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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_as_President_of_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_as_President_of_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Election as President of Argentina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_as_President_of_Argentina-sublist" class="cdx-button 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_on_Peronism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ban on Peronism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_on_Peronism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_within_the_Radical_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_within_the_Radical_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Divisions within the Radical Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_within_the_Radical_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1963_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1963 general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Economic record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Industrial expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fiscal policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_trade_and_balance_of_payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_trade_and_balance_of_payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Foreign trade and balance of payments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_trade_and_balance_of_payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Petroleum policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Labor policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_welfare_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_welfare_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Social welfare policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_welfare_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Education policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_drugs_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_drugs_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Medical drugs law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_drugs_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image_and_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image_and_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Public image and the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image_and_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_1965_Congressional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_1965_Congressional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>March 1965 Congressional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_1965_Congressional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_1966_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_1966_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>June 1966 coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_1966_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_activity_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_activity_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Subsequent activity and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_activity_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsequent activity and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_activity_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Homages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arturo Umberto Illia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أرتورو أومبرتو إيليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرتورو أومبرتو إيليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Illia" title="Arturo Illia – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Arturo Illia" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%96%D0%B0" title="Артура Умберта Ільіа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артура Умберта Ільіа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Артуро Умберто Илия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артуро Умберто Илия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرتورو اومبرتو ایلیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتورو اومبرتو ایلیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ארתורו איליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארתורו איליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არტურო უმბერტო ილია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არტურო უმბერტო ილია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ارتورو امبرتو ايليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارتورو امبرتو ايليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Illia" title="Arturo Illia – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arturo Illia" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Ильиа, Артуро Умберто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ильиа, Артуро Умберто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%97%D1%8F" title="Артуро Умберто Ільїя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артуро Умберто Ільїя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Arturo Umberto Illia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Illia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Arturo Illia">Arturo Illia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">34th President of Argentina</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Arturo Illia</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Order of the Liberator General San Martín">OLSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_May" title="Order of May">OM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg/220px-Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg/330px-Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1963</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">34th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Argentina" title="Vice President of Argentina">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_Perette" title="Carlos Humberto Perette">Carlos Humberto Perette</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guido" title="José María Guido">José María Guido</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">National Deputy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 April 1948 – 30 April 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Córdoba">Lieutenant Governor of Córdoba</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 June 1940 – 19 June 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Santiago H. del Castillo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alejandro Gallardo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Asís Ramón</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Legislature of Córdoba">Provincial Senator of Córdoba</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 May 1936 – 24 April 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Fidel Torres</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolás Pedernera</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cruz_del_Eje" title="Cruz del Eje">Cruz del Eje</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Arturo Umberto Illia</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-08-04</span>)</span>4 August 1900<br /><a href="/wiki/Pergamino" title="Pergamino">Pergamino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1983<span style="display:none">(1983-01-18)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba, Argentina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/La_Recoleta_Cemetery" title="La Recoleta Cemetery">La Recoleta Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Argentina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Martorell" class="extiw" title="es:Silvia Martorell">Silvia Martorell</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939; died 1966)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Emma Silvia Illia <br /> Martín Arturo Illia <br /> Leandro Hipólito Illia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_de_Arturo_Illia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arturo Umberto Illia's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Firma_de_Arturo_Illia.svg/128px-Firma_de_Arturo_Illia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Firma_de_Arturo_Illia.svg/192px-Firma_de_Arturo_Illia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Firma_de_Arturo_Illia.svg/256px-Firma_de_Arturo_Illia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="169" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:08_ARTURO_ILIA.ogg" title="File:08 ARTURO ILIA.ogg">Arturo Umberto Illia's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="08_ARTURO_ILIA.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/08_ARTURO_ILIA.ogg/08_ARTURO_ILIA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/08_ARTURO_ILIA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recorded c. 1963-66</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arturo Umberto Illia</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[aɾˈtuɾo<span class="wrap"> </span>wmˈbeɾto<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈilja]</a></span>; 4 August 1900 – 18 January 1983) was <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> from 1963 until <a href="/wiki/1966_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Argentine coup d'état">his overthrow</a> in 1966. He was part of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a>, and the People's Radical Civic Union during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illia reached the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">presidency of the Nation</a> in elections controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> was outlawed and while the previous constitutional president <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> was detained. During his government, the national industry was promoted, 23% of the national budget was allocated to education (the highest figure in the history of the country), unemployment fell, the external debt decreased, a literacy plan was carried out and sanctioned the Minimum, Vital and Mobile Salary law and the Medications Laws. </p><p>He was noted for his honesty and trustworthiness, an example of this being the fact that Illia lived almost all his life in his humble home in <a href="/wiki/Cruz_del_Eje" title="Cruz del Eje">Cruz del Eje</a>, where he devoted himself to <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, and that he never used his influence to his advantage, to the point such as having to sell his car while in office and refusing to use public funds to finance his medical treatments. After his government, he maintained his active political militancy, rejected the retirement perks he had earned as president, and returned home to continue dedicating himself to medicine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Pte_A.Illia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Pte_A.Illia.jpg/220px-Casa_Pte_A.Illia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Pte_A.Illia.jpg/330px-Casa_Pte_A.Illia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Pte_A.Illia.jpg/440px-Casa_Pte_A.Illia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="2265" /></a><figcaption>House in <a href="/wiki/Cruz_del_Eje" title="Cruz del Eje">Cruz del Eje</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba province</a>, where Illia worked as a doctor for 30 years, today a museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arturo Umberto Illia was born in <a href="/wiki/Pergamino" title="Pergamino">Pergamino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires</a> to <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> immigrants. Martino Illia (1861–1948) was born in <a href="/wiki/Samolaco" title="Samolaco">Samolaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sondrio" title="Province of Sondrio">province of Sondrio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his mother Emma Francesconi (1874–1940) was born in Gratacazolo, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">province of Brescia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He enrolled in the School of Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a> in 1918. That year, he joined the movement for <a href="/wiki/University_reform_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="University reform in Argentina">University reform in Argentina</a> (<i>Reforma Universitaria</i>), which first emerged in the city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, and set the basis for a free, open and public university system less influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Church-state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church-state relations in Argentina">Catholic Church</a>. This development changing the concept and administration of higher education in Argentina, and in a good portion of Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a part of his medical studies, Illia begun working in the San Juan de Dios Hospital in the city of <a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a>, obtaining his degree in 1927. </p><p>In 1928 he had an interview with President <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a>, the longtime leader of the centrist UCR, and the first freely-elected President of Argentina. Illia offered him his services as a physician, and Yrigoyen, in turn, offered him a post as <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">railroad</a> physician in different parts of the country, upon which Illia decided to move to scenic <a href="/wiki/Cruz_del_Eje" title="Cruz del Eje">Cruz del Eje</a>, in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Cordoba Province</a>. He worked there as a physician from 1929 until 1963, except for three years (1940–1943) in which he was vice-governor of the province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 February 1939, he married Silvia Elvira Martorell,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had three children: Emma Silvia, Martín Arturo and Leandro Hipólito. Martín Illia was elected to <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Congress</a> in 1995, and served until his death in 1999. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Michetti" title="Gabriela Michetti">Gabriela Michetti</a>, elected vice president in 2015, is a great-grandniece of Illia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activities">Political activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arturo Illia became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> when he reached adulthood, in 1918, under the strong influence of the radical militancy of his father and of his brother, Italo. That same year, he began his university studies, with the events of the aforementioned Universitarian Reform taking place in the country. </p><p>From 1929 onwards, after moving to Cruz del Eje, he began intense political activity, which he alternated with his professional life. In 1935 he was elected Provincial Senator for the Department of Cruz del Eje, in the elections that took place on 17 November. In the Provincial Senate, he actively participated in the approval of the Law of <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Agrarian Reform</a>, which was passed in the Córdoba Legislature but rejected in the National Congress. </p><p>He was also head of the Budget and Treasury Commission, and pressed for the construction of dams, namely Nuevo San Roque, <a href="/wiki/La_Vi%C3%B1a_Dam" title="La Viña Dam">La Viña</a>, Cruz del Eje and Los Alazanes. </p><p>In the elections that took place on 10 March 1940, he was elected Vice-Governor of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba Province</a>, with Santiago del Castillo, who became governor. He occupied this post until the provincial government was replaced by the newly installed dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Ramírez</a>, in 1943. </p><p>From 1948 to 1952, Illia served in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentine Chamber of Deputies</a> and frequently spoke out against the Peronist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working in a Congress dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Peronist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Peronist Party">Peronist Party</a>, he took an active part in the Public Works, Hygiene and Medical Assistance Commissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_as_President_of_Argentina">Election as President of Argentina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election as President of Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illia_votando_en_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Illia_votando_en_1963.jpg/257px-Illia_votando_en_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Illia_votando_en_1963.jpg/386px-Illia_votando_en_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Illia_votando_en_1963.jpg/514px-Illia_votando_en_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Illia voting in 1963.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1963_Argentine_general_election" title="1963 Argentine general election">election held on 7 July 1963</a> marked a return to constitutional government in Argentina after a period of political instability and internal strife following the military overthrow of President <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> on 29 March 1962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisional_administration">Provisional administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provisional administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illia's predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guido" title="José María Guido">José María Guido</a>, was installed as head of a nominally civilian administration when Frondizi was deposed. A "virtual captive"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the armed forces during his nineteen months in office, Guido dissolved Congress and annulled the results of the <a href="/wiki/1962_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1962 Argentine legislative election">March 1962 mid-term election</a> that had seen Peronists sweep 45 of the 95 <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> seats and 10 of the 14 governorships at stake. However, Guido succeeded in his top priority of convincing military leaders to allow the 1963 elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1963_Argentine_general_election" title="1963 Argentine general election">1963 elections</a> were made possible due to support from the moderate "Blue" faction (<i>Azules</i> in Spanish) of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine military">Argentine military</a> led by the head of the Joint Chiefs, General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a> and by the Internal Affairs Minister, General Osiris Villegas. The <i>Azules</i> defeated an <a href="/wiki/1963_Argentine_Navy_revolt" title="1963 Argentine Navy revolt">attempted revolt in late 1962 and early 1963</a> by the rival "Red" faction (<i>Colorados</i> in Spanish), which consisted of hard-liners who favored a military dictatorship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_on_Peronism">Ban on Peronism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ban on Peronism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like in most elections after 1955, Peronists were banned from running in the 1963 election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_within_the_Radical_Party">Divisions within the Radical Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Divisions within the Radical Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UCR had been divided since their contentious 1956 convention into the mainstream "People's UCR" (UCRP) and the center-left <a href="/wiki/UCRI" class="mw-redirect" title="UCRI">UCRI</a>. The leader of the UCRP, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a>, withdrew his name from the March 10 nominating convention and instead supported a less conservative, less anti-Peronist choice, and the party nominated Dr. Illia for president and <a href="/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Entre Ríos Province">Entre Ríos Province</a> lawyer <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Perette" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Perette">Carlos Perette</a> as his running-mate.<sup id="cite_ref-potash_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potash-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_results">Election results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the electoral college on 31 July 1963, the Illia-Perette ticket obtained 169 votes out of 476 on the first round of voting (70 short of an absolute majority), but the support of three centrist parties on the second round gave them 270 votes, thus formalizing their election.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illia assumed the presidency on 12 October 1963. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963_general_election">1963 general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1963 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illia_y_Ongania_(1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Illia_y_Ongania_%281963%29.jpg/270px-Illia_y_Ongania_%281963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Illia_y_Ongania_%281963%29.jpg/405px-Illia_y_Ongania_%281963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Illia_y_Ongania_%281963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Illia and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Ongania</a> after assuming the presidency.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arturo Illia became president on 12 October 1963, and promptly steered a moderate political course, while remaining mindful of the spectre of a coup d'état. A UCRP majority in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Senate</a> contrasted with their 73 seats in the 192-seat Lower House, a disadvantage complicated by Illia's refusal to include UCRI men in the cabinet (which, save for Internal Affairs Minister Juan Palmero, would all be figures close to Balbín). Illia also refused military requests to have a general put in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Federal_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Policía Federal Argentina">Federal District Police</a>, though he confirmed Onganía as head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and named numerous "Blue" generals to key posts.<sup id="cite_ref-potash_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potash-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg/240px-Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Illia_banda_presidencial.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Arturo Illia with the presidential sash.