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</button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest_peaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_peaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Highest peaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountain_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mountain ranges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mountain_ranges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mountain ranges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mountain_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Axel_Heiberg_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axel_Heiberg_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Axel Heiberg Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axel_Heiberg_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baffin_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baffin_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Baffin Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baffin_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathurst_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathurst_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bathurst Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathurst_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bylot_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bylot_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bylot Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bylot_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devon_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devon_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Devon Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devon_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ellesmere_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ellesmere_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Ellesmere Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ellesmere_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Île_Vanier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Île_Vanier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Île Vanier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Île_Vanier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labrador_and_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labrador_and_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Labrador and Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labrador_and_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Plant communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keystone_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keystone_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Keystone species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keystone_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Endangered species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polar_bear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_bear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Polar bear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_bear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arctic_black_spruce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic_black_spruce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Arctic black spruce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic_black_spruce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowhead_whale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowhead_whale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Bowhead whale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowhead_whale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources_and_human_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources_and_human_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Natural resources and human influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources_and_human_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctic Cordillera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktische_Kordillere" title="Arktische Kordillere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arktische Kordillere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_%C3%81rtica" title="Cordillera Ártica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cordillera Ártica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkta_monto%C4%89eno" title="Arkta montoĉeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkta montoĉeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendikate_Artikoa" title="Mendikate Artikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendikate Artikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordill%C3%A8re_Arctique" title="Cordillère Arctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cordillère Arctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordigliera_Artica" title="Cordigliera Artica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cordigliera Artica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקורדילרה הארקטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקורדילרה הארקטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Arctic Cordillera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctische_Cordillera" title="Arctische Cordillera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arctische Cordillera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasmo_innuickie" title="Pasmo innuickie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasmo innuickie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilheira_%C3%81rtica" title="Cordilheira Ártica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cordilheira Ártica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Арктические Кордильеры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арктические Кордильеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arctic Cordillera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B8" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arctic_Cordillera&params=81.93_N_74.90_W_type:mountain_scale:100000_dim:514km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">81°56′N</span> <span class="longitude">74°54′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">81.93°N 74.90°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">81.93; -74.90</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Triplets_Peaks&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="White Triplets Peaks">White Triplets Peaks</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Terrestrial ecozone in northern Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Arctic Cordillera</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maktak_Fiord_1_2001-07-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maktak_Fiord_1_2001-07-25.jpg/300px-Maktak_Fiord_1_2001-07-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maktak_Fiord_1_2001-07-25.jpg/450px-Maktak_Fiord_1_2001-07-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maktak_Fiord_1_2001-07-25.jpg/600px-Maktak_Fiord_1_2001-07-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5328" data-file-height="3480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Mountains" title="Baffin Mountains">Baffin Mountains</a> ecoregion of the Arctic Cordillera</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Cordillera2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctic_Cordillera2.jpg/275px-Arctic_Cordillera2.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctic_Cordillera2.jpg/413px-Arctic_Cordillera2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctic_Cordillera2.jpg/550px-Arctic_Cordillera2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Arctic_Ecozone_(CEC)" title="Northern Arctic Ecozone (CEC)">Northern Arctic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiga_Shield_Ecozone_(CEC)" title="Taiga Shield Ecozone (CEC)">Taiga Shield</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">242,190 km<sup>2</sup> (93,510 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provinces</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arctic_Cordillera&params=81.93_N_74.90_W_type:mountain_scale:100000_dim:514km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">81°56′N</span> <span class="longitude">74°54′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">81.93°N 74.90°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">81.93; -74.90</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arctic Cordillera</b> is a terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecozones_of_Canada" title="Ecozones of Canada">ecozone</a> in northern Canada characterized by a vast, deeply dissected chain of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> extending along the northeastern flank of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a> to the northeasternmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada. It spans most of the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> with high glaciated peaks rising through ice fields and some of Canada's largest ice caps, including the <a href="/wiki/Penny_Ice_Cap" title="Penny Ice Cap">Penny Ice Cap</a> on <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bounded to the east by <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davis_Strait" title="Davis Strait">Davis Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a> while its northern portion is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. </p><p>The geographic range is composed along the provinces of Labrador: including Eastern <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bylot_Island" title="Bylot Island">Bylot Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat Mountains</a>, and some parts of the Northeastern fringe. The landscape is dominated by massive polar icefields, alpine glaciers, inland fjords, and large bordering bodies of water, distinctive of many similar arctic regions in the world. Although the terrain is infamous for its unforgiving conditions, humans maintained an established population of 1000 people – 80% of which were <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>. In addition, the landscape is 75% covered by ice or exposed bedrock, with a continuous <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> that persists throughout the year, making plant and animal life somewhat scarce. The temperature of the Arctic Cordillera ranges from 6 °C in summer, down to −16 °C in winter. Vegetation is largely absent in this area due to permanent ice and snow.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The range is mostly located in Nunavut but extends southeast into the northernmost tip of Labrador and northeastern Quebec. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with mountains reaching heights of more than 2,000 m (6,562 ft). The highest is <a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Peak" title="Barbeau Peak">Barbeau Peak</a> on Ellesmere Island at 2,616 m (8,583 ft), which is the highest point in eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is also one of Canada's three mountain systems, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cordillera_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cordillera (North America)">Western Cordillera</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-FG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Canadian extension of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Provinces">Atlantic Provinces</a>. </p><p>The landscape is dominated by massive polar ice fields, alpine glaciers, inland fjords, and large bordering bodies of water, distinctive of many similar arctic regions in the world. Although the terrain is infamous for its unforgiving conditions, humans maintained an established population of 1000 people – 80% of whom were Inuit. In addition, the landscape is 75% covered by ice or exposed bedrock, with a continuous permafrost that persists throughout the year, making plant and animal life somewhat scarce. The temperature of the Arctic <a href="/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera">Cordillera</a> ranges from 6 °C in summer down to −16 °C in winter. Vegetation is largely absent in this area due to permanent ice and snow.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arctic Cordillera is a narrow <a href="/wiki/Ecozones_of_Canada" title="Ecozones of Canada">ecozone</a> compared to other Canadian ecozones.