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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Creation–evolution_controversy_in_the_age_of_Darwin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation–evolution_controversy_in_the_age_of_Darwin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Creation–evolution controversy in the age of Darwin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation–evolution_controversy_in_the_age_of_Darwin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scopes_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scopes_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scopes trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scopes_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_Sciences_Curriculum_Study_(BSCS)_textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_Sciences_Curriculum_Study_(BSCS)_textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) textbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_Sciences_Curriculum_Study_(BSCS)_textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICR_and_the_co-opting_of_the_creationist_label" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICR_and_the_co-opting_of_the_creationist_label"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ICR and the co-opting of the <i>creationist</i> label</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICR_and_the_co-opting_of_the_creationist_label-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Catholic_Church_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Catholic_Church_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Catholic Church and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Catholic_Church_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_current_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_current_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The current controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_current_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_the_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_the_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Timeline of the controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_the_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam"><img alt="Michelangelo's "The Creation of Adam" on the Sistine Chapel ceiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg/250px-The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg/375px-The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg/500px-The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:#aab 1px solid; border-bottom:#aab 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Creationism#Types_of_creationism" title="Creationism">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">day-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">as an allegory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">Created kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science#Creationist_cosmologies" title="Creation science">Creationist cosmologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">"Teach the Controversy"</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Religious views</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-creation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator in Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Jainism and non-creationism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Evolution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_evolution" title="Jewish views on evolution">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Mormon</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/180px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/24px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a>, sometimes called creation–evolution controversy, has a long history.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to theories developed by <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>, some religious individuals and organizations question the legitimacy of scientific ideas that contradicted the <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">young earth</a> pseudoscientific interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation account</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation–evolution_controversy_in_the_age_of_Darwin"><span id="Creation.E2.80.93evolution_controversy_in_the_age_of_Darwin"></span>Creation–evolution controversy in the age of Darwin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation–evolution controversy in the age of Darwin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Life timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline" title="Template talk:Life timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.92em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:4.537em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.269em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:44.053em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.026em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:38.546em;height:5.507em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.546em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.128em;height:15.419em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.709em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:23.128em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.564em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.621em;height:5.507em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:17.621em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.811em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:11.663em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.831em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.982em;height:7.379em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.689em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.203em;height:3.756em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.878em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.721em;height:2.583em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.291em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.606em;height:1.597em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.798em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.333em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.666em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.606em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.303em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:5.947em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.974em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.533em;height:16.520em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:21.575em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.787em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:8.260em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.130em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.568em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.053em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.952em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:38.546em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.278em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:25.330em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.780em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.026em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.621em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Earliest multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.520em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.361em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.260em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.489em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.993em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.958em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.15em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.956em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.075em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:3.304em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.275em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.018em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">history of evolutionary thought</a> dates back to <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> and other Greek philosophers in Europe (5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> in Asia, and the history of evolutionary thought in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> theology dates back to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (4th century) and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (13th century), the current creation–evolution controversy originated in Europe and North America in the late 18th century. Discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> led to various theories of an ancient earth, and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> showing past extinctions prompted early ideas of evolution, which were particularly controversial in England, where both the natural world and the hierarchical social order were thought to be fixed by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s will. As the terrors of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> developed into the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, followed by economic depression threatening revolution in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> itself, such subversive ideas were rejected, associated only with <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> agitators.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Hodge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Charles_Hodge.JPG/200px-Charles_Hodge.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Charles_Hodge.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Theologian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a>, a critic of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theories, also praised Darwin for his intellectual honesty</figcaption></figure> <p>Conditions eased with economic recovery, and when <i><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</a></i> was anonymously published in 1844 its ideas of <a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">transmutation of species</a> attracted wide public interest despite being attacked by the scientific establishment and many <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a> who believed it to be in conflict with their interpretations of the biblical account of life's, especially humanity's, origin and development.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, radical <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> welcomed the book's ideas of "<a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>" as supporting their struggle to overthrow the privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</i> remained a best-seller, and paved the way for widespread interest in the theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> as introduced and published by English <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in his 1859 book, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>. Darwin's book was praised by Unitarians as well as by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Anglican</a> theologians whose <i><a href="/wiki/Essays_and_Reviews" title="Essays and Reviews">Essays and Reviews</a></i> (1860) sparked considerably more religious controversy in Britain than Darwin's publication, as its support of <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">higher criticism</a> questioned the historical accuracy of literal interpretations of the Bible and added declarations that miracles were irrational.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin's book revolutionized the way naturalists viewed the world. The book and its promotion attracted attention and controversy, and many theologians reacted to Darwin's theories. For example, in his 1874 work <i>What is Darwinism?</i> the theologian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a> argued that Darwin's theories were tantamount to <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy was fueled in part by one of Darwin's most vigorous promoters, Thomas Henry Huxley, who opined that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is a "...compound of some of the best and some of the worst elements of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, moulded in practice by the innate character of certain people of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>..."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most uncompromising of the evolutionary philosophers was Ernst Haeckel, who dogmatically affirmed that nothing spiritual exists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A watershed in the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> objections to evolution occurred after about 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-numbers_1992_p_13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers_1992_p_13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, citing <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> and other scientific luminaries, Protestant contributors to religious quarterlies dismissed Darwin's theories as unscientific.<sup id="cite_ref-numbers_1992_p_13_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers_1992_p_13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1875, it became clear that the majority of naturalists embraced evolution, and a sizable minority of these Protestant contributors rejected Darwin's theory because it called into question the veracity of Scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-numbers_1992_p_13_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers_1992_p_13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, virtually none of these dissenters insisted on a young Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_1992_14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_1992_14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest concern for <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationists</a> in the late 19th century was the issue of human ancestry. In the words of an 1896 <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)#Religious_tracts" title="Tract (literature)">religious tract</a>: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/200px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/300px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/400px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption>A satirical image of Darwin as an <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> from 1871 reflects part of the social controversy over whether humans and apes share a <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">common lineage</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I do not wish to meddle with any man's family matters, or quarrel with any one about his relatives. If a man prefers to look for his kindred in the <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoological gardens</a>, it is no concern of mine; if he wants to believe that the founder of his family was an <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kinosternon" title="Kinosternon">mud-turtle</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">monar</a>, he may do so; but when he insists that <i>I</i> shall trace <i>my</i> <a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">lineage</a> in that direction, I say No <i>sir!