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Human Palaeosystems
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srcset="/2372630/header_image-1700574643.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6IndlYnAiLCJxdWFsaXR5Ijo4Niwib2JqX2lkIjoyMzcyNjMwfQ%3D%3D--9334b83473b6e98875489cecd4f2d28b4911ee3c 848w, /2372630/header_image-1700574643.webp?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJ3ZWJwIiwib2JqX2lkIjoyMzcyNjMwfQ%3D%3D--a61b65176af039cfe043a2d9194f08868598a2a4 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/webp" /><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="/2372630/header_image-1700574643.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6MjM3MjYzMH0%3D--681a7b2b5395060bc662a6dc76e659d8d3f22ff7 848w, /2372630/header_image-1700574643.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MTY5NiwiZmlsZV9leHRlbnNpb24iOiJqcGciLCJvYmpfaWQiOjIzNzI2MzB9--d06723f9e50d1190c0e5cb1257adc23f8bd01d4f 1696w" sizes="848px" type="image/jpeg" /><img alt="Human Palaeosystems Group" title="Human Palaeosystems Group" id="responsive-header-image" class="img-responsive img-fluid figure-img" src="/2372630/header_image-1700574643.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6ODQ4LCJmaWxlX2V4dGVuc2lvbiI6ImpwZyIsIm9ial9pZCI6MjM3MjYzMH0%3D--681a7b2b5395060bc662a6dc76e659d8d3f22ff7" /></picture> </figure> <div class="content"> <h1 class="serif">Human Palaeosystems Group</h1> <div class="social-media-buttons hidden-print "> <a class="social-button facebook" target="_blank" title="Facebook" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?t=Max-Planck-Institut+f%C3%BCr+Geoanthropologie+-+Human+Palaeosystems&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2F1149576%2Fhuman-palaeosystems"></a> <a class="social-button linkedin" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2F1149576%2Fhuman-palaeosystems"></a> <a class="social-button reddit" target="_blank" title="Reddit" href="https://reddit.com/submit?title=Max-Planck-Institut+f%C3%BCr+Geoanthropologie+-+Human+Palaeosystems&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2F1149576%2Fhuman-palaeosystems"></a> <a class="social-button twitter" target="_blank" title="Twitter" href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Max-Planck-Institut+f%C3%BCr+Geoanthropologie+-+Human+Palaeosystems&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2F1149576%2Fhuman-palaeosystems"></a> <a class="social-button whatsapp visible-xs" title="WhatsApp" href="whatsapp://send?text=Max-Planck-Institut+f%C3%BCr+Geoanthropologie+-+Human+Palaeosystems+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2F1149576%2Fhuman-palaeosystems"></a> <a class="social-button xing" target="_blank" title="Xing" href="https://www.xing.com/spi/shares/new?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2F1149576%2Fhuman-palaeosystems"></a> <a class="social-button email" title="E-Mail" href="mailto:?body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shh.mpg.de%2F1149576%2Fhuman-palaeosystems&subject=Max-Planck-Institut%20f%C3%BCr%20Geoanthropologie%20-%20Human%20Palaeosystems"></a> <a class="social-button print" title="Print" href=""></a> </div> <div class="meta-information"> <div class="data"> </div> </div> <p>Die Welt steht derzeit vor einer doppelten Krise, die die Biodiversität und das Klima betrifft und die größte Herausforderung für das Fortbestehen des menschlichen Lebens auf der Erde darstellt. Die Konfrontation mit dieser Krise erfordert öffentliche Unterstützung, politischen Willen und wissenschaftliche Lösungen in sozialen, technologischen und prognostischen Bereichen. Unser Team trägt zu diesem kritischen Thema bei, indem es die Beziehungen zwischen Mensch und Umwelt in der Tiefenzeit erforscht, um Lehren für die Gegenwart abzuleiten. Speziell zielen wir darauf ab, die Dynamik der menschlich-biokulturellen Evolution und des Ökosystemwandels zu enträtseln, vom Aufstieg unserer Spezies bis zum Beginn der Landwirtschaft, um die Wurzeln des gegenwärtigen geologischen Zeitalters zu verstehen: das Anthropozän. Um dies zu erreichen, konzentriert sich unsere Gruppe auf drei Schlüsselbereiche:</p><ol><li><a href="/1149576/human-palaeosystems#Bereich 1">Das Entstehen und die Ausbreitung der menschlichen Nische, zusammen mit ihren technologischen, gesellschaftlichen und ökologischen Rückkopplungen.