<sup id="cite_ref-GoVCA_ecozones_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoVCA_ecozones-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of this ecozone borders the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Arctic">Northern Arctic</a>, while the small segment within Labrador borders the <a href="/wiki/Taiga_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiga Shield">Taiga Shield</a>. While the Arctic Cordillera mountain system includes most of the Arctic islands and regions such as <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Island_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathurst Island (Canada)">Bathurst Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Cornwall Island (Nunavut)">Cornwall Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amund_Ringnes_Island" title="Amund Ringnes Island">Amund Ringnes Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellef_Ringnes_Island" title="Ellef Ringnes Island">Ellef Ringnes Island</a>, Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, <a href="/wiki/Bylot_Island" title="Bylot Island">Bylot Island</a> and Labrador, the Arctic Cordillera Ecozone only covers Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a>, Bylot Island and Labrador.<sup id="cite_ref-FG_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arctic Cordillera is geographically diverse. Much of Ellesmere Island is covered by the Arctic Cordillera, making it the most mountainous in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands">Queen Elizabeth Islands</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Columbia" title="Cape Columbia">Cape Columbia</a> being the most northerly point of land in Canada. It encompasses an area of 196,235 km<sup>2</sup> (75,767 sq mi), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's tenth largest island</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_islands_by_area" title="List of Canadian islands by area">Canada's third largest island</a>. The first inhabitants of Ellesmere Island were small bands of <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> drawn to the area for <a href="/wiki/Peary_caribou" title="Peary caribou">Peary caribou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammal</a> hunting about 1000–2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Axel Heiberg Island is one of the several members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a> and the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a>, having an area of 43,178 km<sup>2</sup> (16,671 sq mi). It has been inhabited in the past by Inuit, but was uninhabited by the time it was named by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Otto Sverdrup</a>, who explored it around 1900. In 1959, scientists from <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> explored Expedition Fiord in central Axel Heiberg Island. This resulted in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/McGill_Arctic_Research_Station" title="McGill Arctic Research Station">McGill Arctic Research Station</a>, constructed 8 km (5 mi) inland from Expedition Fjord in 1960. </p><p>Baffin Island is the largest island in Canada and the fifth largest in the world, with an area of 507,451 km<sup>2</sup> (195,928 sq mi). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a> is the largest uninhabited island on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. With an area of 55,247 km<sup>2</sup> (21,331 sq mi), it is the second-largest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">27th largest in the world</a> and Canada's 6th largest. An outpost was established at <a href="/wiki/Dundas_Harbour,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundas Harbour, Nunavut">Dundas Harbour</a> in August 1924 as part of a government presence intended to curb foreign <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> and other activity. </p><p>Much of Bylot Island is covered by the Arctic Cordillera. At 11,067 km<sup>2</sup> (4,273 sq mi) it is ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">71st largest island in the world</a> and Canada's 17th largest. While there are no permanent settlements on Bylot, Inuit from <a href="/wiki/Pond_Inlet" title="Pond Inlet">Pond Inlet</a> regularly travel to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanquary_Fiord_2_1997-08-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanquary_Fiord_2_1997-08-05.jpg/220px-Tanquary_Fiord_2_1997-08-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanquary_Fiord_2_1997-08-05.jpg/330px-Tanquary_Fiord_2_1997-08-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tanquary_Fiord_2_1997-08-05.jpg/440px-Tanquary_Fiord_2_1997-08-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanquary_Fiord" title="Tanquary Fiord">Tanquary Fiord</a>, showing confluence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Force River (page does not exist)">Air Force River</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rollrock_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rollrock River (page does not exist)">Rollrock River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macdonald_River_(Nunavut)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macdonald River (Nunavut) (page does not exist)">Macdonald River</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>More than one-fifth of Ellesmere Island is protected as <a href="/wiki/Quttinirpaaq_National_Park" title="Quttinirpaaq National Park">Quttinirpaaq National Park</a> (formerly Ellesmere Island National Park), which includes seven <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hazen" title="Lake Hazen">Lake Hazen</a>, the world's largest lake north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. Barbeau Peak, the highest mountain in Nunavut at <span style="white-space: nowrap">2<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">616</span></span> m (<span style="white-space: nowrap">8<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">583</span></span> ft), is located in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Range" title="British Empire Range">British Empire Range</a> on Ellesmere Island. The most northern mountain range in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_Mountains" title="Challenger Mountains">Challenger Mountains</a>, is located in the northwest region of the island. The northern lobe of the island is called <a href="/wiki/Grant_Land" title="Grant Land">Grant Land</a>. </p><p>In July 2007, a study noted the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for waterfowl, invertebrates, and algae on Ellesmere Island. According to John P. Smol of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, and Marianne S. V. Douglas of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> in Edmonton, warming conditions and evaporation have caused low-water-level changes in the chemistry of ponds and wetlands in the area. The researchers noted, "In the 1980s they often needed to wear hip waders to make their way to the ponds, while by 2006 the same areas were dry enough to burn."<sup id="cite_ref-enn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sirmilik_National_Park" title="Sirmilik National Park">Sirmilik National Park</a> in northern Baffin Island harbours large populations of <a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_murre" title="Thick-billed murre">thick-billed murres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">black-legged kittiwakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">greater snow geese</a>. The park comprises three areas: Bylot Island, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Sound">Oliver Sound</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Borden_Peninsula" title="Borden Peninsula">Borden Peninsula</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Auyuittuq_National_Park" title="Auyuittuq National Park">Auyuittuq National Park</a>, located on Baffin Island's <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Peninsula" title="Cumberland Peninsula">Cumberland Peninsula</a>, features the many terrains of <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> wilderness such as fjords, glaciers, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">ice fields</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>—the language of Nunavut's Aboriginal people, Inuit—<span title="Inuktitut-language text"><i lang="iu">Auyuittuq</i></span> means "the land that never melts." Although <span title="Inuktitut-language text"><i lang="iu">Auyuittuq</i></span> was established in 1976 as a national park reserve, it was upgraded to a full national park in 2000. Well-known peaks in the park include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Asgard" title="Mount Asgard">Mount Asgard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Mount Thor</a>, with a <span style="white-space: nowrap">1<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">250</span></span> m (<span style="white-space: nowrap">4<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">101</span></span> ft), 105° cliff face. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains_National_Park_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve">Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a>, covers much of the southern end of the Arctic Cordillera. It protects many species of Arctic wildlife, such as <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a>. The park was established on January 22, 2005, making it the first national park to be created in Labrador. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciers_and_ice_caps">Glaciers and ice caps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glaciers and ice caps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanquary_Fiord_16_1997-08-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tanquary_Fiord_16_1997-08-05.jpg/220px-Tanquary_Fiord_16_1997-08-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tanquary_Fiord_16_1997-08-05.jpg/330px-Tanquary_Fiord_16_1997-08-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tanquary_Fiord_16_1997-08-05.jpg/440px-Tanquary_Fiord_16_1997-08-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5136" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gull_Glacier" title="Gull Glacier">Gull Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanquary_Fjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanquary Fjord">Tanquary Fjord</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The drier northern section of the Arctic Cordillera is largely covered with <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a> while glaciers are more common at the more humid southern end. Large portions of Ellesmere Island are covered with glaciers and ice, with Manson Icefield and Sydkap in the south; Prince of Wales Icefield and Agassiz Ice Cap along the central-east side of the island; and substantial ice cover in Northern Ellesmere Island. The northwest coast of Ellesmere Island was covered by a massive, 500 km (310 mi) long ice shelf until the 20th century. The Ellesmere ice shelf reduced by 90 percent in the twentieth century due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, leaving the separate Alfred Ernest, Ayles, Milne, Ward Hunt, and Markham Ice Shelves.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1986 survey of Canadian ice shelves found that 48 km<sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi), involving 3.3 km<sup>3</sup> (0.79 cu mi) of ice, calved from the <a href="/wiki/Milne_Ice_Shelf" title="Milne Ice Shelf">Milne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayles_Ice_Shelf" title="Ayles Ice Shelf">Ayles</a> ice shelves between 1959 and 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt_Ice_Shelf" title="Ward Hunt Ice Shelf">Ward Hunt Ice Shelf</a>, the largest remaining section of thick (greater than 10 m [33 ft]) landfast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost 600 km (370 mi) of ice in a massive calving in 1961–1962.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further decreased by 27% in thickness (13 m, 43 ft) between 1967 and 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakup of the Ellesmere ice shelves has continued in the 21st century: the Ward Ice Shelf experienced a major breakup during summer 2002;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ayles Ice Shelf calved entirely on August 13, 2005—the largest break-off of the ice shelf in 25 years, it may pose a threat to the oil industry in the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a> (the piece is 66 km<sup>2</sup> [25 sq mi]).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Barnes_icecap" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes icecap">Barnes icecap</a> is found in the central part of the Baffin Island and has been in retreat since at least the early 1960s when the Geographical Branch of the then Department of Mines & Technical Surveys sent a three-man survey team to the area to measure isostatic rebound and cross-valley features of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isortoq_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isortoq River (page does not exist)">Isortoq River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly 75% of the land within this ecoregion is exposed bedrock or ice. The majority of the water is locked up in frozen ice and snow, therefore there are very few named rivers or other bodies of water within this region. The annual amount precipitation is about 200 mm, which usually falls down as snow or ice. Huge ice caps dominate the landscape, and they spawn large glaciers that are pushed down steep fjords and into the sea. When the temperature gets above freezing for an extended period time a little amount of runoff is created, which is generally under 200 mm annually.