</i>...I prefer that my genealogical table shall end as it now does, with '<a href="/wiki/Cainan" title="Cainan">Cainan</a>, which was the son of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>, which was the son of <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Adam" title="Generations of Adam">Adam</a>, which was <i>the</i> <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God"><i>son</i> of God</a>,' rather than invent one which reads, 'Which was the son of <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skeptic</a>, which was the son of <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkey</a>, which was the son of <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a>, which was the son of monar, which was the son of <i>mud!'</i>—a genealogical table which begins in the mud and ends in the gravel, which has a monar at the head, a monkey in the middle, and an <a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">infidel</a> at the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Creationists during this period were largely <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialists</a>, whose belief in <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a>'s return depended on a quasi-literal reading of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_1992_14_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_1992_14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they were not as concerned about geology, freely granting scientists any time they needed before the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Edenic creation</a> to account for scientific observations, such as fossils and geological findings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the immediate post-Darwinian era, few scientists or <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clerics</a> rejected the antiquity of the earth, the progressive nature of the <a href="/wiki/Fossil#Dating" title="Fossil">fossil record</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_1992_p17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_1992_p17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, few attached geological significance to the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Biblical flood</a>, unlike subsequent creationists.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_1992_p17_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_1992_p17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary skeptics, creationist leaders and skeptical scientists were usually either willing to adopt a figurative reading of the first chapter of Genesis, or allowed that the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">six days of creation</a> were not necessarily 24-hour days.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scopes_trial">Scopes trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scopes trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scopes_trial" title="Scopes trial">Scopes trial</a></div> <p>Initial reactions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> matched the developments in Britain, and when <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> went there for a lecture tour in 1886–1887 his explanations of "<a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a>" were welcomed without any problems, but attitudes changed after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moore06_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore06-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy became political when <a href="/wiki/State_school#United_States" title="State school">public schools</a> began teaching that man evolved from earlier forms of life per Darwin's theory of natural selection. In response, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Butler_Act" title="Butler Act">Butler Act</a> of 1925 prohibiting the teaching of any theory of the origins of humans that contradicted the teachings of the Bible. This law was tested in the highly publicized <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a> of 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee Supreme Court</a>, and remained on the books until 1967 when it was repealed. In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> that banning the teaching of specific theories contravened the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> because their primary purpose was religious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_Sciences_Curriculum_Study_(BSCS)_textbooks"><span id="Biological_Sciences_Curriculum_Study_.28BSCS.29_textbooks"></span>Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) textbooks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) textbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work in genetics culminating in the 1937 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species" title="Genetics and the Origin of Species">Genetics and the Origin of Species</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a>, combining <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a> with Darwinian natural selection, and explaining, through <a href="/wiki/Neutral_mutation" title="Neutral mutation">neutral mutations</a>, the source of the variation upon which evolution acted, led to a synthesis that brought together disparate fields of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and other sciences into a strong, coherent explanation of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A campaign ensued, urging schools to teach the "fact" of evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 1960s, the federally supported <a href="/wiki/Biological_Sciences_Curriculum_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Sciences Curriculum Study">Biological Sciences Curriculum Study</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biology text books were introduced, promoting evolution as the organizing principle of biology.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson252_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief in the power of science amongst biologists was running especially high: One of the prominent creators of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern evolutionary synthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a>, made a religion of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, saying that a "drastic reorganization of our pattern of religious thought is now becoming necessary, from a god-centered to an evolutionary-centered pattern,"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advocating the use of science to further expand human capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, public opinion polls suggested that most Americans either believed that God specially created human beings or guided evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson251_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson251-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in churches favoring increasingly literal interpretations of Scripture continued to rise, with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> outpacing all other denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson251_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson251-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With growth, these churches became better equipped to promulgate a creationist message, with their own colleges, schools, publishing houses, and broadcast media.