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id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microbial_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Microbial control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sealing:_double_seams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sealing:_double_seams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sealing: double seams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sealing:_double_seams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Seaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>First operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Second operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seamer_setup_and_quality_assurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seamer_setup_and_quality_assurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Seamer setup and quality assurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seamer_setup_and_quality_assurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nutritional value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Potential hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Potential hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_of_can_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_of_can_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Migration of can components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_of_can_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Salt content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botulism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botulism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Botulism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botulism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canning_and_economic_recession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canning_and_economic_recession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canning and economic recession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canning_and_economic_recession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="تعليب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعليب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserv" title="Konserv – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konserv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кансервы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кансервы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enllaunament" title="Enllaunament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enllaunament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Консервăсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Консервăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerva" title="Konzerva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konzerva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κονσερβοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κονσερβοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envasado" title="Envasado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Envasado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilvakuigo" title="Sterilvakuigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sterilvakuigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontziratze" title="Ontziratze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ontziratze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کنسروسازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنسروسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserve" title="Conserve – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conserve" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cann%C3%BA" title="Cannú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cannú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%A1%B0%EB%A6%BC" title="통조림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통조림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պահածոյացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պահածոյացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerva" title="Konzerva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konzerva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalengan" title="Pengalengan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengalengan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0ursu%C3%B0a" title="Niðursuða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Niðursuða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שימורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangal%C3%A8ngan" title="Pangalèngan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pangalèngan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Консервілер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Консервілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Консервалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Консервалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetinan" title="Pengetinan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengetinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စည်သွတ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စည်သွတ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eten_uit_blik" title="Eten uit blik – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eten uit blik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%B6%E8%A9%B0" title="缶詰 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="缶詰" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetisering" title="Hermetisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hermetisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserwa" title="Konserwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konserwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Консервы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консервы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservimi" title="Konservimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konservimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning" title="Canning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerva" title="Konzerva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzerva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ilyke" title="Säilyke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Säilyke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of preserving food</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a method of food preservation. