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<span>Culinary use and nutrition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culinary_use_and_nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culinary use and nutrition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culinary_use_and_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nutrients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button 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<li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spinach</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinasie" title="Spinasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spinasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%86%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A3" title="ቆስጣ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቆስጣ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AE" title="سبانخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبانخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="পালেং শাক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পালেং শাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirrik_ispana%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Dirrik ispanağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dirrik ispanağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ایسپاناق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپاناق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="পালং শাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পালং শাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe-l%C3%AAng-%C3%A1" title="Poe-lêng-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Poe-lêng-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шпінат агародны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шпінат агародны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पालकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पालकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinaka" title="Espinaka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Espinaka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обикновен спанак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновен спанак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echter_Spinat" title="Echter Spinat – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Echter Spinat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BD%82" title="ཚལ་སྣག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚལ་སྣག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pinat" title="Špinat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Špinat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinac" title="Espinac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espinac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pen%C3%A1t_set%C3%BD" title="Špenát setý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Špenát setý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbigoglys" title="Sbigoglys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbigoglys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleefo" title="Aleefo – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Aleefo" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinat" title="Spinat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spinat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinat" title="Spinat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spinat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AF%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A8" title="ބޯވެލި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބޯވެލި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waa%CA%BC_(d%C3%AD%C3%ADshj%C4%AF%CC%81_%C3%A1%C3%A1%C5%82jin%C3%AD)" title="Waaʼ (dííshjį́ ááłjiní) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Waaʼ (dííshjį́ ááłjiní)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%A1edny_spinat" title="Wšedny spinat – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wšedny spinat" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedspinat" title="Aedspinat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aedspinat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Σπανάκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπανάκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legoma_spinaco" title="Legoma spinaco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Legoma spinaco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziazerba" title="Ziazerba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ziazerba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="اسفناج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسفناج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pinard" title="Épinard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épinard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spion%C3%A1iste" title="Spionáiste – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spionáiste" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloinigean-g%C3%A0rraidh" title="Bloinigean-gàrraidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bloinigean-gàrraidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinaca" title="Espinaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espinaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%95_(%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80)" title="પાલક (ભાજી) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાલક (ભાજી)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%ACn-chhoi" title="Pô-lìn-chhoi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-lìn-chhoi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%88%EC%B9%98" title="시금치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시금치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD" title="Սպանախ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպանախ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="पालक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पालक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%A1%C4%9Bdny_spinat" title="Wšědny spinat – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wšědny spinat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pinat_(biljna_vrsta)" title="Špinat (biljna vrsta) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Špinat (biljna vrsta)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinato" title="Spinato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spinato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam_jepang" title="Bayam jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bayam jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Голмандзы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Голмандзы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkleshe" title="Umkleshe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umkleshe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%ADnat" title="Spínat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spínat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%93" title="תרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayem_kebon" title="Bayem kebon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bayem kebon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpema" title="Kpema – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpema" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಾಲಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಲಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="پالکھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پالکھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Самалдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Самалдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinari" title="Epinari – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Epinari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epina" title="Epina – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Epina" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%AEnax" title="Spînax – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Spînax" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinot" title="Spinot – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Spinot" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%C4%81ti" title="Spināti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spināti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4inetsch" title="Päinetsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Päinetsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C5%BEinis_%C5%A1pinatas" title="Daržinis špinatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daržinis špinatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinascio" title="Spinascio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Spinascio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinaasj" title="Spinaasj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spinaasj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spen%C3%B3t_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyfaj)" title="Spenót (növényfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spenót (növényfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9C" title="Спанаќ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спанаќ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പാലക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാലക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="पालक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पालक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AE" title="سبانخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سبانخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7" title="اسپنا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپنا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam_Jepun" title="Bayam Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bayam Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-l%C3%ACng-ch%C3%A1i" title="Pŏ̤-lìng-chái – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-lìng-chái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Бууцай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бууцай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဒေါက်ခွပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒေါက်ခွပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinazie" title="Spinazie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spinazie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="पालुङ्गो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पालुङ्गो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="पलः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पलः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6" title="ホウレンソウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホウレンソウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinat" title="Spinat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spinat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinat" title="Spinat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spinat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pinoches" title="Épinoches – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Épinoches" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinac" title="Espinac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espinac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ପାଳଙ୍ଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାଳଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95" title="ਪਾਲਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="پالک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پالک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpinak_warzywny" title="Szpinak warzywny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szpinak warzywny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinafre" title="Espinafre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espinafre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanac" title="Spanac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spanac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Шпинат огородный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шпинат огородный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C" title="ᱯᱟᱞᱠᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱞᱠᱤ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinaqi" title="Spinaqi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spinaqi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spinach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AA" title="پالڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پالڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pen%C3%A1t_siaty" title="Špenát siaty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Špenát siaty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pina%C4%8Da" title="Špinača – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Špinača" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="سپێناخ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سپێناخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9B" title="Спанаћ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спанаћ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pinat" title="Špinat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Špinat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaatti" title="Pinaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pinaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenat" title="Spenat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spenat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinaka" title="Espinaka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espinaka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="பசளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0" title="పాల కూర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాల కూర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="ปวยเล้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปวยเล้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B7" title="Исфаноҷ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исфаноҷ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A4%E1%8E%A2_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanak" title="Ispanak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ispanak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Шпинат городній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шпинат городній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="پالک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پالک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%95%D9%83" title="پالەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پالەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byaekbohcaiq" title="Byaekbohcaiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Byaekbohcaiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau_ch%C3%A2n_v%E1%BB%8Bt" title="Rau chân vịt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rau chân vịt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinasse" title="Spinasse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Spinasse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" title="Spinacia oleracea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Spinacia oleracea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A0%E8%8F%9C" title="菠菜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="菠菜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A0%E8%8F%9C" title="菠菜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菠菜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A0%E8%8F%9C" title="菠菜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菠菜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of flowering plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the plant, <i>Spinacia oleracea</i>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spinach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spinach (disambiguation)">Spinach (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Spinach </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinacia_oleracea_Spinazie_bloeiend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spinacia_oleracea_Spinazie_bloeiend.jpg/220px-Spinacia_oleracea_Spinazie_bloeiend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spinacia_oleracea_Spinazie_bloeiend.jpg/330px-Spinacia_oleracea_Spinazie_bloeiend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spinacia_oleracea_Spinazie_bloeiend.jpg/440px-Spinacia_oleracea_Spinazie_bloeiend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="703" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Spinacia_oleracea1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Illustration_Spinacia_oleracea1.jpg/220px-Illustration_Spinacia_oleracea1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Illustration_Spinacia_oleracea1.jpg/330px-Illustration_Spinacia_oleracea1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Illustration_Spinacia_oleracea1.jpg/440px-Illustration_Spinacia_oleracea1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Spinacia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spinacia" title="Spinacia"><i>Spinacia</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. oleracea</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Spinacia oleracea</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Spinach</b> (<i><b>Spinacia oleracea</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leafy</a> green <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>. It is of the order <a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a>, family <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Chenopodioideae" title="Chenopodioideae">Chenopodioideae</a>. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed either fresh, or after storage using <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">preservation techniques</a> by <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freezing_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezing (food)">freezing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dehydrated_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehydrated food">dehydration</a>. It may be eaten cooked or raw, and the taste differs considerably; the high <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> content may be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>. </p><p>It is an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a> (rarely <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a>), growing as tall as 30 cm (1 ft). Spinach may <a href="/wiki/Overwintering" title="Overwintering">overwinter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate regions">temperate regions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable in size: 2–30 cm (1–12 in) long and 1–15 cm (0.4–5.9 in) broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are inconspicuous, yellow-green, 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) in diameter, and mature into a small, hard, dry, lumpy <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> cluster 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) across containing several <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. </p><p>In 2022, world production of spinach was 33 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, with China alone accounting for 93% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <i>aspānāḵ</i>, the name entered <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>spinagium</i>, which borrowed it from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>isbanakh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cresswell2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cresswell2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word "spinach" dates to the late <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> word <i>espinache</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common spinach (<i>S. oleracea</i>) was long considered to be in the family <a href="/wiki/Chenopodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodiaceae">Chenopodiaceae</a>, but in 2003 that family was merged into the Amaranthaceae in the order <a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawling2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawling2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the family <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a></i>, Spinach belongs to the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Chenopodioideae" title="Chenopodioideae">Chenopodioideae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As opposed to the great majority of the <a href="/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliophyta">flowering plants</a> or plants used as vegetables, spinach is a <a href="/wiki/Dioicy" title="Dioicy">dioicous</a> plant, meaning different plants can have either female or male flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birlouez_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birlouez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flowers are small, green and unattractive to <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>. Rather, <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> occurs via wind <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">anemophily</a>, for which the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> has evolved to be very small and light so it can be carried large distances, often miles away. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers,_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinach male flowers"><img alt="Spinach male flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers%2C_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg/150px-Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers%2C_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers%2C_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg/225px-Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers%2C_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers%2C_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg/300px-Spinacia_oleracea_male_flowers%2C_spinazie_mannelijke_bloemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinach male flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers,_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinach female flowers"><img alt="Spinach female flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers%2C_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg/150px-Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers%2C_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers%2C_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg/225px-Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers%2C_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers%2C_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg/300px-Spinacia_oleracea_female_flowers%2C_spinazie_vrouwelijke_bloemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spinach female flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinach_seeds_round.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Round seeds of the 'Monnopa' cultivar"><img alt="Round seeds of the 'Monnopa' cultivar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spinach_seeds_round.jpg/200px-Spinach_seeds_round.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spinach_seeds_round.jpg/300px-Spinach_seeds_round.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spinach_seeds_round.jpg/400px-Spinach_seeds_round.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Round seeds of the 'Monnopa' cultivar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spiky seeds of the 'Erste Ernte' cultivar"><img alt="Spiky seeds of the 'Erste Ernte' cultivar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg/200px-Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg/300px-Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg/400px-Spinach_seeds_spiky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spiky seeds of the 'Erste Ernte' cultivar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spinach is thought to have originated about 2,000 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">ancient Persia</a> from which it was introduced to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a> via <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in 647 AD as the "Persian vegetable".