</figcaption></figure> <p>Illia started his presidency with an attempt to promote reconciliation and stability. His inaugural address included both praise for the armed forces and a call to reduce poverty and income inequality, citing encyclicals issued by then-Pope John XIII, <i>Mater et Magistra</i> and <i>Pacem in Terris</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countering military objections, however, he made political rights an early policy centerpiece with an emphasis on constitutionality. His first act consisted in eliminating all restrictions over <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> and its allied political parties, causing anger and surprise among the military (particularly the right-wing "Red" faction). Political demonstrations from the Peronist party were forbidden after the 1955 coup, by the <a href="/wiki/Decree_Law_4161/56" title="Decree Law 4161/56">Presidential Decree 4161/56</a>, however, five days after Illia's inaugural, a Peronist commemorative act for the 17 October (in honor of the date in 1945 when labor demonstrations propelled Perón to power) took place in Buenos Aires' <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miserere" title="Plaza Miserere">Plaza Miserere</a> without any official restrictions. </p><p>Illia similarly lifted electoral restrictions, allowing the participation of Peronists in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1965 Argentine legislative election">1965 legislative elections</a>. The prohibition over the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina" title="Communist Party of Argentina">Communist Party of Argentina</a> and the pro-industry <a href="/wiki/Integration_and_Development_Movement" title="Integration and Development Movement">MID</a> (which many in the military, then controlled by cattle barons, termed "economic criminals") was also lifted. Among Illia's early landmark legislation was an April 1964 bill issuing felony penalties for discrimination and racial violence, which he presented in an address to a joint session of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-potash_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potash-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically, Illia pursued a pragmatic course, restoring Frondizi's vigorous public works and lending policies, but with more emphasis on the social aspect and with a marked, nationalist shift away from Frondizi's support for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>. This shift was most dramatic in Illia's controversial petroleum policy.<sup id="cite_ref-rock_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet Illia struggled to reconcile the adversarial social forces that prevailed in Argentina during his term. The UCRP was unable to broaden its electoral base beyond its core middle-class constituency, which left the most powerful interest groups – Peronists, the military, and business leaders – excluded from formal sources of political authority. Illia refused to give the military a direct role in government, which he viewed as a violation of constitutional legality. Meanwhile, Illia's reluctance to engage in the <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a> that characterized Argentine politics left him isolated even within his own party. The newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Nación</a></i> would later write of his presidency, "It is not easy to find a president more denigrated and attacked during the exercise of power than Arturo Umberto Illia. Until the end, he remained calm and prudent in governing an intense country."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_record">Economic record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the preceding Guido administration, Argentina had endured a sharp two-year recession under an orthodox stabilization program. Once in office, Illia implemented a pro-growth policy characterized by expansionary fiscal and monetary policy and deepening of import substituting industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a strong recovery with annual real GDP growth of nearly 10% in both 1964 and 1965, record agricultural exports, and double-digit growth in manufacturing output. However, Illia's opponents credited the boom to record harvests and therefore a "turn of good luck, thanks to the gods or to the pampas."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illia's administration moreover made limited progress in resolving labor unrest, persistent inflation, and foreign exchange shortages – all of which remain challenges for Argentina today. By the time Illia was removed from office in mid-1966, economic stagnation had returned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opponents characterized Illia's administration as a "do-nothing regime."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a full term in office, Illia might have made more progress in improving Argentina's economic fundamentals. His administration's five-year National Development Plan was released in 1965 and was received favorably by economists and foreign officials.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Illia's emphasis on compromise and gradualism frustrated business and military leaders who perceived an urgent need for more drastic restructuring and modernization of the economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_expansion">Industrial expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Industrial expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industrial production grew by 18.7% in 1964 and 13.8% in 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by capital intensive sectors such as steel, plastics, and chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motor vehicle production, which increased from 105,000 units in 1963 to 195,000 in 1965, became a highly visible symbol of Argentina's industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agriculture returned to growth after two decades of stagnation. Cereals production and cattle stock increased by 60% and 25% respectively between 1963 and 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the result of substantial investment after 1955 by the private sector in tractors, irrigation systems, and storage facilities, and by the government in public research and extension services.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With favorable prices on world markets in the mid-1960s, Argentina's exports reached new records, rising from an average of USD $950 million between 1954 and 1961 to USD $1.6 billion by 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_policy">Fiscal policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fiscal policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illia maintained the expansionary fiscal policy that dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a> administration. The budget deficit increased by 60% in 1964 to 5.8% of GDP due to his freezing of public utility rates, which reduced government revenue in real terms. Limited progress was made to balance the budget in 1965 with a fiscal deficit of 3.8% of GDP; a steep increase in tax revenue due to the economic recovery and elimination of many tax deductions was more than offset by increased social security benefits and a 50% wage increase for public sector employees.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Losses at state-owned companies remained a burden on public finances despite Illia's creation of the Syndicate of State Businesses to encourage efficiency in state-owned companies. The annual subsidy to cover losses at the national railway company accounted for almost 20% of central government expenditures in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government procurement costs increased due to legislation passed by Illia's administration that gave preferential status to domestic vendors in public contracts; by the late 1980s, Argentina's Ministry of Public Works found that this system resulted in an additional USD $2 billion in spending per year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deteriorating provincial finances similarly consumed a growing proportion of central government resources. Transfers to provincial governments represented 22% of central government revenue in 1964 vs. less than 15% in the mid-1950s. </p><p>With the government avoiding additional foreign debt, the fiscal deficit was financed primarily by printing money. The money supply grew by 61% during Illia's first 18 months in office alone,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing to an inflation rate that averaged 25% per year during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_trade_and_balance_of_payments">Foreign trade and balance of payments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign trade and balance of payments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to record agricultural exports, Argentina enjoyed a substantial current account surplus during Illia's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country penetrated new markets such as Italy, Japan, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and started exporting industrial products, including a small but symbolically important number of motor vehicles to Paraguay, Ecuador, and Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illia promoted regional integration with <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Free_Trade_Association" title="Latin American Free Trade Association">Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA)</a> members, issuing Decree 1188 in February 1965 to allow increased imports of auto parts in exchange for compensatory exports to the same countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Argentina's balance of payments were burdened by the country's <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a>. Although Illia reduced external debt from USD $3.4 billion to USD $2.7 billion, annual servicing costs remained high and were equivalent to 40% of annual exports.<sup id="cite_ref-rock_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scheduled repayments caused Argentina's foreign reserves to fall from USD $280 million in 1963<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to only USD $70 million in 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requiring negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> group of creditors to refinance and defer payments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolution of Argentina's balance of payments issues were complicated by Illia's strained relationship with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a>. During his election campaign, Illia had denounced the IMF in particular as an economic intruder<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refused a meeting with IMF officials upon assuming office.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations with the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> were more constructive. The Inter-American Development Bank granted Illia's government a USD $92.6 million credit for development and educational projects shortly after his inauguration in October 1963, and in early 1965 the Bank approved USD $30 million in funding for Argentine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of heavy industry during Illia's time in office, while impressive at face value, created new burdens on Argentina's balance of payments. Import substitution in many cases simply replaced imports of finished goods with imports of capital and intermediate goods. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a> brought an influx of external capital (although frequently in the form of second-hand equipment rather than cash investment), technology, and know-how, but subsequently led to capital outflows (profit repatriation, transfer pricing, and royalty payments) from Argentine subsidiaries to U.S. and European parent companies. As result, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank of Argentina</a> in 1965 estimated that the motor vehicle industry imposed a foreign exchange burden of USD $200 million per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illia's administration therefore maintained Argentina's current account surplus through strict controls on imports, which had a negative impact on capital investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1965, imports of capital goods had fallen to only a quarter of the level seen during the 1960-1961 investment boom under Frondizi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the constant pressures on the country's balance of payments, Illia's administration tightly controlled access to foreign currency, required exporters to convert their earnings into pesos, and introduced measures to prevent capital flight. Yet Illia's exchange rate policy was significantly more flexible than in prior administrations with a "<a href="/wiki/Crawling_peg" title="Crawling peg">crawling peg</a>" exchange rate that devalued the peso in line with inflation, preventing the overvalued currency that had resulted in prior administrations that used a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">fixed exchange rate</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_policy">Petroleum policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Petroleum policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illia's economic record was strongly impacted by his petroleum policy. During his presidential campaign, Arturo Illia promised to dissolve both the Investment Guarantee Agreement, as well as the oil contracts that were made during the <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> government without complying with legal regulations. Once in power, Illia announced that contracts that had been made illegally would be annulled, on 15 November 1963, Illia issued the decrees 744/63 and 745/63, which rendered said oil contracts null and void, for being considered "illegitimate and harmful to the rights and interests of the Nation." </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AgostinoRocca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AgostinoRocca.jpg/241px-AgostinoRocca.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AgostinoRocca.jpg/362px-AgostinoRocca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/AgostinoRocca.jpg/482px-AgostinoRocca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Illia with <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Rocca" title="Agostino Rocca">Agostino Rocca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Frondizi had begun, during his 1958–62 presidency, a policy of oil exploration based on concessions of oil wells to foreign private corporations, leaving the state oil company <a href="/wiki/Yacimientos_Petrol%C3%ADferos_Fiscales" class="mw-redirect" title="Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales">Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales</a> (YPF) the sole responsibility of exploration and buying oil from private extractors. Arguing that such contracts were negative for the Argentine state and its people (YPF had to assume all the risks of investing in exploration of new wells, the price of oil had risen steadily since the contracts were negotiated, etc.), Illia denounced the Frondizi policy as negative for national Argentine interests, and promised to render the contracts of concession void, renegotiating them. </p><p>Although popular with the Argentine public, Illia's petroleum policy created headwinds for the economy and balance of payments. Under Frondizi, oil production had tripled between 1958 and 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in self-sufficiency in oil by the end of his administration. However, production stagnated under Illia and oil imports resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annulment of oil contracts created tensions with the United States, which placed a hold on Argentina's requests for multilateral assistance, including financing for aircraft imports, housing, and agricultural equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, American aid to Argentina decreased from USD $135 million in 1963 to only USD $21 million in 1964, depriving the country of a critical source of foreign currency.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_policy">Labor policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Labor policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 June 1964, the Law 16.459 was passed, establishing a minimum wage for the country. "<i>Avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of workers</a> in those sectors in which an excess of workforce may exist</i>", "<i>Securing an adequate minimum wage</i>" and "<i>Improving the income of the poorest workers</i>" were listed among the objectives of the project. With the same aims, the Law of Supplies was passed, destined to control prices of basic foodstuffs and setting minimum standards for pensions. </p><p>Since Perón's exile, the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a> functioned as the representation of <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> in the country. Led by the leader of the powerful metalworkers' union UOM, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Vandor" title="Augusto Vandor">Augusto Vandor</a>, the unions deployed a large-scale "Plan de Lucha" (Plan of Struggle). Between May and July of 1964, 3.9 million workers occupied more than 11,000 industrial establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-lanacion.com.ar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanacion.com.ar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given his sympathy for the working class, Illia refrained from using force to expel the occupiers,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to charges from the business establishment of leniency toward the labor movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workers benefitted from a rising standard of living during Illia's administration. Median <a href="/wiki/Real_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="Real wage">real wages</a> grew by 9.6% during 1964 alone, and had expanded by almost 25% by the time of the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> declined from 8.8% in 1963 to 4.6% by the end of 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_welfare_policy">Social welfare policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social welfare policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illia modestly expanded Argentina's welfare state. The most significant program was the increase in value and coverage of family allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also opened approximately 250 maternal and infant health care centers and started planning for the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Lugano" title="Villa Lugano">Villa Lugano</a> public housing development to replace what was then one of the largest villa miseria slums in Buenos Aires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_policy">Education policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Illia's government, education acquired an important presence in the national budget. In 1963, it represented 12% of the budget, rising to 17% in 1964 and to 23% in 1965. On November 5, 1964, the National Literacy Plan was started, with the purpose of diminishing and eliminating illiteracy (At the time, nearly 10% of the adult population was still illiterate). By June 1965, the program comprised 12,500 educational centers and was assisting more than 350,000 adults of all ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_drugs_law">Medical drugs law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Medical drugs law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrianita_y_el_Presidente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Adrianita_y_el_Presidente.jpg/221px-Adrianita_y_el_Presidente.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Adrianita_y_el_Presidente.jpg/332px-Adrianita_y_el_Presidente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Adrianita_y_el_Presidente.jpg/442px-Adrianita_y_el_Presidente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Illia with Adrianita Taddey.</figcaption></figure> <p>Law 16.462, also known as 'Oñativia Law' (in honor of Minister of Health Arturo Oñativia), was passed on August 28, 1964. It established a policy of price and quality controls for pharmaceuticals, freezing prices for patented medicines at the end of 1963, establishing limits to advertising expenditures and to money sent outside the country for royalties and related payments. The regulation of this law by Decree 3042/65 also required pharmaceutical corporations to present to a judge an analysis of the costs of their drugs and to formalize all their existing contracts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IlliaFrei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/IlliaFrei.JPG/264px-IlliaFrei.JPG" decoding="async" width="264" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/IlliaFrei.JPG/396px-IlliaFrei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/IlliaFrei.JPG/528px-IlliaFrei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Illia with the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">Chilean president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Eduardo Frei Montalva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Argentine foreign policy under Illia was nationalistic and marked by solidarity with nonaligned countries. Relations with the U.S. were frosty due to Illia's petroleum policy and refusal to send troops to support U.S. <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">President Lyndon Johnson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espaillat.house.gov/media/in-the-news/remedying-past-unlawful-military-interventions-case-dominican-republic#:~:text=On%20April%2028%2C%201965%2C%20President,property%20in%20the%20Dominican%20Republic">military intervention in the Dominican Republic</a> in 1965. However, Illia sided with the U.S. in supporting sanctions against Cuba over the objections of Mexico, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Chile at the American Foreign Ministers meeting in Washington, D.C. in July 1964. Illia also sought and received U.S. military aid to quell Cuban-backed guerilla forces in the province of Salta.