CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Food irradiation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"507f5134-92b0-402b-932f-66b70d4b7b3d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Food_irradiation","wgTitle":"Food irradiation","wgCurRevisionId":1255572997,"wgRevisionId":1255572997,"wgArticleId":15374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2021","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2023","CS1 maint: unfit URL","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2015","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022" ,"Commons category link from Wikidata","Food preservation","Foodborne illnesses","Pasteurized foods","Pest control techniques","Radiation","Radiobiology","Intensive farming","Environmental controversies","Scientific controversies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Food_irradiation","wgRelevantArticleId":15374,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1330911","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Radura_international.svg/1200px-Radura_international.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Radura_international.svg/800px-Radura_international.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Radura_international.svg/640px-Radura_international.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Food irradiation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_irradiation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_irradiation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Food_irradiation rootpage-Food_irradiation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Food+irradiation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Food+irradiation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Food+irradiation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Food+irradiation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Better_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Better_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Better quality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Better_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_radioactive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_radioactive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Not radioactive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_radioactive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dosimetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dosimetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Dosimetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dosimetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chemical changes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_changes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemical changes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Food quality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_on_minimally_processed_vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_minimally_processed_vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Research on minimally processed vegetables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_minimally_processed_vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Public Perceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Industrial process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industrial process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Packaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gamma_irradiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma_irradiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Gamma irradiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma_irradiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electron_beam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_beam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Electron beam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_beam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 X-ray </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UV-C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UV-C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 UV-C </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UV-C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_the_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_the_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 State of the industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_the_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radurization_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radurization_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Radurization risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radurization_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Standards and regulations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standards_and_regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Standards and regulations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Labeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Packaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Food safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_safety_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_safety_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Nuclear safety and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_safety_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_word_"Radurization"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_word_"Radurization""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Origin of the word "Radurization" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_word_"Radurization"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Historical timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Food irradiation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تشعيع الأغذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشعيع الأغذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Апраменьванне харчовых прадуктаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апраменьванне харчовых прадуктаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Лъчева стерилизация на хранителни продукти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лъчева стерилизация на хранителни продукти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiaci%C3%B3_dels_aliments" title="Irradiació dels aliments – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irradiació dels aliments" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensmittelbestrahlung" title="Lebensmittelbestrahlung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lebensmittelbestrahlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiaci%C3%B3n_de_alimentos" title="Irradiación de alimentos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irradiación de alimentos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پرتودهی خوراک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرتودهی خوراک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiation_des_aliments" title="Irradiation des aliments – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irradiation des aliments" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionrad%C3%BA_bia" title="Ionradú bia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionradú bia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8" title="भोज्य पदार्थों का किरणन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भोज्य पदार्थों का किरणन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiazione_degli_alimenti" title="Irradiazione degli alimenti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irradiazione degli alimenti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הקרנת מזון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקרנת מזון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorstralen" title="Doorstralen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doorstralen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E7%85%A7%E5%B0%84" title="食品照射 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食品照射" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oziq-ovqat_nurlanishi" title="Oziq-ovqat nurlanishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oziq-ovqat nurlanishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiacyjne_utrwalanie_%C5%BCywno%C5%9Bci" title="Radiacyjne utrwalanie żywności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radiacyjne utrwalanie żywności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_alimentos" title="Irradiação de alimentos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irradiação de alimentos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iradierea_alimentelor" title="Iradierea alimentelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iradierea alimentelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Облучение продуктов питания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Облучение продуктов питания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elintarvikkeiden_s%C3%A4teilytt%C3%A4minen" title="Elintarvikkeiden säteilyttäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elintarvikkeiden säteilyttäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%B1da_%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nlama" title="Gıda ışınlama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gıda ışınlama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Опромінення харчових продуктів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опромінення харчових продуктів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFu_x%E1%BA%A1_th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9m" title="Chiếu xạ thực phẩm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiếu xạ thực phẩm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradyasyon_hin_pagkaon" title="Irradyasyon hin pagkaon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irradyasyon hin pagkaon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E7%85%A7%E5%B0%84%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="食品輻射照射處理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="食品輻射照射處理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1330911#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Food_irradiation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Food_irradiation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Food_irradiation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&oldid=1255572997" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Food_irradiation&id=1255572997&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFood_irradiation">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFood_irradiation">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Food_irradiation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_irradiation" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1330911" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sterilization of food with ionizing radiations for enhanced preservation and longer shelflife</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radura_international.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Radura_international.svg/150px-Radura_international.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Radura_international.svg/225px-Radura_international.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Radura_international.svg/300px-Radura_international.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>The international <a href="/wiki/Radura" title="Radura">Radura</a> logo, used to show a food has been treated with ionizing radiation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.6B.452_(11984638133).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HD.6B.452_%2811984638133%29.jpg/220px-HD.6B.452_%2811984638133%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HD.6B.452_%2811984638133%29.jpg/330px-HD.6B.452_%2811984638133%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HD.6B.452_%2811984638133%29.jpg/440px-HD.6B.452_%2811984638133%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>A portable, trailer-mounted food irradiation machine, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1968</figcaption></figure> Food irradiation (sometimes <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-ise,_-ize_(-isation,_-ization)" title="American and British English spelling differences">American English:</a> radurization; <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-ise,_-ize_(-isation,_-ization)" title="American and British English spelling differences">British English:</a> radurisation) is the process of exposing food and <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, such as from <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-rays</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam">electron beams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FI-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfia-3">[3]</a> Food <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> improves food safety and extends product <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> (preservation) by effectively destroying organisms responsible for spoilage and <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illness</a>, inhibits <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ripening" title="Ripening">ripening</a>, and is a means of controlling insects and invasive pests.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfia-3">[3]</a> In the United States, consumer perception of foods treated with irradiation is more negative than those processed by other means.<a href="#cite_note-Conley1992-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC), and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) have performed studies that confirm irradiation to be safe.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-JFDiehl-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JSGHDI-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Irr-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA1986-8">[8]</a> In order for a food to be irradiated in the U.S., the FDA will still require that the specific food be thoroughly tested for irradiation safety.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Food irradiation is permitted in over 60 countries, and about 500,000 metric tons of food are processed annually worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-eurofins-10">[10]</a> The regulations for how food is to be irradiated, as well as the foods allowed to be irradiated, vary greatly from country to country. In Austria, Germany, and many other countries of the European Union only dried herbs, spices, and seasonings can be processed with irradiation and only at a specific dose, while in Brazil all foods are allowed at any dose.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMRP2006-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kume2009-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farkas2011-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Irradiation is used to reduce or eliminate pests and the risk of food-borne illnesses as well as prevent or slow spoilage and plant maturation or sprouting. Depending on the dose, some or all of the organisms, <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> present are destroyed, slowed, or rendered incapable of reproduction. When targeting bacteria, most foods are irradiated to significantly reduce the number of active microbes, not to sterilize all microbes in the product. Irradiation cannot return spoiled or over-ripe food to a fresh state. If this food was processed by irradiation, further spoilage would cease and ripening would slow, yet the irradiation would not destroy the toxins or repair the texture, color, or taste of the food.