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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="سایتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سایتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8D%AC" title="사이썬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이썬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BA" title="സൈത്തൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈത്തൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cython" title="Cython – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Cython" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Cython</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cython_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cython_logo.svg/121px-Cython_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cython_logo.svg/182px-Cython_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cython_logo.svg/242px-Cython_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Robert Bradshaw, Stefan Behnel, et al.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 2007<span class="noprint">; 17 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2007-07-28</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.0.11-1<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-1e741852d301479ff6de42a7794f5f057e672804-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-1e741852d301479ff6de42a7794f5f057e672804-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975594?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (5 August 2024<span class="noprint">; 7 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">5 August 2024</span>)</span>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Cython&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.0.0 beta 2 (27 March 2023<span class="noprint">; 2 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-03-27</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_preview_software_release/Cython&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.pyx, .pxd, .pxi <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cython.org">cython<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975594#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cython</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Superset" class="mw-redirect" title="Superset">superset</a> of the programming language <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, which allows developers to write Python code (with optional, C-inspired syntax extensions) that yields performance comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cython is a <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled language</a> that is typically used to generate <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C and then automatically <a href="/wiki/Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">wrapped in interface code</a>, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at <a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">run time</a>. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules. </p><p>Cython is written in Python and C and works on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x. The default can be overridden (e.g. in source code comment) to Python 3 (or 2) syntax. Since Python 3 syntax has changed in recent versions, Cython may not be up to date with the latest additions. Cython has "native support for most of the C++ language" and "compiles almost all existing Python code".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cython 3.0.0 was released on 17 July 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cython works by producing a standard Python module. However, the behavior differs from standard Python in that the module code, originally written in Python, is translated into C. While the resulting code is fast, it makes many calls into the CPython interpreter and CPython standard libraries to perform actual work. Choosing this arrangement saved considerably on Cython's development time, but modules have a dependency on the Python interpreter and standard library. </p><p>Although most of the code is C-based, a small stub loader written in interpreted Python is usually required (unless the goal is to create a loader written entirely in C, which may involve work with the undocumented internals of CPython). However, this is not a major problem due to the presence of the Python interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cython has a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">foreign function interface</a> for invoking <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>/<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">routines</a> and the ability to declare the <a href="/wiki/Static_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Static type">static type</a> of subroutine parameters and results, local variables, and class attributes. </p><p>A Cython program that implements the same algorithm as a corresponding Python program may consume fewer computing resources such as core memory and processing cycles due to differences between the CPython and Cython execution models. A basic Python program is loaded and executed by the CPython <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>, so both the runtime and the program itself consume computing resources. A Cython program is compiled to C code, which is further compiled to machine code, so the virtual machine is used only briefly when the program is loaded.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scipy09_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scipy09-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cython employs: </p> <ul><li>Optimistic optimizations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">Type inference</a> (optional)</li> <li>Low overhead in control structures</li> <li>Low function call overhead<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Performance depends both on what C code is generated by Cython and how that code is compiled by the C compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cython is a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrex_(programming_language)" title="Pyrex (programming language)">Pyrex language</a>, but it supports more features and optimizations than Pyrex.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cython was <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> from Pyrex in 2007 by developers of the <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">Sage</a> computer algebra package, because they were unhappy with Pyrex's limitations and could not get patches accepted by Pyrex's maintainer Greg Ewing, who envisioned a much smaller scope for his tool than the Sage developers had in mind. They then forked Pyrex as SageX. When they found people were downloading Sage just to get SageX, and developers of other packages (including Stefan Behnel, who maintains the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> library LXML) were also maintaining forks of Pyrex, SageX was split off the Sage project and merged with <code>cython-lxml</code> to become Cython.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cython files have a <code>.pyx</code> extension. At its most basic, Cython code looks exactly like Python code. However, whereas standard Python is <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamically typed</a>, in Cython, types can optionally be provided, allowing for improved performance, allowing loops to be converted into C loops where possible. For example: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cython mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># The argument will be converted to int or raise a TypeError.</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">primes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">kmax</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># These variables are declared with C types.</span> <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nf">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nf">i</span> <span class="c"># Another C type </span> <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="kt">p</span>[1000] <span class="c"># A Python type</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">kmax</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mf">1000</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">kmax</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1000</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">kmax</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cython_CPython_Ext_Module_Workflow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cython_CPython_Ext_Module_Workflow.png/220px-Cython_CPython_Ext_Module_Workflow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cython_CPython_Ext_Module_Workflow.png/330px-Cython_CPython_Ext_Module_Workflow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Cython_CPython_Ext_Module_Workflow.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Hello World in Cython</figcaption></figure> <p>A sample <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">hello world</a> program for Cython is more complex than in most languages because it interfaces with the Python C API and <code>setuptools</code> or other <a href="/w/index.php?title=PEP517&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEP517 (page does not exist)">PEP517</a>-compliant extension building facilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (May 2024)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup> At least three files are required for a basic project: </p> <ul><li>A <code>setup.py</code> file to invoke the <code>setuptools</code> build process that generates the extension module</li> <li>A main python program to load the extension module</li> <li>Cython source file(s)</li></ul> <p>The following code listings demonstrate the build and launch process: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># hello.pyx - Python module, this code will be translated to C by Cython.