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations with <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> deteriorated under Illia after a tentative rapprochement under Frondizi, who had entered an agreement with then Chilean President <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Alessandri" title="Jorge Alessandri">Jorge Alessandri</a> in 1959 to increase economic and political integration between the two countries and to use arbitration rather than military conflict to resolve recurring border issues. Illia at first alternated between border incidents and declarations of peaceful intent until he annulled the Frondizi-Alessandri agreements in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illia's approach to foreign policy combined the old <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Yrigoyen</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausist idealism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a>. The first component was evidenced in the constant references of Illia and his foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Zavala_Ortiz" title="Miguel Ángel Zavala Ortiz">Miguel Angel Zavala Ortiz</a> to a peaceful universal order, based on justice and not on the realistic criterion of the balance of power, and Americanism. In turn, the developmental component appeared in their references to the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>, the need to achieve integration and development at the national and continental level, and the inequality of economic opportunities between developed countries and developing countries as the main cause of global conflict. </p><p>Illia pronounced on 12 October 1963 -day of his assumption- before the Legislative Assembly: "Peace no longer consists only in the balance of power of the great powers but also in giving the undeveloped nations the opportunities and the means to eliminate the tremendous humiliation of their inequality and the misery in which their inhabitants live. To universalize peace, progress and well-being must be universalized. America cannot be solely a geographical nomenclature, but must be an active oriented and guiding unit, complementary to a universal order." </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arturo_Illia_y_Silvia_Martorell_junto_al_Shah_y_la_Reina_consorte_de_Ir%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arturo_Illia_y_Silvia_Martorell_junto_al_Shah_y_la_Reina_consorte_de_Ir%C3%A1n.jpg/265px-Arturo_Illia_y_Silvia_Martorell_junto_al_Shah_y_la_Reina_consorte_de_Ir%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arturo_Illia_y_Silvia_Martorell_junto_al_Shah_y_la_Reina_consorte_de_Ir%C3%A1n.jpg/398px-Arturo_Illia_y_Silvia_Martorell_junto_al_Shah_y_la_Reina_consorte_de_Ir%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arturo_Illia_y_Silvia_Martorell_junto_al_Shah_y_la_Reina_consorte_de_Ir%C3%A1n.jpg/530px-Arturo_Illia_y_Silvia_Martorell_junto_al_Shah_y_la_Reina_consorte_de_Ir%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Arturo Illia and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Martorell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvia Martorell (page does not exist)">Silvia Martorell</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> and the Queen consort of Iran.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22Asunci%C3%B3n_del_Presidente_Arturo_Illia%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22Asunci%C3%B3n_del_Presidente_Arturo_Illia%22.jpg/256px-Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22Asunci%C3%B3n_del_Presidente_Arturo_Illia%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22Asunci%C3%B3n_del_Presidente_Arturo_Illia%22.jpg/384px-Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22Asunci%C3%B3n_del_Presidente_Arturo_Illia%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22Asunci%C3%B3n_del_Presidente_Arturo_Illia%22.jpg/512px-Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22Asunci%C3%B3n_del_Presidente_Arturo_Illia%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of the presidential assumption of illia.</figcaption></figure> <p>During his government Illia revived the <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Eduardo Frei Montalva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, Princess <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe II of Denmark">Margrethe</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image_and_the_media">Public image and the media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Public image and the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this climate of democratic fragility, the press mounted an active campaign that contributed to the military coup. They accused the president of being slow and ineffective, they represented him as a turtle or with a dove on his head; at the same time they argued that modernization required overcoming Argentina's fractious Congress and portrayed <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a> as a messianic leader who would bring order.<sup id="cite_ref-lanacion.com.ar_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanacion.com.ar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A campaign against Illia was systematically carried out by Peronist journalists and press groups that supported former <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Peron" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Domingo Peron">Peron</a>, who had been deposed and was currently in exile, and sought to bring him back to power. The defamatory push was spearhead by as <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Grondona" title="Mariano Grondona">Mariano Grondona</a> in Primera Plana, a <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">right-wing Peronist</a> publication. Illia was often portrayed as a turtle and characterized as timid and lacking energy. Protestors reportedly released 200 tortoises in downtown Buenos Aires with the slogan "Long Live the Government" on their backs, to which Illia is said to have responded: "Turtle? Fine. Slow but sure."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simultaneously, the personality of military chiefs was highlighted, particularly <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a>, contrasting him with the image of politicians, encouraging their intervention to "safeguard the Homeland." </p><p>A coup was not only supported by the more conservative sectors, that where aligned with the military, but also by the Peronist movement led by the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> along several <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_General_del_Trabajo_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina">aligned trade union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_1965_Congressional_elections">March 1965 Congressional elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: March 1965 Congressional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With 99 of the 192 seats in Argentina's Chamber of Deputies up for <a href="/wiki/1965_Argentine_legislative_election" title="1965 Argentine legislative election">re-election in March 1965</a>, Illia permitted Peronists under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Popular_Union" title="Federal Popular Union">Unión Popular</a> party to participate in federal elections for the first time since 1954. Illia also tolerated a Peronist political rally two nights before the election.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union Popular won 31% of the vote with various neo-Peronist candidates winning an additional 7%. The strong Peronist electoral performance emboldened Illia's critics who were concerned that he would allow the Peronist party, or even Peron himself, to participate in the 1969 Presidential election. </p><p>Yet the political landscape was not entirely favorable towards the Peronists due to the divide between the Unión Popular and neo-Peronists. In the gubernatorial election for the <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">province of Mendoza</a> in April 1966, a conservative candidate won the governorship since Peronists and neo-Peronists presented competing lists, losing the election despite collectively winning a majority of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some ways the 1965 Congressional election can be viewed as a political victory for Illia. Although Illia's UCRP lost three seats, its vote share increased to 30% from 25% in the 1963 Presidential election, winning converts primarily from the UDELPA, Progressive Democrat, and Democratic Socialist parties. Most of all, Illia succeeded in conducting a free and fair election with Peronist participation and survival of his constitutional government in spite of strong opposition by the military. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basta_Illia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Basta_Illia.jpg/330px-Basta_Illia.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Basta_Illia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Protest against Illia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_1966_coup">June 1966 coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: June 1966 coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rumors of an impending military coup increased in early 1966 as Illia's control over his government grew tenuous. The upcoming coup was openly discussed – including logistical plans and even potential dates – in Argentine media, which tended to exaggerate the prospect of social disorder<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gave a platform for military leaders to express contempt for Illia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illia was increasingly unable to secure legislative support; for example, Congress refused to approve his 1966 budget at the time of the coup for a fiscal year that started in January. Meanwhile, a return to economic stagnation in 1966 (real GDP growth would be only 0.6% for the full year) after the 1964-1965 boom led to popular discontent with Illia's government. </p><p>On 28 June 1966, on a cold winter morning, the military coup took place amid the indifference of the citizens. The military forced Arturo Illia to abandon the presidency and took power again. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arturo_Illia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arturo_Illia.jpg/223px-Arturo_Illia.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arturo_Illia.jpg/335px-Arturo_Illia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arturo_Illia.jpg/447px-Arturo_Illia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>Illia leaving the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Julio_Rodolfo_Alsogaray" title="Julio Rodolfo Alsogaray">Julio Rodolfo Alsogaray</a>, Brigadier Rodolfo Pío Otero —head of the Casa Rosada Military House—, Colonel Luis Perlinger and a group of officers appeared at the presidential office to request that he leave the Government House, assuring him at all times their physical integrity. He flatly refused and after a heated discussion he told them: "I am the commander in chief of the Armed Forces," causing the military to leave the office. Faced with the strong refusal, the police officers entered with gas launchers, while the troops completely surrounded the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a>. Perlinger again asked the president to leave, assuring him that otherwise "he could not guarantee the safety of the people who accompanied him." Finally, Illia chose to leave the place. </p><p>Surrounded by his collaborators, he went down the stairs to the ground floor, crossed the entrance and went to the street, he was able to reach the exit door of the Government House surrounded by a lot of people who kept shouting ... They offered him a car of the presidency, but rejected it. At that he saw the one who had been his Minister of Education, Alconada Aramburú, approaching among the people and telling him to go with him. She followed him and they got into his car. Inside were seven people. Thus we got to his brother's house in the Buenos Aires town of <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADnez,_Buenos_Aires" title="Martínez, Buenos Aires">Martínez</a>. The following day, General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a> took office, calling the coup the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illia_es_depuesto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Illia_es_depuesto.jpg/266px-Illia_es_depuesto.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Illia_es_depuesto.jpg/399px-Illia_es_depuesto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Illia_es_depuesto.jpg/532px-Illia_es_depuesto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>Illia leaving Government House amid a crowd.