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saglek_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saglek_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/220px-Saglek_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saglek_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/330px-Saglek_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saglek_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/440px-Saglek_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2135" /></a><figcaption>Folded rock in the <a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The northern portion of the Arctic Cordillera was uplifted during the <a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogeny</a> when the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a> moved northward during the mid-<a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>. It contains <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic rocks">metamorphic rocks</a>, but for the most part is composed of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>. Mountains on Axel Heiberg Island consist mainly of long <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">ridges</a> of folded mid-Mesozoic and <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> with minor igneous <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusions</a>. </p><p>The Arctic Cordillera is younger than the <a href="/wiki/Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachians">Appalachians</a>, and so erosion has not had time to reduce it to rounded <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hills</a>. The mountains are also barren because trees can neither survive the extremely cold winter temperatures, nor grow during the short summers. Vast areas are covered by permanent ice and snow. The Arctic Cordillera resembles the Appalachians in composition and contain similar types of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>. The mineral resources have not been greatly exploited, however, because the region's remote location makes development too costly when cheaper alternatives exist further south. </p><p>Mountains on southeastern Ellesmere Island are principally made of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, magmatic, undifferentiated intrusive and volcanic rocks. They are typified by being highly <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a>, with conspicuous deep vertical fissures and narrow ledges. </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The Arctic Cordillera form the eastern edge of the Canadian Shield, which covers much of Canada's landscape.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Greenland is part of the Canadian Shield, but from this article the Arctic Cordillera is only located on Canadian islands. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rock is the major component of the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>. </p><p>The Arctic Cordillera is dominated by vast mountain ranges stretching for thousands of miles, virtually untouched by man. These mountains were formed millions of years ago during the mid-<a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> when the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a> moved northward, pushing earth and rock upwards. The mountains of the north contain metamorphic and igneous rock, and are predominantly sedimentary rock. On the other hand, the southern mountains are greater, composed of granite gneiss and magmatic volcanic rock. These mountains are characterized as being highly erodible with very steep and jagged cliffs with narrow ledges. The highest peak in the Arctic Cordillera mountain range is <a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Peak" title="Barbeau Peak">Barbeau Peak</a> – standing almost nine thousand feet tall. In general, the Arctic Cordillera Mountain Range is most similar (in composition and age) to the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian Mountain Range">Appalachian Mountain Range</a> of the United States. However, as the Appalachian Mountains are slightly older, their cliffs have been eroded, and are less jagged than those of the Arctic Cordillera.This ecoregion is also home to very limited amounts of exposed soil. Only in extremely sheltered places – such as that of caves – is surface soil present. The remaining soil is hidden beneath deep snow and ice, and is kept in a constant state of permafrost.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanism">Volcanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanism in Canada">Volcanism in Canada</a></div> <p>Mountains of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> range in age from 1.2 billion to 65 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-SE_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island_Volcanics" title="Ellesmere Island Volcanics">Ellesmere Island Volcanics</a> has been uncertainly associated to both the early volcanic activity of the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_hotspot" title="Iceland hotspot">Iceland hotspot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Ridge" title="Alpha Ridge">Alpha Ridge</a>. Even though these volcanics are about 90 million years old, the volcanoes and <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">cinder</a> can still be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_Cliffs,_Nunavut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dragon_Cliffs%2C_Nunavut.jpg/220px-Dragon_Cliffs%2C_Nunavut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dragon_Cliffs%2C_Nunavut.jpg/330px-Dragon_Cliffs%2C_Nunavut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dragon_Cliffs%2C_Nunavut.jpg/440px-Dragon_Cliffs%2C_Nunavut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Cliff" title="Dragon Cliff">Dragon Cliff</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalt</a> lava layers</figcaption></figure> <p>The Late Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Strand_Fiord_Formation" title="Strand Fiord Formation">Strand Fiord Formation</a> is interpreted to represent the craton-ward extension of the Alpha Ridge, a volcanic ridge that was active during the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Amerasian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerasian Basin">Amerasian Basin</a>. The formation is part of the thick Sverdrup Basin succession and immediately precedes the final basin foundering event. The Strand Fiord volcanics are encased in marine strata and thin southward from a maximum thickness of more than 789 m (2,589 ft) on northwestern Axel Heiberg to a zero edge near the southern shore of the island. <a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic basalt">Tholeiitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">icelandite</a> <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> flows are the main constituent of the formation with pyroclastic conglomerates, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrocks</a> and rare coal seams also present. The lava flows range in thickness from 6 to 60 m (20 to 197 ft) and subaerial flows predominate. Both pahoehoe and aa <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> types are common and the volcanic pile accumulated mostly by the quiet <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusion</a> of lavas. The <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithologies</a> become more common near the southern and eastern edges of the formation and represent <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a> and beach to shallow marine reworked deposits. The formation contains <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>, which are found on western Axel Heiberg Island at <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Cliff" title="Dragon Cliff">Dragon Cliff</a>, 300 m (980 ft) tall. It contains columnar jointing units that are usually 1 to 3 m (3 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) in diameter. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bravo_Lake_Formation" title="Bravo Lake Formation">Bravo Lake Formation</a> in central Baffin Island is a rare alkaline suite that formed as a result of submarine <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lavas of the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">volcanic belt</a> display geochemical characteristics similar to modern ocean-island-basalt groups. The range from moderately to intensely fractionated. Rare-earth-element profiles are similar to those from tholeiitic basalts and extremely <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> lavas in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highest_peaks">Highest peaks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Highest peaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right;width:200px;margin-left:20px"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Asgard_3_2001-07-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mount_Asgard_3_2001-07-25.jpg/200px-Mount_Asgard_3_2001-07-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mount_Asgard_3_2001-07-25.jpg/300px-Mount_Asgard_3_2001-07-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mount_Asgard_3_2001-07-25.jpg/400px-Mount_Asgard_3_2001-07-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5292" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Asgard" title="Mount Asgard">Mount Asgard</a> in July 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg/200px-Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg/300px-Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg/400px-Mount_Thor_Peak_1997-08-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5316" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Mount Thor</a> in 1997</figcaption></figure> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Mountain/peak</th> <th>metres</th> <th>feet</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Peak" title="Barbeau Peak">Barbeau Peak</a></td> <td>2,616</td> <td>8,583</td> <td>Highest point on Ellesmere Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whisler" title="Mount Whisler">Mount Whisler</a></td> <td>2,500</td> <td>8,202</td> <td>Second highest point on Ellesmere Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Mountain" title="Commonwealth Mountain">Commonwealth Mountain</a></td> <td>2,225</td> <td>7,300</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Oxford_(Nunavut)" title="Mount Oxford (Nunavut)">Mount Oxford</a></td> <td>2,210</td> <td>7,251</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Peak" title="Outlook Peak">Outlook Peak</a></td> <td>2,210</td> <td>7,251</td> <td>Highest point on Axel Heiberg Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Odin" title="Mount Odin">Mount Odin</a></td> <td>2,147</td> <td>7,044</td> <td>Highest point on Baffin Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Asgard" title="Mount Asgard">Mount Asgard</a></td> <td>2,015</td> <td>6,611</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiajivik_Mountain" title="Qiajivik Mountain">Qiajivik Mountain</a></td> <td>1,963</td> <td>6,440</td> <td>Highest point in northern Baffin Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angilaaq_Mountain" title="Angilaaq Mountain">Angilaaq Mountain</a></td> <td>1,951</td> <td>6,401</td> <td>Highest point on Bylot Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisimngiuqtuq_Peak" title="Kisimngiuqtuq Peak">Kisimngiuqtuq Peak</a></td> <td>1,905</td> <td>6,250</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Mountain_(Nunavut)" title="Arrowhead Mountain (Nunavut)">Arrowhead Mountain</a></td> <td>1,860</td> <td>6,102</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Eugene" title="Mount Eugene">Mount Eugene</a></td> <td>1,850</td> <td>6,070</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukpik_Peak" title="Ukpik Peak">Ukpik Peak</a></td> <td>1,809</td> <td>5,935</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nukap" title="Mount Nukap">Mount Nukap</a></td> <td>1,780</td> <td>5,840</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Peak" title="Bastille Peak">Bastille Peak</a></td> <td>1,733</td> <td>5,656</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thule" title="Mount Thule">Mount Thule</a></td> <td>1,711</td> <td>5,614</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angna_Mountain" title="Angna Mountain">Angna Mountain</a></td> <td>1,710</td> <td>5,610</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Mount Thor</a></td> <td>1,675</td> <td>5,500</td> <td>Features the Earth's greatest purely vertical drop </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Caubvick" title="Mount Caubvick">Mount Caubvick</a></td> <td>1,642</td> <td>5,387</td> <td>Highest point in mainland Canada east of Alberta </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mountain_ranges">Mountain ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mountain ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several ranges of the Arctic Cordillera have official names: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auyuittuq_NP_1_2001-07-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Auyuittuq_NP_1_2001-07-25.jpg/220px-Auyuittuq_NP_1_2001-07-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Auyuittuq_NP_1_2001-07-25.jpg/330px-Auyuittuq_NP_1_2001-07-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Auyuittuq_NP_1_2001-07-25.jpg/440px-Auyuittuq_NP_1_2001-07-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5268" data-file-height="3444" /></a><figcaption>Characteristic rock formations and glaciers. Turnweather Peak in the middle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auyuittuq_NP_northern_end_2_2000-08-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Auyuittuq_NP_northern_end_2_2000-08-13.jpg/220px-Auyuittuq_NP_northern_end_2_2000-08-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Auyuittuq_NP_northern_end_2_2000-08-13.jpg/330px-Auyuittuq_NP_northern_end_2_2000-08-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Auyuittuq_NP_northern_end_2_2000-08-13.jpg/440px-Auyuittuq_NP_northern_end_2_2000-08-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5244" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>Nedlukseak Fiord (Davis Strait) and view to the mountains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanquary_Fiord_12_1997-08-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tanquary_Fiord_12_1997-08-05.jpg/220px-Tanquary_Fiord_12_1997-08-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tanquary_Fiord_12_1997-08-05.jpg/330px-Tanquary_Fiord_12_1997-08-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tanquary_Fiord_12_1997-08-05.jpg/440px-Tanquary_Fiord_12_1997-08-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5208" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Conger_Range" title="Conger Range">Conger Range</a> and Ad Astra Icecap</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osborn_Range_(05-08-97).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Osborn_Range_%2805-08-97%29.jpg/220px-Osborn_Range_%2805-08-97%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Osborn_Range_%2805-08-97%29.jpg/330px-Osborn_Range_%2805-08-97%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Osborn_Range_%2805-08-97%29.jpg/440px-Osborn_Range_%2805-08-97%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Osborn_Range" title="Osborn Range">Osborn Range</a> seen from a <a href="/wiki/Twin_Otter" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Otter">Twin Otter</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axel_Heiberg_Island">Axel Heiberg Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Axel Heiberg Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_Hills" title="Geodetic Hills">Geodetic Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Range" title="Joy Range">Joy Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Range" title="Princess Margaret Range">Princess Margaret Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Range">Swiss Range</a></li> <li>White Triplets Peaks</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baffin_Island">Baffin Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baffin Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Mountains" title="Baffin Mountains">Baffin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Mountains" title="Bruce Mountains">Bruce Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Mountains" title="Everett Mountains">Everett Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartz_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Hartz Mountains (Nunavut)">Hartz Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krag_Mountains" title="Krag Mountains">Krag Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitous_Mountains" title="Precipitous Mountains">Precipitous Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathurst_Island">Bathurst Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bathurst Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grogan_Morgan_Range" title="Grogan Morgan Range">Grogan Morgan Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffries_Range" title="Jeffries Range">Jeffries Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoresby_Hills" title="Scoresby Hills">Scoresby Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_Range" title="Stokes Range">Stokes Range</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bylot_Island">Bylot Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bylot Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byam_Martin_Mountains" title="Byam Martin Mountains">Byam Martin Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devon_Island">Devon Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Devon Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_Mountains" title="Cunningham Mountains">Cunningham Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Range" title="Douro Range">Douro Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_Range" title="Grinnell Range">Grinnell Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddington_Range" title="Haddington Range">Haddington Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treuter_Mountains" title="Treuter Mountains">Treuter Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellesmere_Island">Ellesmere Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ellesmere Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwelder_Mountains" title="Blackwelder Mountains">Blackwelder Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Blue Mountains (Nunavut)">Blue Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Hills" title="Boulder Hills">Boulder Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Range" title="British Empire Range">British Empire Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Mountains" title="Challenger Mountains">Challenger Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conger_Range" title="Conger Range">Conger Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Range" title="Garfield Range">Garfield Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglefield_Mountains" title="Inglefield Mountains">Inglefield Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krieger_Mountains" title="Krieger Mountains">Krieger Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Range" title="Osborn Range">Osborn Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Mountains" title="Prince of Wales Mountains">Prince of Wales Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_Range_(Nunavut)" title="Sawtooth Range (Nunavut)">Sawtooth Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorndike_Peaks" title="Thorndike Peaks">Thorndike Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Range" title="United States Range">United States Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Mountains" title="Victoria and Albert Mountains">Victoria and Albert Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Île_Vanier"><span id=".C3.8Ele_Vanier"></span>Île Vanier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Île Vanier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Range" title="Adam Range">Adam Range</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labrador_and_Quebec">Labrador and Quebec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Labrador and Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selamiut_Range" title="Selamiut Range">Selamiut Range</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qijuttaaqanngittuq_Valley_1_1997-08-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Qijuttaaqanngittuq_Valley_1_1997-08-07.jpg/220px-Qijuttaaqanngittuq_Valley_1_1997-08-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Qijuttaaqanngittuq_Valley_1_1997-08-07.jpg/330px-Qijuttaaqanngittuq_Valley_1_1997-08-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Qijuttaaqanngittuq_Valley_1_1997-08-07.jpg/440px-Qijuttaaqanngittuq_Valley_1_1997-08-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5160" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>Qijuttaaqanngittuq Valley in the southern <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Mountains" title="Baffin Mountains">Baffin Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Not much can grow in the severe environment, where killing frost can come at any time during the year and even <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> is rare. Three-quarters of the land is bare <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> have a hard time of it. Trees are hardly noticeable. Plants that do grow in the region are mostly tiny species that often grow in thick Insulating mats to protect themselves from the cold or are covered in thick hairs that help to insulate and to protect them from the harsh wind. </p><p>Some of the plant species found are Arctic <a href="/wiki/Black_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Black spruce">black spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_willow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic willow">Arctic willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottongrass">cottongrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustose" title="Crustose">crustose</a> lichens, <a href="/wiki/Kobresia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobresia">kobresia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> species, wood <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rush</a>, wire rush, <a href="/wiki/Purple_saxifrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple saxifrage">purple saxifrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dryas_(plant)" title="Dryas (plant)"><i>Dryas</i></a> species such as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_avens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain avens">mountain avens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedge">sedges</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diapensia_lapponica" title="Diapensia lapponica">Diapensia lapponica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Papaver_radicatum" title="Papaver radicatum">Arctic poppy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_sorrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain sorrel">mountain sorrel</a>, river beauty, <a href="/wiki/Moss_campion" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss campion">moss campion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_white_heather" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic white heather">Arctic white heather</a>. </p><p>The conditions here are far too severe for <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> to survive; <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> are also rare in the region. <a href="/wiki/Muskoxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskoxen">Muskoxen</a> and barren-ground caribou are the only large herbivores in this environment, while <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_wolf" title="Arctic wolf">Arctic wolf</a> are the only large carnivores to be found in the region. Smaller herbivores include the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_hare" title="Arctic hare">Arctic hare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Collared_lemming" title="Collared lemming">collared lemming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic foxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoats</a> are some of the smaller carnivores found in the region. Marine mammals include <a href="/wiki/Narwhale" class="mw-redirect" title="Narwhale">narwhals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded seals</a>. </p><p>The furry-legged <a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">rock ptarmigan</a> is a widespread bird in this region. Typical birds of prey include the <a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">gyrfalcon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owl</a>. Some of the more widespread shore- and seabirds are the <a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_murre" title="Thick-billed murre">thick-billed murre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">black-legged kittiwake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruddy_turnstone" title="Ruddy turnstone">ruddy turnstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_knot" title="Red knot">red knot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_guillemot" title="Black guillemot">black guillemot</a>, widespread <a href="/wiki/Ringed_plover" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringed plover">ringed plover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_ringed_plover" title="Little ringed plover">little ringed plover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_fulmar" title="Northern fulmar">northern fulmar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">Songbirds</a> found