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canning_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canning (disambiguation)">Canning (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cannery" redirects here. For the casino, see <a href="/wiki/Cannery_Casino_and_Hotel" title="Cannery Casino and Hotel">Cannery Casino and Hotel</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thermal processing" redirects here. For the thermochemical decomposition of organic material, see <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">Caning</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_34482_Making_Salmon_Cans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FMIB_34482_Making_Salmon_Cans.jpeg/220px-FMIB_34482_Making_Salmon_Cans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FMIB_34482_Making_Salmon_Cans.jpeg/330px-FMIB_34482_Making_Salmon_Cans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FMIB_34482_Making_Salmon_Cans.jpeg/440px-FMIB_34482_Making_Salmon_Cans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Industrial canning machines used for mass-producing <a href="/wiki/Canned_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned salmon">canned salmon</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Canning</b> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container (<a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">jars</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mason_jar" title="Mason jar">Mason jars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">steel and tin cans</a>). Canning provides a <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> that typically ranges from one to five years,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, could last as long as 30 years in an edible state. </p><p>In 1974, samples of canned food from the wreck of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_(steamboat)" title="Bertrand (steamboat)">Bertrand</a></i>, a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1865, were tested by the <a href="/wiki/National_Food_Processors_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Food Processors Association">National Food Processors Association</a>. Although appearance, smell, and vitamin content had deteriorated, there was no trace of microbial growth and the 109-year-old food was determined to be still safe to eat.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mason_jar" title="Mason jar">Mason jar</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Canning" title="Special:EditPage/Canning">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_origins">French origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: French origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boutappertcolljpb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boutappertcolljpb.jpg/170px-Boutappertcolljpb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boutappertcolljpb.jpg/255px-Boutappertcolljpb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boutappertcolljpb.jpg/340px-Boutappertcolljpb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>A canning jar used by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Appert" title="Nicolas Appert">Nicolas Appert</a>'s canning factory</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the French government offered a hefty cash award of 12,000 francs to any inventor who could devise a cheap and effective method of preserving large amounts of food to create well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Military_rations" title="Military rations">military rations</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a>. The larger armies of the period required increased and regular supplies of quality food. Limited food availability was among the factors limiting military campaigns to the summer and autumn months. In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Appert" title="Nicolas Appert">Nicolas Appert</a>, a French confectioner and brewer, observed that food cooked inside a jar did not spoil unless the seals leaked, and developed a method of sealing food in glass jars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appert was awarded the prize in 1810 by Count Montelivert, a French minister of the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for lack of spoilage was unknown at the time, since it would be another 50 years before <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> demonstrated the role of microbes in food spoilage and developed <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>. </p><p>The Grande Armée began experimenting with issuing canned foods to its soldiers, but the slow process of canning and the even slower development and transport stages prevented the army from shipping large amounts across the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>, and the wars ended before the process was perfected. </p><p>Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the canning process was gradually employed in other European countries and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on Appert's methods of food preservation, the <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">tin can</a> process was allegedly developed by Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Girard" title="Philippe de Girard">Philippe de Girard</a>, who came to London and used British merchant <a href="/wiki/Peter_Durand" title="Peter Durand">Peter Durand</a> as an agent to patent his own idea in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durand did not pursue food canning himself, selling his patent in 1811 to <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Donkin" title="Bryan Donkin">Bryan Donkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(engineer)" title="John Hall (engineer)">John Hall</a>, who were in business as Donkin Hall and Gamble, of <a href="/wiki/Bermondsey" title="Bermondsey">Bermondsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryan Donkin developed the process of packaging food in sealed airtight cans, made of tinned wrought iron. Initially, the canning process was slow and labour-intensive, as each large can had to be hand-made, and took up to six hours to cook, making canned food too expensive for ordinary people. </p><p>The main market for the food at this stage was the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. By 1817, Donkin recorded that he had sold £3000 worth of canned meat in six months. In 1824, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">William Edward Parry</a> took canned beef and pea soup with him on his voyage to the Arctic in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a>, during his search for a northwestern passage to India. In 1829, Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Ross</a> also took canned food to the Arctic, as did Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his stores were found by the search expedition led by Captain (later Admiral Sir) <a href="/wiki/Francis_McClintock" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis McClintock">Leopold McClintock</a> in 1857. One of these cans was opened in 1939 and was edible and nutritious, though it was not analysed for contamination by the lead solder used in its manufacture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berthold_Weiss_Canned_Foods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Berthold_Weiss_Canned_Foods.jpg/220px-Berthold_Weiss_Canned_Foods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Berthold_Weiss_Canned_Foods.jpg/330px-Berthold_Weiss_Canned_Foods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Berthold_Weiss_Canned_Foods.jpg/440px-Berthold_Weiss_Canned_Foods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weiss_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Weiss Works">Berthold-Weiss Factory</a>, one of the first large canned food factories in <a href="/wiki/Csepel" title="Csepel">Csepel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (1885)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the mid-19th century, canned food became a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> among middle-class households