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout his presidency he held the same cabinet members, except for Eugenio Blanco, who died in office, and had to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Pugliese" title="Juan Carlos Pugliese">Juan Carlos Pugliese</a> in August 1964. </p> <table style="colspan:3"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Office</b></td> <td align="left"><b>Holder</b></td> <td align="left"><b>Term</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: #000000"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a></td> <td><b>Arturo Illia</b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Argentina" title="Vice President of Argentina">Vice President</a></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Perette" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Perette">Carlos Perette</a></b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: #000000"> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Foreign Affairs</td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Zavala_Ort%C3%ADz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Ángel Zavala Ortíz (page does not exist)">Miguel Ángel Zavala Ortíz</a></b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Economics</td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Blanco (page does not exist)">Eugenio Blanco</a></b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 4 August 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Pugliese" title="Juan Carlos Pugliese">Juan Carlos Pugliese</a></b></td> <td>4 August 1964 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Defense</td> <td><b>Leopoldo Suárez</b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of the Interior</td> <td><b>Juan S. Palmero</b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Education and Culture</td> <td><b>Carlos Alconada Aramburu</b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Social Assistance and Public Health</td> <td><b>Arturo Oñativia</b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Public Services</td> <td><b>Miguel Angel Ferrando</b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Work and Social Security</td> <td><b>Fernando Solá</b></td> <td>12 October 1963 – 28 June 1966 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_activity_and_death">Subsequent activity and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Subsequent activity and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PP_Illia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PP_Illia.jpg/220px-PP_Illia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PP_Illia.jpg/330px-PP_Illia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PP_Illia.jpg/440px-PP_Illia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Ex-president Arturo Illia in 1970.</figcaption></figure> <p>Illia lost his wife, Silvia Martorell, to cancer in September 1966, the same year he was deposed. For a short while he lived at his brother's home in the Buenos Aires suburb of <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADnez,_Buenos_Aires" title="Martínez, Buenos Aires">Martínez</a>, though he would make frequent trips to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>. Judging the mild-mannered Illia not to be a threat, the Ongania administration allowed Illia to retire from politics without being held in detention like Frondizi or exiled like Perón.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illia returned to <a href="/wiki/Cruz_del_Eje" title="Cruz del Eje">Cruz del Eje</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a> where he resumed his medical practice as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_doctor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural doctor (page does not exist)">rural doctor</a> often attending patients for free. </p><p>Illia would occasionally speak out during this period. For instance, after leftist guerrillas attacked the city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, Illia called for the resignation of President <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> as the only solution to the country's social and political turmoil at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arturo_Illia_en_Misiones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arturo_Illia_en_Misiones.png/163px-Arturo_Illia_en_Misiones.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arturo_Illia_en_Misiones.png/245px-Arturo_Illia_en_Misiones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arturo_Illia_en_Misiones.png/326px-Arturo_Illia_en_Misiones.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>The ex-president of Argentina, Arturo Illia, in the <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Province" title="Misiones Province">Province of Misiones</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Mate_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (drink)">mate</a> in one hand.</figcaption></figure> <p>He died in Cruz del Eje on 18 January 1983, at the age of 82, shortly before the return of democracy. Following a state memorial in Congress, Arturo Umberto Illia was buried in <a href="/wiki/La_Recoleta_Cemetery" title="La Recoleta Cemetery">La Recoleta Cemetery</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homages">Homages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Homages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CasaMuseoArturoIllia-CruzdelEje.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CasaMuseoArturoIllia-CruzdelEje.jpeg/220px-CasaMuseoArturoIllia-CruzdelEje.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CasaMuseoArturoIllia-CruzdelEje.jpeg/330px-CasaMuseoArturoIllia-CruzdelEje.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/CasaMuseoArturoIllia-CruzdelEje.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Arturo Illia's house museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arturo Umberto Illia House Museum located at 181 Avellaneda street in the downtown neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Cruz_del_Eje" title="Cruz del Eje">Cruz del Eje</a>, in the Province of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, Argentina, was declared a National Historic Monument on 27 November 2001, by Law 25,533. </p><p>The House-Museum constitutes a unique and relevant heritage, which was established in the center of the town of Cruz del Eje and is the faithful reflection of its owner, Arturo Illia. The house itself is typical middle class, built and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style, with the balcony above the garage, three bedrooms, dining room, bathroom, kitchen and living room. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit</a> (29 October 1965)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (October 1964)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Knight Grand Cross with collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (8 September 1965)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RetratoIllia-museoillia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RetratoIllia-museoillia.jpg/165px-RetratoIllia-museoillia.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RetratoIllia-museoillia.jpg/247px-RetratoIllia-museoillia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RetratoIllia-museoillia.jpg/330px-RetratoIllia-museoillia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>portrait of illia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPandolfi,_RodolfoGibaja,_Emilio2008" class="citation book cs1">Pandolfi, Rodolfo & Gibaja, Emilio (2008). <i>La democracia derrotada. Arturo Illia y su época</i>. Buenos Aires: Lumiere. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789876030526" title="Special:BookSources/9789876030526"><bdi>9789876030526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+democracia+derrotada.+Arturo+Illia+y+su+%C3%A9poca&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Lumiere&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789876030526&rft.au=Pandolfi%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Gibaja%2C+Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Martín-Íllia/6000000002155996512">"Geni"</a>. 25 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geni&rft.date=2018-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FMart%C3%ADn-%C3%8Dllia%2F6000000002155996512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Emma-Francesconi/6000000002156321032">"Geni"</a>. 25 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geni&rft.date=2018-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FEmma-Francesconi%2F6000000002156321032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crawley_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawley, Eduardo. <i>A House Divided: Argentina, 1880–1980</i>. London: St. Martin's Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905838742" title="Special:BookSources/0905838742">0905838742</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110818/http://www.mdzol.com/nota/266774-se-cumple-hoy-el-28-aniversario-de-la-muerte-de-don-arturo-illia/">"MDZ Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdzol.com/nota/266774-se-cumple-hoy-el-28-aniversario-de-la-muerte-de-don-arturo-illia/">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MDZ+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdzol.com%2Fnota%2F266774-se-cumple-hoy-el-28-aniversario-de-la-muerte-de-don-arturo-illia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/19/obituaries/arturo-illia-ex-president-of-argentina-dies-at-82.html">"ARTURO ILLIA, EX-PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA, DIES AT 82"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 January 1983. pp. Section B, Page 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ARTURO+ILLIA%2C+EX-PRESIDENT+OF+ARGENTINA%2C+DIES+AT+82&rft.pages=Section+B%2C+Page+6&rft.date=1983-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F01%2F19%2Fobituaries%2Farturo-illia-ex-president-of-argentina-dies-at-82.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnow1965" class="citation journal cs1">Snow, Peter (February 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2109212">"Parties and Politics in Argentina: The Elections of 1962 and 1963"</a>. <i>Midwest Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2109212">10.2307/2109212</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2109212">2109212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Parties+and+Politics+in+Argentina%3A+The+Elections+of+1962+and+1963&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1965-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2109212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2109212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F2109212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-potash-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-potash_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-potash_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-potash_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Potash, Robert. <i>The Army and Politics in Argentina</i>. Stanford University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804706832" title="Special:BookSources/0804706832">0804706832</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen, Dieter. <i>Elections in the Americas</i>. Oxford University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1965" class="citation journal cs1">Whitaker, Arthur (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/45310637">"Argentina: Struggle for Recovery"</a>. <i>Current History</i>. <b>48</b> (281): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.1965.48.281.16">10.1525/curh.1965.48.281.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45310637">45310637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=Argentina%3A+Struggle+for+Recovery&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=281&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1965.48.281.