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson252_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With decreasing church membership among evolutionary scientists, the role of opposing the anti-BSCS textbook movement passed from prominent scientists in liberal churches to secular scientists less equipped to reach Christian audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson252_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-evolutionary forces were able to reduce the number of school districts utilizing BSCS biology text books, but courts continued to prevent religious instruction in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson253_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson253-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICR_and_the_co-opting_of_the_creationist_label">ICR and the co-opting of the <i>creationist</i> label</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ICR and the co-opting of the creationist label"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_C._Whitcomb" title="John C. Whitcomb">John C. Whitcomb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Morris" title="Henry M. Morris">Henry M. Morris</a>' influential <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genesis_Flood:_The_Biblical_Record_and_Its_Scientific_Implications" class="mw-redirect" title="The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications">The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications</a></i> was published in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors argued that creation was literally 6 days long, that humans lived concurrently with <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, and that God created each kind of life. With publication, Morris became a popular speaker, spreading anti-evolutionary ideas at fundamentalist churches, colleges, and conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris set up the Creation Science Research Center (CSRC), an organization dominated by Baptists, as an adjunct to the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">Christian Heritage College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_1992_284_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_1992_284-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CSRC rushed publication of biology text books that promoted <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_1992_284_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_1992_284-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts were against the recommendations of Morris, who urged a more cautious and scientific approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_1992_284_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_1992_284-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the CSRC broke up, and Morris founded the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris promised that the ICR, unlike the CSRC, would be controlled and operated by scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Morris and others who supported <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a>, adopted the scientific sounding terms <i>scientific creationism</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flood geologists effectively co-opted "the generic creationist label for their hyperliteralist views."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, <i>creationism</i> was a generic term describing a philosophical perspective that presupposes the existence of a supernatural creator.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Catholic_Church_and_evolution">The Catholic Church and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Catholic Church and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution and the Catholic Church</a></div> <p>Among the first recorded responses of a prominent <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergyman</a> to Darwin's theory was that of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, who in 1868, in a letter to a fellow priest, made the following comments: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As to the Divine <i>Design</i>, is it not an instance of incomprehensibly and infinitely marvellous Wisdom and Design to have given certain laws to matter millions of ages ago, which have surely and precisely worked out, in the long course of those ages, those effects which He from the first proposed. Mr Darwin's theory <i>need</i> not then to be atheistical, be it true or not; it may simply be suggesting a larger idea of Divine Prescience and Skill. Perhaps your friend has got a surer clue to guide him than I have, who have never studied the question, and I do not [see] that 'the accidental evolution of organic beings' is inconsistent with divine design — It is accidental to <i>us</i>, not to <i>God</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some point to the fact that before ordination all Catholic priests have to study the teachings of Thomas Aquinas, who subscribed to an <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> view of <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">evolution</a>, in which he posits that animal species evolve by means of mutations and natural law. </p><p>More recent statements have been made by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup id="cite_ref-JPII_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPII-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a><sup id="cite_ref-communion_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communion-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that also support a theistic understanding of evolution. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> acknowledges the way in which scientific discoveries can complement one's faith:</p><blockquote><p>The question about the origins of the world and of man has been the object of many scientific studies which have splendidly enriched our knowledge of the age and dimensions of the cosmos, the development of life-forms and the appearance of man. These discoveries invite us to even greater admiration for the greatness of the Creator, prompting us to give him thanks for all his works and for the understanding and wisdom he gives to scholars and researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> also holds that the question of creation "goes beyond the proper domain of the natural sciences. It is not only a question of knowing when and how the universe arose physically, or when man appeared, but rather of discovering the meaning of such an origin..."