation book cs1">Blümich B, Kuhn W (1992). Magnetic Resonance Microscopy: Methods and Applications in Materials Science, Agriculture and Biomedicine. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28403-0"><bdi>978-3-527-28403-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Resonance+Microscopy%3A+Methods+and+Applications+in+Materials+Science%2C+Agriculture+and+Biomedicine&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-527-28403-0&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%BCmich&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlümich2000" class="citation book cs1">Blümich B (2000). NMR Imaging of Materials. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850683-6"><bdi>978-0-19-850683-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NMR+Imaging+of+Materials&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850683-6&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%BCmich&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEustaceNelson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Eustace SJ, Nelson E (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC421763">"Whole body magnetic resonance imaging"</a>. BMJ. 328 (7453): 1387–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.328.7453.1387">10.1136/bmj.328.7453.1387</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC421763">421763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15191954">15191954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Whole+body+magnetic+resonance+imaging&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=7453&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1387-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC421763%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15191954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.328.7453.1387&rft.aulast=Eustace&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Nelson%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC421763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhatBeltonWebb2007" class="citation book cs1">Farhat IA, Belton P, Webb GA (2007). Magnetic Resonance in Food Science: From Molecules to Man. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-340-8"><bdi>978-0-85404-340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Resonance+in+Food+Science%3A+From+Molecules+to+Man&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-340-8&rft.aulast=Farhat&rft.aufirst=Imad+Akil&rft.au=Belton%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Webb%2C+Graham+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukushima1989" class="citation book cs1">Fukushima E (1989). NMR in Biomedicine: The Physical Basis. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88318-609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88318-609-1"><bdi>978-0-88318-609-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NMR+in+Biomedicine%3A+The+Physical+Basis&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88318-609-1&rft.aulast=Fukushima&rft.aufirst=Eiichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaackeBrownThompsonVenkatesan1999" class="citation book cs1">Haacke EM, Brown RF, Thompson M, Venkatesan R (1999). Magnetic resonance imaging: Physical principles and sequence design. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-35128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-35128-3"><bdi>978-0-471-35128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+resonance+imaging%3A+Physical+principles+and+sequence+design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-471-35128-3&rft.aulast=Haacke&rft.aufirst=E+Mark&rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert+F&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Michael&rft.au=Venkatesan%2C+Ramesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin1998" class="citation book cs1">Jin (1998). Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9693-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9693-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-9693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+Analysis+and+Design+in+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-9693-9&rft.au=Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperman2000" class="citation book cs1">Kuperman V (2000). Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Applications. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-053570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-053570-8"><bdi>978-0-08-053570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%3A+Physical+Principles+and+Applications&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-08-053570-8&rft.aulast=Kuperman&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKimKimLee2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lee SC, Kim K, Kim J, Lee S, Han Yi J, Kim SW, et al. (June 2001). "One micrometer resolution NMR microscopy". Journal of Magnetic Resonance. 150 (2): 207–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JMagR.150..207L">2001JMagR.150..207L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmre.2001.2319">10.1006/jmre.2001.2319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11384182">11384182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Magnetic+Resonance&rft.atitle=One+micrometer+resolution+NMR+microscopy&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11384182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmre.2001.2319&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JMagR.150..207L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Kim%2C+K&rft.au=Kim%2C+J&rft.au=Lee%2C+S&rft.au=Han+Yi%2C+J&rft.au=Kim%2C+SW&rft.au=Ha%2C+KS&rft.au=Cheong%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiangLauterbur1999" class="citation book cs1">Liang ZP, Lauterbur PC (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofmagn00zhip">Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Signal Processing Perspective</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-4723-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-4723-6"><bdi>978-0-7803-4723-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%3A+A+Signal+Processing+Perspective&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-4723-6&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Zhi-Pei&rft.au=Lauterbur%2C+Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofmagn00zhip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1982" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield P (1982). NMR Imaging in Biomedicine: Supplement 2 Advances in Magnetic Resonance. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15406-2"><bdi>978-0-323-15406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NMR+Imaging+in+Biomedicine%3A+Supplement+2+Advances+in+Magnetic+Resonance&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-323-15406-2&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPykett1982" class="citation journal cs1">Pykett IL (May 1982). "NMR imaging in medicine". Scientific American. 