</a></li><li><a href="/1149576/human-palaeosystems#Bereich 2">Die Ko-Evolution von Krankheit und Kultur.</a></li><li><a href="/1149576/human-palaeosystems#Bereich 3">Die Resilienz von Ökosystemen und der Übergang von unberührten natürlichen Systemen zu menschlich dominierten Landschaften.</a></li></ol><h2><a id="Bereich 1" name="Bereich 1">Bereich 1: Das Entstehen und die Ausbreitung der menschlichen Nische</a></h2><p>Es ist eine vorherrschende Ansicht, dass die Menschen seit ihrer Entwicklung in Afrika in relativem Einklang mit den Pflanzen und Tieren auf dem Kontinent lebten. Im Gegensatz dazu trafen die Menschen bei der Ausbreitung über Afrika hinaus auf neue Umgebungen und eine naive Fauna, die sie aggressiv ausbeuteten. Für das Tierreich wird angenommen, dass diese Ausbeutung zum Zusammenbruch vieler Arten von Megafauna führte, deren Aussterben weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die Resilienz der Ökosysteme hatte. Diese Sichtweise reduziert jedoch die Vielfalt der afrikanischen Ökosysteme auf vernachlässigbare Ebenen und basiert auf dem problematischen Narrativ des sogenannten "edlen Wilden". Während afrikanische Megafaunen nicht ausgestorben sind, wurde die Art und Weise, wie Menschen die Verteilung verschiedener Tiergemeinschaften beeinflusst haben, kaum erforscht – mit Auswirkungen auf den Naturschutz und die Umweltrestaurierung. Gleichzeitig zeigen paläoökologische Rekonstruktionen, dass viele scheinbar unberührte Vegetationskonstellationen heute tatsächlich ungewöhnlich, wenn nicht anomalistisch sind, was darauf hindeutet, dass menschliches Handeln im Spiel war. Die weit verbreitete landschaftliche Brandwirtschaft könnte bis zu etwa 90.000 Jahre zurückreichen und kleinen Jäger-und-Sammler-Populationen ermöglicht haben, Landschaften zu transformieren. Diese Ereignisse sind frühe Vorläufer von Verhaltensweisen, die letztendlich begannen die planetarischen Auswirkungen menschlichen Verhaltens zu katalysieren.</p><p>Die Forschungsgruppe Human Palaeosystems versucht, das Entstehen der menschlichen Nische und ihre Auswirkungen in Afrika auf verschiedene Weise zu verstehen. Wir verwenden einen ökologischen Nischenmodellansatz, um:</p><ul><li>Paläoklimamodelle zu testen und zu verfeinern.</li><li>Zu verstehen, ob afrikanische Fauna, die dieselbe Nische wie Menschen teilen, in den letzten 120.000 Jahren beeinflusst wurden.</li><li>Veränderungen im menschlichen Nischenraum im Pleistozän zu rekonstruieren und Expansionen zu dokumentieren.</li></ul><p>Darüber hinaus verwenden wir Paläoklimamodelle, um die Standorte möglicher menschlicher Refugien im Pleistozän zu erkunden, um einen panafrikanischen Rahmen für archäologische und paläoanthropologische Untersuchungen zu entwickeln. Gleichzeitig sind auch primäre Daten erforderlich, um diese Fragen anzugehen. Forschungen zeigen mittlerweile, dass der größte Teil des afrikanischen Kontinents an der Entstehung unserer Spezies, Homo sapiens, beteiligt ist. Dennoch bleiben weite Teile des Kontinents unerforscht. Daher konzentrieren wir uns auf Westafrika – eine bedeutende Kontinentalregion, für die fast keine Daten zur menschlichen Evolution und zur Ausweitung der menschlichen Nische vorliegen. Unser Team führt Feldforschungen in Benin, Nigeria, Guinea, Senegal und der Elfenbeinküste durch, um eine Datenbasis mit folgenden Schwerpunkten zu schaffen:</p><ul><li>frühmenschlicher Fundplätze in Westafrika, die chronometrisch datiert sind, sowie Materialkultur und zugehörige Fauna.</li><li>Vorhandenseins von Fundplätzen in verschiedenen Ökosystemen (z.B. Regenwald).</li><li>paläoökologische Proxy-Daten, um den Klimakontext alter menschlicher Besiedlungen in dieser Region zu rekonstruieren, einschließlich des Verständnisses von Brandwirtschaft und Entwicklung derselben.</li><li>alte DNA und/oder alte Proteome zur Rekonstruktion von Veränderungen in der Abstammungsentwicklung und Bevölkerungsdynamik.