</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">say_hello</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Hello World!"</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># launch.py - Python stub loader, loads the module that was made by Cython.</span> <span class="c1"># This code is always interpreted, like normal Python.</span> <span class="c1"># It is not compiled to C.</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">hello</span> <span class="n">hello</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">say_hello</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># setup.py - unnecessary if not redistributing the code, see below</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">setuptools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">Cython.Build</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">cythonize</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Hello world app"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ext_modules</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cythonize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"*.pyx"</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> <p>These commands build and launch the program: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>setup.py<span class="w"> </span>build_ext<span class="w"> </span>--inplace $<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>launch.py </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Using_in_IPython/Jupyter_notebook"><span id="Using_in_IPython.2FJupyter_notebook"></span>Using in IPython/Jupyter notebook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Using in IPython/Jupyter notebook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A more straightforward way to start with Cython is through command-line <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a> (or through in-browser python console called Jupyter <a href="/wiki/Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook</a>): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cython mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">load_ext</span> <span class="n">Cython</span> <span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="o">%%</span><span class="n">cython</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">cpdef</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">long</span> <span class="nf">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">i</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1000000</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">10</span> <span class="n">loops</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">best</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">26.5</span> <span class="n">ms</span> <span class="n">per</span> <span class="n">loop</span> <span class="n">In</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">]:</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">timeit</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1000000</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">1000</span> <span class="n">loops</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">best</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">279</span> <span class="err">µ</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="n">per</span> <span class="n">loop</span> </pre></div> <p>which gives a 95 times improvement over the pure-python version. More details on the subject in the official quickstart page.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cython is particularly popular among scientific users of Python,<sup id="cite_ref-scipy09_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scipy09-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it has "the perfect audience" according to Python creator <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of particular note: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a> computer algebra system depends on Cython, both for performance and to interface with other libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Significant parts of the scientific computing libraries <a href="/wiki/SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandas_(software)" title="Pandas (software)">pandas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a> are written in Cython.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jmlr_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmlr-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some high-traffic websites such as <a href="/wiki/Quora" title="Quora">Quora</a> use Cython.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cython's domain is not limited to just numerical computing. For example, the lxml XML toolkit is written mostly in Cython, and like its predecessor Pyrex, Cython is used to provide Python bindings for many C and C++ libraries such as the messaging library <a href="/wiki/ZeroMQ" title="ZeroMQ">ZeroMQ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cython can also be used to develop <a href="/wiki/Parallel_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel program">parallel programs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">multi-core processor</a> machines; this feature makes use of the <a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a> library. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBehnel2008" class="citation web cs1">Behnel, Stefan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.172.624">10.1.1.172.624</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15582-6_4">10.1007/978-3-642-15582-6_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15581-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15581-9"><bdi>978-3-642-15581-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sage+Project%3A+Unifying+Free+Mathematical+Software+to+Create+a+Viable+Alternative+to+Magma%2C+Maple%2C+Mathematica+and+MATLAB&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Software+%E2%80%93+ICMS+2010&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.172.624%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-15582-6_4&rft.isbn=978-3-642-15581-9&rft.aulast=Erocal&rft.aufirst=Burcin&rft.au=Stein%2C+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwstein.org%2Fpapers%2Ficms%2Ficms_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACython" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052117/http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/release.0.7.2.html">"SciPy 0.7.2 release notes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SciPy+0.7.2+release+notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.scipy.org%2Fdoc%2Fscipy%2Freference%2Frelease.0.7.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACython" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmlr-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jmlr_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedregosaVaroquauxGramfortMichel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pedregosa, Fabian; Varoquaux, Gaël; Gramfort, Alexandre; Michel, Vincent; Thirion, Bertrand; Grisel, Olivier; Blondel, Mathieu; Prettenhofer, Peter; Weiss, Ron; Dubourg, Vincent; Vanderplas, Jake; Passos, Alexandre; Cournapeau, David (2011). "Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research" title="Journal of Machine Learning Research">Journal of Machine Learning Research</a></i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">2825–</span>2830. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0490">1201.0490</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JMLR...12.2825P">2011JMLR...12.2825P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Machine+Learning+Research&rft.atitle=Scikit-learn%3A+Machine+Learning+in+Python&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2825-%3C%2Fspan%3E2830&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1201.0490&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JMLR...12.2825P&rft.aulast=Pedregosa&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft.au=Varoquaux%2C+Ga%C3%ABl&rft.au=Gramfort%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Michel%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Thirion%2C+Bertrand&rft.au=Grisel%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blondel%2C+Mathieu&rft.au=Prettenhofer%2C+Peter&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ron&rft.au=Dubourg%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Vanderplas%2C+Jake&rft.au=Passos%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Cournapeau%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACython" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quora.com/Is-Quora-still-running-on-PyPy/answer/Alex-Yakunin">"Is Quora still running on PyPy?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Quora+still+running+on+PyPy%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FIs-Quora-still-running-on-PyPy%2Fanswer%2FAlex-Yakunin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACython" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeromq.org/bindings:python">"ØMQ: Python binding"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%98MQ%3A+Python+binding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeromq.org%2Fbindings%3Apython&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACython" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cython&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cython.org">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975594#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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