246 (5): 78–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982SciAm.246e..78P">1982SciAm.246e..78P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0582-78">10.1038/scientificamerican0582-78</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7079720">7079720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=NMR+imaging+in+medicine&rft.volume=246&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1982-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7079720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0582-78&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982SciAm.246e..78P&rft.aulast=Pykett&rft.aufirst=IL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinck" class="citation web cs1">Rinck PA (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magnetic-resonance.org/ch/20-01.html">"The history of MRI"</a>. TRTF/EMRF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TRTF%2FEMRF&rft.atitle=The+history+of+MRI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magnetic-resonance.org%2Fch%2F20-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakrFahmyElsayedAbdulhady2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sakr, HM; Fahmy, N; Elsayed, NS; Abdulhady, H; El-Sobky, TA; Saadawy, AM; Beroud, C; Udd, B (1 July 2021). "Whole-body muscle MRI characteristics of LAMA2-related congenital muscular dystrophy children: An emerging pattern". Neuromuscular Disorders. 31 (9): 814–823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nmd.2021.06.012">10.1016/j.nmd.2021.06.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34481707">34481707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235691786">235691786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuromuscular+Disorders&rft.atitle=Whole-body+muscle+MRI+characteristics+of+LAMA2-related+congenital+muscular+dystrophy+children%3A+An+emerging+pattern.&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E814-%3C%2Fspan%3E823&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235691786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34481707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nmd.2021.06.012&rft.aulast=Sakr&rft.aufirst=HM&rft.au=Fahmy%2C+N&rft.au=Elsayed%2C+NS&rft.au=Abdulhady%2C+H&rft.au=El-Sobky%2C+TA&rft.au=Saadawy%2C+AM&rft.au=Beroud%2C+C&rft.au=Udd%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittStehlingTurner1998" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt F, Stehling MK, Turner R (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-642-80443-4">Echo-Planar Imaging: Theory, Technique and Application</a>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-63194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-63194-1"><bdi>978-3-540-63194-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echo-Planar+Imaging%3A+Theory%2C+Technique+and+Application&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-540-63194-1&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft.au=Stehling%2C+Michael+K.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-978-3-642-80443-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonMattson1996" class="citation book cs1">Simon M, Mattson JS (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneersofnmrmag0000matt">The pioneers of NMR and magnetic resonance in medicine: The story of MRI</a>. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar-Ilan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9619243-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9619243-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9619243-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pioneers+of+NMR+and+magnetic+resonance+in+medicine%3A+The+story+of+MRI&rft.place=Ramat+Gan%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Bar-Ilan+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9619243-1-7&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rft.au=Mattson%2C+James+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpioneersofnmrmag0000matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprawls2000" class="citation book cs1">Sprawls P (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprawls.org/mripmt/index.html">Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles, Methods, and Techniques</a>. Medical Physics Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944838-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944838-97-6"><bdi>978-0-944838-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%3A+Principles%2C+Methods%2C+and+Techniques&rft.pub=Medical+Physics+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-944838-97-6&rft.aulast=Sprawls&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprawls.org%2Fmripmt%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnetic_resonance_imaging" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magnetic resonance imaging">Magnetic resonance imaging</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinck" class="citation web cs1">Rinck PA (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magnetic-resonance.org">"MRI: A Peer-Reviewed, Critical Introduction"</a>. European Magnetic Resonance Forum (EMRF)/The Round Table Foundation (TRTF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Magnetic+Resonance+Forum+%28EMRF%29%2FThe+Round+Table+Foundation+%28TRTF%29&rft.atitle=MRI%3A+A+Peer-Reviewed%2C+Critical+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magnetic-resonance.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnetic+resonance+imaging" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/learn-the-basics/stories/mri-a-guided-tour">A Guided Tour of MRI: An introduction for laypeople</a> National High Magnetic Field Laboratory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/">The Basics of MRI</a>. Underlying physics and technical aspects.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imrser.org/PatientVideo.html">Video: What to Expect During Your MRI Exam</a> from the Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education, and Research (IMRSER)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/73">Royal Institution Lecture – MRI: A Window on the Human Body</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070413032705/http://www.emrf.org/FAQs%20MRI%20History.html">A Short History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging from a European Point of View</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howequipmentworks.com/mri_basics/">How MRI works explained simply using diagrams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomednmr.mpg.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=132&Itemid=39">Real-time MRI videos: Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH</a>.