<sup id="cite_ref-vf_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 827, the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> introduced spinach to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first written evidence of spinach in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> was recorded in three 10th-century works: a medical work by al-Rāzī (known as <a href="/wiki/Rhazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhazes">Rhazes</a> in the West) and in two agricultural treatises, one by Ibn Waḥshīyah and the other by Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Spinach became a popular vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and arrived in the Iberian Peninsula by the latter part of the 12th century, where Ibn al-ʻAwwām called it <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">raʼīs al-buqūl</i></span></i>, 'the <a href="/wiki/Rais" title="Rais">chieftain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leafy_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Leafy greens">leafy greens</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinach was also the subject of a special treatise in the 11th century by Ibn Ḥajjāj.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Spinach first appeared in England and France in the <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a>, probably via Iberia, and gained common use because it appeared in early spring when fresh local vegetables were not available.<sup id="cite_ref-vf_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinach is mentioned in the first known English <a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">cookbook</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Forme_of_Cury" class="mw-redirect" title="Forme of Cury">Forme of Cury</a></i> (1390), where it is referred to as 'spinnedge' and 'spynoches'.<sup id="cite_ref-vf_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, wine fortified with spinach juice was given to injured <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of France">French soldiers</a> with the intent to curtail their <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">bleeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vf_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrieveGrieve1971_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrieveGrieve1971-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_use_and_nutrition">Culinary use and nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culinary use and nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spinach is eaten raw, in salads, and cooked in soups, curries, or casseroles. Dishes with spinach as a main ingredient include <a href="/wiki/Spinach_salad" title="Spinach salad">spinach salad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinach_soup" title="Spinach soup">spinach soup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinach_dip" title="Spinach dip">spinach dip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saag_paneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Saag paneer">saag paneer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pkhali" title="Pkhali">pkhali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ispanakhi_matsvnit" title="Ispanakhi matsvnit">ispanakhi matsvnit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">spanakopita</a>. </p><p>In classical French cuisine, a spinach-based dish may be described as <a href="/wiki/Florentine_(culinary_term)" title="Florentine (culinary term)">à la Florentine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nutrients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Spinach, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">97 kJ (23 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">3.6 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.4 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.4 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.9 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">52%</div> 469 μg<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">52%</div>5626 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">12198 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">9377 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.078 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 0.189 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.724 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 0.195 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">49%</div> 194 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">31%</div> 28 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">403%</div> 483 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 99 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 2.71 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 79 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">39%</div> 0.897 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 49 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 558 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 79 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.53 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">91.4 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168462/nutrients">Link to USDA database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw spinach is 91% water, 4% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and contains negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In a 100 g (3.5 oz) serving providing 23 <a href="/wiki/Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a>, spinach has a high <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_value" title="Nutritional value">nutritional value</a>, especially when fresh, <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">frozen</a>, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_in_biology" title="Manganese in biology">manganese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> (31-52% DV), with an especially high content of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> (403% DV) (table). Spinach is a moderate source (10–19% of DV) of the <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_in_biology" title="Iron in biology">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">magnesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> (table). </p><p>Due to the dense content of vitamin K, individuals taking the <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>, which acts by inhibiting vitamin K, are instructed to minimize consumption of spinach (and other dark green leafy vegetables) to avoid blunting the effect of warfarin.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although spinach contains moderate amounts of iron and calcium, it also contains <a href="/wiki/Oxalates" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxalates">oxalates</a>, which may inhibit absorption of calcium and iron in the stomach and small intestine. Cooked spinach has lower levels of oxalates, and its nutrients may be absorbed more completely.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Osteoporosis_Foundation_2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Osteoporosis_Foundation_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noonan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooking spinach significantly decreases its vitamin C concentration, as vitamin C is degraded by heating. Folate levels may also be decreased, as folate tends to leach into cooking liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-Delchier_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delchier-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spinach is rich in <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, which may exceed safe levels if spinach is over-consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Spinach production - 2022<br /> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Production <br /><small> (millions of tonnes)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>30.