in the Arctic Cordillera include the <a href="/wiki/Hoary_redpoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoary redpoll">hoary redpoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_redpoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Common redpoll">common redpoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_bunting" title="Snow bunting">snow bunting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lapland_longspur" title="Lapland longspur">Lapland longspur</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">snow goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_eider" title="Common eider">common</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_eider" title="King eider">king eider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red-throated_loon" title="Red-throated loon">red-throated loon</a> are some species of <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> that live in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_communities">Plant communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Plant communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arctic Cordillera is a very high stress environment for plants to try and grow and regenerate. Vegetation is largely absent due to permanent ice and snow. Due to the extremely cold, dry climate, along with the ice-fields and lack of soil materials, the high and mid-elevations are largely devoid of significant populations of plants. In the warmer valleys at low elevations and along coastal margins, the plant cover is more extensive, consisting of herbaceous and shrub-type communities. Stream-banks and coastlines are the most biologically productive areas here. The plants in this region have a history of being survivors and stress tolerant to high winds, low temperatures, few available macronutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Plants have adaptations such as fluffy seed masses, staying low to the ground, and use of other plant masses for extra insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keystone_species">Keystone species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Keystone species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the harsh environments and extremely low temperatures that encompass the Arctic Cordillera, there is not a large variety of plants and animals that are able to survive and exist as a population. However, some animal species, both herbivores and carnivores, are able to survive the extreme weather and terrain. Among these animals are <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polar_bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar bears">polar bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_foxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic foxes">Arctic foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musk-oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Musk-oxen">musk-oxen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>. For the most part, the large carnivores are the dominant species in the ecoregion, mainly the polar bear. It is the keystone species for the area due to many of its habits, including its diet and hunting strategies. In addition, the life history of the 22,000 polar bears in the Arctic clearly defines its current existence in the Arctic Cordillera.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large carnivorous species defines the ecoregion due to its intimate relationship with the ice as well as its extremely intelligent hunting tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other predatory animal defines the Arctic Cordillera as well as the large white polar bear and that is why when people think about arctic animals, they think about the polar bear. As long as the polar bear exists, it will be the keystone species of the Arctic Cordillera. However, this existence relies solely on the degree of ice melt that is encountered in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polar_bear">Polar bear</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Polar bear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polarb%C3%A4r_12_2004-11-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Polarb%C3%A4r_12_2004-11-17.jpg/220px-Polarb%C3%A4r_12_2004-11-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Polarb%C3%A4r_12_2004-11-17.jpg/330px-Polarb%C3%A4r_12_2004-11-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Polarb%C3%A4r_12_2004-11-17.jpg/440px-Polarb%C3%A4r_12_2004-11-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Polar bear</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> is one of the most notably affected species in the Arctic Cordillera, mainly due to their heavy reliance on arctic ice for hunting and bedding grounds. Habitat loss, caused by global warming, has led to many dangerous behavioural changes including a new behaviour called long swims. These are swims lasting as long as ten days performed by mother bears to attempt to find food for their cubs, which generally lead to the death of the cub.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their stature and aggressiveness, direct conservation practices are not very useful to the polar bear. Instead, scientific observation to better understand these animals is the largest form of traditional conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arctic_black_spruce">Arctic black spruce</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arctic black spruce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_black_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic black spruce">Arctic black spruce</a> is an example of a plant native to the Arctic Cordillera that is considered to be in ecological decline. The black spruce is a species of least concern because of habitat loss and deforestation from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spruce_budworm_moth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spruce budworm moth (page does not exist)">spruce budworm moth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Arctic Cordillera however, the black spruce population is in good health, and is slowly gaining habitat through the retreat of polar ice.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bowhead_whale">Bowhead whale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bowhead whale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowhead_Whale_2002-08-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bowhead_Whale_2002-08-10.jpg/220px-Bowhead_Whale_2002-08-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bowhead_Whale_2002-08-10.jpg/330px-Bowhead_Whale_2002-08-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bowhead_Whale_2002-08-10.jpg/440px-Bowhead_Whale_2002-08-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5399" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption>Bowhead whale</figcaption></figure> <p>Another species that is of great importance to this ecoregion is the endangered <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a> (<i>Balaena mysticetus</i>). Five total stocks of this species exist in the region within the arctic oceans and adjacent seas: the <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a> stock, Baffin Bay/Davis Strait, stock and Hudson Bay/Foxe Basin Stock, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> Stock, and the Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort Stock. Historically, these whales have served as a cultural icon, and an important source of food and fuel to the Inuit. At this point in time,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> their populations were estimated between 30,000 and 50,000 individuals. </p><p>However, with the expansion of commercial whaling in the 16th and 17th century, this species was exploited to dangerously low numbers. Commercial hunting of bowheads was officially ended in 1921, when moratoria were established to protect the remaining 3,000 individuals left in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, those same moratoria are still in effect, but the Bowhead population has been reinstated to a manageable population of between 7,000 and 10,000 individuals. Nonetheless, these whales have been (and remain) on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> since 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Finley,_K._J._2001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finley,_K._J._2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important conservation efforts for this species is "legal" protection by the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a>, which came into force in 1935. This convention was further strengthened and ratified by Canada in 1977 to support the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a>’s (IWC) recommendation for full protection of the bowhead whale.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further conservation efforts have involved more physically demanding solutions, including the recommended funding of specialized technical machines that have the capability to remove debris that commonly kills these whales due to entanglement and accidental indigestion.<sup id="cite_ref-Finley,_K._J._2001_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finley,_K._J._2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/220px-Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/330px-Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/440px-Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nachvak,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachvak, Newfoundland and Labrador">Nachvak Fjord</a>, Torngat Mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arctic Cordillera has one of Canada's most inhospitable climates. The weather is generally very cold and dry with a few weeks of sun and rain in the summer. Snow is the most common form of precipitation in the Cordillera. The region only gets 20−60 centimeters of precipitation annually. The temperature in this ecoregion averages around 4 degrees Celsius during the summer. Winter is very dark and long, when temperatures average at −35 °C (−31 °F), although it is somewhat milder and more humid in its southernmost portions. A <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation#Polar_cell" title="Atmospheric circulation">polar cell</a> is a system of winds that influence the climate of the Cordillera. It is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a>, which are winds that blow warm air east to west from 30 to 60 degrees latitude up to the poles, and the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Easterlies" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar Easterlies">Polar Easterlies</a>, which blow cold air back south where it will repeat the process.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not always as cold as it is today. <a href="/wiki/Tree_stump" title="Tree stump">Tree stumps</a> were discovered in 1985 on <a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a> dating back 40 million years, indicating this northerly part of the cordillera was warmer and wetter than its present-day climate, with much more <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_resources_and_human_influence">Natural resources and human influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Natural resources and human influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only about 2,600 people live in the region, found primarily in the communities of <a href="/wiki/Clyde_River,_Nunavut" title="Clyde River, Nunavut">Clyde River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qikiqtarjuaq,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut">Qikiqtarjuaq</a> (formerly known as Broughton Island), and <a href="/wiki/Pond_Inlet,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pond Inlet, Nunavut">Pond Inlet</a>. These communities are rather small, with the populations being 820, 473 and 1,315 respectively in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the people who live in the region survive by <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">trapping</a>. </p><p>The Arctic Cordillera is a cold, harsh environment making plant life and animal-life sparse; even soil is rare in this ecoregion. Moss, <a href="/wiki/Cottongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottongrass">cottongrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_heather" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic heather">Arctic heather</a> are examples of plant life that can be found in valleys. Meanwhile, polar bears, seals, and walruses roam the shores and survive off the thriving marine ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish, clams, and shrimp are just a few of the resources the local Inuit communities of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> use in the highly productive waters to support their economy. Nunavut's government is also investing in exploration of mineral resources; <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_Resources" title="Breakwater Resources">Breakwater Resources</a>, for example, has <a href="/wiki/Nanisivik_Mine" title="Nanisivik Mine">Nanisivik Mine</a>, a zinc-lead mine in <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bay" title="Arctic Bay">Arctic Bay</a> that just reopened in April 2003 after closing the year before due to declining resources.