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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Mission insignia and callsign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_insignia_and_callsign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Preparations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preparations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mission_schedule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_schedule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mission schedule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_schedule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturn_V_redesign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturn_V_redesign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Saturn V redesign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturn_V_redesign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mission </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mission subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parameter_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parameter_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Parameter summary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parameter_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_and_trans-lunar_injection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_trans-lunar_injection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Launch and trans-lunar injection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_trans-lunar_injection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_trajectory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_trajectory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Lunar trajectory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_trajectory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_sphere_of_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_sphere_of_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Lunar sphere of influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_sphere_of_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Lunar orbit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthrise_and_Genesis_broadcast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthrise_and_Genesis_broadcast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Earthrise and Genesis broadcast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthrise_and_Genesis_broadcast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unplanned_manual_realignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unplanned_manual_realignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Unplanned manual realignment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unplanned_manual_realignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruise_back_to_Earth_and_reentry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise_back_to_Earth_and_reentry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Cruise back to Earth and reentry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruise_back_to_Earth_and_reentry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Historical importance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Spacecraft location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Apollo 8</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_8" title="أبولو 8 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبولو 8" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_8" title="Apollon 8 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apollon 8" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%AE" title="অ্যাপোলো ৮ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাপোলো ৮" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_8" title="Аполо 8 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аполо 8" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD_8" title="Απόλλων 8 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόλλων 8" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_8" title="Apolo 8 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apolo 8" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B8" title="آپولو ۸ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپولو ۸" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C_8%ED%98%B8" title="아폴로 8호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아폴로 8호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6_8" title="Ապոլոն 8 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապոլոն 8" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_8" title="अपोलो 8 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपोलो 8" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_8" title="אפולו 8 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפולו 8" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_8" title="აპოლო 8 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპოლო 8" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_8" title="Аполлон 8 – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аполлон 8" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%938" title="Apollo–8 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apollo–8" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_8" title="Аполо 8 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аполо 8" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_8" title="അപ്പോളോ 8 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പോളോ 8" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%81%88" title="အပိုလို ၈ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပိုလို ၈" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD8%E5%8F%B7" title="アポロ8号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロ8号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B8" title="اپولو ۸ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپولو ۸" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-8" title="Аполлон-8 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аполлон-8" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D_8" title="ඇපලෝ 8 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇපලෝ 8" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86_%D9%A8" title="ئەپۆلۆ ٨ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەپۆلۆ ٨" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_8" title="Аполо 8 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аполо 8" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-8" title="Аполлон-8 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аполлон-8" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_8" title="اپالو 8 – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپالو 8" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Apollo 8" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%978%E5%8F%B7" title="阿波罗8号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿波罗8号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Apollo 8</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black sky with a grey, cratered lunar horizon. A small blue Earth with scattered white clouds is just above the horizon, with about two-thirds of the Earth lit by the Sun and the remainder in darkness." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/260px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/390px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/520px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a> Taken from Apollo 8 by <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181221-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224a-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224b-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed lunar orbital CSM flight (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">C'</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-118A">1968-118A</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184201#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">3626<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">6 days, 3 hours, 42 seconds<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo CSM</a>-103</li><li>Apollo LTA-B</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rockwell">North American Rockwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: 28,870 kilograms (63,650 lb)<a href="#cite_note-PressKit-6">[6]</a></li><li>CM:5,621 kilograms (12,392 lb)</li><li>SM:23,250 kilograms (51,258 lb)</li><li>SC/LM Adapter (jettisoned; connects LTA to CSM; not part of the CSM craft): 1,840 kilograms (4,060 lb)<a href="#cite_note-prelaunch-7">[7]</a></li><li>LTA (not part of CSM; fixed to rocket): 9,000 kilograms (19,900 lb)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">4,979 kilograms (10,977 lb)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank F. Borman II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James A. Lovell Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William A. Anders</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Callsign</th><td class="infobox-data">Apollo 8</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 21, 1968, 12:51:00 (1968-12-21UTC12:51Z) UTC<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> SA-503<a href="#cite_note-serialnote-10">[n 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recovered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-10)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-10)">USS Yorktown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 27, 1968, 15:51:42 (1968-12-27UTC15:51:43Z) UTC<a href="#cite_note-MissionReport-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data">North Pacific Ocean <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_8&params=8_8_N_165_1_W_type:event&title=Apollo+8+landing">8°8′N 165°1′W / 8.133°N 165.017°W / 8.133; -165.017 (Apollo 8 landing)</a><a href="#cite_note-MissionReport-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">184.40 kilometers (99.57 nmi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">185.18 kilometers (99.99 nmi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32.15 degrees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88.19 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 21, 1968, ~13:02 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revolution <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data">CSM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">December 24, 1968, 9:59:20 UTC<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital departure</th><td class="infobox-data">December 25, 1968, 6:10:17 UTC<a href="#cite_note-MissionReport-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periselene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">110.6 kilometers (59.7 nmi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aposelene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">112.4 kilometers (60.7 nmi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inclination</th><td class="infobox-data">12 degrees</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-8-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Apollo-8-patch.png/180px-Apollo-8-patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Apollo-8-patch.png/270px-Apollo-8-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Apollo-8-patch.png/360px-Apollo-8-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="5950" data-file-height="5096" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg/220px-Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg/330px-Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg/440px-Apollo_8_Crewmembers_-_GPN-2000-001125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6253" data-file-height="7955" /></a> Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Lovell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">Anders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Borman</a><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Apollo 8 (December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> to leave <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">Earth's gravitational sphere of influence</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181221-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224a-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224b-3">[3]</a> The three <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>—<a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James Lovell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a>—were the first humans to see and photograph the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a>. Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second <a href="/wiki/Crewed_spaceflight" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewed spaceflight">crewed spaceflight</a> mission flown in the United States <a href="/wiki/Apollo_space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo space program">Apollo space program</a> (the first, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, stayed in Earth orbit). Apollo 8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket. It was the first human spaceflight from the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a> in Florida. Originally planned as the second crewed <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command module</a> test, to be flown in an elliptical <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">medium Earth orbit</a> in early 1969, the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious command-module-only lunar orbital flight to be flown in December, as the lunar module was not yet ready to make its first flight. Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Jim_McDivitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim McDivitt">Jim McDivitt</a>'s crew, who were training to fly the first lunar module flight in low Earth orbit, became the crew for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> mission, and Borman's crew were moved to the Apollo 8 mission. This left Borman's crew with two to three months' less training and preparation time than originally planned, and replaced the planned lunar module training with translunar navigation training. Apollo 8 took 68 hours to travel to the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times over the course of twenty hours, during which they made a Christmas Eve <a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">television broadcast</a> where they <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">read the first ten verses from</a> the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. At the time, the broadcast was the most watched TV program ever. Apollo 8's successful mission paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> and, with <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> in July 1969, the fulfillment of U.S. president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the decade. The Apollo 8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">"Men of the Year"</a> for 1968 upon their return. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a geopolitical rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134-13">[12]</a> On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">artificial satellite</a>. This unexpected success stoked fears and imaginations around the world. It not only demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, it challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon197613–15-14">[13]</a> The launch precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> and triggered the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson19791-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but that the perception of American power was at least as important as the actuality. It was therefore intolerable to him for the Soviet Union to be more advanced in the field of space exploration. He was determined that the United States should compete, and sought a challenge that maximized its chances of winning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134-13">[12]</a> The Soviet Union had heavier-lifting <a href="/wiki/Carrier_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier rocket">carrier rockets</a>, which meant Kennedy needed to choose a goal that was beyond the capacity of the existing generation of rocketry, one where the US and Soviet Union would be starting from a position of equality—something spectacular, even if it could not be justified on military, economic, or scientific grounds. After consulting with his experts and advisors, he chose such a project: to land a man on the Moon and return him to the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976112–117-16">[15]</a> This project already had a name: <a href="/wiki/Project_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Apollo">Project Apollo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197915-17">[16]</a> An early and crucial decision was the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">lunar orbit rendezvous</a>, under which a specialized spacecraft would land on the lunar surface. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> therefore had three primary components: a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Command_module_(CM)" title="Apollo command and service module">command module</a> (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that would return to Earth; a <a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">service module</a> (SM) to provide the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a two-stage <a href="/wiki/Lunar_module" title="Lunar module">lunar module</a> (LM), which comprised a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to return the astronauts to lunar orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197972–77-18">[17]</a> This configuration could be launched by the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket that was then under development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197948–49-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framework">Framework</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Framework">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_crew">Prime crew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prime crew">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank F. Borman II</a> Second and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James A. Lovell Jr.</a> Third spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lunar Module Pilot<a href="#cite_note-20">[n 2]</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William A. Anders</a> Only spaceflight </td></tr> </tbody></table> The initial crew assignment of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> as Commander, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) for the third crewed Apollo flight was officially announced on November 20, 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979374-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[n 3]</a> Collins was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> in July 1968, after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">cervical</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinal_disc_herniation" title="Spinal disc herniation">disc herniation</a> that required surgery to repair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001288–294-23">[20]</a> This crew was unique among pre-<a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> era missions in that the commander was not the most experienced member of the crew: Lovell had flown twice before, on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini XII</a>. This would also be the first case of a commander of a previous mission (Lovell, Gemini XII) flying as a non-commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood1977533-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200033-25">[22]</a> This was also the first mission to reunite crewmates from a previous mission (Lovell and Borman, Gemini VII). As of June 2024, James Lovell is the last surviving Apollo 8 astronaut. Frank Borman and William Anders died on November 7, 2023,<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> and on June 7, 2024,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backup_crew">Backup crew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Backup crew">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil A. Armstrong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin E. Aldrin Jr.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lunar Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred W. Haise Jr.</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The backup crew assignment of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> as Commander, Lovell as CMP, and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> as LMP for the third crewed Apollo flight was officially announced at the same time as the prime crew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979374-21">[19]</a> When Lovell was reassigned to the prime crew, Aldrin was moved to CMP, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> was brought in as backup LMP. Armstrong would later command Apollo 11, with Aldrin as LMP and Collins as CMP. Haise served on the backup crew of Apollo 11 as LMP and flew on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> as LMP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200033-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010109-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_personnel">Support personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Support personnel">edit</a>]</div> During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists, and mission ground rules, and ensured that the prime and backup crews were apprised of any changes. The support crew developed procedures in the simulators, especially those for emergency situations, so that the prime and backup crews could practice and master them in their simulator training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979261-29">[26]</a> For Apollo 8, the support crew consisted of <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vance_Brand" class="mw-redirect" title="Vance Brand">Vance Brand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_P._Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald P. Carr">Gerald Carr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200033-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-30">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Capsule_communicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule communicator">capsule communicator</a> (CAPCOM) was an astronaut at the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz200027-31">[28]</a> For Apollo 8, the CAPCOMs were Michael Collins, Gerald Carr, Ken Mattingly, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Vance Brand, and Fred Haise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200033-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-30">[27]</a> The mission control teams rotated in three shifts, each led by a flight director. The directors for Apollo 8 were <a href="/wiki/Clifford_E._Charlesworth" title="Clifford E. Charlesworth">Clifford E. Charlesworth</a> (Green team), <a href="/wiki/Glynn_Lunney" title="Glynn Lunney">Glynn Lunney</a> (Black team), and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Windler" title="Milton Windler">Milton Windler</a> (Maroon team).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200033-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1975179-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz2000230,_236,_273,_316,_320-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_insignia_and_callsign">Mission insignia and callsign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mission insignia and callsign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_(SN-264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Apollo_8_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-264%29.jpg/220px-Apollo_8_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Apollo_8_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-264%29.jpg/330px-Apollo_8_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Apollo_8_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-264%29.jpg/440px-Apollo_8_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4731" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 8 space-flown silver <a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Robbins_medallions_of_the_Apollo_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA space-flown Robbins medallions of the Apollo missions">Robbins medallion</a></figcaption></figure> The triangular shape of the insignia refers to the shape of the Apollo CM. It shows a red figure 8 looping around the Earth and Moon to reflect both the mission number and the circumlunar nature of the mission. On the bottom of the 8 are the names of the three astronauts. The initial design of the insignia was developed by Jim Lovell, who reportedly sketched it while riding in the back seat of a <a href="/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon" title="Northrop T-38 Talon">T-38</a> flight from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> to <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> shortly after learning of Apollo 8's re-designation as a lunar-orbital mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimer198553-34">[31]</a> The crew wanted to name their spacecraft, but NASA did not allow it. The crew would have likely chosen Columbiad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimer198553-34">[31]</a> the name of the giant cannon that launches a space vehicle in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s 1865 novel <a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon" title="From the Earth to the Moon">From the Earth to the Moon</a>. The Apollo 11 CM was named Columbia in part for that reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001334–335-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_schedule">Mission schedule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mission schedule">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">List of Apollo missions</a></div> On September 20, 1967, NASA adopted a seven-step plan for Apollo missions, with the final step being a Moon landing. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a> were "A" missions, tests of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> launch vehicle using an uncrewed Block I production model of the command and service module (CSM) in Earth orbit. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a> was a "B" mission, a test of the LM in Earth orbit. Apollo 7, scheduled for October 1968, would be a "C" mission, a crewed Earth-orbit flight of the CSM. Further missions depended on the readiness of the LM. It had been decided as early as May 1967 that there would be at least four additional missions. Apollo 8 was planned as the "D" mission, a test of the LM in a low Earth orbit in December 1968 by <a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Russell Schweickart</a>, while Borman's crew would fly the "E" mission, a more rigorous LM test in an elliptical medium Earth orbit as Apollo 9, in early 1969. The "F" Mission would test the CSM and LM in lunar orbit, and the "G" mission would be the finale, the Moon landing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979231–234-36">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg/170px-Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg/255px-Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg/340px-Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption>The first stage of AS-503 being erected in the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (VAB) on February 1, 1968</figcaption></figure> Production of the LM fell behind schedule, and when Apollo 8's LM-3 arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered, leading <a href="/wiki/Bob_Gilruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Gilruth">Bob Gilruth</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Spacecraft Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> (MSC), and others to conclude that there was no prospect of LM-3 being ready to fly in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979256-37">[34]</a> Indeed, it was possible that delivery would slip to February or March 1969. Following the original seven-step plan would have meant delaying the "D" and subsequent missions, and endangering the program's goal of a lunar landing before the end of 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtelNewkirkBrooks1978237–238-38">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a>, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August 1968 to keep the program on track despite the LM delay. Since the next CSM (designated as "CSM-103") would be ready three months before LM-3, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968. Instead of repeating the "C" mission flight of Apollo 7, this CSM could be sent all the way to the Moon, with the possibility of entering a lunar orbit and returning to Earth. The new mission would also allow NASA to test lunar landing procedures that would otherwise have had to wait until <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>, the scheduled "F" mission. This also meant that the medium Earth orbit "E" mission could be dispensed with. The net result was that only the "D" mission had to be delayed, and the plan for lunar landing in mid-1969 could remain on timeline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979257-39">[36]</a> On August 9, 1968, Low discussed the idea with Gilruth, Flight Director <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Kraft">Chris Kraft</a>, and the Director of Flight Crew Operations, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Slayton" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Slayton">Donald Slayton</a>. They then flew to the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (MSFC) in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, where they met with KSC Director <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Debus" title="Kurt Debus">Kurt Debus</a>, Apollo Program Director <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Phillips" title="Samuel C. Phillips">Samuel C. Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Petrone" title="Rocco Petrone">Rocco Petrone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>. Jerry Wittenstein, deputy chief of flight mechanics, presented trajectories for the new mission.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Kraft considered the proposal feasible from a flight control standpoint; Debus and Petrone agreed that the next Saturn V, AS-503, could be made ready by December 1; and von Braun was confident the <a href="/wiki/Pogo_oscillation" title="Pogo oscillation">pogo oscillation</a> problems that had afflicted Apollo 6 had been fixed. Almost every senior manager at NASA agreed with this new mission, citing confidence in both the hardware and the personnel, along with the potential for a circumlunar flight providing a significant morale boost. The only person who needed some convincing was <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a>, the NASA administrator. Backed by the full support of his agency, Webb authorized the mission. Apollo 8 was officially changed from a "D" mission to a "C-Prime" lunar-orbit mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979257–260-41">[38]</a> With the change in mission for Apollo 8, Slayton asked McDivitt if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. Slayton then decided to swap the prime and backup crews of the D and E missions. This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, while McDivitt's crew would use CSM-104, since CM-104 could not be made ready by December. David Scott was not happy about giving up CM-103, the testing of which he had closely supervised, for CM-104, although the two were almost identical, and Anders was less than enthusiastic about being an LMP on a flight with no LM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979262-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001296–298-43">[40]</a> Instead, Apollo 8 would carry the LM test article, a <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">boilerplate</a> model that would simulate the correct weight and balance of LM-3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979257–260-41">[38]</a> Added pressure on the Apollo program to make its 1969 landing goal was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a> mission, which flew some living creatures, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_tortoise" title="Russian tortoise">Russian tortoises</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Cislunar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cislunar">cislunar</a> loop around the Moon and returned them to Earth on September 21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin199476-44">[41]</a> There was speculation within NASA and the press that they might be preparing to launch <a href="/wiki/Astronaut#Cosmonaut" title="Astronaut">cosmonauts</a> on a similar <a href="/wiki/Zond_program#Circumlunar_missions" title="Zond program">circumlunar mission</a> before the end of 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Moon_Race_1968-45">[42]</a> Compounding these concerns, American reconnaissance satellites observed a mockup <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a> being rolled to the pad at Baikonur on November 25, 1967.