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>33.1</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">UN Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, Statistics Division<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production of spinach was 33 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, with China alone accounting for 93% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing_and_safety">Marketing and safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marketing and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fresh spinach is sold loose, bunched, or packaged fresh in bags. Fresh spinach loses much of its nutritional value with storage of more than a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-sd_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresh spinach is packaged in air, or in nitrogen gas to extend shelf life. While refrigeration slows this effect to about eight days, fresh spinach loses most of its folate and carotenoid content over this period of time. For longer storage, it is <a href="/wiki/Canned_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned vegetables">canned</a>, or blanched or cooked and frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-sd_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some packaged spinach is exposed to radiation to kill any harmful bacteria. The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approves of irradiation of spinach leaves up to 4.0 <a href="/wiki/Kilogray" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilogray">kilograys</a>, having no or only a minor effect on nutrient content.<sup id="cite_ref-bliss_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliss-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spinach may be high in <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> contamination depending on the soil and location where the spinach is grown.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comics and cartoon character <a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye the Sailor Man</a> is portrayed as gaining strength by consuming canned spinach.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accompanying song lyric is: "I'm strong to the finich  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], 'cuz I eats me spinach."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is usually attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> content of spinach, but in a 1932 strip, Popeye states that "spinach is full of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>" and that is what makes people strong and healthy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon depicting a mother telling her daughter "It's broccoli, dear" over a dish at a dining table. The child answers: "I say it's spinach, and I say the hell with it.". It is signed by Carl Rose." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg/220px-ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg/330px-ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg/440px-ItsBroccoliCarlRose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>The American phrase "<a href="/wiki/I_say_it%27s_spinach" title="I say it's spinach">I say it's spinach</a>" meaning "nonsense" comes from a 1928 cartoon in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-harper_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_leafy_vegetable" class="mw-redirect" title="Green leafy vegetable">Green leafy vegetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_aquatica" title="Ipomoea aquatica">Ipomoea aquatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_spinach" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain spinach">Mountain spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_amaranth" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer amaranth">Palmer amaranth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinach_in_the_United_States" title="Spinach in the United States">Spinach in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetragonia_tetragonioides" title="Tetragonia tetragonioides">Tetragonia tetragonioides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_goosefoot" class="mw-redirect" title="White goosefoot">White goosefoot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">Asparagus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">sorrel</a> are the other notable exceptions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-faostat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">"Spinach production in 2022; Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists"</a>. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spinach+production+in+2022%3B+Crops%2FRegions%2FWorld%2FProduction+Quantity%2FYear+from+pick+lists&rft.pub=UN+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cresswell2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cresswell2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Cresswell2010" class="citation book cs1">Julia Cresswell (9 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954793-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954793-7"><bdi>978-0-19-954793-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Word+Origins&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954793-7&rft.au=Julia+Cresswell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4i3zV4vnBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online_Etym-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/spinach#etymonline_v_24022">"Spinach"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spinach&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%2C+Douglas+Harper&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fspinach%23etymonline_v_24022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/caryophyllalesweb.htm#Amaranthaceae">"Caryophyllales"</a>. <i>www.mobot.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mobot.org&rft.atitle=Caryophyllales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2Fapweb%2Forders%2Fcaryophyllalesweb.htm%23Amaranthaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawling2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawling2013_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam_Dawling2013" class="citation book cs1">Pam Dawling (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIwbBcglxEC&pg=PA244"><i>Sustainable Market Farming: Intensive Vegetable Production on a Few Acres</i></a>. 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(December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lwt.2012.06.017">"Impa.ct of cooking methods on folates, ascorbic acid and lutein in green beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) and spinach (<i>Spinacea oleracea</i>)"</a>. <i>Food Science and Technology</i>. <b>49</b> (2). Elsevier: 197–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lwt.2012.06.017">10.1016/j.lwt.2012.06.017</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Impa.ct+of+cooking+methods+on+folates%2C+ascorbic+acid+and+lutein+in+green+beans+%28Phaseolus+vulgaris%29+and+spinach+%28Spinacea+oleracea%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-201&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lwt.2012.06.017&rft.aulast=Delchier&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Reich%2C+M&rft.au=Renard%2C+C.M.G.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.lwt.2012.06.017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIammarinoDi_TarantoCristino2014" class="citation journal cs1">Iammarino, M; Di Taranto, A; Cristino, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.6439">"Monitoring of nitrites and nitrates levels in leafy vegetables (spinach and lettuce): a contribution to risk assessment"</a>. <i>J Sci Food Agric</i>. <b>94</b> (4). Wiley: 773–778. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JSFA...94..773I">2014JSFA...94..773I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.6439">10.1002/jsfa.6439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24122771">24122771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Sci+Food+Agric&rft.atitle=Monitoring+of+nitrites+and+nitrates+levels+in+leafy+vegetables+%28spinach+and+lettuce%29%3A+a+contribution+to+risk+assessment&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=773-778&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24122771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjsfa.6439&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JSFA...94..773I&rft.aulast=Iammarino&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Di+Taranto%2C+A&rft.au=Cristino%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjsfa.6439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sd-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sd_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sd_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennsylvania_State_University2005" class="citation web cs1">Pennsylvania State University (23 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050323124809.htm">"Storage time and temperature effects nutrients in spinach"</a>. ScienceDaily<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storage+time+and+temperature+effects+nutrients+in+spinach&rft.pub=ScienceDaily&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.au=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2005%2F03%2F050323124809.