</li> <li>Paul C. Lauterbur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/0c483j46q">Genesis of the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) notebook, September 1971</a> (all pages freely available for download in variety of formats from <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> Digital Collections at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042542/https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">digital.sciencehistory.org</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_imaging" title="Template:Medical imaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_imaging" title="Template talk:Medical imaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_imaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical imaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_imaging373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">Pneumoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_radiography" title="Dental radiography">Dental radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelography" title="Myelography">Myelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">CXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">AXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">KUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry" title="Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry">DXA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_X-ray_radiogrammetry" title="Digital X-ray radiogrammetry">DXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a>/<a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelogram" title="Pyelogram">Pyelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystography" title="Cystography">Cystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogram" title="Arthrogram">Arthrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_survey" title="Skeletal survey">Skeletal survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogram" title="Lymphogram">Lymphogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_x-ray" title="Orbital x-ray">Orbital x-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_of_computed_tomography" title="Operation of computed tomography">General operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_computed_tomography" title="Quantitative computed tomography">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_microtomography" title="X-ray microtomography">X-ray microtomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_computed_tomography" title="Electron beam computed tomography">Electron beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_beam_computed_tomography" title="Cone beam computed tomography">Cone beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Heart <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_calcium_scan" title="Coronary CT calcium scan">calcium scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">angiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis">Abdominal and pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_angiography" title="Computed tomography angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">Coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_thyroid" title="Computed tomography of the thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_body_imaging" title="Whole body imaging">Whole body imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-body_CT_scan" title="Full-body CT scan">Full-body CT scan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Dental panoramic radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_motion_analysis" title="X-ray motion analysis">X-ray motion analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_scale" title="Hounsfield scale">Hounsfield scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">Radiodensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MRI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">Neurography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging_perfusion" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion">perfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_MRI" title="Breast MRI">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">Sequences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion_MRI" title="Perfusion MRI">restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">Tractography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_MRI" title="Synthetic MRI">Synthetic MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Techniques <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_ultrasonography" title="Doppler ultrasonography">doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">contrast-enhanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex ultrasonography">duplex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_echocardiography" title="Doppler echocardiography">Doppler echocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_echocardiogram" title="Intracardiac echocardiogram">ICE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ultrasonography" title="Renal ultrasonography">renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tract_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tract ultrasound">renal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ultrasound" title="Breast ultrasound">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ultrasound" title="Emergency ultrasound">Emergency ultrasound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_ultrasound" title="Pre-hospital ultrasound">pre-hospital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine#Diagnostic_medical_imaging" title="Nuclear medicine">Radionuclide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D/<a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">scintigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintimammography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintimammography">Scintimammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy">Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">Bone scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy" title="Immunoscintigraphy">Immunoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoscintigraphy" title="Dacryoscintigraphy">Dacryoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMSA_scan" title="DMSA scan">DMSA scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying_study" title="Gastric emptying study">Gastric emptying study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Full body:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide_scan" title="Octreotide scan">Octreotide scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Gallium-67 scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Ga-68-DOTATOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111_WBC_scan" title="Indium-111 WBC scan">Indium-111 WBC scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D/<a href="/wiki/Emission_computed_tomography" title="Emission computed tomography">ECT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_mammography" title="Positron emission mammography">PET mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-CT" title="PET-CT">PET-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-MRI" title="PET-MRI">PET-MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_optical_imaging" title="Medical optical imaging">Optical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tomography" title="Optical tomography">Optical tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomicroscopy" title="Endomicroscopy">Endomicroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polarization_spectral_imaging" title="Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging">Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-contact_thermography" title="Non-contact