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_of_Apollo_8_spacecraft_with_Saturn-V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mating_of_Apollo_8_spacecraft_with_Saturn-V.jpg/220px-Mating_of_Apollo_8_spacecraft_with_Saturn-V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mating_of_Apollo_8_spacecraft_with_Saturn-V.jpg/330px-Mating_of_Apollo_8_spacecraft_with_Saturn-V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mating_of_Apollo_8_spacecraft_with_Saturn-V.jpg/440px-Mating_of_Apollo_8_spacecraft_with_Saturn-V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4713" data-file-height="3716" /></a><figcaption>Erection and mating of spacecraft 103 to Launch Vehicle AS-503 in the VAB for the Apollo 8 mission</figcaption></figure> The Apollo 8 crew, now living in the crew quarters at Kennedy Space Center, received a visit from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a>, the night before the launch.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> They talked about how, before his <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">1927 flight</a>, Lindbergh had used a piece of string to measure the distance from New York City to Paris on a globe and from that calculated the fuel needed for the flight. The total he had carried was a tenth of the amount that the Saturn V would burn every second. The next day, the Lindberghs watched the launch of Apollo 8 from a nearby dune.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKluger2017149–151-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturn_V_redesign">Saturn V redesign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Saturn V redesign">edit</a>]</div> The Saturn V rocket used by Apollo 8 was designated AS-503, or the "03rd" model of the Saturn V ("5") rocket to be used in the Apollo-Saturn ("AS") program. When it was erected in the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> on December 20, 1967, it was thought that the rocket would be used for an uncrewed Earth-orbit test flight carrying a <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">boilerplate</a> command and service module. Apollo 6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight, including severe <a href="/wiki/Pogo_oscillation" title="Pogo oscillation">pogo oscillation</a> during its first stage, two second-stage engine failures, and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit. Without assurances that these problems had been rectified, NASA administrators could not justify risking a crewed mission until additional uncrewed test flights proved the Saturn V was ready.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1996360–370-49">[46]</a> Teams from the MSFC went to work on the problems. Of primary concern was the pogo oscillation, which would not only hamper engine performance, but could exert significant g-forces on a crew. A task force of contractors, NASA agency representatives, and MSFC researchers concluded that the engines vibrated at a frequency similar to the frequency at which the spacecraft itself vibrated, causing a resonance effect that induced oscillations in the rocket. A system that used helium gas to absorb some of these vibrations was installed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1996360–370-49">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg/310px-Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg/465px-Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg/620px-Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 8 atop Saturn V being rolled out to <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Pad 39A</a> atop the <a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">crawler-transporter</a></figcaption></figure> Of equal importance was the failure of three engines during flight. Researchers quickly determined that a leaking hydrogen fuel line ruptured when exposed to vacuum, causing a loss of fuel pressure in engine two. When an automatic shutoff attempted to close the liquid hydrogen valve and shut down engine two, it had accidentally shut down engine three's liquid oxygen due to a miswired connection. As a result, engine three failed within one second of engine two's shutdown. Further investigation revealed the same problem for the third-stage engine—a faulty igniter line. The team modified the igniter lines and fuel conduits, hoping to avoid similar problems on future launches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1996360–370-49">[46]</a> The teams tested their solutions in August 1968 at the MSFC. A Saturn stage IC was equipped with shock-absorbing devices to demonstrate the team's solution to the problem of pogo oscillation, while a Saturn Stage II was retrofitted with modified fuel lines to demonstrate their resistance to leaks and ruptures in vacuum conditions. Once NASA administrators were convinced that the problems had been solved, they gave their approval for a crewed mission using AS-503.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1996360–370-49">[46]</a> The Apollo 8 spacecraft was placed on top of the rocket on September 21, and the rocket made the slow 3-mile (4.8 km) journey to the launch pad atop one of NASA's two massive <a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">crawler-transporters</a> on October 9.<a href="#cite_note-satVillust-50">[47]</a> Testing continued all through December until the day before launch, including various levels of readiness testing from December 5 through 11. Final testing of modifications to address the problems of pogo oscillation, ruptured fuel lines, and bad igniter lines took place on December 18, three days before the scheduled launch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1996360–370-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mission">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parameter_summary">Parameter summary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parameter summary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_TLI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Apollo_8_TLI.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>Mission profile</figcaption></figure> As the first crewed spacecraft to orbit more than one celestial body, Apollo 8's profile had two different sets of orbital parameters, separated by a translunar injection maneuver. Apollo lunar missions would begin with a nominal 100-nautical-mile (185.2 km) circular Earth parking orbit. Apollo 8 was launched into an initial orbit with an <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> of 99.99 nautical miles (185.18 km) and a <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a> of 99.57 nautical miles (184.40 km), with an <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of 32.51° to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> of 88.19 minutes. Propellant venting increased the apogee by 6.4 nautical miles (11.9 km) over the 2 hours, 44 minutes, and 30 seconds spent in the parking orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200045-51">[48]</a> This was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a> (TLI) burn of the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage for 318 seconds, accelerating the 63,650 lb (28,870 kg) command and service module and 19,900 lb (9,000 kg) LM test article from an orbital velocity of 25,567 feet per second (7,793 m/s) to the injection velocity of 35,505 ft/s (10,822 m/s)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200046-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-PressKit-6">[6]</a> which set a record for the highest speed, relative to Earth, that humans had ever traveled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1975178-53">[50]</a> This speed was slightly less than the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a> of 36,747 feet per second (11,200 m/s), but put Apollo 8 into an elongated elliptical Earth orbit, close enough to the Moon to be captured by the Moon's gravity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2008108–109-54">[51]</a> The standard lunar orbit for Apollo missions was planned as a nominal 60-nautical-mile (110 km) circular orbit above the Moon's surface. Initial lunar orbit insertion was an ellipse with a <a href="/wiki/Perilune" class="mw-redirect" title="Perilune">perilune</a> of 60.0 nautical miles (111.1 km) and an <a href="/wiki/Apolune" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolune">apolune</a> of 168.5 nautical miles (312.1 km), at an inclination of 12° from the lunar equator. This was then circularized at 60.7 by 59.7 nautical miles (112.4 by 110.6 km), with an orbital period of 128.7 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200046-52">[49]</a> The effect of lunar <a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(astronomy)" title="Mass concentration (astronomy)">mass concentrations</a> ("mascons") on the orbit was found to be greater than initially predicted; over the course of the ten lunar orbits lasting twenty hours, the orbital distance was perturbated to 63.6 by 58.6 nautical miles (117.8 by 108.5 km).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200039-55">[52]</a> Apollo 8 achieved a maximum distance from Earth of 203,752 nautical miles (234,474 statute miles; 377,349 kilometers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200039-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_trans-lunar_injection">Launch and trans-lunar injection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Launch and trans-lunar injection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_liftoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Apollo_8_liftoff.jpg/220px-Apollo_8_liftoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Apollo_8_liftoff.jpg/330px-Apollo_8_liftoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Apollo_8_liftoff.jpg/440px-Apollo_8_liftoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 8 launch</figcaption></figure> Apollo 8 was launched at 12:51:00 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (07:51:00 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Time Zone (North America)">Eastern Standard Time</a>) on December 21, 1968, using the Saturn V's <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">three stages</a> to achieve Earth orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200039-55">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> first stage landed in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_8&params=30_12_N_74_7_W_&title=Apollo+8+S-IC+impact">30°12′N 74°7′W / 30.200°N 74.117°W / 30.200; -74.117 (Apollo 8 S-IC impact)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> second stage landed at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_8&params=31_50_N_37_17_W_&title=Apollo+8+S-II+impact">31°50′N 37°17′W / 31.833°N 37.283°W / 31.833; -37.283 (Apollo 8 S-II impact)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200034-56">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage injected the craft into Earth orbit and remained attached to perform the TLI burn that would put the spacecraft on a trajectory to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200035-57">[54]</a> Once the <a href="/wiki/Space_vehicle" title="Space vehicle">vehicle</a> reached Earth orbit, both the crew and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Houston flight controllers</a> spent the next 2 hours and 38 minutes checking that the spacecraft was in proper working order and ready for TLI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979276-58">[55]</a> The proper operation of the S-IVB third stage of the rocket was crucial, and in the last uncrewed test, it had failed to reignite for this burn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979250–252-59">[56]</a> Collins was the first CAPCOM on duty, and at 2 hours, 27 minutes and 22 seconds after launch he radioed, "Apollo 8. You are Go for TLI."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979276-58">[55]</a> This communication meant that Mission Control had given official permission for Apollo 8 to go to the Moon. The S-IVB engine ignited on time and performed the TLI burn perfectly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979276-58">[55]</a> Over the next five minutes, the spacecraft's speed increased from 7,600 to 10,800 meters per second (25,000 to 35,000 ft/s).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979276-58">[55]</a> After the S-IVB had placed the mission on course for the Moon, the command and service modules (CSM), the remaining Apollo 8 spacecraft, separated from it. The crew then rotated the spacecraft to take photographs of the spent stage and then practiced flying in formation with it. As the crew rotated the spacecraft, they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it—this marked the first time humans had viewed the whole Earth at once. Borman became worried that the S-IVB was staying too close to the CSM and suggested to Mission Control that the crew perform a separation maneuver. Mission Control first suggested pointing the spacecraft towards Earth and using the small <a href="/wiki/Apollo_CSM#Reaction_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo CSM">reaction control system</a> (RCS) thrusters on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Service_module_(SM)" title="Apollo command and service module">service module</a> (SM) to add 1.1 ft/s (0.34 m/s) to their velocity away from the Earth, but Borman did not want to lose sight of the S-IVB. After discussion, the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in the Earth direction to increase speed, but at 7.7 ft/s (2.3 m/s) instead. The time needed to prepare and perform the additional burn put the crew an hour behind their onboard tasks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200035-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979276–278-60">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS08-16-2583.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AS08-16-2583.jpg/220px-AS08-16-2583.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AS08-16-2583.jpg/330px-AS08-16-2583.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AS08-16-2583.jpg/440px-AS08-16-2583.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 8 <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> rocket stage shortly after separation. The LM test article, a circular boilerplate model of the LM, is visible with four triangular legs connecting it to the stage.</figcaption></figure> Five hours after launch, Mission Control sent a command to the S-IVB to vent its remaining fuel, changing its trajectory. The S-IVB, with the test article attached, posed no further hazard to Apollo 8, passing the orbit of the Moon and going into a 0.99-by-0.92-<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical-unit</a> (148 by 138 <a href="/wiki/Gigametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigametre">Gm</a>) solar orbit with an <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> of 23.47° from the Earth's equatorial plane, and an orbital period of 340.80 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200035-57">[54]</a> It became a <a href="/wiki/Category:Derelict_satellites_in_heliocentric_orbit" title="Category:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit">derelict object</a>, and will continue to <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">orbit the Sun</a> for many years, if not retrieved.<a href="#cite_note-ha20130923-61">[58]</a> The Apollo 8 crew were the first humans to pass through the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a>, which extend up to 15,000 miles (24,000 km) from Earth. Scientists predicted that passing through the belts quickly at the spacecraft's high speed would cause a radiation dosage of no more than a chest <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>, or 1 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">milligray</a> (mGy; during a year, the average human receives a dose of 2 to 3 mGy from <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">background radiation</a>). To record the actual radiation dosages, each crew member wore a Personal Radiation <a href="/wiki/Dosimeter" title="Dosimeter">Dosimeter</a> that transmitted data to Earth, as well as three passive film dosimeters that showed the cumulative radiation experienced by the crew. By the end of the mission, the crew members experienced an average radiation dose of 1.6 mGy.<a href="#cite_note-Biomedical-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_trajectory">Lunar trajectory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lunar trajectory">edit</a>]</div> Lovell's main job as Command Module Pilot was as <a href="/wiki/Flight_officer" title="Flight officer">navigator</a>. Although Mission Control normally performed all the navigation calculations, it was necessary to have a crew member adept at navigation so that the crew could return to Earth in case communication with Mission Control was lost. Lovell navigated by star sightings using a <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> built into the spacecraft, measuring the angle between a star and the Earth's (or the Moon's) <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a>. This task was made difficult by a large cloud of debris around the spacecraft, which made it hard to distinguish the stars.