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the scriptural accounts of creation in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis</a> the Catechism states:</p><blockquote><p>Among all the Scriptural texts about creation, the first three chapters of Genesis occupy a unique place. From a literary standpoint these texts may have had diverse sources. the inspired authors have placed them at the beginning of Scripture to express in their solemn language the truths of creation - its origin and its end in God, its order and goodness, the vocation of man, and finally the drama of sin and the hope of salvation. Read in the light of Christ, within the unity of Sacred Scripture and in the living Tradition of the Church, these texts remain the principal source for catechesis on the mysteries of the "beginning": creation, fall, and promise of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_current_controversy">The current controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The current controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a></div> <p>The controversy continues to this day, with the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> on the origins and evolution of life actively attacked by creationist organizations and religious groups who desire to uphold other forms of creationism (usually <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">young Earth creationism</a> (YEC), creation science, <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">old Earth creationism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> (ID)) as an alternative. Most of these groups are explicitly Christian, and more than one sees the debate as part of the Christian mandate to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some see science and religion as being diametrically opposed views which cannot be reconciled. More accommodating viewpoints, held by mainstream churches and some scientists, consider science and religion to be separate categories of thought, which ask fundamentally different questions about reality and posit different avenues for investigating it.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Harold_J._Morowitz" title="Harold J. Morowitz">Harold J. Morowitz</a> (Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University) testified in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/McLean_v._Arkansas" title="McLean v. Arkansas">McLean v. Arkansas</a></i> that dealt with “Balanced Treatment of Creation-Science and Evolution Science in the Public Schools.”<sup id="cite_ref-Morowitz1986_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morowitz1986-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument had been made in support of creationism that the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a> precludes biogenesis by a natural process; therefore there was a requirement for supernatural events. According to the second law, isolated systems move towards the maximum degree of molecular disorder. In this case, isolation means the absence of flows of both energy and matter into and out of the system. In his expert testimony, Morowitz noted that in 1886 the physicist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> had clearly pointed out that the Earth is an open system undergoing a flow of energy from the sun, and, because of this, the surface of the Earth is not limited by a law that is restricted to isolated entities. Morowitz also pointed out that developments in the field of irreversible thermodynamics introduced by <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a> indicate that systems become ordered under a flow of energy. Morowitz therefore concluded that the existence of life involves no contradictions to physical laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Morowitz1986_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morowitz1986-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement" title="Intelligent design movement">intelligent design movement</a> has taken an anti-evolution position which avoids any direct appeal to religion. However, Leonard Krishtalka, a paleontologist and an opponent of the movement, has called intelligent design "nothing more than creationism in a cheap tuxedo,"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in <i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i> (2005) <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States District Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/John_E._Jones_III" title="John E. Jones III">John E. Jones III</a> ruled that "intelligent design is not science," but is "grounded in theology" and "cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the trial began, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> commented endorsing the teaching of intelligent design alongside evolution "I felt like both sides ought to be properly taught ... so people can understand what the debate is about."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists argue that intelligent design does not represent any research program within the scientific community, and is opposed by most of the same groups who oppose creationism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_the_controversy">Timeline of the controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Timeline of the controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1650 – <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)">Archbishop of Armagh</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> states that the universe was created in 4004 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>, in direct conflict with the former prevailing Aristotelian view of a cyclical and eternal earth.</li> <li>1785 – <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a> presented his theory of <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">uniformitarianism</a>, explaining that the Earth must be much older than previously supposed to allow time for mountains to be <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> and for sediment to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land.</li> <li>1794 to 1796 – <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Zoonomia" title="Zoonomia">Zoonomia</a></i> with ideas on evolution and all warm-blooded animals arising from one living filament.</li> <li>1802 – <a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Theology_or_Evidences_of_the_Existence_and_Attributes_of_the_Deity" title="Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity">Natural Theology: or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity</a></i> which uses the <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">watchmaker analogy</a> to argue for the existence of God from signs of intelligent design in the living world.</li> <li>1809 – <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> proposed a theory of evolution by acquired characteristics, later known as <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>.</li> <li>1830 to 1833 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> published <i>Principles of Geology</i> denigrating <a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophism</a>.</li> <li>1836 – <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a>, theologian and geologist, publishes <i>Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology</i> which was sixth in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology#The_Bridgewater_Treatises" title="Natural theology">Bridgewater Treatises</a> series and rejected a global flood.</li> <li>1844 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher_born_1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Chambers (publisher born 1802)">Robert Chambers</a> anonymously published the <i>Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</i>.