in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, being something of a frivolous <a href="/wiki/Novelties" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelties">novelty</a>. Early methods of manufacture employed poisonous <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> for sealing the cans. Studies in the 1980s attributed the lead from the cans as a factor in the disastrous outcome of the 1845 <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin expedition</a> to chart and navigate the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, studies in 2013 and 2016 suggested that lead poisoning was likely not a factor, and that the crew's ill health may, in fact, have been due to malnutrition—specifically zinc deficiency—possibly due to a lack of meat in their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing mechanization of the canning process, coupled with a huge increase in urban populations across Europe, resulted in a rising demand for canned food. A number of inventions and improvements followed, and by the 1860s smaller machine-made steel cans were possible, and the time to cook food in sealed cans had been reduced from around six hours to thirty minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannery_worker_filling_tuna_cans,_Los_Angeles_Cannery_Co.,_Long_Beach,_Ca._(4951753662).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cannery_worker_filling_tuna_cans%2C_Los_Angeles_Cannery_Co.%2C_Long_Beach%2C_Ca._%284951753662%29.jpg/220px-Cannery_worker_filling_tuna_cans%2C_Los_Angeles_Cannery_Co.%2C_Long_Beach%2C_Ca._%284951753662%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cannery_worker_filling_tuna_cans%2C_Los_Angeles_Cannery_Co.%2C_Long_Beach%2C_Ca._%284951753662%29.jpg/330px-Cannery_worker_filling_tuna_cans%2C_Los_Angeles_Cannery_Co.%2C_Long_Beach%2C_Ca._%284951753662%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cannery_worker_filling_tuna_cans%2C_Los_Angeles_Cannery_Co.%2C_Long_Beach%2C_Ca._%284951753662%29.jpg/440px-Cannery_worker_filling_tuna_cans%2C_Los_Angeles_Cannery_Co.%2C_Long_Beach%2C_Ca._%284951753662%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>A cannery worker filling <a href="/wiki/Tuna#Canned" title="Tuna">cans of tuna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>, United States, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Canned food also began to spread beyond Europe—Robert Ayars established the first American canning factory in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1812, using improved tin-plated wrought-iron cans for preserving <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>. Demand for canned food greatly increased during wars. Large-scale wars in the nineteenth century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, introduced increasing numbers of working-class men to canned food, and allowed canning companies to expand their businesses to meet military demands for non-perishable food, enabling companies to manufacture in bulk and sell to wider civilian markets after wars ended. Urban populations in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> demanded ever-increasing quantities of cheap, varied, quality food that they could keep at home without having to go shopping daily. In response, companies such as <a href="/wiki/William_Underwood_Company" title="William Underwood Company">Underwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._J._Heinz_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Heinz Company">Heinz</a>, and others provided quality canned food for sale to <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> city-dwellers. The late 19th century saw the range of canned food available to urban populations greatly increase, as canners competed with each other using novel foodstuffs, highly decorated printed labels, and lower prices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demand for canned food skyrocketed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, as military commanders sought vast quantities of cheap, high-<a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">food</a> to feed their millions of soldiers, which could be transported safely, survive <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench</a> conditions, and not spoil in transport. Throughout the war, British soldiers generally subsisted on low-quality canned food, such as the British <a href="/wiki/Bully_beef" title="Bully beef">bully beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork_and_beans" title="Pork and beans">pork and beans</a>, canned sausages, and <a href="/wiki/Maconochie" title="Maconochie">Maconochie's stew</a>, but by 1916, widespread dissatisfaction and increasing complaints about the poor quality canned food among soldiers resulted in militaries seeking better-quality food to improve morale, and complete meals-in-a-can began to appear. In 1917, the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> began issuing canned <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coq_au_vin" title="Coq au vin">coq au vin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef_bourguignon" title="Beef bourguignon">beef bourguignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_onion_soup" title="French onion soup">french onion soup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vichyssoise" title="Vichyssoise">Vichyssoise</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a> experimented with canned <a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">ravioli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolognese_sauce" title="Bolognese sauce">spaghetti bolognese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minestrone" title="Minestrone">minestrone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasta_e_fagioli" title="Pasta e fagioli">pasta e fagioli</a>. After the war, companies that had supplied military canned food began to improve the quality of their goods for civilian sale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Canning" title="Special:EditPage/Canning">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artashat_Cannery_03922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Artashat_Cannery_03922.jpg/150px-Artashat_Cannery_03922.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Artashat_Cannery_03922.jpg/225px-Artashat_Cannery_03922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Artashat_Cannery_03922.jpg/300px-Artashat_Cannery_03922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Modern glass jars from <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The original fragile and heavy glass containers presented challenges for transportation, and glass jars were largely replaced in commercial canneries with cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">tin can</a> or wrought-iron canisters (later shortened to "cans") following the work of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Durand" title="Peter Durand">Peter Durand</a> (1810). Cans are cheaper and quicker to make, and much less fragile than glass jars. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Can_opener" title="Can opener">Can openers</a> were not invented for another thirty years. At first, soldiers would cut the cans open with <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a> or smash them open with rocks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, tin-coated <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> is the material most commonly used. <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptically processed</a> <a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">retort pouches</a> are also used for canning. </p><p>Glass jars have remained popular for some high-value products and in <a href="/wiki/Home_canning" title="Home canning">home canning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbial_control">Microbial control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Microbial control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To prevent the food from being spoiled before and during containment, a number of methods are used: pasteurisation, boiling (and other applications of high temperature over a period of time), refrigeration, freezing, drying, vacuum treatment, antimicrobial agents that are natural to the recipe of the foods being preserved, a sufficient dose of ionizing radiation, submersion in a strong saline solution, acid, base, osmotically extreme (for example very sugary) or other microbially-challenging environments. </p><p>Other than <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilization</a>, no method is perfectly dependable as a preservative. Sterilization is done after the can is sealed, so that both the container and the food are secured. </p><p>The spores of the microorganism <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a></i> (which causes <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a>) can be eliminated only at temperatures above the boiling point of water. As a result, from a public safety point of view, foods with low <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a> (a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> more than 4.6) need sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C). To achieve temperatures above the boiling point requires the use of a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking#Related_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">pressure canner</a>. Foods that must be pressure canned include most <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products. The only foods that may be safely canned in an ordinary boiling water bath are highly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> ones with a pH below 4.6, such as <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickled</a> vegetables, or other foods to which acidic additives have been added. Although an ordinary boiling temperature does not kill botulism spores, the acidity is enough to stop them from growing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sealing:_double_seams">Sealing: double seams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sealing: double seams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></div> <p>Invented in 1888 by Max Ams,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern <a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">double seams</a> provide an airtight <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">seal</a> to a can. This airtight nature is crucial to keeping micro-organisms out of the can and keeping the can's contents sealed inside. Thus, double seamed cans are also known as Sanitary Cans. Developed in 1900 in Europe, this sort of can was made of the traditional cylindrical body made with <a href="/wiki/Tin_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin plate">tin plate</a>. The two ends (<a href="/wiki/Lid_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lid (container)">lids</a>) were attached using what is now called a double seam. A can thus sealed is impervious to contamination by creating two tight continuous folds between the can's cylindrical body and the lids. This eliminated the need for <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> and allowed improvements in manufacturing speed, reducing cost. </p><p>Double seaming uses rollers to shape the can, lid and the final double seam. To make a sanitary can and lid suitable for double seaming, manufacture begins with a sheet of coated tin plate. To create the can body, rectangles are cut and curled around a die, and welded together creating a cylinder with a side seam. </p><p>Rollers are then used to flare out one or both ends of the cylinder to create a quarter circle flange around the circumference. Precision is required to ensure that the welded sides are perfectly aligned, as any misalignment will cause inconsistent flange shape, compromising its integrity. </p><p>A circle is then cut from the sheet using a die cutter. The circle is shaped in a stamping press to create a downward countersink to fit snugly into the can body. The result can be compared to an upside down and very flat <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a>. The outer edge is then curled down and around about 140 degrees using rollers to create the end curl. </p><p>The result is a steel tube with a flanged edge, and a countersunk steel disc with a curled edge. A <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> compound is put inside the curl. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaming">Seaming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Food_Grass_Jelly_Canned_with_Tinplate_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HK_Food_Grass_Jelly_Canned_with_Tinplate_a.jpg/170px-HK_Food_Grass_Jelly_Canned_with_Tinplate_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HK_Food_Grass_Jelly_Canned_with_Tinplate_a.jpg/255px-HK_Food_Grass_Jelly_Canned_with_Tinplate_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HK_Food_Grass_Jelly_Canned_with_Tinplate_a.jpg/340px-HK_Food_Grass_Jelly_Canned_with_Tinplate_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>An opened <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">tin can</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The body and end are brought together in a seamer and held in place by the base plate and chuck, respectively. The base plate provides a sure footing for the can body during the seaming operation and the chuck fits snugly into the end (lid). The result is the countersink of the end sits inside the top of the can body just below the flange. The end curl protrudes slightly beyond the flange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_operation">First operation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once brought together in the seamer, the seaming head presses a first operation roller against the end curl. The end curl is pressed against the flange curling it in toward the body and under the flange. The flange is also bent downward, and the end and body are now loosely joined. The first operation roller is then retracted. At this point five thicknesses of steel exist in the seam. From the outside in they are: </p> <ul><li>End</li> <li>Body hook</li> <li>Cover hook</li> <li>Body</li> <li>Countersink</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_operation">Second operation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seaming head then engages the second operation roller against the partly formed seam. The second operation presses all five steel components together tightly to form the final seal. The five layers in the final seam are then called; a) End, b) Body Hook, c) Cover Hook, d) Body, e) Countersink. All sanitary cans require a filling medium within the seam because otherwise the metal-to-metal contact will not maintain a hermetic seal. In most cases, a rubberized compound is placed inside the end curl radius, forming the critical seal between the end and the body. </p><p>Probably the most important innovation since the introduction of double seams is the welded side seam. Prior to the welded side seam, the can body was folded and/or soldered together, leaving a relatively thick side seam. The thick side seam required that the side seam end juncture at the end curl to have more metal to curl around before closing in behind the Body Hook or flange, with a greater opportunity for error. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seamer_setup_and_quality_assurance">Seamer setup and quality assurance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seamer setup and quality assurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different parts during the seaming process are critical in ensuring that a can is airtight and vacuum sealed. The dangers of a can that is not hermetically sealed are contamination by foreign objects (bacteria or fungicide sprays), or that the can could leak or spoil. </p><p>One important part is the seamer setup. This process is usually performed by an experienced technician. among the parts that need setup are seamer rolls and chucks which have to be set in their exact position (using a feeler gauge or a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearance_gauge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clearance gauge (page does not exist)">clearance gauge</a>). The lifter pressure and position, roll and chuck designs, tooling wear, and bearing wear all contribute to a good <a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">double seam</a>. </p><p>Incorrect setups can be non-intuitive. For example, due to the <a href="/wiki/Springback" class="mw-redirect" title="Springback">springback</a> effect, a seam can appear loose, when in reality it was closed too tight and has opened up like a spring. For this reason, experienced operators and good seamer setup are critical to ensure that double seams are properly closed. </p><p>Quality control usually involves taking full cans from the line – one per seamer head, at least once or twice per shift, and performing a teardown operation (<a href="/wiki/Wrinkle" title="Wrinkle">wrinkle</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tightness" class="extiw" title="wikt:tightness">tightness</a>), mechanical tests (external thickness, seamer length/height and countersink) as well as cutting the seam open with a twin blade saw and measuring with a double seam inspection system. The combination of these measurements will determine the seam's quality. </p><p>Use of a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_process_control" title="Statistical process control">statistical process control</a> (SPC) software in conjunction with a manual double-seam monitor, computerized double seam scanner, or even a fully automatic double seam inspection system makes the laborious process of double seam inspection faster and much more accurate. Statistically tracking the performance of each head or seaming station of the <a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">can seamer</a> allows for better prediction of can seamer issues, and may be used to plan maintenance when convenient, rather than to simply react after bad or unsafe cans have been produced.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nutritional value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_do_mar_de_Galicia_-_conservas_antigas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museo_do_mar_de_Galicia_-_conservas_antigas.jpg/220px-Museo_do_mar_de_Galicia_-_conservas_antigas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museo_do_mar_de_Galicia_-_conservas_antigas.jpg/330px-Museo_do_mar_de_Galicia_-_conservas_antigas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Museo_do_mar_de_Galicia_-_conservas_antigas.jpg/440px-Museo_do_mar_de_Galicia_-_conservas_antigas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>1970's canned food exposition in <i>Museo del Mar de Galicia</i> (Museum of Sea in <a href="/wiki/Galicia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia, Spain">Galicia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Canning is a way of processing food to extend its <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a>. The idea is to make food available and edible long after the processing time. A 1997 study found that canned fruits and vegetables are as rich with <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> as the same corresponding fresh or frozen foods, and in some cases the canned products are richer than their fresh or frozen counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heating process during canning appears to make dietary fiber more soluble, and therefore more readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts. Canned tomatoes have a higher available <a href="/wiki/Lycopene" title="Lycopene">lycopene</a> content. Consequently, canned meat and vegetables are often among the list of food items that are stocked during emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_hazards">Potential hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Potential hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863_(page_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3 women working at a pineapple cannery in Hawaii. Their job is to pack the pineapples into cans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863_%28page_2%29.jpg/220px-Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863_%28page_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863_%28page_2%29.jpg/330px-Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863_%28page_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863_%28page_2%29.jpg/440px-Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863_%28page_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption>Hawaiian women working at a pineapple cannery in 1928</figcaption></figure><p>In the beginning of the 19th century the process of canning foods was mainly done by small canneries. These canneries were full of overlooked sanitation problems, such as poor hygiene and unsanitary work environments. Since the refrigerator did not exist and industrial canning standards were not set in place it was very common for contaminated cans to slip onto the grocery store shelves.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>The Fruits of Empire: Art, Food and the Politics of Race in the Age of American Expansion</i> by Shana Klein, "Workers also suffered injuries, specifically bruised knuckles and open sores, from trimming and packaging pineapples. Gloves were one preventative measure to protect a canner's hands from the acidity of the pineapple, but gloves did not always help."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_of_can_components">Migration of can components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Migration of can components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In canning toxicology, <i>migration</i> is the movement of substances from the can itself into the contents.