<a href="#cite_note-Loaharanu2-16">[16]</a> Irradiation slows the speed at which enzymes change the food. By reducing or removing spoilage organisms and slowing ripening and sprouting (e.g. potato, onion, and garlic) irradiation is used to reduce the amount of food that goes bad between harvest and final use.<a href="#cite_note-Loaharanu2-16">[16]</a> Shelf-stable products are created by irradiating foods in sealed packages, as irradiation reduces chance of spoilage, the packaging prevents re-contamination of the final product.<a href="#cite_note-FI-2">[2]</a> Foods that can tolerate the higher doses of radiation required to do so can be <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilized</a>. This is useful for people at high risk of infection in hospitals as well as situations where proper food storage is not feasible, such as rations for astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Pests such as insects have been transported to new habitats through the trade in fresh produce and significantly affected agricultural production and the environment once they established themselves. To reduce this threat and enable trade across quarantine boundaries, food is irradiated using a technique called <a href="/wiki/Phytosanitary_irradiation" title="Phytosanitary irradiation">phytosanitary irradiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Phytosanitary irradiation <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">sterilizes</a> the pests preventing breeding by treating the produce with low doses of irradiation (less than 1000 Gy).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The higher doses required to destroy pests are not used due to either affecting the look or taste, or cannot be tolerated by fresh produce.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg/200px-E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg/300px-E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg/400px-E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Efficiency illustration of the different radiation technologies (electron beam, X-ray, gamma rays)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">Irradiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Induced_radioactivity" title="Induced radioactivity">Induced radioactivity</a></div> The target material is exposed to a radiation source that is separated from the target material. The radiation source supplies energetic particles or waves. As these waves/particles enter the target material they <a href="/wiki/Event_(particle_physics)" title="Event (particle physics)">collide with other particles</a>. The higher the likelihood of these collisions over a distance are, the lower the <a href="/wiki/Penetration_depth" title="Penetration depth">penetration depth</a> of the irradiation process is as the energy is more quickly depleted. Around the sites of these collisions <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical bonds">chemical bonds</a> are broken, creating short lived radicals (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radical</a>, the hydrogen atom and <a href="/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">solvated electrons</a>). These radicals cause further <a href="#Chemical_changes">chemical changes</a> by bonding with and or stripping particles from nearby molecules. When collisions occur in cells, <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> is often suppressed, halting or slowing the processes that cause the food to mature. When the process damages <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, effective <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> becomes unlikely halting the population growth of viruses and organisms.<a href="#cite_note-FI-2">[2]</a> The distribution of the dose of radiation varies from the food surface and the interior as it is absorbed as it moves through food and depends on the energy and density of the food and the type of radiation used.<a href="#cite_note-:024-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Better_quality">Better quality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Better quality">edit</a>]</div> Irradiation leaves a product with qualities (sensory and chemical) that are more similar to unprocessed food than any preservation method that can achieve a similar degree of preservation.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-food-safety-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_radioactive">Not radioactive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Not radioactive">edit</a>]</div> Irradiated food does not become radioactive; only power levels that are incapable of causing significant <a href="/wiki/Induced_radioactivity" title="Induced radioactivity">induced radioactivity</a> are used for food irradiation. In the United States this limit is deemed to be 4 mega <a href="/wiki/Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">electron volts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam">electron beams</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-ray</a> sources – <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt-60</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a> sources are never energetic enough to be of concern. Particles below this energy can never be strong enough to modify the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a> of the targeted atom in the food, regardless of how many particles hit the target material, and so radioactivity can not be induced.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-food-safety-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dosimetry">Dosimetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dosimetry">edit</a>]</div> The radiation absorbed dose is the amount energy absorbed per unit weight of the target material. Dose is used because, when the same substance is given the same dose, similar changes are observed in the target material(<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>). <a href="/wiki/Dosimeter" title="Dosimeter">Dosimeters</a> are used to measure dose, and are small components that, when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, change measurable physical attributes to a degree that can be correlated to the dose received. Measuring dose (<a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">dosimetry</a>) involves exposing one or more dosimeters along with the target material.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For purposes of legislation doses are divided into low (up to 1 kGy), medium (1 kGy to 10 kGy), and high-dose applications (above 10 kGy).<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> High-dose applications are above those currently permitted in the US for commercial food items by the FDA and other regulators around the world,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> though these doses are approved for non commercial applications, such as sterilizing frozen meat for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronauts">astronauts</a> (doses of 44 kGy)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and food for hospital patients. The ratio of the maximum dose permitted at the outer edge (Dmax) to the minimum limit to achieve processing conditions (Dmin) determines the uniformity of dose distribution. This ratio determines how uniform the irradiation process is.<a href="#cite_note-:024-22">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Applications of food irradiation<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>Application </td> <td>Dose (kGy) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Low dose (up to 1 kGy) </td> <td>Inhibit sprouting (potatoes, onions, yams, garlic) </td> <td>0.06 - 0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delay in ripening (strawberries, potatoes) </td> <td>0.5 - 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prevent insect infestation (grains, cereals, coffee beans, spices, dried nuts, dried fruits, dried fish, mangoes, papayas) </td> <td>0.15 - 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parasite control and inactivation (tape worm, trichina) </td> <td>0.3 - 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Medium dose (1 kGy to 10 kGy) </td> <td>Extend shelf-life of raw and fresh fish, seafood, fresh produce </td> <td>1.0 - 5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extend shelf-life of refrigerated and frozen meat products </td> <td>4.5 - 7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reduce risk of pathogenic and spoilage microbes (meat, seafood, spices, and poultry) </td> <td>1.0 - 7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Increased juice yield, reduction in cooking time of dried vegetables </td> <td>3.0 - 7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">High dose (above 10 kGy) </td> <td>Enzymes (dehydrated) </td> <td>10.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sterilization of spices, dry vegetable seasonings </td> <td>30.0 max </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sterilization of packaging material </td> <td>10.0 - 25.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sterilization of foods (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and hospitals) </td> <td>44.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_changes">Chemical changes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical changes">edit</a>]</div> As ionising radiation passes through food, it creates a trail of chemical transformations due to radiolysis effects. Irradiation does not make foods radioactive, change <a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">food chemistry</a>, compromise nutrient contents, or change the taste, texture, or appearance of food.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFSA2011-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_quality">Food quality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Food quality">edit</a>]</div> Assessed rigorously over several decades, irradiation in commercial amounts to treat food has no negative impact on the sensory qualities and nutrient content of foods.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfia-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_on_minimally_processed_vegetables">Research on minimally processed vegetables</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research on minimally processed vegetables">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">Watercress</a> (Nasturtium officinale) is a rapidly growing aquatic or semi aquatic perennial plant. Because chemical agents do not provide efficient microbial reductions, watercress has been tested with gamma irradiation treatment in order to improve both safety and the shelf life of the product.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It is traditionally used on horticultural products to prevent sprouting and post-packaging contamination, delay post-harvest ripening, maturation and senescence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_Perceptions">Public Perceptions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public Perceptions">edit</a>]</div> Some who advocate against food irradiation argue the long-term health effects and safety of irradiated food cannot be scientifically proven, however there have been hundreds of animal feeding studies of irradiated food performed since 1950<a href="#cite_note-JFDiehl-5">[5]</a> Endpoints include subchronic and chronic changes in <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a>, function of most <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, reproductive effects, growth, <a href="/wiki/Teratogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenicity">teratogenicity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutagenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutagenicity">mutagenicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JFDiehl-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JECFI-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-JSGHDI-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA1986-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_process">Industrial process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industrial process">edit</a>]</div> Up to the point where the food is processed by irradiation, the food is processed in the same way as all other food.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Packaging">edit</a>]</div> For some forms of treatment, packaging is used to ensure the food stuffs never come in contact with radioactive substances<a href="#cite_note-sterigenics-34">[34]</a> and prevent re-contamination of the final product.<a href="#cite_note-FI-2">[2]</a> Food processors and manufacturers today struggle with using affordable, efficient packaging materials for irradiation based processing. The implementation of irradiation on prepackaged foods has been found to impact foods by inducing specific chemical alterations to the food packaging material that migrates into the food. <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">Cross-linking</a> in various plastics can lead to physical and chemical modifications that can increase the overall molecular weight. On the other hand, chain scission is fragmentation of polymer chains that leads to a molecular weight reduction.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> To treat the food, it is exposed to a radioactive source for a set period of time to achieve a desired dose. Radiation may be emitted by a radioactive substance, or by X-ray and electron beam accelerators. Special precautions are taken to ensure the food stuffs never come in contact with the radioactive substances and that the personnel and the environment are protected from exposure radiation.<a href="#cite_note-sterigenics-34">[34]</a> Irradiation treatments are typically classified by dose (high, medium, and low), but are sometimes classified by the effects of the treatment<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radappertization" title="Radappertization">radappertization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radicidation" title="Radicidation">radicidation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radurization" class="mw-redirect" title="Radurization">radurization</a>). Food irradiation is sometimes referred to as "cold pasteurization"<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> or "electronic pasteurization"<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> because ionizing the food does not heat the food to high temperatures during the process, and the effect is similar to heat pasteurization. The term "cold pasteurization" is controversial because the term may be used to disguise the fact the food has been irradiated and pasteurization and irradiation are fundamentally different processes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gamma_irradiation">Gamma irradiation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gamma irradiation">edit</a>]</div> Gamma irradiation is produced from the radioisotopes cobalt-60 and <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a>, which are produced by neutron irradiation of cobalt-59 (the only stable <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt" title="Isotopes of cobalt">isotope of cobalt</a>) and as a nuclear <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Cobalt-60 is the most common source of gamma rays for food irradiation in commercial scale facilities as it is water insoluble and hence has little risk of environmental contamination by leakage into the water systems.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> As for transportation of the radiation source, cobalt-60 is transported in special trucks that prevent release of radiation and meet standards mentioned in the Regulations for Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials of the International Atomic Energy Act.