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is the strongest human influence in the Arctic Cordillera. Rising temperatures in the Arctic are causing ice shelves, and the habitats they provide, to shrink from year to year. Researchers of global warming also express concern for the economic, political, and social consequences of the resulting decline in fisheries stocks expected because of the changing climate.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" title="List of mountain ranges">List of mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nunavut" title="Geography of Nunavut">Geography of Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador">Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledoyom_(Ice_body)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledoyom (Ice body)">Ledoyom (Ice body)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ice-cap/">Ice Cap</a> <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515130059/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003941">Archived</a> May 15, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-02-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/land/a_cordillera/a_cordillera.htm">"Arctic Cordillera"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Cordillera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arctic.uoguelph.ca%2Fcpe%2Fenvironments%2Fland%2Fa_cordillera%2Fa_cordillera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic+Cordillera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=261">"Barbeau Peak"</a>. <i>Bivouac.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bivouac.com&rft.atitle=Barbeau+Peak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bivouac.com%2FMtnPg.asp%3FMtnId%3D261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic+Cordillera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FG-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FG_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FG_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/vignettes/Terrestrial/ac/default.cfm">Arctic Cordillera Ecozone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040615061006/http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/vignettes/Terrestrial/ac/default.cfm">Archived</a> June 15, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2008-02-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/land/a_cordillera/a_cordillera.htm">"Arctic Cordillera"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213081342/http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/land/a_cordillera/a_cordillera.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Cordillera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arctic.uoguelph.ca%2Fcpe%2Fenvironments%2Fland%2Fa_cordillera%2Fa_cordillera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic+Cordillera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoVCA_ecozones-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoVCA_ecozones_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecozones.ca/english/region/132.html">"Ecoregion"</a>. Ecological Framework of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921180800/http://ecozones.ca/english/region/132.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecoregion&rft.series=Ecological+Framework+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecozones.ca%2Fenglish%2Fregion%2F132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArctic+Cordillera" class="Z3988"></span> It is one of fifteen ecozones identified in Canada—Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic, Taiga Cordillera, Taiga Plains, Taiga Shield, Hudson Plains, Boreal Cordillera, Boreal Plains, Boreal Shield, Prairies, Montane Cordillera, Pacific Maritime, Atlantic Maritime, and <a href="/wiki/Mixedwood_Plains_Ecozone_(Canada)" title="Mixedwood Plains Ecozone (Canada)">Mixedwood Plains</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/arctic/canada/ellesmere.php">"oceandots.com: Ellesmere Island"</a>. 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Jeffries (page does not exist)">Jeffries, Martin O</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic39-1-15.pdf">Ice Island Calvings and Ice Shelf Changes, Milne Ice Shelf and Ayles Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928113808/http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic39-1-15.pdf">Archived</a> September 28, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Arctic</i> 39 (1) (March 1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattersley-Smith1963" class="citation journal cs1">Hattersley-Smith, G. 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Jeffries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/warwickvincent/PDFfiles/149.pdf">Ice-shelf collapse, climate change, and habitat loss in the Canadian high Arctic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214656/http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/warwickvincent/PDFfiles/149.pdf">Archived</a> September 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polar_Record" title="Polar Record">Polar Record</a></i> 37 (201): 133-142 (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA_Earth_Observatory2004" class="citation web cs1">NASA Earth Observatory (January 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/wardhunt/">"Breakup of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916020519/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/wardhunt/">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Arctic Cordillera Ecozone." <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Environment">Natural Environment</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.R._Smallwood_Centre_for_Newfoundland_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.R. Smallwood Centre for Newfoundland Studies (page does not exist)">J.R. Smallwood Centre for Newfoundland Studies</a>, November 2002. Web.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Canada. (12/19/2012). Human Activity and the Environment. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2013 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-201-x/2007000/10542-eng.htm">http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-201-x/2007000/10542-eng.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffers, Jennifer. "Climate Change and the Arctic: Adapting to Changes in Fisheries Stocks and Governance Regimes." <i><a href="/wiki/Ecology_Law_Quarterly" title="Ecology Law Quarterly">Ecology Law Quarterly</a></i> 37.3 (2010): 917-66. ELQ. Web.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Cordillera&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" class="extiw" title="commons:Arctic Cordillera"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Arctic Cordillera</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arctic_Cordillera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arctic Cordillera">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Chernoff, M. N., H. R. Hovdebo, and J. Stuart-Smith. <i>Eastern Canadian Cordillera and Arctic Islands An Aerial Reconnaissance</i>. Ottawa: 24th International Geological Congress, 1972.</li> <li>Geological Survey of Canada. <i>Cordillera and Pacific Margin Interior Plains and Arctic Canada</i>. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 1998-A. 1998.</li> <li>Hall, John K. <i>Arctic Ocean Geophysical Studies The Alpha Cordillera and Mendeleyev Ridge</i>. Palisades, N.Y.: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, 1970.</li> <li>Walker, Edward R. <i>A Synoptic Climatology for Parts of the Western Cordillera</i>. Montreal: McGill University, 1961.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arctic_Cordillera_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CDDEFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Arctic_Cordillera" title="Template:Arctic Cordillera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arctic_Cordillera" title="Template talk:Arctic Cordillera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic_Cordillera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic Cordillera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arctic_Cordillera_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic Cordillera</a> of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CDDEFF;width:1%">Ranges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Range" title="Adam Range">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Mountains" title="Baffin Mountains">Baffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwelder_Mountains" title="Blackwelder Mountains">Blackwelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Blue Mountains (Nunavut)">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Hills" title="Boulder Hills">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Range" title="British Empire Range">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Mountains" title="Bruce Mountains">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byam_Martin_Mountains" title="Byam Martin Mountains">Byan Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Mountains" title="Challenger Mountains">Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conger_Range" title="Conger Range">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_Mountains" title="Cunningham Mountains">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Range" title="Douro Range">Douro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Mountains" title="Everett Mountains">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Range" title="Garfield Range">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_Hills" title="Geodetic Hills">Geodetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_Range" title="Grinnell Range">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grogan_Morgan_Range" title="Grogan Morgan Range">Grogan Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddington_Range" title="Haddington Range">Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartz_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Hartz Mountains (Nunavut)">Hartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglefield_Mountains" title="Inglefield Mountains">Inglefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Mountains" title="Innuitian Mountains">Innuitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffries_Range" title="Jeffries Range">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Range" title="Joy Range">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumajet_Mountains" title="Kaumajet Mountains">Kaumajet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krag_Mountains" title="Krag Mountains">Krag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krieger_Mountains" title="Krieger Mountains">Krieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Range" title="Osborn Range">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitous_Mountains" title="Precipitous Mountains">Precipitous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Mountains" title="Prince of Wales Mountains">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Range" title="Princess Margaret Range">Princess Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_Range_(Nunavut)" title="Sawtooth Range (Nunavut)">Sawtooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoresby_Hills" title="Scoresby Hills">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamiut_Range" title="Selamiut Range">Selamiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_Range" title="Stokes Range">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Range">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorndike_Peaks" title="Thorndike Peaks">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treuter_Mountains" title="Treuter Mountains">Treuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Range" title="United States Range">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Mountains" title="Victoria and Albert Mountains">Victoria and Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Triplets_Peaks" class="mw-redirect" title="White Triplets Peaks">White Triplets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CDDEFF;width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angilaaq_Mountain" title="Angilaaq Mountain">Angilaaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angna_Mountain" title="Angna Mountain">Angna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Mountain_(Nunavut)" title="Arrowhead Mountain (Nunavut)">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arthur_(Nunavut)" title="Mount Arthur (Nunavut)">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Asgard" title="Mount Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ayles" title="Mount