</li></ul><p>Durch die Kombination der gezielten Gewinnung von Primärdaten mit Modellierungsansätzen werden wir ein umfassendes Bild vom Entstehen unserer Spezies und den unmittelbaren Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt erstellen. Auf diese Weise werden wir ein besseres Verständnis dafür entwickeln, was unberührte Umgebungen in Afrika wirklich bedeuten, und die Rückkopplungen und Erbfolgen der Nischenausweitung auf menschliche Gesellschaften über lange Zeiträume hinweg identifizieren, mit Lehren für die Gegenwart – insbesondere für die Restaurierung von Ökosystemen.</p><p><em>Postdocs: Dr James Blinkhorn, Dr Khady Niang, Dr Alex Blackwood, Dr Lucy Timbrell</em></p><h2><a id="Bereich 2" name="Bereich 2">Bereich 2: Ko-Evolution von Krankheit und Kultur</a></h2><p>Eine bedeutende Auswirkung der Ausdehnung der menschlichen Nische sind die Wechselwirkungen mit der menschliche Gesundheit. Die Transformation der Umwelt durch Verbrennen, das Roden von Bäumen und die Anpassung an neue Biome muss auch im Zusammenhang mit der Veränderungen der Krankheitslast für Menschen verstanden werden. Bisher wird die Demografie der ersten Menschen nur sehr selten im Bezug zur Krankheitslast gesetzt und in der Regel nur durch Klimavariablen erklärt. Dennoch waren Krankheiten wie Malaria und andere tropische vektorübertragene Krankheiten schon lange vorhanden und dürften Veränderungen sowohl in der menschlichen Demografie als auch in der Kultur bewirkt haben. Die Auswirkungen neuer Krankheiten auf die menschliche Kultur und unsere Resilienz gegenüber Krankheiten sind durch die COVID-19-Pandemie zuletzt besonders deutlich geworden.</p><p>Wir entwickeln einen Malaria-Stabilitätsindex, um seine Beziehung zur Verteilung von Menschengruppen im pleistozänen Afrika und möglichen Auswirkungen auf Merkmale der materiellen Kultur (z. B. die Verwendung von Ocker, die Nutzung bestimmter Pflanzen etc.) zu erforschen. Die genetische Geschichte der Vektoren wird dann mithilfe dieser Daten simuliert, und Übereinstimmungen mit den tatsächlichen Daten werden untersucht, um das Verständnis der Auswirkungen von Krankheiten zu verfeinern.</p><p>Die so entwickelte Vorgehensweise soll in Zukunft auf eine Reihe weiterer tropischer Krankheiten angewendet werden, um die pleistozäne Krankheitslast auf Menschen und die potenziellen Auswirkungen auf die menschlich-biokulturelle Evolution und die Ausweitung der menschlichen Nische und deren Wechselwirkungen untereinander zu kartieren.</p><p><em>Postdocs: Dr Margherita Colucci, Dr James Blinkhorn</em></p><h2><a id="Bereich 3" name="Bereich 3">Bereich 3: Die Resilienz von Ökosystemen und der Übergang von unberührten natürlichen Systemen zu menschlich dominierten Landschaften</a></h2><p>Die Ausdehnung der menschlichen Nische, zusammen mit ihren Auswirkungen und Wechselwirkungen, lässt sich als der exponentielle Marsch Richtung Anthropozän zusammenfassen. Während die Erforschung der Ausdehnung der menschlichen Nische und ihrer Auswirkungen wichtige Informationen über die menschliche Evolution und die Umweltauswirkungen in der Tiefenzeit liefert, verhindert die Größe Afrikas eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Ökosystemresilienz. Um zu verstehen, wie die Resilienz von Ökosystemen mit dem Übergang zu menschlich dominierten Landschaften - und den Wurzeln des Anthropozäns – im Zusammenhang steht, untersucht unser Team Inseln. Konkret erforschen wir langfristige Prozesse der Ökosystemresilienz in Malta als 'Insel-Labor', dessen periodische Verbindungen zum Festland gut dokumentiert sind und das eine einzigartige Insel-Mini-Megafauna aufwies. Dieses durch den ERC finanzierte Projekt ist das erste, das den Übergang von unberührten natürlichen Ökosystemen zu menschlich dominierten Landschaften an einem einzigen Ort unter kontrollierten Bedingungen dokumentiert. Entscheidend ist, dass auf den Inseln zwischen Perioden der Ökosystemerholung aufeinanderfolgende Wellen menschlicher Siedler lebten - wobei jedes dieser Besiedlungsereignisse der nächsten Generation von Siedlern ein Vermächtnis hinterließ.