<a href="#cite_note-:5-38">[38]</a> The special trucks must meet high safety standards and pass extensive tests to be approved to ship radiation sources. Conversely, caesium-137, is water-soluble and poses a risk of environmental contamination. Insufficient quantities are available for large scale commercial use as the vast majority of Caesium-137 produced in nuclear reactors is not extracted from <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a>. An incident where water-soluble caesium-137 leaked into the source storage pool requiring <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">NRC</a> intervention<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> has led to near elimination of this radioisotope. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_60_stored_under_water_when_not_in_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cobalt_60_stored_under_water_when_not_in_use.jpg/220px-Cobalt_60_stored_under_water_when_not_in_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cobalt_60_stored_under_water_when_not_in_use.jpg/330px-Cobalt_60_stored_under_water_when_not_in_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cobalt_60_stored_under_water_when_not_in_use.jpg/440px-Cobalt_60_stored_under_water_when_not_in_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Cobalt-60 stored in Gamma Irradiation machine</figcaption></figure> Gamma irradiation is widely used due to its high penetration depth and dose uniformity, allowing for large-scale applications with high throughput.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Additionally, gamma irradiation is significantly less expensive than using an X-ray source. In most designs, the radioisotope, contained in stainless steel pencils, is stored in a water-filled storage pool which absorbs the radiation energy when not in use. For treatment, the source is lifted out of the storage tank, and product contained in totes is passed around the pencils to achieve required processing.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Treatment costs vary as a function of dose and facility usage. A pallet or tote is typically exposed for several minutes to hours depending on dose. Low-dose applications such as disinfestation of fruit range between US$0.01/lbs and US$0.08/lbs while higher-dose applications can cost as much as US$0.20/lbs.<a href="#cite_note-ozone-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electron_beam">Electron beam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electron beam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam processing">Electron beam processing</a></div> Treatment of electron beams is created as a result of high energy electrons in an accelerator that generates electrons accelerated to 99% the speed of light.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> This system uses electrical energy and can be powered on and off. The high power correlates with a higher throughput and lower unit cost, but electron beams have low dose uniformity and a penetration depth of centimeters.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Therefore, electron beam treatment works for products that have low thickness.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clam_2017_foto_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Clam_2017_foto_2.jpg/220px-Clam_2017_foto_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Clam_2017_foto_2.jpg/330px-Clam_2017_foto_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Clam_2017_foto_2.jpg/440px-Clam_2017_foto_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Irradiated Guava: Spring Valley Fruits, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="X-ray">X-ray</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: X-ray">edit</a>]</div> X-rays are produced by bombardment of dense target material with high-energy accelerated electrons (this process is known as <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a>-conversion), giving rise to a continuous energy spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Heavy metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, are used because of their high atomic numbers and high melting temperatures. Tantalum is usually preferred versus tungsten for industrial, large-area, high-power targets because it is more workable than tungsten and has a higher threshold energy for induced reactions.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Like electron beams, x-rays do not require the use of radioactive materials and can be turned off when not in use. X-rays have high penetration depths and high dose uniformity but they are a very expensive source of irradiation as only 8% of the incident energy is converted into X-rays.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UV-C">UV-C</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: UV-C">edit</a>]</div> UV-C does not penetrate as deeply as other methods. As such, its direct antimicrobial effect is limited to the surface only. Its DNA damage effect produces <a href="/wiki/Cyclobutane" title="Cyclobutane">cyclobutane</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_dimer" title="Pyrimidine dimer">pyrimidine dimers</a>. Besides the direct effects, UV-C also <a href="/wiki/Induced_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced resistance">induces resistance</a> even against pathogens not yet <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculated</a>. Some of this induced resistance is understood, being the result of temporary inactivation of self-degradation enzymes like <a href="/wiki/Polygalacturonase" title="Polygalacturonase">polygalacturonase</a> and increased expression of enzymes associated with <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> repair.<a href="#cite_note-Civello-et-al-2007-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cost">edit</a>]</div> Irradiation is a capital-intensive technology requiring a substantial initial investment, ranging from $1 million to $5 million. In the case of large research or contract irradiation facilities, major capital costs include a radiation source, hardware (irradiator, totes and conveyors, control systems, and other auxiliary equipment), land (1 to 1.5 acres), radiation shield, and warehouse. Operating costs include salaries (for fixed and variable labor), utilities, maintenance, taxes/insurance, cobalt-60 replenishment, general utilities, and miscellaneous operating costs.<a href="#cite_note-ozone-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[43]</a> Perishable food items, like fruits, vegetables and meats would still require to be handled in the cold chain, so all other supply chain costs remain the same. Food manufacturers have not embraced food irradiation because the market does not support the increased price of irradiated foods, and because of potential consumer backlash due to irradiated foods.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_P.O.-44">[44]</a> The cost of food irradiation is influenced by dose requirements, the food's tolerance of radiation, handling conditions, i.e., packaging and stacking requirements, construction costs, financing arrangements, and other variables particular to the situation.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_of_the_industry">State of the industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: State of the industry">edit</a>]</div> Irradiation has been approved by many countries. For example, in the U.S. and Canada, food irradiation has existed for decades.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfia-3">[3]</a> Food irradiation is used commercially and volumes are in general increasing at a slow rate, even in the European Union where all member countries allow the irradiation of dried herbs spices and vegetable seasonings, but only a few allow other foods to be sold as irradiated.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Although there are some consumers who choose not to purchase irradiated food, a sufficient market has existed for retailers to have continuously stocked irradiated products for years.<a href="#cite_note-StewartPR-47">[47]</a> When labeled irradiated food is offered for retail sale, consumers buy it and re-purchase it, indicating a market for irradiated foods, although there is a continuing need for <a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">consumer education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StewartPR-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-foods2016-48">[48]</a> Food scientists have concluded that any fresh or frozen food undergoing irradiation at specified doses is safe to consume, with some 60 countries using irradiation to maintain quality in their food supply.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-JECFI-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-JSGHDI-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-foods2016-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munir-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radurization_risks">Radurization risks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Radurization risks">edit</a>]</div> The following risks can be mentioned:<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <ul><li>As with any sterilisation method, a very small proportion of germs may survive the process, and cause a fraction of the irradiated products to spoil anyway. The risk comes from the false sense of security.</li> <li>As mentioned above, the treatment only preserves the freshness of the product at the moment it reaches the factory. If it has already lost some of its qualities, this will not be restored, and may even be hidden by the packaging.</li> <li>While the purpose of the irradiation is to degrade the DNA/RNA of contaminating germs, a small proportion of the nutrient load is also degraded in the process. In particular, vitamins, whole proteins and aromatic molecules.</li> <li>The irradiation creates highly reactive radicals, which would cause problems if the food is consumed immediately after being irradiated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_regulations">Standards and regulations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Standards and regulations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a> represents the global standard for irradiation of food, in particular under the WTO-agreement. Regardless of treatment source, all processing facilities must adhere to safety standards set by the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA), Codex Code of Practice for the Radiation Processing of Food, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (NRC), and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO).<a href="#cite_note-:4-51">[51]</a> More specifically, ISO 14470 and ISO 9001 provide in-depth information regarding safety in irradiation facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-51">[51]</a> All commercial irradiation facilities contain safety systems which are designed to prevent exposure of personnel to radiation. The radiation source is constantly shielded by water, concrete, or metal. Irradiation facilities are designed with overlapping layers of protection, interlocks, and safeguards to prevent accidental radiation exposure.<a href="#cite_note-:5-38">[38]</a> Meltdowns are unlikely to occur due to low heat production from sources used.<a href="#cite_note-:5-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeling">Labeling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Labeling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radura-Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radura-Symbol.svg/150px-Radura-Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radura-Symbol.svg/225px-Radura-Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radura-Symbol.svg/300px-Radura-Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>The Radura symbol, as required by U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations to show a food has been treated with ionizing radiation.</figcaption></figure> The provisions of the Codex Alimentarius are that any "first generation" product must be labeled "irradiated" as any product derived directly from an irradiated raw material; for ingredients the provision is that even the last molecule of an irradiated ingredient must be listed with the ingredients even in cases where the unirradiated ingredient does not appear on the label. The RADURA-logo is optional; several countries use a graphical version that differs from the Codex-version. The suggested rules for labeling is published at CODEX-STAN – 1 (2005),<a href="#cite_note-CX-label-52">[52]</a> and includes the usage of the Radura symbol for all products that contain irradiated foods. The Radura symbol is not a designator of quality. The amount of pathogens remaining is based upon dose and the original content and the dose applied can vary on a product by product basis.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The European Union follows the Codex's provision to label irradiated ingredients down to the last molecule of irradiated food. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> does not provide for the use of the Radura logo and relies exclusively on labeling by the appropriate phrases in the respective languages of the Member States. The European Union enforces its irradiation labeling laws by requiring its member countries to perform tests on a cross section of food items in the market-place and to report to the European Commission. The results are published annually on EUR-Lex.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-54">[54]</a> The US defines irradiated foods as foods in which the irradiation causes a material change in the food, or a material change in the consequences that may result from the use of the food. Therefore, food that is processed as an ingredient by a restaurant or food processor is exempt from the labeling requirement in the US. All irradiated foods must include a prominent Radura symbol followed in addition to the statement "treated with irradiation" or "treated by irradiation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[43]</a> Bulk foods must be individually labeled with the symbol and statement or, alternatively, the Radura and statement should be located next to the sale container.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging_2">Packaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Packaging">edit</a>]</div> Under section 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, irradiation of prepackaged foods requires premarket approval for not only the irradiation source for a specific food but also for the food packaging material. Approved packaging materials include various plastic films, yet does not cover a variety of polymers and adhesive based materials that have been found to meet specific standards. The lack of packaging material approval limits manufacturers production and expansion of irradiated prepackaged foods.<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> Approved materials by FDA for Irradiation according to 21 CFR 179.45:<a href="#cite_note-:3-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Material </td> <td>Paper (kraft) </td> <td>Paper (glassine) </td> <td>Paperboard </td> <td>Cellophane (coated) </td> <td>Polyolefin film </td> <td>Polyestyrene film </td> <td>Nylon-6 </td> <td>Vegetable Parchment </td> <td>Nylon 11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irradiation (kGy) </td> <td>.05 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_safety">Food safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Food safety">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, the Codex Alimentarius removed any upper dose limit for food irradiation as well as clearances for specific foods, declaring that all are safe to irradiate. Countries such as Pakistan and Brazil have adopted the Codex without any reservation or restriction. Standards that describe calibration and operation for radiation dosimetry, as well as procedures to relate the measured dose to the effects achieved and to report and document such results, are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Testing_and_Materials" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society for Testing and Materials">American Society for Testing and Materials</a> (ASTM international) and are also available as ISO/ASTM standards.