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential toxic substances that can migrate are lead, causing <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA), a potential <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptor</a> that is an ingredient in the epoxy commonly used to coat the inner surface of cans. Some cans are manufactured with a BPA-free enamel lining produced from plant oils and resins.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2018, the Can Manufacturers Institute, a trade association in the United States, surveyed the industry and reported that at least 90% of food cans no longer contained BPA.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_content">Salt content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Salt content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spam_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spam_2.jpg/220px-Spam_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spam_2.jpg/330px-Spam_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spam_2.jpg/440px-Spam_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Can of <a href="/wiki/Spam_(food)" title="Spam (food)">SPAM</a> in 2005, boasting a 25% (one quarter) sodium content reduction</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (sodium chloride), dissolved in water, is used in the canning process, which helps prevent spoilage and can improve sensory characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, canned food can be a major source of dietary salt.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Too much salt increases the risk of health problems, including <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>. Therefore, health authorities have recommended limitations of dietary sodium.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many canned products are available in low-salt and no-salt alternatives. </p><p>Rinsing thoroughly after opening may reduce the amount of salt in canned vegetables, since much of the salt content is thought to be in the liquid, rather than the food itself.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botulism">Botulism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Botulism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Botulism#Prevention" title="Botulism">Botulism § Prevention</a></div> <p>Foodborne <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a> results from contaminated foodstuffs in which <i><a href="/wiki/C._botulinum" class="mw-redirect" title="C. botulinum">C. botulinum</a></i> spores have been allowed to germinate and produce botulism toxin,<sup id="cite_ref-koo_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koo-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this typically occurs in canned non-acidic food substances that have not received a strong enough thermal heat treatment. <i>C. botulinum</i> prefers low oxygen environments and is a poor competitor to other bacteria, but its spores are resistant to thermal treatments. When a canned food is sterilized insufficiently, most other bacteria besides the <i>C. botulinum</i> spores are killed, and the spores can germinate and produce botulism toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-koo_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koo-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botulism is a rare but serious <a href="/wiki/Paralytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralytic">paralytic</a> illness, leading to paralysis that typically starts with the muscles of the face and then spreads towards the limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The botulinum toxin is extremely dangerous because it cannot be detected by sight or smell, and ingestion of even a small amount of the toxin can be deadly.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In severe forms, it leads to paralysis of the breathing muscles and causes <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a>. In view of this life-threatening complication, all suspected cases of botulism are treated as <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergencies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> officials are usually involved to prevent further cases from the same source.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canning_and_economic_recession">Canning and economic recession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canning and economic recession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulutusosuuskuntien_Keskusliiton_kokoelma_D1974_9319A_(30876972546).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kulutusosuuskuntien_Keskusliiton_kokoelma_D1974_9319A_%2830876972546%29.jpg/170px-Kulutusosuuskuntien_Keskusliiton_kokoelma_D1974_9319A_%2830876972546%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kulutusosuuskuntien_Keskusliiton_kokoelma_D1974_9319A_%2830876972546%29.jpg/255px-Kulutusosuuskuntien_Keskusliiton_kokoelma_D1974_9319A_%2830876972546%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kulutusosuuskuntien_Keskusliiton_kokoelma_D1974_9319A_%2830876972546%29.jpg/340px-Kulutusosuuskuntien_Keskusliiton_kokoelma_D1974_9319A_%2830876972546%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5781" data-file-height="5802" /></a><figcaption>Canned meat on the shelves of an <a href="/wiki/Elanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Elanto">Elanto</a> store in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Canned goods and canning supplies sell particularly well in times of recession due to the tendency of financially stressed individuals to engage in <a href="/wiki/Cocooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocooning">cocooning</a>, a term used by retail analysts to describe the phenomenon in which people choose to stay at home instead of adding expenditures to their budget by dining out and socializing outside the home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Also, some people may become <a href="/wiki/Prepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepper">preppers</a> and proceed to stockpile canned food.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20200424_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200424-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Doomer" title="Doomer">doomer</a> would also be interested in stockpiling canned food upon learning about a recession.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In February 2009 during a recession, the United States saw an 11.5% rise in sales of canning-related items.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some communities in the US have county canning centers which are available for teaching canning, or shared community kitchens which can be rented for canning one's own foods.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Jones_(inventor)" title="Amanda Jones (inventor)">Amanda Jones</a>, inventor of a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> method of canning.      </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a>, most commonly associated with canned food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Can_opener" title="Can opener">Can opener</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_canning" title="Home canning">Home canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Food drying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dried_foods" title="List of dried foods">List of dried foods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_death_time" title="Thermal death time">Thermal death time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_water" title="Canned water">Canned water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canneries" title="List of canneries">List of canneries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannery_Row" title="Cannery Row">Cannery Row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canstruction" title="Canstruction">Canstruction</a> non-profit organisation</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA), "canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, or temperatures above 90 °F (32.2 °C)". If the cans look okay, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or swollen. High-acid canned foods (tomatoes, fruits) will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months; low-acid canned foods (meats, vegetables) for 2 to 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-FAQ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-FAQ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USDA-FAQ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDA-FAQ_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/food-labeling/food-product-dating/food-product-dating">"Food_Product_Dating"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food_Product_Dating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsis.usda.gov%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Ffsis%2Ftopics%2Ffood-safety-education%2Fget-answers%2Ffood-safety-fact-sheets%2Ffood-labeling%2Ffood-product-dating%2Ffood-product-dating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/arctic-explorers-uncover-60-year-old-food-stash-180956936/">"Arctic Explorers Uncover (and Eat) 60-Year-Old Food Stash"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Arctic+Explorers+Uncover+%28and+Eat%29+60-Year-Old+Food+Stash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Farctic-explorers-uncover-60-year-old-food-stash-180956936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal,_Dale1990" class="citation journal cs1">Blumenthal, Dale (September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209185848/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-9009146/the-canning-process-old-preservation-technique-goes">"The Canning Process; Old Preservation Technique Goes Modern"</a>. <i>FDA Consumer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-9009146">the original</a> on 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA+Consumer&rft.atitle=The+Canning+Process%3B+Old+Preservation+Technique+Goes+Modern&rft.date=1990-09&rft.au=Blumenthal%2C+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-9009146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appert-aina.com">appert-aina.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207171508/http://www.appert-aina.com/">Archived</a> 7 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Applied Nutrition and Food Technology</i>, Jesse D. Dagoon, 1989; p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoghegan2013" class="citation web cs1">Geoghegan, Tom (21 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21689069">"The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606174323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21689069">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+story+of+how+the+tin+can+nearly+wasn%27t&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21689069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A brief account of Bryan Donkin FRS and the company he founded 150 years ago. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+Sells+in+a+Recession%3A+Canned+Goods+and+Condoms&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1884149%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pickyourown.org/canneries.htm">Canneries, Canning Centers, Community Kitchens, Commercial Kitchens for Rent, Local Canning Resources and Food Business Incubators – Commercial Canning for Your Home Produce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418074618/http://www.pickyourown.org/canneries.htm">Archived</a> 18 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pickyourown.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>FDA 21 CFR 113.3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-113/subpart-A/section-113.3">Thermally processed low acid foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers</a> Revision Apr. 2006</li> <li>Potter, N. N. and Hotchkiss, J. H. <i>Food Science</i> (5th ed). Springer, 1999</li> <li>Fellows, P. J. <i>Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice</i> (2nd Edition). Woodhead Pub. 1999</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeide2018" class="citation book cs1">Zeide, Anna (6 March 2018). <i>Canned: The Rise and Fall of Consumer Confidence in the American Food Industry</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520290686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520290686"><bdi>978-0520290686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canned%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Consumer+Confidence+in+the+American+Food+Industry&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0520290686&rft.aulast=Zeide&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_preservation" title="Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_preservation" title="Template talk:Food preservation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_preservation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopreservation" title="Biopreservation">Biopreservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">Cold chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdle_technology" title="Hurdle technology">Hurdle technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">Jellying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascalization" title="Pascalization">Pascalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_preservation" title="Category:Food preservation">Category: Food preservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packaging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Packaging" title="Template:Packaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Packaging" title="Template talk:Packaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Packaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_packaging" title="Active packaging">Active packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">Child-resistant packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_packager" title="Contract packager">Contract packager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_packaging" title="Edible packaging">Edible packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere/modified_humidity_packaging" title="Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging">Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_rage" title="Wrap rage">Wrap rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Unit dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_tank" title="Flexible tank">Flexible tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li> <li><a 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