</p><p><a href="/2350528/islandlab">IslandLab </a>rekonstruiert unter Verwendung eines interdisziplinären Ansatzes, der von Speleothem-Isotopen bis hin zu Proxies wie Pollen, Biomarkern und sedimentärer DNA reicht, eine Geschichte der Maltesischen Inseln über einen Zeitraum von 200.000 Jahren. Entgegen der etablierten Lehrmeinung, dass Menschen vor 7.500 Jahren erstmals auf die Inseln kamen, haben wir Hinweise (derzeit unveröffentlicht), die die menschliche Präsenz möglicherweise weiter zurückdatieren, was auf eine direkte Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Megafauna hindeuteten würde. Die so gewonnenen Daten werden die Ursachen des Zusammenbruchs der Insel-Megafauna und seine Folgen für die Ökosystemresilienz in einer zunehmend von Menschen dominierten Welt in bisher unerreichtem Detail untersuchen.</p><p>Um sicherzustellen, dass die Ergebnisse dieses Projekts heute den Maltesischen Inseln zugutekommen, die an vorderster Front des Klimawandels stehen, arbeitet die Forschungsgruppenleiterin direkt mit maltesischen Regierungsministern zusammen, um ein politisches Beratungsverfahren in entsprechenden Belangen zu entwickeln.</p><p><em>Postdocs: Dr. James Blinkhorn, Dr. Andrés Currás</em></p><h2>Ein kooperativer Ansatz</h2><p>Obwohl unser Team aus einer Vielzahl von Forschenden besteht, profitiert unsere Arbeit von starken Kooperationen innerhalb des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geoanthropologie. Diese Zusammenarbeit umfasst Kooperationen mit verschiedenen unabhängigen Forschungsgruppen und Wissenschaftlern des Fachbereichs Archäologie, die diverse Bereiche wie Paläoökologie, Archäobotanik und Isotope abdecken. Dieser kooperative Ansatz gewährleistet, dass unsere Arbeit nicht nur Möglichkeiten schafft, sondern auch umfassend zu den übergreifenden Zielen des Instituts beiträgt.</p><p>Darüber hinaus haben wir sehr starke Verbindungen zum <a class="external" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/de/index/" target="_blank">Max-Planck-Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie</a> in Leipzig (Abteilung für Archäogenetik, Abteilung für Menschliche Ursprünge und unabhängige Gruppen), zum <a class="external" href="https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/" target="_blank">Deutschen Geowissenschaftszentrum in Potsdam</a>, zur Abteilung für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Universität zu Köln sowie zu anderen deutschen Institutionen. Über Deutschland hinaus bestehen starke Verbindungen zur Evolutionsökologiegruppe am <a class="external" href="https://eeg.zoo.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank">Zoologischen Institut der Universität Cambridge</a>, zur Abteilung für Archäologie an der Universität Liverpool im Vereinigten Königreich, zur Universität Bordeaux in Frankreich und zur Universität Malta. Außerhalb Europas arbeitet unser Team eng mit der Universität Cheikh Anta Diop im Senegal, der Universität Ibadan in Nigeria und der Universität Félix Houphouët-Boigny an der Elfenbeinküste zusammen.</p><p>Durch die oben genannten Kooperationen stellen wir einen multidisziplinären Ansatz für unsere Forschung sicher, der auf Expertise aus verschiedenen Bereichen wie Genetik, Archäologie, Ökologie und Klimatologie zurückgreift. Diese breite und qualitativ hochwertige Aufstellung unserer Forschung ermöglicht es uns, komplexe Fragen zu den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Mensch und Umwelt im Laufe der Geschichte zu verhandeln.</p><h2>Publikationen</h2> <div class="single_publication "> <div class="one_publication large"> <span class="authors expandable_pubman"><span class="names">Scerri, E. M. L.; Will, M.</span><span class="colon">: </span></span> The revolution that still isn't: the origins of behavioral complexity in Homo sapiens. Journal of Human Evolution <span class="cond-bold">179</span>, 103358, S. 1 - 19 (2023) </div> <div class="options"> <div class="publication_link"> <a class="pubman" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_3506091"><i class="external"></i>MPG.PuRe</a> </div> <div class="publication_link"><a class="doi" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103358"><i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-news"></i>DOI</a></div> <div class="publication_link"><a class="pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_3506091_4/component/file_3506098/gea0042.pdf?mode=download"><i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-pdf"></i>publisher-version</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="single_publication "> <div class="one_publication large"> <span class="authors expandable_pubman"><span class="names">Scerri, E. M. L.; Roberts, P.; Maezumi, S. Y.; Malhi, Y.