Ayles">Ayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baldr" title="Mount Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Peak" title="Barbeau Peak">Barbeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Peak" title="Bastille Peak">Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Battle" title="Mount Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Beaufort" title="Mount Beaufort">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Biederbick" title="Mount Biederbick">Biederbick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Mitre_(Labrador)" title="Bishop's Mitre (Labrador)">Bishop's Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_Mountain" title="Brave Mountain">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breidablik_Peak" title="Breidablik Peak">Breidablik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Caubvick" title="Mount Caubvick">Caubvick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque_Mountain" title="Cirque Mountain">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Mountain" title="Commonwealth Mountain">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Eugene" title="Mount Eugene">Eugene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highpointer_Peak" title="Highpointer Peak">Highpointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuit_Mountain" title="Innuit Mountain">Innuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisimngiuqtuq_Peak" title="Kisimngiuqtuq Peak">Kisimngiuqtuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Sun_Peak" title="Midnight Sun Peak">Midnight Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nukap" title="Mount Nukap">Nukap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Odin" title="Mount Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Peak" title="Outlook Peak">Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Oxford_(Nunavut)" title="Mount Oxford (Nunavut)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiajivik_Mountain" title="Qiajivik Mountain">Qiajivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_Mountain" title="Stokes Mountain">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thule" title="Mount Thule">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngarsoak_Mountain" title="Torngarsoak Mountain">Torngarsoak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukpik_Peak" title="Ukpik Peak">Ukpik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whisler" title="Mount Whisler">Whisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Crown_Mountain" title="White Crown Mountain">White Crown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CDDEFF;width:1%">Passes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayuk_Pass" title="Akshayuk Pass">Akshayuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayr_Pass" title="Ayr Pass">Ayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Pass" title="Bryant Pass">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockscomb_Pass" title="Cockscomb Pass">Cockscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_Pass" title="Eskimo Pass">Eskimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Pass" title="Eureka Pass">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_Pass" title="Fortress Pass">Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Pass" title="Glacier Pass">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingnait_Pass" title="Kingnait Pass">Kingnait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfection_Pass" title="Perfection Pass">Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Pass" title="Pioneer Pass">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_Pass" title="Piper Pass">Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Bear_Pass" title="Polar Bear Pass">Polar Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoir_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Revoir Pass">Revoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeyer_Pass" title="Singeyer Pass">Singeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Fiord_Pass" title="Strand Fiord Pass">Strand Fiord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Pass" title="Sverdrup Pass">Sverdrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Hauen_Pass" title="Van Hauen Pass">Van Hauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelverton_Pass" title="Yelverton Pass">Yelverton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CDDEFF;width:1%">Glaciers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Astra_Ice_Cap" title="Ad Astra Ice Cap">Ad Astra Ice Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_Ice_Cap" title="Agassiz Ice Cap">Agassiz Ice Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_Ice_Cap" title="Barnes Ice Cap">Barnes Ice Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Glacier" title="Benedict Glacier">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Glacier" title="Coronation Glacier">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Ice_Cap" title="Devon Ice Cap">Devon Ice Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disraeli_Glacier" title="Disraeli Glacier">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Glacier" title="Eugenie Glacier">Eugenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull_Glacier" title="Gull Glacier">Gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Maasi_Glacier" title="Jimi Maasi Glacier">Jimi Maasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaparoqtalik_Glacier" title="Kaparoqtalik Glacier">Kaparoqtalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_Glacier" title="Keyhole Glacier">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiitarayuk_Glacier" title="Kiitarayuk Glacier">Kiitarayuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macculloch_Glacier" title="Macculloch Glacier">Macculloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsarsuk_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsarsuk Glacier">Narsarsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuuksuq_Glacier" title="Nuuksuq Glacier">Nuuksuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Glacier" title="Oliver Glacier">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrish_Glacier" title="Parrish Glacier">Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Ice_Cap" title="Penny Ice Cap">Penny Ice Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermilik_Glacier" title="Sermilik Glacier">Sermilik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Hedin_Glacier" title="Sven Hedin Glacier">Sven Hedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnabout_Glacier" title="Turnabout Glacier">Turnabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utinatuk_Glacier" title="Utinatuk Glacier">Utinatuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pioneer_Glacier" title="West Pioneer Glacier">West Pioneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CDDEFF;width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amund_Ringnes_Island" title="Amund Ringnes Island">Amund Ringnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Bathurst Island (Nunavut)">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylot_Island" title="Bylot Island">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coburg_Island" title="Coburg Island">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Cornwall Island (Nunavut)">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellef_Ringnes_Island" title="Ellef Ringnes Island">Ellef Ringnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Island_(Nunavut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Island (Nunavut)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Vanier" title="Île Vanier">Île Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lougheed_Island" title="Lougheed Island">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CDDEFF;width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut" title="Alert, Nunavut">Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_River,_Nunavut" title="Clyde River, Nunavut">Clyde River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut" title="Eureka, Nunavut">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grise_Fiord" title="Grise Fiord">Grise Fiord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangnirtung" title="Pangnirtung">Pangnirtung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond_Inlet" title="Pond Inlet">Pond Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qikiqtarjuaq" title="Qikiqtarjuaq">Qikiqtarjuaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Nunavut" title="List of communities in Nunavut">List of communities in Nunavut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CDDEFF;width:1%">Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auyuittuq_National_Park" title="Auyuittuq National Park">Auyuittuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quttinirpaaq_National_Park" title="Quttinirpaaq National Park">Quttinirpaaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmilik_National_Park" title="Sirmilik National Park">Sirmilik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains_National_Park" title="Torngat Mountains National Park">Torngat Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arctic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arctic_topics" title="Template:Arctic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arctic_topics" title="Template talk:Arctic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arctic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:History of the Arctic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic_research" title="Category:Arctic research">Arctic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Government of the Arctic">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics" title="Arctic cooperation and politics">Arctic cooperation and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council" title="Inuit Circumpolar Council">Inuit Circumpolar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saami_Council" title="Saami Council">Saami Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geography of the Arctic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Arctic Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Impact craters of the Arctic">Impact craters of the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Region" title="Innuitian Region">Innuitian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicity" title="Nordicity">Nordicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Populated places in the Arctic">Populated places in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Geology of the Arctic">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System" title="Canadian Arctic Rift System">Canadian Arctic Rift System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny" title="Eurekan orogeny">Eurekan orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland Plate">Greenland Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate" title="Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate">Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone" title="Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone">Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li>Seal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Protected areas of the Arctic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic" title="Category:Arctic">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountain_ranges_of_Nunavut" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CDDEFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountain_ranges_of_Nunavut" title="Template:Mountain ranges of Nunavut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountain_ranges_of_Nunavut" title="Template talk:Mountain ranges of Nunavut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain_ranges_of_Nunavut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain ranges of Nunavut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountain_ranges_of_Nunavut" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mountain ranges of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Kitikmeot_Region" title="Kitikmeot Region">Kitikmeot Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaler_Mountains" title="Shaler Mountains">Shaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region" title="Qikiqtaaluk Region">Qikiqtaaluk Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Range" title="Adam Range">Adam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Mountains" title="Baffin Mountains">Baffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mountains" title="Belcher Mountains">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwelder_Mountains" title="Blackwelder Mountains">Blackwelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Blue Mountains (Nunavut)">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Hills" title="Boulder Hills">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Range" title="British Empire Range">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Mountains" title="Bruce