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> All of the rules involved in processing food are applied to all foods before they are irradiated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the agency responsible for regulation of radiation sources in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a> Irradiation, as defined by the FDA is a "<a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a>" as opposed to a food process and therefore falls under the food additive regulations. Each food approved for irradiation has specific guidelines in terms of minimum and maximum dosage as determined safe by the FDA.<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Packaging materials containing the food processed by irradiation must also undergo approval. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) amends these rules for use with meat, poultry, and fresh fruit.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has approved the use of low-level irradiation as an alternative treatment to pesticides for fruits and vegetables that are considered hosts to a number of insect pests, including fruit flies and seed weevils. Under bilateral agreements that allows less-developed countries to earn income through food exports agreements are made to allow them to irradiate fruits and vegetables at low doses to kill insects, so that the food can avoid quarantine. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture_Cotton_Annex" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture Cotton Annex">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> have approved irradiation of the following foods and purposes: <ul><li>Packaged refrigerated or frozen red meat<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> — to control pathogens (E. Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella) and to extend shelf life<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Packaged poultry — control pathogens (Salmonella and Camplylobacter)<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Fresh fruits, vegetables, and grains — to control insects and inhibit growth, ripening and sprouting<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Pork — to control trichinosis<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Herbs, spices and vegetable seasonings<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> — to control insects and microorganisms<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Dry or dehydrated enzyme preparations — to control insects and microorganisms<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>White potatoes — to inhibit sprout development<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Wheat and wheat flour — to control insects<a href="#cite_note-FMI-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Loose or bagged fresh iceberg lettuce and spinach<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Crustaceans (lobster, shrimp, and crab)<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Shellfish (oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops)<a href="#cite_note-fda-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> European law stipulates that all member countries must allow the sale of irradiated dried aromatic herbs, spices and vegetable seasonings.<a href="#cite_note-EUregulation-62">[62]</a> However, these Directives allow Member States to maintain previous clearances food categories the EC's Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) had previously approved (the approval body is now the European Food Safety Authority). Presently, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Netherlands, and Poland allow the sale of many different types of irradiated foods.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Before individual items in an approved class can be added to the approved list, studies into the toxicology of each of such food and for each of the proposed dose ranges are requested. It also states that irradiation shall not be used "as a substitute for hygiene or health practices or good manufacturing or agricultural practice". These Directives only control food irradiation for food retail and their conditions and controls are not applicable to the irradiation of food for patients requiring sterile diets. In 2021 the most common food items irradiated were frog legs at 65.1%, poultry 20.6% and dried aromatic herbs, spices and vegetables seasoning.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a>, any food, even if irradiated, must be allowed to be marketed in any other member state even if a general ban of food irradiation prevails, under the condition that the food has been irradiated legally in the state of origin. Furthermore, imports into the EC are possible from third countries if the irradiation facility had been inspected and approved by the EC and the treatment is legal within the EC or some Member state.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In Australia, following cat deaths<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> after irradiated cat food consumption and producer's voluntary recall,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> cat food irradiation was banned.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_safety_and_security">Nuclear safety and security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Nuclear safety and security">edit</a>]</div> Interlocks and safeguards are mandated to minimize this risk. There have been radiation-related accidents, deaths, and injury at such facilities, many of them caused by operators overriding the safety related interlocks.<a href="#cite_note-SanSalvador-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soreq-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nesvizh-72">[72]</a> In a radiation processing facility, radiation specific concerns are supervised by special authorities, while "Ordinary" occupational safety regulations are handled much like other businesses. The safety of irradiation facilities is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency</a> and monitored by the different national Nuclear Regulatory Commissions. The regulators enforce a safety culture that mandates that all incidents that occur are documented and thoroughly analyzed to determine the cause and improvement potential. Such incidents are studied by personnel at multiple facilities, and improvements are mandated to retrofit existing facilities and future design. In the US the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates the safety of the processing facility, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> (DOT) regulates the safe transport of the radioactive sources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_word_"Radurization"">Origin of the word "Radurization"</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Origin of the word "Radurization"">edit</a>]</div> The word "radurization" is derived from radura, combining the initial letters of the word "radiation" with the stem of "durus", the Latin word for hard, lasting.<a href="#cite_note-radura-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_timeline">Historical timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historical timeline">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1895 <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> discovers X-rays ("<a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a>", from German for radiation produced by deceleration)</li> <li>1896 <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a> discovers natural radioactivity; Minck proposes the therapeutic use<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>1904 Samuel Prescott describes the bactericide effects <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>1906 Appleby & Banks: UK patent to use radioactive isotopes to irradiate particulate food in a flowing bed<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>1918 Gillett: U.S. Patent to use X-rays for the preservation of food<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>1921 Schwartz describes the elimination of Trichinella from food<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>1930 Wuest: French patent on food irradiation<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>1943 MIT becomes active in the field of food preservation for the U.S. Army<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>1951 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission begins to co-ordinate national research activities</li> <li>1958 World first commercial food irradiation (spices) at Stuttgart, Germany<a href="#cite_note-maurer-81">[81]</a></li> <li>1963 FDA approves food irradiation. NASA begins irradiating astronaut food items to prevent food borne illness during space missions.</li> <li>1970 Establishment of the International Food Irradiation Project (IFIP), headquarters at the Federal Research Centre for Food Preservation, Karlsruhe, Germany</li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>/<a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>/<a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> Joint Expert Committee on Food Irradiation recommends the clearance generally up to 10 kGy "overall average dose"<a href="#cite_note-JECFI-33">[33]</a></li> <li>1981/1983 End of IFIP after reaching its goals</li> <li>1983 Codex Alimentarius General Standard for Irradiated Foods: any food at a maximum "overall average dose" of 10 kGy</li> <li>1984 International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) becomes the successor of IFIP</li> <li>1986 January People's Republic of China opens their first food irradiation facility in Shanghai<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>1994 India approves irradiation of spices, potato and onion.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>1997 FAO/IAEA/WHO Joint Study Group on High-Dose Irradiation recommends to lift any upper dose limit<a href="#cite_note-JSGHDI-6">[6]</a></li> <li>1998 The European Union's Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) voted in favour of eight categories of irradiation applications<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>1999 The European Union adopts <a href="/wiki/Directives_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directives (European Union)">Directives</a> 1999/2/EC (framework Directive)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and 1999/3/EC (implementing Directive)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> limiting irradiation a positive list whose sole content is one of the eight categories approved by the SCF, but allowing the individual states to give clearances for any food previously approved by the SCF.</li> <li>2000 Germany leads a veto on a measure to provide a final draft for the positive list.</li> <li>2003 Codex Alimentarius General Standard for Irradiated Foods: no longer any upper dose limit</li> <li>2003 The SCF adopts a "revised opinion" that recommends against the cancellation of the upper dose limit.<a href="#cite_note-SCF_Revision-87">[87]</a></li> <li>2004 ICGFI ends</li> <li>2011 The successor to the SCF, <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA), reexamines the SCF's list and makes further recommendations for inclusion.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_labeling_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_cooking_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and cooking hygiene">Food and cooking hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irradiated_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Irradiated mail">Irradiated mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical sterilization">Chemical sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radappertization" title="Radappertization">Radappertization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicidation" title="Radicidation">Radicidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radura" title="Radura">Radura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fda-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda_1-12">m</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/food-irradiation-what-you-need-know">"Food irradiation: What you need to know"</a>. US Food and Drug Administration. January 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927201504/https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/food-irradiation-what-you-need-know">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+irradiation%3A+What+you+need+to+know&rft.pub=US+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fbuy-store-serve-safe-food%2Ffood-irradiation-what-you-need-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FI-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FI_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FI_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FI_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FI_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO1988" class="citation book cs1">WHO (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38544">Food Irradiation: A technique for preserving and improving the safety of food</a>. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F38544">10665/38544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-924-154240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-924-154240-1"><bdi>978-924-154240-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019194601/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38544">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Irradiation%3A+A+technique+for+preserving+and+improving+the+safety+of+food&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F38544&rft.isbn=978-924-154240-1&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F38544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfia-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfia_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfia_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfia_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfia_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/information-for-consumers/fact-sheets/irradiation/eng/1332358607968/1332358680017">"Food irradiation"</a>. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. October 31, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201120618/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/information-for-consumers/fact-sheets/irradiation/eng/1332358607968/1332358680017">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+irradiation&rft.pub=Canadian+Food+Inspection+Agency&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspection.gc.ca%2Ffood%2Finformation-for-consumers%2Ffact-sheets%2Firradiation%2Feng%2F1332358607968%2F1332358680017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conley1992-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Conley1992_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConley1992" class="citation journal cs1">Conley, Susan Templin (Fall 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHnGbTAzbysC">"What Do Consumers Think About Irradiated Foods?"</a>. FSIS Food Safety Review. 