</span><span class="colon">: </span></span> Tropical forests in the deep human past. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences <span class="cond-bold">377</span> (1849), 2020.0500, S. 1 - 12 (2022) </div> <div class="options"> <div class="publication_link"> <a class="pubman" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_3373103"><i class="external"></i>MPG.PuRe</a> </div> <div class="publication_link"><a class="doi" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0500"><i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-news"></i>DOI</a></div> <div class="publication_link"><a class="pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_3373103_6/component/file_3373111/shh3166.pdf?mode=download"><i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-pdf"></i>publisher-version</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="single_publication "> <div class="one_publication large"> <span class="authors expandable_pubman"><span class="names">Bergström, A.; Stringer, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Scerri, E. M. L.; Skoglund, P.</span><span class="colon">: </span></span> Origins of modern human ancestry. Nature <span class="cond-bold">590</span> (7845), s41586-021-03244-5, S. 229 - 237 (2021) </div> <div class="options"> <div class="publication_link"> <a class="pubman" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_3286070"><i class="external"></i>MPG.PuRe</a> </div> <div class="publication_link"><a class="doi" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5"><i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-news"></i>DOI</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="single_publication "> <div class="one_publication large"> <span class="authors expandable_pubman"><span class="names">Scerri, E. M. L.; Thomas, M. G.; Manica, A.; Gunz, P.; Stock, J. T.; Stringer, C.; Grove, M.; Groucutt, H. S.; Timmermann, A.; Rightmire, G. P.</span><span class="read-more show_with_js et-al"> <a title="Scerri, E. M. L.; Thomas, M. G.; Manica, A.; Gunz, P.; Stock, J. T.; Stringer, C.; Grove, M.; Groucutt, H. S.; Timmermann, A.; Rightmire, G. P.; d’Errico, F.; Tryon, C. A.; Drake, N. A.; Brooks, A. S.; Dennell, R. W.; Durbin, R.; Henn, B. M.; Lee-Thorp, J.; deMenocal, P.; Petraglia, M. D.; Thompson, J. C.; Scally, A.; Chikhi, L." href="#">et al.</a></span><span class="details names">; d’Errico, F.; Tryon, C. A.; Drake, N. A.; Brooks, A. S.; Dennell, R. W.; Durbin, R.; Henn, B. M.; Lee-Thorp, J.; deMenocal, P.; Petraglia, M. D.; Thompson, J. C.; Scally, A.; Chikhi, L.</span><span class="colon">: </span></span> Did our species evolve in subdivided populations across Africa, and why does it matter? Trends in Ecology and Evolution <span class="cond-bold">33</span> (8), S. 582 - 594 (2018) </div> <div class="options"> <div class="publication_link"> <a class="pubman" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_2620884"><i class="external"></i>MPG.PuRe</a> </div> <div class="publication_link"><a class="doi" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005"><i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-news"></i>DOI</a></div> <div class="publication_link"><a class="pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_2620884_4/component/file_2620906/shh1030.pdf?mode=download"><i class="mpg-icon mpg-icon-pdf"></i>publisher-version</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="single_publication "> <div class="one_publication large"> <span class="authors expandable_pubman"><span class="names">Scerri, E. M. L.; Chikhi, L.; Thomas, M. G.</span><span class="colon">: </span></span> Beyond multiregional and simple out-of-Africa models of human evolution. 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