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_1_green-63">[60]</a> By seven hours into the mission, the crew was about 1 hour and 40 minutes behind flight plan because of the problems in moving away from the S-IVB and Lovell's obscured star sightings. The crew placed the spacecraft into Passive Thermal Control (PTC), also called "barbecue roll", in which the spacecraft rotated about once per hour around its long axis to ensure even heat distribution across the surface of the spacecraft. In direct sunlight, parts of the spacecraft's outer surface could be heated to over 200 °C (392 °F), while the parts in shadow would be −100 °C (−148 °F). These temperatures could cause the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry#Thermal_protection_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">heat shield</a> to crack and propellant lines to burst. Because it was impossible to get a perfect roll, the spacecraft swept out a <a href="/wiki/Conical_surface" title="Conical surface">cone</a> as it rotated. The crew had to make minor adjustments every half hour as the cone pattern got larger and larger.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_1_Maroon-64">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS08-16-2593_remastered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AS08-16-2593_remastered.jpg/220px-AS08-16-2593_remastered.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AS08-16-2593_remastered.jpg/330px-AS08-16-2593_remastered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AS08-16-2593_remastered.jpg/440px-AS08-16-2593_remastered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3874" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_images_of_Earth_from_space" class="mw-redirect" title="First images of Earth from space">first image taken by humans of the whole Earth disk</a>, probably photographed by <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_1_green-63">[60]</a> (time tag: 003:42:55) South America is visible in the lower half.</figcaption></figure> The first mid-course correction came eleven hours into the flight. The crew had been awake for more than 16 hours. Before launch, NASA had decided at least one crew member should be awake at all times to deal with problems that might arise. Borman started the first sleep shift but found sleeping difficult because of the constant radio chatter and mechanical noises. Testing on the ground had shown that the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Service_propulsion_system" title="Apollo command and service module">service propulsion system</a> (SPS) engine had a small chance of exploding when burned for long periods unless its <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a> was "coated" first by burning the engine for a short period. This first correction burn was only 2.4 seconds and added about 20.4 ft/s (6.2 m/s) velocity <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">prograde</a> (in the direction of travel).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200035-57">[54]</a> This change was less than the planned 24.8 ft/s (7.6 m/s), because of a bubble of <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen tetroxide">oxidizer</a> lines, which caused unexpectedly low propellant pressure. The crew had to use the small RCS thrusters to make up the shortfall. Two later planned mid-course corrections were canceled because the Apollo 8 trajectory was found to be perfect.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_1_Maroon-64">[61]</a> About an hour after starting his sleep shift, Borman obtained permission from <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">ground control</a> to take a <a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Seconal</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">sleeping pill</a>. The pill had little effect. Borman eventually fell asleep, and then awoke feeling ill. He vomited twice and had a bout of diarrhea; this left the spacecraft full of small globules of vomit and feces, which the crew cleaned up as well as they could. Borman initially did not want everyone to know about his medical problems, but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control. The crew decided to use the Data Storage Equipment (DSE), which could tape voice recordings and telemetry and dump them to Mission Control at high speed. After recording a description of Borman's illness they asked Mission Control to check the recording, stating that they "would like an evaluation of the voice comments".<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_2_green-65">[62]</a> The Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel held a conference using an unoccupied second-floor control room (there were two identical control rooms in Houston, on the second and third floors, only one of which was used during a mission). The conference participants concluded that there was little to worry about and that Borman's illness was either a <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">24-hour flu</a>, as Borman thought, or a reaction to the sleeping pill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001306-66">[63]</a> Researchers now believe that he was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">space adaptation syndrome</a>, which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(inner_ear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinth (inner ear)">vestibular system</a> adapts to <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Space adaptation syndrome had not occurred on previous spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>), because those astronauts could not move freely in the small cabins of those spacecraft. The increased cabin space in the Apollo command module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement, contributing to symptoms of space sickness for Borman and, later, astronaut <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Rusty Schweickart</a> during Apollo 9.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ap8-S68-56531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ap8-S68-56531.jpg/220px-Ap8-S68-56531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ap8-S68-56531.jpg/330px-Ap8-S68-56531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ap8-S68-56531.jpg/440px-Ap8-S68-56531.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4623" data-file-height="3322" /></a><figcaption>Still from film of the crew taken while they were in orbit around the Moon. Frank Borman is in the center.</figcaption></figure> The cruise phase was a relatively uneventful part of the flight, except for the crew's checking that the spacecraft was in working order and that they were on course. During this time, NASA scheduled a television broadcast at 31 hours after launch. The Apollo 8 crew used a 2-kilogram (4.4 lb) camera that broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> only, using a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Vidicon</a> tube. The camera had two <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a>, a very <a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle (160°) lens</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto (9°) lens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200036-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-journal_day_2_Maroon-70">[67]</a> During this first broadcast, the crew gave a tour of the spacecraft and attempted to show how the Earth appeared from space. However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible. Additionally, without proper <a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">filters</a>, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source. In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bright blob.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200036-69">[66]</a> After broadcasting for 17 minutes, the rotation of the spacecraft took the <a href="/wiki/High-gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High-gain antenna">high-gain antenna</a> out of view of the receiving stations on Earth and they ended the transmission with Lovell wishing his mother a happy birthday.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_2_Maroon-70">[67]</a> By this time, the crew had completely abandoned the planned sleep shifts. Lovell went to sleep <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>32+1⁄2 hours into the flight – three-and-a-half hours before he had planned to. A short while later, Anders also went to sleep after taking a sleeping pill.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_2_Maroon-70">[67]</a> The crew was unable to see the Moon for much of the outward cruise. Two factors made the Moon almost impossible to see from inside the spacecraft: three of the five windows fogging up due to out-gassed oils from the <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">sealant</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">attitude</a> required for passive thermal control. It was not until the crew had gone behind the Moon that they would be able to see it for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979277-71">[68]</a> Apollo 8 made a second television broadcast at 55 hours into the flight. This time, the crew rigged up filters meant for the still cameras so they could acquire images of the Earth through the telephoto lens. Although difficult to aim, as they had to maneuver the entire spacecraft, the crew was able to broadcast back to Earth the first television pictures of the Earth. The crew spent the transmission describing the Earth, what was visible, and the colors they could see. The transmission lasted 23 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200036-69">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_sphere_of_influence">Lunar sphere of influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lunar sphere of influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_(AS08-14-2506).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/220px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/330px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/440px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="3306" /></a><figcaption>This photograph of the Moon was taken from Apollo 8 at a point above 70 degrees east longitude.</figcaption></figure> At about 55 hours and 40 minutes into the flight, and 13 hours before entering lunar orbit, the crew of Apollo 8 became the first humans to enter the gravitational <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">sphere of influence</a> of another celestial body. In other words, the effect of the Moon's <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">gravitational force</a> on Apollo 8 became stronger than that of the Earth. At the time it happened, Apollo 8 was 38,759 miles (62,377 km) from the Moon and had a speed of 3,990 ft/s (1,220 m/s) relative to the Moon. This historic moment was of little interest to the crew, since they were still calculating their <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> with respect to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center. They would continue to do so until they performed their last mid-course correction, switching to a <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">reference frame</a> based on ideal orientation for the second engine burn they would make in lunar orbit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200036-69">[66]</a> The last major event before Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) was a second mid-course correction. It was in <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_direct_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde and direct motion">retrograde</a> (against the direction of travel) and slowed the spacecraft down by 2.0 ft/s (0.61 m/s), effectively reducing the closest distance at which the spacecraft would pass the Moon. At exactly 61 hours after launch, about 24,200 miles (38,900 km) from the Moon, the crew burned the RCS for 11 seconds. They would now pass 71.7 miles (115.4 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon#Lunar_landscape" title="Geology of the Moon">lunar surface</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200046-52">[49]</a> At 64 hours into the flight, the crew began to prepare for Lunar Orbit Insertion 1 (LOI-1). This maneuver had to be performed perfectly, and due to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">orbital mechanics</a> had to be on the far side of the Moon, out of contact with the Earth. After Mission Control was polled for a "<a href="/wiki/Launch_status_check" title="Launch status check">go/no go</a>" decision, the crew was told at 68 hours that they were Go and "riding the best bird we can find".<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_3_LOI-72">[69]</a> Lovell replied, "We'll see you on the other side", and for the first time in history, humans travelled behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_3_LOI-72">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Northcutt" title="Frances Northcutt">Frances "Poppy" Northcutt</a>, who was the first woman in NASA's mission control and helped calculate the return to Earth trajectory for this mission, recounts what it was like when Apollo 8 went behind the Moon for the first time in an interview: "That was a very nerve-racking period on the team I was on, and I think it was a very nerve-racking period in general because of this thing with losing signal. You’ve got this big mystery going on there on the backside of the Moon. You do not know what’s happening and there’s not a darn thing anybody here can do about it until we hear from them"<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> With ten minutes remaining before LOI-1, the crew began one last check of the spacecraft systems and made sure that every switch was in its correct position. At that time, they finally got their first glimpses of the Moon. They had been flying over the unlit side, and it was Lovell who saw the first shafts of sunlight <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oblique" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:oblique">obliquely</a> illuminating the lunar surface. The LOI burn was only two minutes away, so the crew had little time to appreciate the view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovellKluger199448–49-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_orbit">Lunar orbit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lunar orbit">edit</a>]</div> The SPS was ignited at 69 hours, 8 minutes, and 16 seconds after launch and burned for 4 minutes and 7 seconds, placing the Apollo 8 spacecraft in orbit around the Moon. The crew described the burn as being the longest four minutes of their lives. If the burn had not lasted exactly the correct amount of time, the spacecraft could have ended up in a highly <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a> lunar orbit or even been flung off into space. If it had lasted too long, they could have struck the Moon. After making sure the spacecraft was working, they finally had a chance to look at the Moon, which they would orbit for the next 20 hours.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc_orbit-75">[72]</a> On Earth, Mission Control continued to wait. If the crew had not burned the engine, or the burn had not lasted the planned length of time, the crew would have appeared early from behind the Moon. Exactly at the calculated moment the signal was received from the spacecraft, indicating it was in a 193.3-by-69.5-mile (311.1 by 111.8 km) orbit around the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc_orbit-75">[72]</a> After reporting on the status of the spacecraft, Lovell gave the first description of what the lunar surface looked like: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Moon is essentially grey, no color; looks like <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of Paris">plaster of Paris</a> or sort of a grayish beach sand. We can see quite a bit of detail. The <a href="/wiki/Mare_Fecunditatis" title="Mare Fecunditatis">Sea of Fertility</a> doesn't stand out as well here as it does back on Earth. There's not as much contrast between that and the surrounding craters. The craters are all rounded off. There's quite a few of them, some of them are newer. Many of them look like—especially the round ones—look like hit by <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> or projectiles of some sort. <a href="/wiki/Langrenus_(crater)" title="Langrenus (crater)">Langrenus</a> is quite a huge crater; it's got a central cone to it. The walls of the crater are terraced, about six or seven different <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:terrace">terraces</a> on the way down.