2 (3): 11–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922075121/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHnGbTAzbysC">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FSIS+Food+Safety+Review&rft.atitle=What+Do+Consumers+Think+About+Irradiated+Foods%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=11-15&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=Susan+Templin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHnGbTAzbysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFDiehl-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JFDiehl_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFDiehl_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFDiehl_5-2">c</a> Diehl, J.F., Safety of irradiated foods, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., 1995 (2. ed.) </li> <li id="cite_note-JSGHDI-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSGHDI_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSGHDI_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSGHDI_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSGHDI_6-3">d</a> World Health Organization. High-Dose Irradiation: Wholesomeness of Food Irradiated With Doses Above 10 kGy. Report of a Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Study Group. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999. WHO Technical Report Series No. 890 </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_Irr-7"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_Irr_7-0">^</a> World Health Organization. Safety and Nutritional Adequacy of Irradiated Food. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA1986-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA1986_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA1986_8-1">b</a> US Department of Health, and Human Services, Food, and Drug Administration Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food. Federal Register 1986; 51:13376-13399 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm261680.htm">"The FDA's position on irradiation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423140212/https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm261680.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=The+FDA%27s+position+on+irradiation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fresourcesforyou%2Fconsumers%2Fucm261680.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurofins-10"><a href="#cite_ref-eurofins_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurofins.com/en/food-feed-testing/food-irradiation.aspx">"Irradiation testing for correct labelling you can trust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurofins_Scientific" title="Eurofins Scientific">Eurofins Scientific</a>. January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408013534/http://www.eurofins.com/en/food-feed-testing/food-irradiation.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irradiation+testing+for+correct+labelling+you+can+trust&rft.pub=Eurofins+Scientific&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurofins.com%2Fen%2Ffood-feed-testing%2Ffood-irradiation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/FICDB.html">"Food Irradiation Clearances"</a>. Nucleus.iaea.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017062325/http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/FICDB.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Irradiation+Clearances&rft.pub=Nucleus.iaea.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnucleus.iaea.org%2FCIR%2FCIR%2FFICDB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216174601/http://www.mindfully.org/Food/Irradiation-Position-ADA.htm">"Food irradiation, Position of ADA"</a>. J Am Diet Assoc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindfully.org/Food/Irradiation-Position-ADA.htm">the original</a> on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+irradiation%2C+Position+of+ADA&rft.pub=J+Am+Diet+Assoc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindfully.org%2FFood%2FIrradiation-Position-ADA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> retrieved November 15, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-IMRP2006-13"><a href="#cite_ref-IMRP2006_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeleyGaoHunterEhlermann2006" class="citation conference cs1">Deeley, C.M.; Gao, M.; Hunter, R.; Ehlermann, D.A.E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726172416/http://www.iiaglobal.org/index.php?mact=News%2Ccntnt01%2Cdetail%2C0&cntnt01articleid=488&cntnt01detailtemplate=resourceCenter-publication-detail-template&cntnt01returnid=231&hl=en_US">Food Tutorial — The development of food irradiation in the Asia Pacific, the Americas and Europe</a>. International Meeting on Radiation Processing. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiaglobal.org/index.php?mact=News%2Ccntnt01%2Cdetail%2C0&cntnt01articleid=488&cntnt01detailtemplate=resourceCenter-publication-detail-template&cntnt01returnid=231&hl=en_US">the original</a> on July 26, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Food+Tutorial+%E2%80%94+The+development+of+food+irradiation+in+the+Asia+Pacific%2C+the+Americas+and+Europe&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Deeley&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft.au=Gao%2C+M.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+R.&rft.au=Ehlermann%2C+D.A.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiaglobal.org%2Findex.php%3Fmact%3DNews%252Ccntnt01%252Cdetail%252C0%26cntnt01articleid%3D488%26cntnt01detailtemplate%3DresourceCenter-publication-detail-template%26cntnt01returnid%3D231%26hl%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kume2009-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Kume2009_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumeFurutaTodorikiUenoyama2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kume, Tamikazu; Furuta, Masakazu; Todoriki, Setsuko; Uenoyama, Naoki; Kobayashi, Yasuhiko (March 2009). "Status of food irradiation in the world". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 78 (3): 222–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RaPC...78..222K">2009RaPC...78..222K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.radphyschem.2008.09.009">10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.09.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Physics+and+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Status+of+food+irradiation+in+the+world&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-226&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.radphyschem.2008.09.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009RaPC...78..222K&rft.aulast=Kume&rft.aufirst=Tamikazu&rft.au=Furuta%2C+Masakazu&rft.au=Todoriki%2C+Setsuko&rft.au=Uenoyama%2C+Naoki&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Yasuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farkas2011-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Farkas2011_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarkasMohácsi-Farkas2011" class="citation journal cs1">Farkas, József; Mohácsi-Farkas, Csilla (March 2011). "History and future of food irradiation". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 22 (2–3): 121–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2010.04.002">10.1016/j.tifs.2010.04.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=History+and+future+of+food+irradiation&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=121-126&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2010.04.002&rft.aulast=Farkas&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft.au=Moh%C3%A1csi-Farkas%2C+Csilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loaharanu2-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loaharanu2_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loaharanu2_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoaharanu1990" class="citation journal cs1">Loaharanu, Paisan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull32-2/32205784448.pdf">"Food irradiation: facts or fiction?"</a> (PDF). IAEA Bulletin. 32 (2): 44–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812075456/https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull32-2/32205784448.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IAEA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Food+irradiation%3A+facts+or+fiction%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-48&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Loaharanu&rft.aufirst=Paisan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fmagazines%2Fbulletin%2Fbull32-2%2F32205784448.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/143163main_space.food_.and_.nutrition.pdf">"Space and Food Nutrition—An Educator's Guide With Activities in Science and Mathematics"</a> (PDF). NASA.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329180737/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/143163main_space.food_.and_.nutrition.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Space+and+Food+Nutrition%E2%80%94An+Educator%27s+Guide+With+Activities+in+Science+and+Mathematics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F07%2F143163main_space.food_.and_.nutrition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnParkerHénonHallman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Blackburn, Carl M.; Parker, Andrew G.; Hénon, Yves M.; Hallman, Guy J. (November 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517140606/http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/88667">"Phytosanitary irradiation: An overview"</a>. Florida Entomologist. 99 (6): 1–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/88667">the original</a> on May 17, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Entomologist&rft.atitle=Phytosanitary+irradiation%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2016-11-20&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Carl+M.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Andrew+G.&rft.au=H%C3%A9non%2C+Yves+M.&rft.au=Hallman%2C+Guy+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.fcla.edu%2Fflaent%2Farticle%2Fview%2F88667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_Lynch_And_Kevin_Nalder2015" class="citation journal cs1">Murray Lynch And Kevin Nalder (2015). "Australia export programmes for irradiated fresh produce to New Zealand". Stewart Postharvest Review. 11 (3): 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2212%2Fspr.2015.3.8">10.2212/spr.2015.3.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stewart+Postharvest+Review&rft.atitle=Australia+export+programmes+for+irradiated+fresh+produce+to+New+Zealand&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2212%2Fspr.2015.3.8&rft.au=Murray+Lynch+And+Kevin+Nalder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl1995" class="citation book cs1">Diehl JF (1995). Safety of Irradiated Foods. Marcel Dekker. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safety+of+Irradiated+Foods&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, International Database on Insect Disinfestation and Sterilization – IDIDAS – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www-ididas.iaea.org/IDIDAS/default.htm">http://www-ididas.iaea.org/IDIDAS/default.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328020125/http://www-ididas.iaea.org/IDIDAS/default.htm">Archived</a> March 28, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> last visited November 16, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-:024-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:024_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:024_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellows" class="citation book cs1">Fellows, P.J. Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practices.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Processing+Technology%3A+Principles+and+Practices&rft.aulast=Fellows&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-food-safety-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA-food-safety_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA-food-safety_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906171333/http://www.epa.gov/radiation/sources/food_safety.html">"Radiation Protection-Food Safety"</a>. epa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/sources/food_safety.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiation+Protection-Food+Safety&rft.pub=epa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Frpdweb00%2Fsources%2Ffood_safety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/pdf/TRS409_scr.pdf">"Dosimetry for Food Irradiation, IAEA, Vienna, 2002, Technical Reports Series No. 409"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220425/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/pdf/TRS409_scr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dosimetry+for+Food+Irradiation%2C+IAEA%2C+Vienna%2C+2002%2C+Technical+Reports+Series+No.+409&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FTRS409_scr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> K. Mehta, Radiation Processing Dosimetry – A practical manual, 2006, GEX Corporation, Centennial, US </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellows2018" class="citation book cs1">Fellows, P.J. (2018). Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practices. Elsevier. pp. 279–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780081019078" title="Special:BookSources/9780081019078"><bdi>9780081019078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Processing+Technology%3A+Principles+and+Practices.&rft.pages=279-280&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780081019078&rft.aulast=Fellows&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319174736/http://nucleus.iaea.org/ifa/">"Irradiated Food Authorization Database (IFA)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nucleus.iaea.org/ifa/">the original</a> on March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irradiated+Food+Authorization+Database+%28IFA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnucleus.iaea.org%2Fifa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329051854/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa-fdir.html">"U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Office of Premarket Approval. Food Irradiation: The treatment of foods with ionizing radiation Kim M. Morehouse, PhD Published in Food Testing & Analysis, June/July 1998 edition (Vol. 4, No. 3, Pages 9, 32, 35)"</a>. March 29, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa-fdir.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration.+Center+for+Food+Safety+%26+Applied+Nutrition.+Office+of+Premarket+Approval.+Food+Irradiation%3A+The+treatment+of+foods+with+ionizing+radiation+Kim+M.+Morehouse%2C+PhD+Published+in+Food+Testing+%26+Analysis%2C+June%2FJuly+1998+edition+%28Vol.+4%2C+No.+3%2C+Pages+9%2C+32%2C+35%29&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfsan.fda.gov%2F~dms%2Fopa-fdir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuetong2018" class="citation book cs1">Xuetong, Fan (May 29, 2018). Food Irradiation Research and Technology. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-0209-1"><bdi>978-0-8138-0209-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Irradiation+Research+and+Technology&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-0209-1&rft.aulast=Xuetong&rft.aufirst=Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFSA2011-30"><a href="#cite_ref-EFSA2011_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.1930">"Scientific Opinion on the Chemical Safety of Irradiation of Food"</a>. EFSA Journal. 9 (4): 1930. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.1930">10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Scientific+Opinion+on+the+Chemical+Safety+of+Irradiation+of+Food&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1930&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2903%252Fj.efsa.2011.1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamosMillerBrandãoTeixeira2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ramos, B.; Miller, F.A.; Brandão, T.R.S.; Teixeira, P.; Silva, C.L.M. (October 2013). "Fresh fruits and vegetables—An overview on applied methodologies to improve its quality and safety". Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 20: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ifset.2013.07.002">10.1016/j.ifset.2013.07.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innovative+Food+Science+%26+Emerging+Technologies&rft.atitle=Fresh+fruits+and+vegetables%E2%80%94An+overview+on+applied+methodologies+to+improve+its+quality+and+safety&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ifset.2013.07.002&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Miller%2C+F.A.&rft.au=Brand%C3%A3o%2C+T.R.S.&rft.au=Teixeira%2C+P.&rft.au=Silva%2C+C.L.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinelaBarreiraBarrosVerde2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pinela, José; Barreira, João C.M.; Barros, Lillian; Verde, Sandra Cabo; Antonio, Amilcar L.; Carvalho, Ana Maria; Oliveira, M. Beatriz P.P.; Ferreira, Isabel C.F.R. (September 2016). "Suitability of gamma irradiation for preserving fresh-cut watercress quality during cold storage". Food Chemistry. 206: 50–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2016.03.050">10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10198%2F13361">10198/13361</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27041297">27041297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Suitability+of+gamma+irradiation+for+preserving+fresh-cut+watercress+quality+during+cold+storage&rft.volume=206&rft.pages=50-58&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10198%2F13361&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27041297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2016.03.050&rft.aulast=Pinela&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Barreira%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+C.M.&rft.au=Barros%2C+Lillian&rft.au=Verde%2C+Sandra+Cabo&rft.au=Antonio%2C+Amilcar+L.&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+Ana+Maria&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+M.+Beatriz+P.P.&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+Isabel+C.F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JECFI-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JECFI_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JECFI_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JECFI_33-2">c</a> World Health Organization. Wholesomeness of irradiated food. Geneva, Technical Report Series No. 659, 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-sterigenics-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sterigenics_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sterigenics_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118182506/http://www.sterigenics.com/services/food_safety/food_irradiation__questions_answers.pdf">"Food Irradiation: Questions & Answers"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sterigenics.com/services/food_safety/food_irradiation__questions_answers.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Irradiation%3A+Questions+%26+Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sterigenics.com%2Fservices%2Ffood_safety%2Ffood_irradiation__questions_answers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhlermann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ehlermann, Dieter A.E. (2009). "The RADURA-terminology and food irradiation". Food Control. 20 (5): 526–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2008.07.023">10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Control&rft.atitle=The+RADURA-terminology+and+food+irradiation&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=526-528&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2008.07.023&rft.aulast=Ehlermann&rft.aufirst=Dieter+A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Roberts1998" class="citation web cs1">Tim Roberts (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102010926/http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-300/458-300.html">"Cold Pasteurization of Food By Irradiation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-300/458-300.html">the original</a> on January 2, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cold+Pasteurization+of+Food+By+Irradiation&rft.date=1998-08&rft.au=Tim+Roberts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ext.vt.edu%2Fpubs%2Ffoods%2F458-300%2F458-300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> See, e.g., The Truth about Irradiated Meat, CONSUMER REPORTS 34-37 (August 2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodirradiation.org/PDF/FIPA%20QandA.pdf">"Food Irradiation Q and A"</a> (PDF). Food Irradiation Processing Alliance. May 29, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115232907/http://foodirradiation.org/PDF/FIPA%20QandA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Irradiation+Q+and+A&rft.pub=Food+Irradiation+Processing+Alliance&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoodirradiation.org%2FPDF%2FFIPA%2520QandA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1989/in89082.html">"Information Notice No. 89-82: RECENT SAFETY-RELATED INCIDENTS AT LARGE IRRADIATORS"</a>. Nrc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195340/https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1989/in89082.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Notice+No.+89-82%3A+RECENT+SAFETY-RELATED+INCIDENTS+AT+LARGE+IRRADIATORS&rft.pub=Nrc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Freading-rm%2Fdoc-collections%2Fgen-comm%2Finfo-notices%2F1989%2Fin89082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ozone-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ozone_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ozone_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421093513/http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/mbr/casestudies/volume2/irad2.html">"The Use of Irradiation for Post-Harvest and Quarantine Commodity Control | Ozone Depletion – Regulatory Programs | U.S. EPA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/mbr/casestudies/volume2/irad2.html">the original</a> on April 21, 2006. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Irradiation+for+Post-Harvest+and+Quarantine+Commodity+Control+%26%23124%3B+Ozone+Depletion+%E2%80%93+Regulatory+Programs+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2FOzone%2Fmbr%2Fcasestudies%2Fvolume2%2Firad2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClelandStichelbaut2009" class="citation conference cs1">Cleland, Marshall R.; Stichelbaut, Frédéric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/41/097/41097063.pdf">Radiation Processing with High-energy X-rays</a> (PDF). International Nuclear Atlantic Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154713/http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/41/097/41097063.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Radiation+Processing+with+High-energy+X-rays&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=Marshall+R.&rft.au=Stichelbaut%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Finis%2Fcollection%2FNCLCollectionStore%2F_Public%2F41%2F097%2F41097063.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Civello-et-al-2007-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Civello-et-al-2007_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivelloVicenteMartínezTroncoso-Rojas2007" class="citation book cs1">Civello, P.; Vicente, Ariel R.; Martínez, G.; Troncoso-Rojas, R.; Tiznado-Hernández, M.; González-León, A. (2007). "UV-C technology to control postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables". In Troncoso-Rojas, Rosalba; Tiznado-Hernández, Martín E; González-León, Alberto (eds.). Recent advances in alternative postharvest technologies to control fungal diseases in fruits & vegetables. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7895-244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7895-244-4"><bdi>978-81-7895-244-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181155001">181155001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82390211">82390211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=UV-C+technology+to+control+postharvest+diseases+of+fruits+and+vegetables&rft.btitle=Recent+advances+in+alternative+postharvest+technologies+to+control+fungal+diseases+in+fruits+%26+vegetables&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181155001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82390211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-81-7895-244-4&rft.aulast=Civello&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Vicente%2C+Ariel+R.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+G.&rft.au=Troncoso-Rojas%2C+R.&rft.au=Tiznado-Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+M.&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Le%C3%B3n%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/CAB_Direct_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="CAB Direct (database)">CABD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/abstract/20073244868">20073244868</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. <a href="/wiki/AGRIS" title="AGRIS">AGRIS</a> id <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300122523">US201300122523</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-1">b</a> (Kunstadt et al., USDA 1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_P.O.-44"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_P.O._44-0">^</a> Martin, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/02/business/02irradiate.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1261545694-KGCNC1z9SSW95acAk0gz0g">Spinach and Peanuts, With a Dash of Radiation.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210913/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/02/business/02irradiate.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1261545694-KGCNC1z9SSW95acAk0gz0g">Archived</a> June 13, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. February 1, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> (Forsythe and Evangel 1993, USDA 1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/irradiation/reports_en">"Annual Reports - Food Safety - European Commission"</a>. October 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225849/https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/irradiation/reports_en">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Reports+-+Food+Safety+-+European+Commission&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Fsafety%2Fbiosafety%2Firradiation%2Freports_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StewartPR-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StewartPR_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StewartPR_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsHénon2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roberts, P. B.; Hénon, Y. M. (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214195256/http://www.foodirradiation.org/pages/Stewart/Roberts.pdf">"Consumer response to irradiated food: purchase versus perception"</a> (PDF). Stewart Postharvest Review. 11 (3:5). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-9656">1745-9656</a>. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stewart+Postharvest+Review&rft.atitle=Consumer+response+to+irradiated+food%3A+purchase+versus+perception&rft.volume=11+%283%3A5%29&rft.date=2015-09&rft.issn=1745-9656&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=H%C3%A9non%2C+Y.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodirradiation.org%2Fpages%2FStewart%2FRoberts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-foods2016-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foods2016_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foods2016_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaheraniHossainCriadoBen-Fadhel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Maherani, Behnoush; Hossain, Farah; Criado, Paula; Ben-Fadhel, Yosra; Salmieri, Stephane; Lacroix, Monique (November 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5302430">"World market development and consumer acceptance of irradiation technology"</a>. Foods. 5 (4): 79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffoods5040079">10.3390/foods5040079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2304-8158">2304-8158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5302430">5302430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28231173">28231173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.atitle=World+market+development+and+consumer+acceptance+of+irradiation+technology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5302430%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2304-8158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28231173&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ffoods5040079&rft.aulast=Maherani&rft.aufirst=Behnoush&rft.au=Hossain%2C+Farah&rft.au=Criado%2C+Paula&rft.au=Ben-Fadhel%2C+Yosra&rft.au=Salmieri%2C+Stephane&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+Monique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5302430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munir-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Munir_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunirFederighi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Federighi, Michel (July 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404640">"Control of foodborne biological hazards by ionizing radiations"</a>. Foods. 9 (7): 878. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffoods9070878">10.3390/foods9070878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2304-8158">2304-8158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7404640">7404640</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635407">32635407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.atitle=Control+of+foodborne+biological+hazards+by+ionizing+radiations&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=878&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7404640%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2304-8158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32635407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ffoods9070878&rft.aulast=Munir&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Tanveer&rft.au=Federighi%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7404640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrupen2010" class="citation book cs1">Grupen, Claus (February 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02586-0_13">Introduction to Radiation Protection</a>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 223–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02586-0_13">10.1007/978-3-642-02586-0_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642025860" title="Special:BookSources/9783642025860"><bdi>9783642025860</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230626140102/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02586-0_13">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Radiation+Protection&rft.pages=223-224&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-02586-0_13&rft.isbn=9783642025860&rft.aulast=Grupen&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-02586-0_13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Peter (December 2016). "Food Irradiation: Standards, regulations, and world-wide trade". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 129: 30–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RaPC..129...30R">2016RaPC..129...30R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.radphyschem.2016.06.005">10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.06.