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45310637%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45310637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rock-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rock_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rock_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rock, David.<i>Argentina: 1516–1982</i>. University of California Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520051890" title="Special:BookSources/0520051890">0520051890</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/presidentes-en-la-tormenta-arturo-illia-un-dirigente-calmo-para-un-pais-intenso-nid23052021/?outputType=amp">"Presidentes en la tormenta. Arturo Illia, un dirigente calmo para un país intenso"</a>. 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidentes+en+la+tormenta.+Arturo+Illia%2C+un+dirigente+calmo+para+un+pa%C3%ADs+intenso&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fopinion%2Fpresidentes-en-la-tormenta-arturo-illia-un-dirigente-calmo-para-un-pais-intenso-nid23052021%2F%3FoutputType%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConklin1986" class="citation journal cs1">Conklin, Margaret (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/762284">"The I.M.F. and Economic and Social Rights: A Case Study of Argentina, 1958-1985"</a>. <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F762284">10.2307/762284</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/762284">762284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+I.M.F.+and+Economic+and+Social+Rights%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Argentina%2C+1958-1985&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F762284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F762284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Conklin&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F762284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerring1968" class="citation book cs1">Herring, Hubert (1968). <i>A History of Latin America from the Beginnings to the Present</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Alfred A Knopf. p. 775.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America+from+the+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=775&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Alfred+A+Knopf&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldwert1972" class="citation book cs1">Goldwert, Marvin (1972). <i>Democracy, Militarism, and Nationalism in Argentina, 1930-1966</i>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71500-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71500-5"><bdi>0-292-71500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%2C+Militarism%2C+and+Nationalism+in+Argentina%2C+1930-1966&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-292-71500-5&rft.aulast=Goldwert&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>National Intelligence Estimate Number 91-65: Prospects for Argentina</i>. United States Intelligence Board. 1965. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Intelligence+Estimate+Number+91-65%3A+Prospects+for+Argentina&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=United+States+Intelligence+Board&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSourrouilleMallon1975" class="citation book cs1">Sourrouille, Juan; Mallon, Richard (1975). <i>Economic Policymaking in a Conflict Style: The Argentine Case</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-22930-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-22930-4"><bdi>0-674-22930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Policymaking+in+a+Conflict+Style%3A+The+Argentine+Case&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-674-22930-4&rft.aulast=Sourrouille&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Mallon%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1977" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Rhys Owen (1977). <i>Dependent Industrialization in Latin America</i>. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-23220-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-23220-4"><bdi>0-275-23220-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dependent+Industrialization+in+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-275-23220-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Rhys+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNofal1989" class="citation book cs1">Nofal, Maria Beatriz (1989). <i>Absentee Entrepreneurship and the Dynamics of the Motor Vehicle Industry in Argentina</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+State+Department+Office+of+the+Historian%2C+Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1964-1968%2C+Volume+XXXI%2C+South+and+Central+America&rft.atitle=Memorandum+of+Conversation%3A+Effect+of+Hickenlooper+Amendment+on+Argentine+Silo+Loan+Application&rft.date=1964-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v31%2Fd123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v31/d126">"Telegram from Secretary of State Rusk to the Department of State"</a>. <i>U.S. State Department Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume XXXI, South and Central America</i>. 17 November 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: New Viewpoints (a division of Franklin Watts). p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-05594-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-05594-9"><bdi>0-531-05594-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Development+of+South+America%2C+1945-1975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=New+Viewpoints+%28a+division+of+Franklin+Watts%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-531-05594-9&rft.aulast=Baily&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lanacion.com.ar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lanacion.com.ar_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lanacion.com.ar_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/presidentes-en-la-tormenta-arturo-illia-un-dirigente-calmo-para-un-pais-intenso-nid23052021/?outputType=amp">"Presidentes en la tormenta. Arturo Illia, un dirigente calmo para un país intenso"</a>. 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidentes+en+la+tormenta.+Arturo+Illia%2C+un+dirigente+calmo+para+un+pa%C3%ADs+intenso&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fopinion%2Fpresidentes-en-la-tormenta-arturo-illia-un-dirigente-calmo-para-un-pais-intenso-nid23052021%2F%3FoutputType%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBossert2021" class="citation book cs1">Bossert, Carl Friedrich (2021). <i>Power, Alliances, and Redistribution. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Argentine+Armed+Forces%3A+Their+Role+and+Political+Involvement&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E862-%3C%2Fspan%3E878&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F447040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F447040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Astiz&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F447040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,836371,00.html">"Argentina: Down on His 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guantanamo+Gazette&rft.atitle=Leftist+Guerrillas+Attack+City+in+Northern+Argentina&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1975-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.32741727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArturo+Umberto+Illia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Umberto_Illia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arturo_Umberto_Illia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arturo Umberto Illia">Arturo Umberto Illia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i>Arturo Illia, su vida, principios y doctrina</i>, by Ricardo Illia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corregidor.com/">Ediciones Corregidor</a>.</li> <li><i>La caída de Illia</i>, by Mario Antonio Verone, Editorial Coincidencia.</li> <li><i>Historia del radicalismo</i>, by Mario Monteverde, GAM Ediciones.</li> <li><i>La presidencia de Illia</i>, by Pedro Sánchez, CEAL.</li> <li><i>Poder militar y sociedad política en Argentina (Tomo II, 1943–1973)</i>, by Alan Rouquié, Emecé Editores.</li> <li><i>¿Qué es el radicalismo?</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a>, Editorial Sudamericana.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc">Assembly seats </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Fidel Torres</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Legislature of Córdoba">Provincial Senator of Córdoba</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cruz_del_Eje" title="Cruz del Eje">Cruz del Eje</a> </b><br />1936–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Nicolás Pedernera</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Gallardo_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alejandro Gallardo (politician) (page does not exist)">Alejandro Gallardo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Vice Governor of Córdoba </b><br />1940–1943 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_As%C3%ACs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Asìs (page does not exist)">Ramón Asìs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> nominee for President of Argentina </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1963_Argentine_general_election" title="1963 Argentine general election">1963</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guido" title="José María Guido">José María Guido</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> </b><br />1963–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Template:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Template talk:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Argentina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Argentina1330" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">independence war period</a><br /> up to <a href="/wiki/Asamblea_del_A%C3%B1o_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Asamblea del Año XIII">Asamblea del Año XIII</a> (1810–1814)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primera_Junta" title="Primera Junta">Primera Junta</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_Grande" title="Junta Grande">Junta Grande</a> (1810–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="First Triumvirate (Argentina)">First Triumvirate</a> (1811–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="Second Triumvirate (Argentina)">Second Triumvirate</a> (1812–1814)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Argentina"><img alt="Flag of Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/50px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/75px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/100px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Argentina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Director_of_the_United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">Supreme directors of the United Provinces<br /> of the Río de la Plata</a> (1814–1820)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gervasio_Antonio_de_Posadas" title="Gervasio Antonio de Posadas">Gervasio Antonio de Posadas</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Alvear" title="Carlos María de Alvear">Carlos María de Alvear</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_%C3%81lvarez_Thomas" title="Ignacio Álvarez Thomas">Ignacio Álvarez Thomas</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Balcarce" title="Antonio González de Balcarce">Antonio González de