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4-123-76">[73]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lunar_Farside_-_GPN-2000-001127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Lunar_Farside_-_GPN-2000-001127.jpg/220px-The_Lunar_Farside_-_GPN-2000-001127.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Lunar_Farside_-_GPN-2000-001127.jpg/330px-The_Lunar_Farside_-_GPN-2000-001127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Lunar_Farside_-_GPN-2000-001127.jpg/440px-The_Lunar_Farside_-_GPN-2000-001127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A portion of the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">lunar far side</a> as seen from Apollo 8</figcaption></figure> Lovell continued to describe the terrain they were passing over. One of the crew's major tasks was <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> of planned future landing sites on the Moon, especially one in <a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a> that was planned as the Apollo 11 landing site. The launch time of Apollo 8 had been chosen to give the best lighting conditions for examining the site. A <a href="/wiki/Film_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Film camera">film camera</a> had been set up in one of the spacecraft windows to record one frame per second of the Moon below. Bill Anders spent much of the next 20 hours taking as many photographs as possible of targets of interest. By the end of the mission, the crew had taken over eight hundred 70 mm still photographs and 700 feet (210 m) of 16 mm movie film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200037-77">[74]</a> Throughout the hour that the spacecraft was in contact with Earth, Borman kept asking how the data for the SPS looked. He wanted to make sure that the engine was working and could be used to return early to the Earth if necessary. He also asked that they receive a "go/no go" decision before they passed behind the Moon on each orbit.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4-123-76">[73]</a> As they reappeared for their second pass in front of the Moon, the crew set up equipment to broadcast a view of the lunar surface. Anders described the craters that they were passing over. At the end of this second orbit, they performed an 11-second LOI-2 burn of the SPS to circularize the orbit to 70.0 by 71.3 miles (112.7 by 114.7 km).<a href="#cite_note-nssdc_orbit-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4-123-76">[73]</a> Throughout the next two orbits, the crew continued to check the spacecraft and to observe and photograph the Moon. During the third pass, Borman read a small prayer for his church. He had been scheduled to participate in a service at St. Christopher's <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> near <a href="/wiki/Seabrook,_Texas" title="Seabrook, Texas">Seabrook, Texas</a>, but due to the Apollo 8 flight, he was unable to attend. A fellow parishioner and engineer at Mission Control, Rod Rose, suggested that Borman read the prayer, which could be recorded and then replayed during the service.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4-123-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthrise_and_Genesis_broadcast">Earthrise and Genesis broadcast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Earthrise and Genesis broadcast">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/220px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/330px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/440px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a> image</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/As8_genesis1a.ogv/220px--As8_genesis1a.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="188" data-mwtitle="As8_genesis1a.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:As8_genesis1a.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/As8_genesis1a.ogv/As8_genesis1a.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/As8_genesis1a.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/As8_genesis1a.ogv/As8_genesis1a.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="216" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/As8_genesis1a.ogv/As8_genesis1a.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/As8_genesis1a.ogv/As8_genesis1a.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/As8_genesis1a.ogv/As8_genesis1a.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAs8_genesis1a.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAs8_genesis1a.ogv&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Apollo 8's 1968 Christmas Eve <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">broadcast and reading</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></figcaption></figure> When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front, the crew witnessed an "Earthrise" in person for the first time in human history.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4-456-78">[75]</a> NASA's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a> had taken the first picture of an Earthrise from the vicinity of the Moon, on August 23, 1966.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photograph as he did so. Anders asked Lovell for color film and then took <a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a>, a now famous color photo, later picked by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4-456-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">synchronous rotation</a> of the Moon about the Earth, Earthrise is not generally visible from the lunar surface. This is because, as seen from any one place on the Moon's surface, Earth remains in approximately the same position in the lunar sky, either above or below the horizon. Earthrise is generally visible only while orbiting the Moon, and at selected surface locations near the Moon's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_limb" title="Lunar limb">limb</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">libration</a> carries the Earth slightly above and below the lunar horizon.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Anders continued to take photographs while Lovell assumed control of the spacecraft so that Borman could rest. Despite the difficulty resting in the cramped and noisy spacecraft, Borman was able to sleep for two orbits, awakening periodically to ask questions about their status. Borman awoke fully when he started to hear his fellow crew members make mistakes. They were beginning to not understand questions and had to ask for the answers to be repeated. Borman realized that everyone was extremely tired from not having a good night's sleep in over three days. He ordered Anders and Lovell to get some sleep and that the rest of the flight plan regarding observing the Moon be scrubbed. Anders initially protested, saying that he was fine, but Borman would not be swayed. Anders finally agreed under the condition that Borman would set up the camera to continue to take automatic pictures of the Moon. Borman also remembered that there was a second television broadcast planned, and with so many people expected to be watching, he wanted the crew to be alert. For the next two orbits, Anders and Lovell slept while Borman sat at the helm.<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4-456-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKluger2017240–241-82">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="116" data-mwtitle="Apollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Apollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Apollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg/Apollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_8_genesis_reading.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></figcaption></figure> As they rounded the Moon for the ninth time, the astronauts began the second television transmission. Borman introduced the crew, followed by each man giving his impression of the lunar surface and what it was like to be orbiting the Moon. Borman described it as being "a vast, lonely, forbidding expanse of nothing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groot2006229-83">[80]</a> Then, after talking about what they were flying over, Anders said that the crew had a message for all those on Earth. Each man on board <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">read a section from the Biblical creation story</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. Borman finished the broadcast by wishing a Merry Christmas to everyone on Earth. His message appeared to sum up the feelings that all three crewmen had from their vantage point in lunar orbit. Borman said, "And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you—all of you on the good Earth."<a href="#cite_note-moonport-84">[81]</a> The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Earth_injection" title="Trans-Earth injection">trans-Earth injection</a> (TEI), which was scheduled for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2+1⁄2 hours after the end of the television transmission. The TEI was the most critical burn of the flight, as any failure of the SPS to ignite would strand the crew in lunar orbit, with little hope of escape. As with the previous burn, the crew had to perform the maneuver above the far side of the Moon, out of contact with Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKluger2017250–252-85">[82]</a> The burn occurred exactly on time. The spacecraft telemetry was reacquired as it re-emerged from behind the Moon at 89 hours, 28 minutes, and 39 seconds, the exact time calculated. When voice contact was regained, Lovell announced, "Please be informed, there is a <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>", to which Ken Mattingly, the current CAPCOM, replied, "That's affirmative, you are the best ones to know."<a href="#cite_note-journal_day_4_TEI-86">[83]</a> The spacecraft began its journey back to Earth on December 25, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200039-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unplanned_manual_realignment">Unplanned manual realignment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unplanned manual realignment">edit</a>]</div> Later, Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do some navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view various stars by using the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_guidance_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo guidance computer">computer</a> keyboard. He accidentally erased some of the computer's memory, which caused the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_PGNCS#Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Apollo PGNCS">inertial measurement unit</a> (IMU) to contain data indicating that the module was in the same relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to "correct" the module's attitude.<a href="#cite_note-Benke-87">[84]</a> Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they realized that they would have to reenter data to tell the computer the module's actual orientation. It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the right numbers, using the thrusters to get the stars <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> aligned,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKluger2017260–261-88">[85]</a> and another 15 minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200039-55">[52]</a> Sixteen months later, during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> mission, Lovell would have to perform a similar manual realignment under more critical conditions after the module's IMU had to be turned off to conserve energy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovellKluger1994282–283-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruise_back_to_Earth_and_reentry">Cruise back to Earth and reentry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cruise back to Earth and reentry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_reentry,_December_27,_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White streaks of light, with bright spots on the right side of them, fill the bottom of the frame. A larger yellow-tinted sphere with a streak is in the center of the frame. The background is black space." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Apollo_8_reentry%2C_December_27%2C_1968.jpg/220px-Apollo_8_reentry%2C_December_27%2C_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Apollo_8_reentry%2C_December_27%2C_1968.jpg/330px-Apollo_8_reentry%2C_December_27%2C_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Apollo_8_reentry%2C_December_27%2C_1968.jpg/440px-Apollo_8_reentry%2C_December_27%2C_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Reentry, December 27, 1968, photographed from a <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a> at 40,000 feet</figcaption></figure> The cruise back to Earth was mostly a time for the crew to relax and monitor the spacecraft. As long as the trajectory specialists had calculated everything correctly, the spacecraft would reenter Earth's atmosphere two-and-a-half days after TEI and <a href="/wiki/Splashdown_(spacecraft_landing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Splashdown (spacecraft landing)">splash down</a> in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200039-55">[52]</a> On Christmas afternoon, the crew made their fifth television broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> This time, they gave a tour of the spacecraft, showing how an astronaut lived in space. When they finished broadcasting, they found a small present from Slayton in the food locker: a real turkey dinner with stuffing, in the same kind of pack given to the troops in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford197368-91">[88]</a> Another Slayton surprise was a gift of three <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(alcohol)" title="Miniature (alcohol)">miniature bottles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, which Borman ordered the crew to leave alone until after they landed. They remained unopened, even years after the flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999275-92">[89]</a> There were also small presents to the crew from their wives. The next day, at about 124 hours into the mission, the sixth and final TV transmission showed the mission's best video images of the Earth, during a four-minute broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> After two uneventful days, the crew prepared for reentry. The computer would control the reentry, and all the crew had to do was put the spacecraft in the correct attitude, with the blunt end forward. In the event of computer failure, Borman was ready to take over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1998127–128-94">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_crew_of_Apollo_8_addresses_the_crew_of_the_USS_Yorktown_after_a_successful_splashdown_and_recovery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_crew_of_Apollo_8_addresses_the_crew_of_the_USS_Yorktown_after_a_successful_splashdown_and_recovery.jpg/220px-The_crew_of_Apollo_8_addresses_the_crew_of_the_USS_Yorktown_after_a_successful_splashdown_and_recovery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_crew_of_Apollo_8_addresses_the_crew_of_the_USS_Yorktown_after_a_successful_splashdown_and_recovery.jpg/330px-The_crew_of_Apollo_8_addresses_the_crew_of_the_USS_Yorktown_after_a_successful_splashdown_and_recovery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_crew_of_Apollo_8_addresses_the_crew_of_the_USS_Yorktown_after_a_successful_splashdown_and_recovery.jpg/440px-The_crew_of_Apollo_8_addresses_the_crew_of_the_USS_Yorktown_after_a_successful_splashdown_and_recovery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Crew of Apollo 8 addressing the crew of USS Yorktown after successful splashdown and recovery</figcaption></figure> Separation from the service module prepared the command module for reentry by exposing the heat shield and shedding unneeded mass. The service module would burn up in the atmosphere as planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1998127–128-94">[91]</a> Six minutes before they hit the top of the atmosphere, the crew saw the Moon rising above the Earth's horizon, just as had been calculated by the trajectory specialists.