</li> <li>1857 – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_(book)" title="Omphalos (book)">Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot</a></i>.</li> <li>1859 – Charles Darwin published <i>On the Origin of Species</i> regarding the theory of evolution, after over 20 years of research and discovery. Darwin was prompted to publish by the publication of an essay by Alfred Russel Wallace, which independently summarized the theory. The theory's most profound element, "natural selection," challenged the generally accepted idea of divine intervention in species formation, leading to strong <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="Reactions to On the Origin of Species">reactions to Darwin's theory</a>.</li> <li>1860 – Liberal theologians published <i>Essays and Reviews</i> supporting Darwin. <a href="/wiki/1860_Oxford_evolution_debate" title="1860 Oxford evolution debate">A debate of Darwin's theory</a> was arranged at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum</a>, with Thomas Henry Huxley among its defenders and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a>, leading its critics. Later accounts indicate Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> was most vocal in defending Darwinism.</li> <li>1923 – <i>The New Geology</i> by <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_McCready_Price" title="George McCready Price">George McCready Price</a> was inspiration and basis for Whitcomb and Morris' <i>The Genesis Flood</i> (see 1961 below).</li> <li>1925 – The Scopes Trial tested the new Butler Act, which made it illegal to teach that man descended from animals in public schools. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100; prosecution lawyer <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> offered to pay it, but it was later set aside on a technicality after appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court.</li> <li>1950 – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical#Catholic_usage" title="Encyclical">papal encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis" title="Humani generis">Humani Generis</a></i>, which states that evolution is compatible with Christianity insofar as to discover "the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter," but that to apply evolution to matters of spirituality is inappropriate. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> has since refined its interpretations of Genesis as symbolic of spirituality.</li> <li>1958 – The <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> started the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, which emphasizes evolution in high school biology textbooks. This was part of a broad-based improvement of education in the United States in response to the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></i> satellite. (See <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_Math" title="New Math">New Math</a>)</li> <li>1961 – <i>The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications</i> by John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris reinvigorated the creationist movement.</li> <li>1968 – A U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the <i>Epperson v. Arkansas</i> case repealed all remaining creationist laws. The Court supported a District Court ruling that a 1928 <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> law violated the Establishment Clause because it prohibited the teaching of evolution.</li> <li>1973 – Tennessee passed a law requiring textbooks with a theory of origin to give equal emphasis to the Genesis account of creation. In 1975, the law was ruled unconstitutional in <i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_v._Waters" title="Daniel v. Waters">Daniel v. Waters</a></i> as a violation of the Establishment Clause.</li> <li>1981 – The state of Arkansas adopts a law known as the "Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science Act" (Act 590). A ruling from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/McLean_v._Arkansas" title="McLean v. Arkansas">McLean v. Arkansas</a></i> (1982) found the law to be a violation of the Establishment Clause.</li> <li>1987 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> that a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> law requiring that creation science be taught in public schools, along with evolution, was unconstitutional because the law was specifically intended to advance a particular religion.</li> <li>1991 – <i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_on_Trial" title="Darwin on Trial">Darwin on Trial</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Phillip_E._Johnson" title="Phillip E. Johnson">Phillip E. Johnson</a> initiated the intelligent design movement.</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Behe" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Behe">Michael J. Behe</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Black_Box" title="Darwin's Black Box">Darwin's Black Box</a></i>, which proposed that some biological systems are <a href="/wiki/Irreducibly_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreducibly complex">irreducibly complex</a>.</li> <li>1996 – On October 22, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> sent the message to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a>, stating that "new knowledge" requires one to realize that evolution is "more than a hypothesis."<sup id="cite_ref-JPII_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPII-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999 – On August 11, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Department_of_Education" title="Kansas State Department of Education">Kansas State Board of Education</a> deleted discussion of evolution and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> from standards relating to state assessments.</li> <li>2001 – The Kansas State Board of Education reinstated the discussion of evolution and the Big Bang after the removal of three board members.</li> <li>2002 – After much debate, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Education" title="Ohio Department of Education">Ohio State Board of Education</a> partially adopted the new "<a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the Controversy</a>" initiative of intelligent design activists. In 2004, the board created a "Critical Analysis of Evolution" lesson plan for teachers.</li> <li>2004 – On January 30, former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> released a statement condemning the suggestion that the word "evolution" be banned from textbooks used in schools in the state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004 – On February 19, Italian Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Letizia_Moratti" title="Letizia Moratti">Letizia Moratti</a> issued a legislative decree that Italian children will learn about creationism. On April 23, top Italian scientists responded with an open letter and a petition, signed by more than 50,000 citizens, claiming that her proposal would sacrifice the "scientific curiosity of youth."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moratti clarified that her proposal did not ban the teaching of evolution, but rescinded the decree nonetheless and even acted to bolster the presence of evolution in Italian academic curricula.