Mountains">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byam_Martin_Mountains" title="Byam Martin Mountains">Byam Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Mountains" title="Challenger Mountains">Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conger_Range" title="Conger Range">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_Mountains" title="Cunningham Mountains">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Range" title="Douro Range">Douro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Mountains" title="Everett Mountains">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Range" title="Garfield Range">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_Hills" title="Geodetic Hills">Geodetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_Range" title="Grinnell Range">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grogan_Morgan_Range" title="Grogan Morgan Range">Grogan Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddington_Range" title="Haddington Range">Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartz_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Hartz Mountains (Nunavut)">Hartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglefield_Mountains" title="Inglefield Mountains">Inglefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Mountains" title="Innuitian Mountains">Innuitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffries_Range" title="Jeffries Range">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Range" title="Joy Range">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krag_Mountains" title="Krag Mountains">Krag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krieger_Mountains" title="Krieger Mountains">Krieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Range" title="Osborn Range">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitous_Mountains" title="Precipitous Mountains">Precipitous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Mountains" title="Prince of Wales Mountains">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Range" title="Princess Margaret Range">Princess Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_Range_(Nunavut)" title="Sawtooth Range (Nunavut)">Sawtooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoresby_Hills" title="Scoresby Hills">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamiut_Range" title="Selamiut Range">Selamiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_Range" title="Stokes Range">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Range">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorndike_Peaks" title="Thorndike Peaks">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treuter_Mountains" title="Treuter Mountains">Treuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Range" title="United States Range">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Mountains" title="Victoria and Albert Mountains">Victoria and Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Triplets_Peaks" class="mw-redirect" title="White Triplets Peaks">White Triplets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountains_of_Nunavut" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountains_of_Nunavut" title="Template:Mountains of Nunavut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountains_of_Nunavut" title="Template talk:Mountains of Nunavut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains_of_Nunavut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains of Nunavut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountains_of_Nunavut" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mountains of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kitikmeot_Region" title="Kitikmeot Region">Kitikmeot Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uvayuq" title="Uvayuq">Uvayuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaler_Mountains" title="Shaler Mountains">Shaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivalliq_Region" title="Kivalliq Region">Kivalliq Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Minto_(Nunavut)" title="Mount Minto (Nunavut)">Minto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region" title="Qikiqtaaluk Region">Qikiqtaaluk Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_Hill_(Nunavut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex Hill (Nunavut)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Sun_Spire" title="Polar Sun Spire">Polar Sun Spire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arctic Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Range" title="Adam Range">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angilaaq_Mountain" title="Angilaaq Mountain">Angilaaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angna_Mountain" title="Angna Mountain">Angna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arthur_(Nunavut)" title="Mount Arthur (Nunavut)">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Asgard" title="Mount Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Mountains" title="Baffin Mountains">Baffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baldr" title="Mount Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Peak" title="Bastille Peak">Bastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Battle" title="Mount Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Beaufort" title="Mount Beaufort">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Biederbick" title="Mount Biederbick">Biederbick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwelder_Mountains" title="Blackwelder Mountains">Blackwelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Blue Mountains (Nunavut)">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Hills" title="Boulder Hills">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breidablik_Peak" title="Breidablik Peak">Breidablik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Mountains" title="Bruce Mountains">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byam_Martin_Mountains" title="Byam Martin Mountains">Byam Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Mountains" title="Challenger Mountains">Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Mountain" title="Commonwealth Mountain">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conger_Range" title="Conger Range">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_Mountains" title="Cunningham Mountains">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Range" title="Douro Range">Douro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Mountains" title="Everett Mountains">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Range" title="Garfield Range">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_Hills" title="Geodetic Hills">Geodetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_Range" title="Grinnell Range">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grogan_Morgan_Range" title="Grogan Morgan Range">Grogan Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddington_Range" title="Haddington Range">Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartz_Mountains_(Nunavut)" title="Hartz Mountains (Nunavut)">Hartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglefield_Mountains" title="Inglefield Mountains">Inglefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Mountains" title="Innuitian Mountains">Innuitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffries_Range" title="Jeffries Range">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Range" title="Joy Range">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisimngiuqtuq_Peak" title="Kisimngiuqtuq Peak">Kisimngiuqtuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krag_Mountains" title="Krag Mountains">Krag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krieger_Mountains" title="Krieger Mountains">Krieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Sun_Peak" title="Midnight Sun Peak">Midnight Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nukap" title="Mount Nukap">Nukap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Odin" title="Mount Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Range" title="Osborn Range">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Peak" title="Outlook Peak">Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitous_Mountains" title="Precipitous Mountains">Precipitous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Mountains" title="Prince of Wales Mountains">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Range" title="Princess Margaret Range">Princess Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiajivik_Mountain" title="Qiajivik Mountain">Qiajivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_Range_(Nunavut)" title="Sawtooth Range (Nunavut)">Sawtooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoresby_Hills" title="Scoresby Hills">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamiut_Range" title="Selamiut Range">Selamiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_Mountain" title="Stokes Mountain">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_Range" title="Stokes Range">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Range">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorndike_Peaks" title="Thorndike Peaks">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thule" title="Mount Thule">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treuter_Mountains" title="Treuter Mountains">Treuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukpik_Peak" title="Ukpik Peak">Ukpik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Mountains" title="Victoria and Albert Mountains">Victoria and Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Crown_Mountain" title="White Crown Mountain">White Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Triplets_Peaks" class="mw-redirect" title="White Triplets Peaks">White Triplets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Range" title="British Empire Range">British Empire Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Mountain_(Nunavut)" title="Arrowhead Mountain (Nunavut)">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ayles" title="Mount Ayles">Ayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeau_Peak" title="Barbeau Peak">Barbeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highpointer_Peak" title="Highpointer Peak">Highpointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Oxford_(Nunavut)" title="Mount Oxford (Nunavut)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whisler" title="Mount Whisler">Whisler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Range" title="United States Range">United States Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Eugene" title="Mount Eugene">Eugene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Newfoundland_and_Labrador" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Template:Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Template talk:Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newfoundland and Labrador"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Newfoundland_and_Labrador" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Government of Newfoundland and Labrador">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NL-Canada-province.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NL-Canada-province.png/120px-NL-Canada-province.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NL-Canada-province.png/180px-NL-Canada-province.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NL-Canada-province.png/240px-NL-Canada-province.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Islands of Newfoundland and Labrador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Lakes of Newfoundland and Labrador">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Mountains of Newfoundland and Labrador">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of rivers of Newfoundland and Labrador">Rivers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Cuisine of Newfoundland and Labrador">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Festivals in Newfoundland and Labrador">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of museums in Newfoundland and Labrador">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of people from Newfoundland and Labrador">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Religion in Newfoundland and Labrador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Newfoundland and Labrador">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Atlantic_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Atlantic Canada">Economy of Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Colony of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:Natural history of Newfoundland and Labrador">Natural history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Category:History of Newfoundland and Labrador">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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