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Physics+and+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Food+Irradiation%3A+Standards%2C+regulations%2C+and+world-wide+trade&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=30-34&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.radphyschem.2016.06.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RaPC..129...30R&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CX-label-52"><a href="#cite_ref-CX-label_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406113402/http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/32/CXS_001e.pdf">"GENERAL STANDARD FOR THE LABELLING OF PREPACKAGED FOODS. CODEX STAN 1-1985"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/32/CXS_001e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 6, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GENERAL+STANDARD+FOR+THE+LABELLING+OF+PREPACKAGED+FOODS.+CODEX+STAN+1-1985.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codexalimentarius.net%2Fdownload%2Fstandards%2F32%2FCXS_001e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=179&showFR=1">"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"</a>. Accessdata.fda.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023736/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=179&showFR=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CFR+-+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+Title+21&rft.pub=Accessdata.fda.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcdrh%2Fcfdocs%2Fcfcfr%2FCFRSearch.cfm%3FCFRPart%3D179%26showFR%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FDA_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/irradiation/reports_en">"Reports from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on food and food ingredients treated with ionising radiation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225849/https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/irradiation/reports_en">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+from+the+Commission+to+the+European+Parliament+and+the+Council+on+food+and+food+ingredients+treated+with+ionising+radiation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Fsafety%2Fbiosafety%2Firradiation%2Freports_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> (see Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 12.02, West Conshohocken, PA, US) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=179&showFR=1&subpartNode=21:3.0.1.1.10.2">"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025182753/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=179&showFR=1&subpartNode=21:3.0.1.1.10.2">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CFR+-+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+Title+21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcdrh%2Fcfdocs%2Fcfcfr%2FCFRSearch.cfm%3FCFRPart%3D179%26showFR%3D1%26subpartNode%3D21%3A3.0.1.1.10.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> USDA/FSIS and USDA/APHIS, various final rules on pork, poultry and fresh fruits: Fed.Reg. 51:1769–1771 (1986); 54:387-393 (1989); 57:43588-43600 (1992); and others more </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> anon.,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccr.ucdavis.edu/irr/inus2.shtml">Is this technology being used in other countries?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105014642/http://ccr.ucdavis.edu/irr/inus2.shtml">Archived</a> November 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved on November 15, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-FMI-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMI_59-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161809/http://www.fmi.org/docs/media-backgrounder/irradiation.pdf">"Food Irradiation-FMI Background"</a> (PDF). Food Marketing Institute. February 5, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmi.org/docs/media-backgrounder/irradiation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Irradiation-FMI+Background&rft.pub=Food+Marketing+Institute&rft.date=2003-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmi.org%2Fdocs%2Fmedia-backgrounder%2Firradiation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105002735/http://ccr.ucdavis.edu/irr/inus1.shtml">"Are Irradiated Foods in the Supermarket?"</a>. Center for Consumer Research. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>. May 7, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccr.ucdavis.edu/irr/inus1.shtml">the original</a> on November 5, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Are+Irradiated+Foods+in+the+Supermarket%3F&rft.date=2000-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccr.ucdavis.edu%2Firr%2Finus1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm093651.htm">"Irradiation: A safe measure for safer iceberg lettuce and spinach"</a>. US FDA. August 22, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112072232/http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm093651.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irradiation%3A+A+safe+measure+for+safer+iceberg+lettuce+and+spinach&rft.pub=US+FDA&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FForConsumers%2FConsumerUpdates%2Fucm093651.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUregulation-62"><a href="#cite_ref-EUregulation_62-0">^</a> EU: Food Irradiation – Community Legislation <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/irradiation/legislation_en">https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/irradiation/legislation_en</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106104500/https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/irradiation/legislation_en">Archived</a> January 6, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52009XC1124(02)">"List of Member States' authorisations of food and food ingredients which may be treated with ionizing radiation. (2009-11-24)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163343/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52009XC1124(02)">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Member+States%27+authorisations+of+food+and+food+ingredients+which+may+be+treated+with+ionizing+radiation.+%282009-11-24%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A52009XC1124%2802%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2021/03/eu-food-irradiation-report-shows-continued-decline/">"EU food irradiation report shows continued decline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324142126/https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2021/03/eu-food-irradiation-report-shows-continued-decline/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+food+irradiation+report+shows+continued+decline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodsafetynews.com%2F2021%2F03%2Feu-food-irradiation-report-shows-continued-decline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32002D0840">"Commission Decision of 23 October 2004 adopting the list of approved facilities in third countries for the irradiation of foods."</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130210240/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32002D0840">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+Decision+of+23+October+2004+adopting+the+list+of+approved+facilities+in+third+countries+for+the+irradiation+of+foods.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A32002D0840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2002/840">"Consolidated text (with amendments): Commission Decision of 23 October 2002 adopting the list of approved facilities in third countries for the irradiation of foods "</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417094649/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2002/840">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consolidated+text+%28with+amendments%29%3A+Commission+Decision+of+23+October+2002+adopting+the+list+of+approved+facilities+in+third+countries+for+the+irradiation+of+foods+&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Feli%2Fdec%2F2002%2F840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildFosterFougereMilan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Child G, Foster DJ, Fougere BJ, Milan JM, Rozmanec M (September 2009). "Ataxia and paralysis in cats in Australia associated with exposure to an imported gamma-irradiated commercial dry pet food". Australian Veterinary Journal. 87 (9): 349–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-0813.2009.00475.x">10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00475.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19703134">19703134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Ataxia+and+paralysis+in+cats+in+Australia+associated+with+exposure+to+an+imported+gamma-irradiated+commercial+dry+pet+food&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=349-51&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1751-0813.2009.00475.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19703134&rft.aulast=Child&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Foster%2C+DJ&rft.au=Fougere%2C+BJ&rft.au=Milan%2C+JM&rft.au=Rozmanec%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421084622/http://www.ava.com.au/sites/default/files/documents/Other/Orijen_Australia_Consumer_Release.pdf">"Origen Cat Food"</a> (PDF). Champion Pet Foods. November 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ava.com.au/sites/default/files/documents/Other/Orijen_Australia_Consumer_Release.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 21, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origen+Cat+Food&rft.pub=Champion+Pet+Foods&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ava.com.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FOther%2FOrijen_Australia_Consumer_Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2009" class="citation web cs1">Burke K (May 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/catfood-irradiation-banned-as-pet-theory-proved-20090529-bq8h.html">"Cat-food irradiation banned as pet theory proved"</a>. The Sidney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230174241/https://www.smh.com.au/national/catfood-irradiation-banned-as-pet-theory-proved-20090529-bq8h.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sidney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Cat-food+irradiation+banned+as+pet+theory+proved&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fcatfood-irradiation-banned-as-pet-theory-proved-20090529-bq8h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanSalvador-70"><a href="#cite_ref-SanSalvador_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub847_web.pdf">"The Radiological Accident in San Salvador"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521215111/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub847_web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Radiological+Accident+in+San+Salvador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2FPublications%2FPDF%2FPub847_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soreq-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Soreq_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub925_web.pdf">"The Radiological Accident in Soreq"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121031827/https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub925_web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Radiological+Accident+in+Soreq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2FPub925_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nesvizh-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Nesvizh_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1010_web.pdf">"The Radiological Accident at the Irradiation Facility in Nesvizh"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309070122/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1010_web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Radiological+Accident+at+the+Irradiation+Facility+in+Nesvizh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2FPublications%2FPDF%2FPub1010_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-radura-73"><a href="#cite_ref-radura_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhlermann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ehlermann DA (2009). "The RADURA-terminology and food irradiation". Food Control. 20 (5): 526–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2008.07.023">10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Control&rft.atitle=The+RADURA-terminology+and+food+irradiation&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=526-528&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2008.07.023&rft.aulast=Ehlermann&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Minck, F. (1896) Zur Frage über die Einwirkung der Röntgen'schen Strahlen auf Bacterien und ihre eventuelle therapeutische Verwendbarkeit. Münchener Medicinische Wochenschrift 43 (5), 101-102. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrescott1904" class="citation journal cs1">Prescott, S. C. (August 19, 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2042740">"The Effect of Radium Rays on the Colon Bacillus, the Diphtheria Bacillus and Yeast"</a>. Science. 20 (503): 246–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.20.503.246.c">10.1126/science.20.503.246.c</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1631163">1631163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17797891">17797891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Radium+Rays+on+the+Colon+Bacillus%2C+the+Diphtheria+Bacillus+and+Yeast&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=503&rft.pages=246-248&rft.date=1904-08-19&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17797891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1631163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.20.503.246.c&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2042740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Appleby, J. and Banks, A. J. Improvements in or relating to the treatment of food, more especially cereals and their products. British patent GB 1609 (January 4, 1906). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> D.C. Gillet, Apparatus for preserving organic materials by the use of x-rays, US Patent No. 1,275,417 (August 13, 1918) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz_B1921" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz B (1921). "Effect of X-rays on Trichinae". Journal of Agricultural Research. 20: 845–854.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+Research&rft.atitle=Effect+of+X-rays+on+Trichinae&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=845-854&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Schwartz+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> O. Wüst, Procédé pour la conservation d'aliments en tous genres, Brevet d'invention no.701302 (July 17, 1930) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Physical Principles of Food Preservation: Von Marcus Karel, Daryl B. Lund, CRC Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-4063-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-4063-7">0-8247-4063-7</a>, S. 462 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-maurer-81"><a href="#cite_ref-maurer_81-0">^</a> K.F. Maurer, Zur Keimfreimachung von Gewürzen, Ernährungswirtschaft 5(1958) nr.1, 45–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedekind1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wedekind, Lothar H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/28205715357.pdf">"China's move to food irradiation"</a> (PDF). IAEA Bulletin. 28 (2): 53–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116201905/https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/28205715357.