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004 – On July 23, the <a href="/wiki/International_Theological_Commission" title="International Theological Commission">International Theological Commission</a> issued a document, <i>Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-communion_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communion-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – The Kansas State Board of Education "scheduled six days of courtroom-style hearings" concerning the teaching of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – In September, <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">parents in the Dover Area School District legally challenged intelligent design</a> after a statement read to students claimed that there are "gaps" in evolution and that intelligent design is an alternative about which they can learn from the <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Pandas_and_People" title="Of Pandas and People">Of Pandas and People</a></i>. In December, the federal court in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, issued a sweeping decision asserting that intelligent design is just another name for creationism, that it is not science, and that it cannot be taught as science in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – In November, eight of the nine-member Dover, Pennsylvania, school board were voted out and replaced with a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidates who oppose the previous board's decision to introduce intelligent design and lay doubts on evolution. The coalition ran on the Democratic ticket. The newly elected board members agreed to not appeal the court decision in <i>Kitzmiller</i> and have removed the intelligent design requirements from the school district's curriculum. (See <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Teaching_Intelligent_Design:_Incumbent_Dover_PA_school_board_fails_reelection" class="extiw" title="n:Teaching Intelligent Design: Incumbent Dover PA school board fails reelection">Teaching Intelligent Design: Incumbent Dover PA school board fails reelection</a>.)</li> <li>2005 – On December 20, the court in <i>Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</i> issued its ruling that intelligent design is a form of creationism, and that the school board policy requiring the presentation of intelligent design as an alternative to evolution as an "explanation of the origin of life" thus violated the Establishment Clause. In his ruling, the judge wrote that intelligent design is not science and is essentially religious in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007 – <i>Creation and Evolution: A Conference with Pope Benedict XVI in Castel Gandolfo</i> is first published in German. While concluding a holiday in northern Italy, Pope Benedict XVI commented, "This clash [between evolution and creationism] is an absurdity because on one hand there is much scientific proof in favor of evolution, which appears as a reality that we must see and which enriches our understanding of life and being as such."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History of creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Montgomery" title="David R. Montgomery">Montgomery, David R.</a> (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/11/pdf/i1052-5173-22-11-4.pdf">"The evolution of creationism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GSA Today</i>. <b>22</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a>: 4–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSATG158A.1">10.1130/GSATG158A.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Today&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+creationism&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4-9&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FGSATG158A.1&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosociety.org%2Fgsatoday%2Farchive%2F22%2F11%2Fpdf%2Fi1052-5173-22-11-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JvW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JvW_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_van_Wyhe" title="John van Wyhe">van Wyhe, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html">"Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Charles_Darwin_Online" title="The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online">The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online</a></i>. John van Wyhe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Complete+Work+of+Charles+Darwin+Online&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+gentleman+naturalist&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fdarwin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 321–322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 500–501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge1874">Hodge 1874</a>, p. 177; <a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnsRalphLernerStandish1982">Burns et al. 1982</a>, p. 965; <a href="#CITEREFHuxley1902">Huxley 1902</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnsRalphLernerStandish1982">Burns et al. 1982</a>, p. 965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-numbers_1992_p_13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-numbers_1992_p_13_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-numbers_1992_p_13_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-numbers_1992_p_13_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numbers_1992_14-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Numbers_1992_14_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Numbers_1992_14_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 15, quoting from Horace Lorenzo (H. L.) Hastings' tract, <i>Was Moses Mistaken? or, Creation and Evolution</i>, Anti-Infidel Library No. 36 (Boston: H. L. Hastings, 1896)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numbers_1992_p17-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Numbers_1992_p17_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Numbers_1992_p17_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumbers2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 18, Noting that this applies to published or public skeptics. Many or most Christians may have held on to a literal six days of creation, but these views were rarely expressed in books and journals. Exceptions are also noted, such as literal interpretations published by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Lord" title="Eleazar Lord">Eleazar Lord</a> (1788-1871) and David Nevins Lord (1792-1880). However, the observation that evolutionary critics had a relaxed interpretation of Genesis is supported by specifically enumerating: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1807-1873); <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Henry_Guyot" title="Arnold Henry Guyot">Arnold Henry Guyot</a> (1807-1884); <a href="/wiki/John_William_Dawson" title="John William Dawson">John William Dawson</a> (1820-1899); <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Fitch_Burr" title="Enoch Fitch Burr">Enoch Fitch Burr</a> (1818-1907); George D. Armstrong (1813-1899); <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a>, theologian (1797-1878); <a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1813-1895); <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hitchcock" title="Edward Hitchcock">Edward Hitchcock</a>, clergyman and respected Amherst College geologist, (1793-1864); Reverend Herbert W. Morris (1818-1897); H. L. Hastings (1833?