thermography">Non-contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contact_thermography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contact thermography (page does not exist)">Contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_angiothermography" title="Dynamic angiothermography">Dynamic angiothermography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Target conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stroke_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stroke imaging">Acute stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_imaging" 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href="/wiki/Kohn%E2%80%93Luttinger_superconductivity" title="Kohn–Luttinger superconductivity">Kohn–Luttinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_rules" title="Matthias rules">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattis%E2%80%93Bardeen_theory" title="Mattis–Bardeen theory">Mattis–Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonating_valence_bond_theory" title="Resonating valence bond theory">RVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werthamer%E2%80%93Helfand%E2%80%93Hohenberg_theory" title="Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg theory">WHH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristic parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_coherence_length" title="Superconducting coherence length">coherence length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_field" title="Critical field">critical field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_penetration_depth" title="London penetration depth">London penetration depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsbee_effect" title="Silsbee effect">Silsbee current</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrikosov_vortex" title="Abrikosov vortex">Abrikosov vortices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreev_reflection" title="Andreev reflection">Andreev reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_pair" title="Cooper pair">Cooper pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_pinning" title="Flux pinning">flux pinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_pumping" title="Flux pumping">flux pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephson_effect" title="Josephson effect">Josephson effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little%E2%80%93Parks_effect" title="Little–Parks effect">Little–Parks effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">Meissner effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homes%27s_law" title="Homes's law">Homes's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_current" title="Persistent current">persistent currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_effect_(superconductivity)" title="Proximity effect (superconductivity)">proximity effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentrant_superconductivity" title="Reentrant superconductivity">reentrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SU(2)_color_superconductivity" title="SU(2) color superconductivity">SU(2) color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercurrent" title="Supercurrent">supercurrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdiamagnetism" title="Superdiamagnetism">superdiamagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstripes" title="Superstripes">superstripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superconductor_classification" title="Superconductor classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By magnetic response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type-I_superconductor" title="Type-I superconductor">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type-II_superconductor" title="Type-II superconductor">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type-1.5_superconductor" title="Type-1.5 superconductor">1.5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic_superconductor" title="Ferromagnetic superconductor">ferromagnetic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By explanation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_superconductor" title="Conventional superconductor">conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_superconductor" title="Unconventional superconductor">unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By critical temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>low temperature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">high temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room-temperature_superconductor" title="Room-temperature superconductor">room temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_superconductor" title="Covalent superconductor">covalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuprate_superconductor" title="Cuprate superconductor">cuprates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_fermion_superconductor" title="Heavy fermion superconductor">heavy fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-based_superconductor" title="Iron-based superconductor">iron-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxypnictide" title="Oxypnictide">oxypnictides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_superconductor" title="Organic superconductor">organic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technological_applications_of_superconductivity" title="Technological applications of superconductivity">Technological applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryotron" title="Cryotron">cryotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">electromagnets</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing" title="Superconducting quantum computing">quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_cable" title="Rutherford cable">Rutherford cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUID" title="SQUID">SQUID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_wire" title="Superconducting wire">wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of superconductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilayer_graphene" title="Bilayer graphene">bilayer graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSCCO" class="mw-redirect" title="BSCCO">BSCCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_barium_copper_oxide" title="Lanthanum barium copper oxide">LBCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_diboride" title="Magnesium diboride">MgB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93tin" title="Niobium–tin">NbSn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93titanium" title="Niobium–titanium">NbTi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium_barium_calcium_copper_oxide" title="Thallium barium calcium copper oxide">TBCCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YBCO" class="mw-redirect" title="YBCO">YBCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superconductors" title="List of superconductors">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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