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IAEA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=China%27s+move+to+food+irradiation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53-57&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wedekind&rft.aufirst=Lothar+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F28205715357.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaMadhusoodanan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Arun; Madhusoodanan, P. (August 1, 2012). "Techno-commercial aspects of food irradiation in India". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 81 (8): 1208–1210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RaPC...81.1208S">2012RaPC...81.1208S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.radphyschem.2011.11.033">10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.11.033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Physics+and+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Techno-commercial+aspects+of+food+irradiation+in+India&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1208-1210&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.radphyschem.2011.11.033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012RaPC...81.1208S&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft.au=Madhusoodanan%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out15_en.html">Scientific Committee on Food. 15.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140516195055/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out15_en.html">Archived</a> May 16, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31999L0002">"Directive 1999/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionising radiation"</a>. February 22, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118204112/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31999L0002">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directive+1999%2F2%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+22+February+1999+on+the+approximation+of+the+laws+of+the+Member+States+concerning+foods+and+food+ingredients+treated+with+ionising+radiation&rft.date=1999-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31999L0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31999L0003">"Directive 1999/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the establishment of a Community list of foods and food ingredients treated with ionising radiation"</a>. February 22, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211013195847/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A31999L0003">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directive+1999%2F3%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+22+February+1999+on+the+establishment+of+a+Community+list+of+foods+and+food+ingredients+treated+with+ionising+radiation&rft.date=1999-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31999L0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCF_Revision-87"><a href="#cite_ref-SCF_Revision_87-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out193_en.pdf">Scientific Committee on Food. Revised opinion #193.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903171911/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out193_en.pdf">Archived</a> September 3, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Food_Safety_Authority2011" class="citation journal cs1">European Food Safety Authority (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.2107">"Statement summarising the Conclusions and Recommendations from the Opinions on the Safety of Irradiation of Food adopted by the BIOHAZ and CEF Panels"</a>. EFSA Journal. 9 (4): 2107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.2107">10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Statement+summarising+the+Conclusions+and+Recommendations+from+the+Opinions+on+the+Safety+of+Irradiation+of+Food+adopted+by+the+BIOHAZ+and+CEF+Panels&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2107&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2011.2107&rft.au=European+Food+Safety+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2903%252Fj.efsa.2011.2107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> publications: <ul><li>Safety and nutritional adequacy of irradiated food, WHO, Geneva, 1994</li> <li>High-dose irradiation: Wholesomeness of food irradiated with doses above 10 kGy, WHO, Geneva, 1999, Technical Report Series No. 890</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316042916/http://www.iaea.org/programmes/nafa/d5/public/foodirradiation.pdf">Facts about Food Irradiation, A series of Fact Sheets from the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI), 1999, IAEA, Vienna, Austria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2006-03-16)</li> <li>Diehl, J.F., Safety of irradiated foods, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., 1995 (2. ed.)</li> <li>Satin, M., Food irradiation, Technomic, Lancaster, 1996 (2. ed.)</li> <li>Urbain, W.M., Food irradiation, Academic Press, Orlando, 1986</li> <li>Molins, R. (ed.), Food irradiation – Principles and applications, Wiley Interscience, N.Y., 2001</li> <li>Sommers, C.H. and Fan, X. (eds.), Food Irradiation Research and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006</li> <li>The Food That Would Last Forever : Understanding the Dangers of Food Irradiation, by Gary Gibbs, Garden City Park, N.Y. : Avery Pub. Group, c1993</li> <li>anon., Food Irradiation: Available Research Indicates That Benefits Outweigh Risks, RCED-00-217, August 24, 2000, Government Accountability Office, United States General Accounting Office, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, Washington, D.C. 20548 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101020010135/http://www.gao.gov/archive/2000/rc00217.pdf">"Food Irradiation"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarkasMohácsi-Farkas2011" class="citation journal cs1">Farkas, József; Mohácsi-Farkas, Csilla (March 2011). "History and future of food irradiation". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 22 (2–3): 121–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2010.04.002">10.1016/j.tifs.2010.04.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=History+and+future+of+food+irradiation&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=121-126&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tifs.2010.04.002&rft.aulast=Farkas&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft.au=Moh%C3%A1csi-Farkas%2C+Csilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429191849/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/files/32/who2003.pdf">WHO Statement on 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone and Related Compounds, 2003</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2013-04-29)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/food-irradiation/evaluation-significance-2-dodecylcyclobutanone-other-alkylcyclobutanones.html">Evaluation of the Significance of 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone and other Alkylcyclobutanones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802214224/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/food-irradiation/evaluation-significance-2-dodecylcyclobutanone-other-alkylcyclobutanones.html">Archived</a> August 2, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_irradiation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Food_irradiation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/food_irradiation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/food irradiation">food irradiation</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234544/http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/16/CXS_106_2003e.pdf">Codex Alimentarius General Standard for Irradiated Foods (CAC/STAN 106-1983, rev.1 2003)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2007-09-26)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelfoodblog.com/">Codex Alimentarius Recommended International Code of Practice Code for Radiation Processing of Foods (CAC/RCP 19-1979, rev.2 – 2003)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005045002/http://www.travelfoodblog.com/">Archived</a> October 5, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/32/CXS_001e.pdf">General Standard for the Labelling of Prepacked Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406113402/http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/32/CXS_001e.pdf">Archived</a> April 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228163613/http://www.fipa.us/">Food Irradiation Processing Alliance</a> FIPA represents the irradiation service industry, manufacturers of food irradiators and suppliers of cobalt-60 sources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304002948/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opairrad.html">Irradiation of Food and Food Packaging</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2009-03-04), <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Food_Safety_and_Applied_Nutrition" title="Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition">Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition</a> (US Government)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316042916/http://www.iaea.org/programmes/nafa/d5/public/foodirradiation.pdf">Facts about Food Irradiation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2006-03-16), a series of 14 fact sheets, International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1991</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfa-ernaehrung.de/Bfe-Englisch/Information/irradiat.htm">Bibliography on Food Irradiation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503073021/http://www.bfa-ernaehrung.de/Bfe-Englisch/Information/irradiat.htm">Archived</a> May 3, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe, Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/diif/Pages/Interactive-Map.aspx">IAEA interactive map of irradiation facilities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420141754/https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/diif/Pages/Interactive-Map.aspx">Archived</a> April 20, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener" class="citation web cs1">Keener, Kevin M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907210551/http://fbns.ncsu.edu//extension_program/documents/foodsafety_irradiation.pdf">"Department of Food Science Food Irradiation: To Zap or not to Zap?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fbns.ncsu.edu//extension_program/documents/foodsafety_irradiation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 7, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Food+Science+Food+Irradiation%3A+To+Zap+or+not+to+Zap%3F&rft.pub=North+Carolina+State+University&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffbns.ncsu.edu%2F%2Fextension_program%2Fdocuments%2Ffoodsafety_irradiation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+irradiation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_preservation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_preservation" title="Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_preservation" title="Template talk:Food preservation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_preservation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopreservation" title="Biopreservation">Biopreservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">Cold chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdle_technology" title="Hurdle technology">Hurdle technology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">Jellying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascalization" title="Pascalization">Pascalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_preservation" title="Category:Food preservation">Category: Food preservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">Escherichia coli O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">Escherichia coli O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic E. coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster_1959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 (page does not exist)">Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]{{main other|</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American E. coli outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety" title="Category:Food safety">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&oldid=1255572997">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&oldid=1255572997</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_preservation" title="Category:Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foodborne_illnesses" title="Category:Foodborne illnesses">Foodborne illnesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pasteurized_foods" title="Category:Pasteurized foods">Pasteurized foods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pest_control_techniques" title="Category:Pest control techniques">Pest control techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation" title="Category:Radiation">Radiation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radiobiology" title="Category:Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intensive_farming" title="Category:Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_controversies" title="Category:Environmental controversies">Environmental controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_controversies" title="Category:Scientific controversies">Scientific controversies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2021">Articles with dead external links from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2023">Articles with dead external links from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2015" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2015">Use mdy dates from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 16:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_irradiation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-x2s2v","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.397","walltime":"1.626","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6277,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":202325,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5731,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":291108,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1353.622 1 -total"," 54.49% 737.587 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.07% 325.874 36 Template:Cite_web"," 14.79% 200.158 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.98% 162.158 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.55% 129.257 1 Template:Food_preservation"," 7.19% 97.274 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.33% 85.674 5 Template:Fix"," 5.21% 70.458 3 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.64% 62.748 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.823","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6753955,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-74959dc8bc-2crbg","timestamp":"20241126195555","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Food irradiation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_irradiation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1330911","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1330911","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-14T13:07:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T16:55:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/0\/0c\/Radura_international.svg","headline":"process of treating food and other consumer products with gamma rays, x-rays, or high voltage electrons to kill potential harmful bacteria"}</script> </body> </html>