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bliss-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bliss_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss2010" class="citation web cs1">Bliss, Rosalie Marion (27 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2010/nutrient-retention-of-safer-salads-explored/">"Nutrient retention of safer salads explored"</a>. US Department of Agriculture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrient+retention+of+safer+salads+explored&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.aulast=Bliss&rft.aufirst=Rosalie+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fresearch-news%2F2010%2Fnutrient-retention-of-safer-salads-explored%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-5.pdf">"ToxGuide for cadmium"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services. October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ToxGuide+for+cadmium&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pub=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry%2C+US+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Ftoxguides%2Ftoxguide-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbatt2009" class="citation news cs1">Gabbatt, Adam (8 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/dec/08/ec-segar-popeye-google-doodle">"E.C. Segar, Popeye's creator, celebrated with a Google doodle"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=E.C.+Segar%2C+Popeye%27s+creator%2C+celebrated+with+a+Google+doodle&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft.aulast=Gabbatt&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2Fdec%2F08%2Fec-segar-popeye-google-doodle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2001" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Diane (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj5QxjMh9aAC"><i>American History in Song: Lyrics from 1900 to 1945</i></a>. Authors Choice Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-19331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-19331-8"><bdi>978-0-595-19331-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+History+in+Song%3A+Lyrics+from+1900+to+1945&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Authors+Choice+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-595-19331-8&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZj5QxjMh9aAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Schwarcz, <i>Monkeys, Myths, and Molecules: Separating Fact from Fiction in the Science of Everyday Life</i>, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1770411917" title="Special:BookSources/1770411917">1770411917</a>, p. 245; spinach actually contains <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, which the body converts to vitamin A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harper-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harper_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Harper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=spinach&searchmode=term">"spinach (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=spinach+%28n.%29&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dspinach%26searchmode%3Dterm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,815645,00.html">"The Press: I Say It's Spinach"</a></span>. <i>Time</i>. October 22, 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Many a New Yorkerism (e.g., Cartoonist Carl Rose's 'I say it's spinach, and I say the hell with it') has become a part of the language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Press%3A+I+Say+It%27s+Spinach&rft.date=1951-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C815645%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinach&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Spinach</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spinach" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Spinach">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" class="extiw" title="c:Spinacia oleracea">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spinach" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Spinach">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spinach" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Spinach">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spinach" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Spinach">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spinach" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Spinach">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spinach" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Spinach">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spinach" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Spinach">Spinach</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Spinach" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Spinach">Spinach</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Spinacia oleracea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81464" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q81464">Q81464</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spinacia_oleracea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Spinacia oleracea">Spinacia oleracea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/131887">131887</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38692">38692</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9243">9243</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4Z547">4Z547</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1997">1997</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/582002">582002</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SPQOL">SPQOL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/168064">168064</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200006938">200006938</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006938">200006938</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3083647">3083647</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=35256">35256</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/84092">84092</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/167384-1">167384-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10418849">10418849</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=20709">20709</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279157">279157</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130651/">2.130651</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000033777">NBNSYS0000033777</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3562">3562</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ac791c48-8ff9-45e8-8247-7ed640ce6567">ac791c48-8ff9-45e8-8247-7ed640ce6567</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7506/">7506</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=317784">317784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=480">480</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2483900">kew-2483900</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SPOL">SPOL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A167384-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:167384-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/105498/wd/Details">105498</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/7200278">7200278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/4566">4566</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000437543">wfo-0000437543</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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