<a href="#cite_note-splashdown1-95">[92]</a> As the module hit the thin outer atmosphere, the crew noticed that it was becoming hazy outside as glowing <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> formed around the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200040-96">[93]</a> The spacecraft started slowing down, and the deceleration peaked at 6 standard gravities (59 m/s2). With the computer controlling the descent by changing the <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)">attitude</a> of the spacecraft, Apollo 8 rose briefly like a skipping stone before descending to the ocean. At 30,000 feet (9.1 km), the drogue parachute deployed, stabilizing the spacecraft, followed at 10,000 feet (3.0 km) by the three main parachutes. The spacecraft splashdown position was officially reported as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_8&params=8_8_N_165_1_W_&title=Apollo+8+estimated+splashdown">8°8′N 165°1′W / 8.133°N 165.017°W / 8.133; -165.017 (Apollo 8 estimated splashdown)</a> in the North Pacific Ocean, southwest of Hawaii at 15:51:42 UTC on December 27, 1968.<a href="#cite_note-MissionReport-11">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ap8-S68-56310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ap8-S68-56310.jpg/220px-Ap8-S68-56310.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ap8-S68-56310.jpg/330px-Ap8-S68-56310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ap8-S68-56310.jpg/440px-Ap8-S68-56310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6838" data-file-height="6838" /></a><figcaption>Command module on the deck of <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-10)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-10)">USS Yorktown</a></figcaption></figure> When the spacecraft hit the water, the parachutes dragged it over and left it upside down, in what was termed Stable 2 position. As they were buffeted by a 10-foot (3.0 m) swell, Borman vomited, waiting for the three flotation balloons to right the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKluger2017277-97">[94]</a> About six minutes after splashdown, the command module was righted into a normal apex-up (Stable 1) orientation by its inflatable bag uprighting system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200040-96">[93]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogman</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-10)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-10)">USS Yorktown</a> arrived 43 minutes after splashdown. Forty-five minutes later, the crew was safe on the flight deck of the Yorktown.<a href="#cite_note-splashdown1-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200040-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_importance">Historical importance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historical importance">edit</a>]</div> Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval in the United States and most of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Men_of_the_Year-98">[95]</a> Even though the year saw political assassinations, political unrest in the streets of Europe and America, and the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine chose the crew of Apollo 8 as its <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Men of the Year</a> for 1968, recognizing them as the people who most influenced events in the preceding year.<a href="#cite_note-Men_of_the_Year-98">[95]</a> They had been the first people ever to leave the gravitational influence of the Earth and orbit another celestial body.<a href="#cite_note-Apollo_8_Firsts-99">[96]</a> They had survived a mission that even the crew themselves had rated as having only a fifty-fifty chance of fully succeeding. The effect of Apollo 8 was summed up in a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that stated simply, "Thank you Apollo 8. You saved 1968."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994134-100">[97]</a> One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the <a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a> picture that the crew took as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20088,_32-101">[98]</a> This was the first time that humans had taken such a picture while actually behind the camera, and it has been credited as one of the inspirations of the first <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> It was selected as the first of Life magazine's 100 Photographs That Changed the World.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2003204–205-103">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_Crew_Arrives_in_Houston_(23936765502).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Apollo_8_Crew_Arrives_in_Houston_%2823936765502%29.jpg/220px-Apollo_8_Crew_Arrives_in_Houston_%2823936765502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Apollo_8_Crew_Arrives_in_Houston_%2823936765502%29.jpg/330px-Apollo_8_Crew_Arrives_in_Houston_%2823936765502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Apollo_8_Crew_Arrives_in_Houston_%2823936765502%29.jpg/440px-Apollo_8_Crew_Arrives_in_Houston_%2823936765502%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5737" data-file-height="3798" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 8 astronauts return to Houston after their mission</figcaption></figure> Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins said, "Eight's momentous historic significance was foremost";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayCox1990333-104">[101]</a> while space historian Robert K. Poole saw Apollo 8 as the most historically significant of all the Apollo missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20088,_32-101">[98]</a> The mission was the most widely covered by the media since the first American orbital flight, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, in 1962. There were 1,200 journalists covering the mission, with the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s coverage broadcast in 54 countries in 15 different languages. The Soviet newspaper <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> featured a quote from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Nikolaevich_Petrov_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Nikolaevich Petrov (scientist) (page does not exist)">Boris Nikolaevich Petrov</a> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E" class="extiw" title="be:Барыс Мікалаевіч Пятроў">be</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolajewitsch_Petrow" class="extiw" title="de:Boris Nikolajewitsch Petrow">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="ru:Петров, Борис Николаевич (учёный)">ru</a>], Chairman of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> program, who described the flight as an "outstanding achievement of American space sciences and technology".<a href="#cite_note-Pravda-105">[102]</a> It is estimated that a quarter of the people alive at the time saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994120-106">[103]</a> The Apollo 8 broadcasts won an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a>, the highest honor given by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Television Arts & Sciences">Academy of Television Arts & Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Emmy_Award-107">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, later caused controversy by bringing a lawsuit against NASA over the reading from Genesis. O'Hair wanted the courts to ban American astronauts—who were all government employees—from public prayer in space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994623-108">[105]</a> Though the case was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, apparently for lack of jurisdiction in outer space,<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> it caused NASA to be skittish about the issue of religion throughout the rest of the Apollo program. Buzz Aldrin, on Apollo 11, self-communicated <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> on the surface of the Moon after landing; he refrained from mentioning this publicly for several years and referred to it only obliquely at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994204,_623-110">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_1371,_Apollo_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Scott_1371%2C_Apollo_8.jpg/170px-Scott_1371%2C_Apollo_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Scott_1371%2C_Apollo_8.jpg/255px-Scott_1371%2C_Apollo_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Scott_1371%2C_Apollo_8.jpg/340px-Scott_1371%2C_Apollo_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 8 commemorative stamp</figcaption></figure> In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">United States Post Office Department</a> issued a postage stamp (<a href="/wiki/Scott_catalogue" title="Scott catalogue">Scott catalogue</a> #1371) commemorating the Apollo 8 flight around the Moon. The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Earthrise over the Moon taken by Anders on Christmas Eve, and the words, "In the beginning God ...", the first words of the book of Genesis.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In January 1969, just 18 days after the crew's return to Earth, they appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_III" title="Super Bowl III">Super Bowl III</a> pre-game show, reciting the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">national anthem</a> was performed by trumpeter Lloyd Geisler of the <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="National Symphony Orchestra">Washington National Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PaleyCenter-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationalanthem-114">[n 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_location">Spacecraft location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spacecraft location">edit</a>]</div> In January 1970, the spacecraft was delivered to <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan, for display in the U.S. pavilion at <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo '70</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> It is now displayed at the Chicago <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a>, along with a collection of personal items from the flight donated by Lovell and the <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suit</a> worn by Frank Borman.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> Jim Lovell's Apollo 8 space suit is on public display in the Visitor Center at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn Research Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Bill Anders's space suit is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a> in London, United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2008203-121">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Apollo 8's historic mission has been depicted and referred to in several forms, both documentary and fiction. The various television transmissions and <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a> footage shot by the crew of Apollo 8 were compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary Debrief: Apollo 8, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In addition, Spacecraft Films released, in 2003, a three-disc DVD set containing all of NASA's TV and 16 mm film footage related to the mission, including all TV transmissions from space, training and launch footage, and motion pictures taken in flight.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Other documentaries include "Race to the Moon" (2005) as part of <a href="/wiki/American_Experience_(season_18)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Experience (season 18)">season 18 of American Experience</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Moon_(2007_film)" title="In the Shadow of the Moon (2007 film)">In the Shadow of the Moon</a> (2007).<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> Apollo's Daring Mission aired on PBS' <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_episodes#Season_46:_2018–2019" title="List of Nova episodes">Nova</a> in December 2018, marking the flight's 50th anniversary. The 1994 album <a href="/wiki/The_Songs_of_Distant_Earth_(album)" title="The Songs of Distant Earth (album)">The Songs of Distant Earth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a> uses the Anders' reading for the cut "In The Beginning".<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries <a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)#Episodes" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">1968</a>".<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The S-IVB stage of Apollo 8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 <a href="/wiki/UFO_(British_TV_series)" title="UFO (British TV series)">UFO</a> episode "Conflict".<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Apollo 8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side", on the 2015 album <a href="/wiki/The_Race_for_Space_(album)" title="The Race for Space (album)">The Race for Space</a>, by the band <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Broadcasting_(band)" title="Public Service Broadcasting (band)">Public Service Broadcasting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> A documentary film, <a href="/wiki/First_to_the_Moon:_The_Journey_of_Apollo_8" title="First to the Moon: The Journey of Apollo 8">First to the Moon: The Journey of Apollo 8</a> was released in 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_(book)" title="Apollo 8 (book)">Apollo 8 (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-serialnote-10"><a href="#cite_ref-serialnote_10-0">^</a> Serial numbers were initially assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in the format "SA-5xx" (for Saturn-Apollo). By the time the rockets achieved flight, the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> started using the format "AS-5xx" (for Apollo-Saturn). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Lunar Module Pilot was the official title used for the third pilot position in Block II missions, regardless of whether the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">LM spacecraft</a> was present or not. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> On a lunar mission, the Command Module Pilot was assigned the role of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigator</a>, while the Lunar Module Pilot was assigned the role of <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a>, responsible for monitoring all spacecraft systems, even if the flight did not include a lunar module. The navigational systems console was in front of the center seat and the environmental and electrical systems console in front of the right hand seat. </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalanthem-114"><a href="#cite_ref-nationalanthem_114-0">^</a> NFL's website erroneously states that <a href="/wiki/Anita_Bryant" title="Anita Bryant">Anita Bryant</a> performed the anthem, but <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s broadcast of game, available from the <a href="/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media" title="Paley Center for Media">Paley Center for Media</a>'s collection, shows that Geisler performed it. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20181221-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20181221_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20181221_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" title="Dennis Overbye">Overbye, Dennis</a> (December 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html">"Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World—Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved December 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Did+Plato+Think+the+Earth+Looked+Like%3F%E2%80%94For+millenniums%2C+humans+have+tried+to+imagine+the+world+in+space.+Fifty+years+ago%2C+we+finally+saw+it.&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F24%2Fopinion%2Fplato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-118A">"Apollo 8"</a>. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Space+Science+Data+Coordinated+Archive&rft.atitle=Apollo+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1968-118A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html">"Apollo 8"</a>. NASA. July 9, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+8&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2009-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fapollo%2Fmissions%2Fapollo8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PressKit-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PressKit_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PressKit_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059_1969003059.pdf">"Apollo 8 Press Kit"</a> (PDF) (Press kit). NASA. December 15, 1968. pp. 33–34. Release No. 68-208. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059_1969003059.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+8+Press+Kit&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1968-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19690003059_1969003059.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"> The spacecraft mass at launch includes the CM and SM, but excludes the 4,000 kilograms (8,900 lb) Launch Escape System (LES), which was discarded before reaching Earth orbit. </li> <li id="cite_note-prelaunch-7"><a href="#cite_ref-prelaunch_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-prelaunch-rep.pdf">"Pre-Launch Mission Operation Report No. M-932-68-08"</a> (PDF) (Memorandum). NASA. December 17, 1968. p. 30. M-932-68-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-prelaunch-rep.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre-Launch+Mission+Operation+Report+No.+M-932-68-08&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1968-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fafj%2Fap08fj%2Fpdf%2Fa08-prelaunch-rep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302223118/http://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf">"Apollo 8 Mission Report"</a> (PDF). NASA. February 1969. p. A-14. MSC-PA-R-69-1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 2, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+8+Mission+Report&rft.pages=p.+A-14&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1969-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fap08fj%2Fpdf%2Fa08-missionreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"> The mass for LTA-B was less than that of a flying LM, because it was essentially a boilerplate descent stage. A fully loaded, flight-ready LM, like the Eagle from Apollo 11, had a mass of 15,095 kilograms (33,278 lb), including propellants. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-118A">"Apollo 8"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Science_Data_Coordinated_Archive" title="NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive">NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</a>. 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New York: Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7"><bdi>978-0-8154-1028-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001017080">2001017080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carrying+the+Fire%3A+An+Astronaut%27s+Journeys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001017080&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1028-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarryingfire00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Cunningham, Walter</a> (2010) [1977]. 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New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1995-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1995-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-1995-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006016116">2006016116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Side+of+the+Moon%3A+The+Magnificent+Madness+of+the+American+Lunar+Quest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006016116&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1995-4&rft.aulast=De+Groot&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarksideofmoonma00degr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtelNewkirkBrooks1978" class="citation web cs1">Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; Brooks, Courtney G. 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(1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629085430/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780012208_1978012208.pdf">On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. SP-4203. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780012208_1978012208.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 29, 2007. 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Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781627798327" title="Special:BookSources/9781627798327"><bdi>9781627798327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+8%3A+The+Thrilling+Story+of+the+First+Mission+to+the+Moon&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781627798327&rft.aulast=Kluger&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranz2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Kranz, Gene</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790">Failure Is Not An Option</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-0079-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406416">829406416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+Is+Not+An+Option&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829406416&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0079-0&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780743200790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimer1985" class="citation book cs1">Lattimer, Dick (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780961122805">All We Did Was Fly to the Moon</a>. 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Alachua, Florida: Whispering Eagle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9611228-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9611228-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9611228-0-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/85222271">85222271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+We+Did+Was+Fly+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Alachua%2C+Florida&rft.series=History-alive+series&rft.pub=Whispering+Eagle+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F85222271&rft.isbn=978-0-9611228-0-5&rft.aulast=Lattimer&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780961122805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogsdon1976" class="citation book cs1">Logsdon, John M. (1976). The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849992795">849992795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decision+to+Go+to+the+Moon%3A+Project+Apollo+and+the+National+Interest&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849992795&rft.aulast=Logsdon&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovellKluger1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Lovell, Jim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kluger" title="Jeffrey Kluger">Kluger, Jeffery</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Lost_Moon" title="Lost Moon">Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-67029-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-67029-2"><bdi>0-395-67029-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94028052">94028052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Moon%3A+The+Perilous+Voyage+of+Apollo+13&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94028052&rft.isbn=0-395-67029-2&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Kluger%2C+Jeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayCox1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray, Charles</a>; Cox, Catherine Bly (1990). Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70625-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70625-8"><bdi>978-0-671-70625-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%3A+The+Race+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-671-70625-8&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Cox%2C+Catherine+Bly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrloff2000" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm">Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference</a>. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4"><bdi>978-0-16-050631-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00061677">00061677</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406439">829406439</a>. NASA SP-2000-4029. 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In <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cortright" title="Edgar Cortright">Cortright, Edgar M</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html">Apollo Expeditions to the Moon</a>. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1623434">1623434</a>. NASA SP-350. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219204538/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-9-5.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shakedown+Cruises&rft.btitle=Apollo+Expeditions+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1623434&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-350%2Fcover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poole_(historian)" title="Robert Poole (historian)">Poole, Robert K.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7938363W/Earthrise?edition=key%3A/books/OL16927352M">Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13766-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13766-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13766-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008026764">2008026764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthrise%3A+How+Man+First+Saw+the+Earth&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008026764&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13766-8&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL7938363W%2FEarthrise%3Fedition%3Dkey%253A%2Fbooks%2FOL16927352M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchefter1999" class="citation book cs1">Schefter, James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceuncensored00sche">The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9"><bdi>978-0-385-49253-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98054430">98054430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race%3A+The+Uncensored+Story+of+How+America+Beat+Russia+to+the+Moon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98054430&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49253-9&rft.aulast=Schefter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceuncensored00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2003" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Robert, ed. (2003). <a href="/wiki/100_Photographs_that_Changed_the_World" title="100 Photographs that Changed the World">100 Photographs That Changed the World</a>. New York: Time, Inc. Home Entertainment. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931933-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-931933-84-7"><bdi>1-931933-84-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987934269">987934269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Photographs+That+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time%2C+Inc.+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987934269&rft.isbn=1-931933-84-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Wilford" title="John Noble Wilford">Wilford, John Noble</a> (1973). We Reach the Moon. Putnam Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-448-26152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-448-26152-2"><bdi>978-0-448-26152-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Reach+the+Moon&rft.pub=Putnam+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-448-26152-2&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2008" class="citation book cs1">Woods, W. David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howapolloflewtom0000wood">How Apollo Flew to the Moon</a>. Brelin; New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71675-6"><bdi>978-0-387-71675-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007932412">2007932412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Apollo+Flew+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Brelin%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007932412&rft.isbn=978-0-387-71675-6&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=W.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowapolloflewtom0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" class="extiw" title="commons:Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531210211/http://astronautix.com/flights/apollo8.htm">"Apollo 8"</a> at Encyclopedia Astronautica</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Albert A. (Winter 2008–2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiaahouston.org/Horizons/december2008.pdf">"The Essence of the Human Spirit: Apollo 8"</a> (PDF). Horizons (Newsletter, AIAA Houston Section). 34 (1). Reston, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> (AIAA): 24–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.aiaahouston.org/Horizons/december2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horizons&rft.atitle=The+Essence+of+the+Human+Spirit%3A+Apollo+8&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-28&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Albert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiaahouston.org%2FHorizons%2Fdecember2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+8" class="Z3988"> Article about the 40th anniversary of Apollo 8</li></ul> <dl><dt>Multimedia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Apollo8GoForTli">Apollo 8: Go for TLI</a> 1969 NASA film at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debrief_apollo_8">Debrief: Apollo 8</a> 1969 NASA film at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Apollo07And0816mmOnboardFilm">"Apollo 07 and 08 16mm Onboard Film (1968)"</a> raw footage taken from Apollos 7 and 8 at the Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HV9EgQlIhE">Apollo 8 Around the Moon and Back</a> 2018 YouTube video</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Apollo_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Apollo program"><img alt="Emblem of the Apollo program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/70px-Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/105px-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/140px-Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-102" title="AS-102">AS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2" title="Saturn I SA-2">SA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-3" title="Saturn I SA-3">SA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-4" title="Saturn I SA-4">SA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-5" title="Saturn I SA-5">SA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle">QTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-002" title="A-002">A-002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-003" title="A-003">A-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">A-004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-103" title="AS-103">AS-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-104" title="AS-104">AS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-Apollo</a> capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Symbol † indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> Orbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> (service module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1</a> (relay satellite at <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (propulsion module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> ×6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">(Chandrayaan-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">Artemis VII</a> (2032)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VIII">Artemis VIII</a> (2033)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost">Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">Luna 29</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">Luna 30</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">Luna 31</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R M2</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E3</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled / concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1967Orbital_launches_in_19681969_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1968" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1968"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1968" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1968"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1968" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1968"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1967Orbital_launches_in_19681969_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1967_in_spaceflight" title="1967 in spaceflight">← 1967</a></div><a href="/wiki/1968_in_spaceflight" title="1968 in spaceflight">Orbital launches in 1968</a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1969_in_spaceflight" title="1969 in spaceflight">1969 