Balcarce</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Pueyrred%C3%B3n" title="Juan Martín de Pueyrredón">Juan Martín de Pueyrredón</a> (1816–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rondeau" title="José Rondeau">José Rondeau</a> (1819–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pedro_Aguirre" title="Juan Pedro Aguirre">Juan Pedro Aguirre</a> (1820)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First presidential governments (1826–1827)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_y_Planes" title="Vicente López y Planes">Vicente López y Planes</a> (1827)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacto_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacto Federal">Pacto Federal</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> (1827–1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dorrego" title="Manuel Dorrego">Manuel Dorrego</a> (1827–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> (1829–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Balcarce" title="Juan Ramón Balcarce">Juan Ramón Balcarce</a> (1832–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamonte" title="Juan José Viamonte">Juan José Viamonte</a> (1833–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Vicente_Maza" title="Manuel Vicente Maza">Manuel Vicente Maza</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> (1835–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jos%C3%A9_de_Urquiza" title="Justo José de Urquiza">Justo José de Urquiza</a> (1854–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Derqui" title="Santiago Derqui">Santiago Derqui</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Esteban_Pedernera" title="Juan Esteban Pedernera">Juan Esteban Pedernera</a> (1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical presidencies (1862–1880)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre" title="Bartolomé Mitre">Bartolomé Mitre</a> (1861–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> (1868–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Avellaneda" title="Nicolás Avellaneda">Nicolás Avellaneda</a> (1874–1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a> (1880–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> (1880–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Miguel Ángel Juárez">Miguel Ángel Juárez</a> (1886–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pellegrini" title="Carlos Pellegrini">Carlos Pellegrini</a> (1890–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Luis Sáenz Peña">Luis Sáenz Peña</a> (1892–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Evaristo_Uriburu" title="José Evaristo Uriburu">José Evaristo Uriburu</a> (1895–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a> (1898–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quintana" title="Manuel Quintana">Manuel Quintana</a> (1904–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa_Alcorta" title="José Figueroa Alcorta">José Figueroa Alcorta</a> (1905–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Roque Sáenz Peña">Roque Sáenz Peña</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorino_de_la_Plaza" title="Victorino de la Plaza">Victorino de la Plaza</a> (1914–1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> terms (1916–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Torcuato_de_Alvear" title="Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear">Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear</a> (1922–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> (1928–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a> (1930–1943)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Uriburu" title="José Félix Uriburu">José Félix Uriburu</a></i> (1930–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pedro_Justo" title="Agustín Pedro Justo">Agustín Pedro Justo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mar%C3%ADa_Ortiz" title="Roberto María Ortiz">Roberto María Ortiz</a> (1938–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castillo" title="Ramón Castillo">Ramón Castillo</a> (1942–1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">1943 Argentine coup d'état</a> (1943–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Rawson" title="Arturo Rawson">Arturo Rawson</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Pedro Pablo Ramírez</a></i> (1943–1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edelmiro_Juli%C3%A1n_Farrell" title="Edelmiro Julián Farrell">Edelmiro Julián Farrell</a></i> (1944–1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronist</a> terms (1946–1955)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> (1946–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a></i> (1955–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Lonardi" title="Eduardo Lonardi">Eduardo Lonardi</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Eugenio Aramburu</a></i> (1955–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fragile civilian governments –<br /> Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> (1958–1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Guido" title="José María Guido">José María Guido</a></i> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arturo Umberto Illia</a> (1963–1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a> (1966–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a></i> (1966–1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marcelo_Levingston" title="Roberto Marcelo Levingston">Roberto Marcelo Levingston</a></i> (1970–1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Agust%C3%ADn_Lanusse" title="Alejandro Agustín Lanusse">Alejandro Agustín Lanusse</a></i> (1971–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return of Perón (1973–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor José Cámpora</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alberto_Lastiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Raúl Alberto Lastiri">Raúl Alberto Lastiri</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> (1974–1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a> (1976–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a></i> (1976–1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Eduardo_Viola" title="Roberto Eduardo Viola">Roberto Eduardo Viola</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a></i> (1981–1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Bignone" title="Reynaldo Bignone">Reynaldo Bignone</a></i> (1982–1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Return to democracy (1983–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín">1983–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Carlos_Menem" title="Presidency of Carlos Menem">1989–1999</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Presidency of Fernando de la Rúa">1999–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Sa%C3%A1" title="Adolfo Rodríguez Saá">Adolfo Rodríguez Saá</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde" title="Eduardo Duhalde">Eduardo Duhalde</a> (2001-2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Presidency of Néstor Kirchner">2003–2007</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">2007–2015</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mauricio_Macri" title="Presidency of Mauricio Macri">2015–2019</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alberto Fernández">Alberto Fernández</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Presidency of Alberto Fernández">2019–2023</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Javier_Milei" title="Presidency of Javier Milei">2023–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><i>De facto leaders are in italics.</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Argentina" title="Category:Presidents of Argentina">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">List</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radical_Civic_Union106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radical_Civic_Union" title="Template:Radical Civic Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radical_Civic_Union" title="Template talk:Radical Civic Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radical_Civic_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radical Civic Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radical_Civic_Union106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related parties or alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Union_(Argentina)" title="Civic Union (Argentina)">Civic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_Radical_Civic_Union" title="Intransigent Radical Civic Union">Intransigent Radical Civic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franja_Morada" title="Franja Morada">Franja Morada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Work,_Justice_and_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for Work, Justice and Education">Alliance for Work, Justice and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_UNEN" title="Broad Front UNEN">Broad Front UNEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambiemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambiemos">Cambiemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntos_por_el_Cambio" title="Juntos por el Cambio">Juntos por el Cambio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_la_UCR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Escudo_de_la_UCR.svg/80px-Escudo_de_la_UCR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Escudo_de_la_UCR.svg/120px-Escudo_de_la_UCR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Escudo_de_la_UCR.svg/160px-Escudo_de_la_UCR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radical presidents of Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> (1916-1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Torcuato_de_Alvear" title="Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear">Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear</a> (1922-1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a> (1928-1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> (1958-1963)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arturo Umberto Illia</a> (1963-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a> (1983-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> (1999-2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Radicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_N._Alem" title="Leandro N. Alem">Leandro N. Alem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Jauretche" title="Arturo Jauretche">Arturo Jauretche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sanz" title="Ernesto Sanz">Ernesto Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Angeloz" title="Eduardo Angeloz">Eduardo Angeloz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Terragno" title="Rodolfo Terragno">Rodolfo Terragno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Cobos" title="Julio Cobos">Julio Cobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Alfonsín">Ricardo Alfonsín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Javier_Mestre" title="Ramón Javier Mestre">Ramón Javier Mestre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Park" title="Revolution of the Park">Revolution of the Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1893" title="Argentine Revolution of 1893">Revolution of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905" title="Argentine Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina_(The_Radicals_in_Power,_1916%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Argentina (The Radicals in Power, 1916–1930)">1916–30 period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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