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">Surveyor 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_36" title="Explorer 36">Explorer 36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_199&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 199 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 199</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1965 (page does not exist)">OPS 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5028 (page does not exist)">OPS 5028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 200 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2243 (page does not exist)">OPS 2243</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6236 (page does not exist)">OPS 6236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 201 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_E-6LS_No.112" title="Luna E-6LS No.112">E-6LS No.112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_202" title="Kosmos 202">Kosmos 202</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_203&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 203 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 203</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7034 (page does not exist)">OPS 7034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_4" title="Zond 4">Zond 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OGO-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OGO-5 (page does not exist)">OGO-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_204" title="Kosmos 204">Kosmos 204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_205" title="Kosmos 205">Kosmos 205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer 37">Explorer 37</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-U1-Ya_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-U1-Ya No.1 (page does not exist)">DS-U1-Ya No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5057&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5057 (page does not exist)">OPS 5057</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_206&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 206 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 206</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4849&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4849 (page does not exist)">OPS 4849</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7076&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7076 (page does not exist)">OPS 7076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_207&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 207 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 207</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 208 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 208</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_209&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 209 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 209</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 210 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-13" title="OV1-13">OV1-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-14" title="OV1-14">OV1-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">Luna 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_211" title="Kosmos 211">Kosmos 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_212" title="Kosmos 212">Kosmos 212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_213" title="Kosmos 213">Kosmos 213</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5165&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5165 (page does not exist)">OPS 5165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_214" title="Kosmos 214">Kosmos 214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_215" title="Kosmos 215">Kosmos 215</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_216&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 216 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 216</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.10 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1_No.7L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L (page does not exist)">7K-L1 No.7L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 217 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 217</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 218 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_219" title="Kosmos 219">Kosmos 219</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1419&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1419 (page does not exist)">OPS 1419</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 220 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESRO-2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESRO-2B (page does not exist)">ESRO-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_B" title="Nimbus B">Nimbus B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECOR_10" class="mw-redirect" title="SECOR 10">SECOR 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7869&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7869 (page does not exist)">OPS 7869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_221" title="Kosmos 221">Kosmos 221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_222" title="Kosmos 222">Kosmos 222</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_223&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 223 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 223</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_224&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 224 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 224</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfera_No.12L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfera No.12L (page does not exist)">Sfera No.12L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5138&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5138 (page does not exist)">OPS 5138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_225" title="Kosmos 225">Kosmos 225</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_226&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 226 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Defense_Communications_Satellite_Program" title="Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program">IDCSP 27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strela-2_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strela-2 No.3 (page does not exist)">Strela-2 No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_227&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 227 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 227</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5343 (page does not exist)">OPS 5343</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5259&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5259 (page does not exist)">OPS 5259</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_228&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 228 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 228</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_229&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 229 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_38" title="Explorer 38">Explorer 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_230" title="Kosmos 230">Kosmos 230</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.13 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_231&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 231 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-15" title="OV1-15">OV1-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV1-16" title="OV1-16">OV1-16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_232&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 232 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_233" title="Kosmos 233">Kosmos 233</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_234&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 234 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 234</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2222&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2222 (page does not exist)">OPS 2222</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5187&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5187 (page does not exist)">OPS 5187</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5955&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5955 (page does not exist)">OPS 5955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_39" title="Explorer 39">Explorer 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_40" title="Explorer 40">Explorer 40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_235&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 235 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATS-4" title="ATS-4">ATS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSA-7" title="ESSA-7">ESSA-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiscal_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiscal 1 (page does not exist)">Orbiscal 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV5-8" title="OV5-8">OV5-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere 1 (page does not exist)">Gridsphere 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere 2 (page does not exist)">Gridsphere 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere B (page does not exist)">Gridsphere B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gridsphere_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gridsphere R (page does not exist)">Gridsphere R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Calibration_Sphere_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Calibration Sphere 3 (page does not exist)">LCS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Inclination_Doppler_Only_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large Inclination Doppler Only Satellite (page does not exist)">LIDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECOR_11" class="mw-redirect" title="SECOR 11">SECOR 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECOR_12" class="mw-redirect" title="SECOR 12">SECOR 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcat">Radcat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P68-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P68-1 (page does not exist)">P68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 236 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_237&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 237 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_238" title="Kosmos 238">Kosmos 238</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 239 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5247 (page does not exist)">OPS 5247</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 240 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_241&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 241 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 241</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0165&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0165 (page does not exist)">OPS 0165</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8595&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8595 (page does not exist)">OPS 8595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-1" title="Intelsat III F-1">Intelsat III F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_242" title="Kosmos 242">Kosmos 242</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 243 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 243</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Experimental_Satellite_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Experimental Satellite 6 (page does not exist)">LES-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OV2-5" title="OV2-5">OV2-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 21">ERS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_28" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 28">ERS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 244 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_245" title="Kosmos 245">Kosmos 245</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESRO-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESRO-1A (page does not exist)">ESRO-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.14 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_0964&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 0964 (page does not exist)">OPS 0964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_246&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 246 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 246</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 247 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_248&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 248 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 248</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_249&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 249 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 249</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4078&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4078 (page does not exist)">OPS 4078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_2" title="Soyuz 2">Soyuz 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_3" title="Soyuz 3">Soyuz 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 250 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 250</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_251&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 251 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 251</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_252&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 252 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 252</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1315&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1315 (page does not exist)">OPS 1315</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5296 (page does not exist)">OPS 5296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer 9">Pioneer 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Research Satellite 31">ERS-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">Zond 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_253&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 253 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton 4">Proton 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_254&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 254 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 254</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_255&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 255 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 255</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STV-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STV-1 (page does not exist)">STV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_256&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 256 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_257" title="Kosmos 257">Kosmos 257</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6518&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6518 (page does not exist)">OPS 6518</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HEOS-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HEOS-1 (page does not exist)">HEOS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_258&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 258 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 258</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4740&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4740 (page does not exist)">OPS 4740</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7684&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7684 (page does not exist)">OPS 7684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_259" title="Kosmos 259">Kosmos 259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSA-8" title="ESSA-8">ESSA-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_260&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 260 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-2" title="Intelsat III F-2">Intelsat III F-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_261" title="Kosmos 261">Kosmos 261</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_262" title="Kosmos 262">Kosmos 262</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History (<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a> (human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)">Solar System Family Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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