-1899); Luther T. Townsend (1838-1922); Alexander Patterson, Presbyterian evangelist who published <i>The Other Side of Evolution Its Effects and Fallacy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moore06-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moore06_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTippettMoore2009" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krista_Tippett" title="Krista Tippett">Tippett, Krista (host)</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(biographer)" title="James Moore (biographer)">Moore, James</a> (February 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118040338/http://www.onbeing.org/program/evolution-and-wonder-understanding-charles-darwin/transcript/899#main_content">"Evolution and Wonder: Understanding Charles Darwin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/On_Being" title="On Being">Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett</a></i> (Transcript). <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 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Vatican City: Holy See. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html">the original</a> on June 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=Communion+and+Stewardship%3A+Human+Persons+Created+in+the+Image+of+God&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.au=International+Theological+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fcti_documents%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span> Text developed during plenary sessions of the International Theological Commission held in Rome from 2000–2002, and published by the Commission with permission from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P19.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P19.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P19.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P19.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P19.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P19.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerderame2001" class="citation web cs1">Verderame, John (May 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://answersingenesis.org/gospel/world-missions/creation-evangelism-cutting-through-the-excess/">"Creation Evangelism: Cutting Through the Excess"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a></i>. Hebron, KY: Answers in Genesis Ministries International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers+in+Genesis&rft.atitle=Creation+Evangelism%3A+Cutting+Through+the+Excess&rft.date=2001-05-10&rft.aulast=Verderame&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanswersingenesis.org%2Fgospel%2Fworld-missions%2Fcreation-evangelism-cutting-through-the-excess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2006" class="citation news cs1">Simon, Stephanie (February 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-11-na-creation11-story.html">"Their Own Version of a Big Bang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Their+Own+Version+of+a+Big+Bang&rft.date=2006-02-11&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-feb-11-na-creation11-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDewey1994">Dewey 1994</a>, p. 31, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiker2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wiker" title="Benjamin Wiker">Wiker, Benjamin D.</a> (July–August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisismagazine.com/2003/part-ii-the-christian-critics-does-science-point-to-god">"Part II: The Christian Critics — Does Science Point to God?"</a>. <i>Crisis Magazine</i>. 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(April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisismagazine.com/2003/does-science-point-to-god-the-intelligent-design-revolution">"Does Science Point to God? The Intelligent Design Revolution"</a>. <i>Crisis Magazine</i>. Washington, D.C.: Morley Publishing Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Magazine&rft.atitle=Does+Science+Point+to+God%3F+The+Intelligent+Design+Revolution&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=Wiker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisismagazine.com%2F2003%2Fdoes-science-point-to-god-the-intelligent-design-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Morowitz1986-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morowitz1986_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morowitz1986_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Morowitz (1986 edition) Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life, Berkley Books Publishing Group New York, ASIN: B00151WGGO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlevin2005" class="citation news cs1">Slevin, Peter (May 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/04/AR2005050402022_pf.html">"Teachers, Scientists Vow to Fight Challenge to Evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Teachers%2C+Scientists+Vow+to+Fight+Challenge+to+Evolution&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F05%2F04%2FAR2005050402022_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i></cite>, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/4:Whether_ID_Is_Science#Page_89_of_139" class="extiw" title="s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/4:Whether ID Is Science">Whether ID Is Science, p. 89</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/6:Curriculum,_Conclusion#H._Conclusion" class="extiw" title="s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/6:Curriculum, Conclusion">Conclusion</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumiller2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller" title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth</a> (August 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/politics/03bush.html">"Bush Remarks Roil Debate on Teaching of Evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Remarks+Roil+Debate+on+Teaching+of+Evolution&rft.date=2005-08-03&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F03%2Fpolitics%2F03bush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersHewlett2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Peters_(theologian)" title="Ted Peters (theologian)">Peters, Ted</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martinez_Hewlett" title="Martinez Hewlett">Hewlett, Martinez</a> (December 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129202440/http://plts.edu/docs/ite_evol_fighting.pdf">"The Evolution Controversy: Who's Fighting with Whom about What?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary</i>. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Lutheran_Theological_Seminary" title="Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary">Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary</a>. p. 3. Evolution Brief E2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plts.edu/docs/ite_evol_fighting.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Lutheran+Theological+Seminary&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+Controversy%3A+Who%27s+Fighting+with+Whom+about+What%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2005-12-22&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Hewlett%2C+Martinez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plts.edu%2Fdocs%2Fite_evol_fighting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarson2004">Larson 2004</a>, p. 258, "Virtually no secular scientists accepted the doctrines of creation science; but that did not deter creation scientists from advancing scientific arguments for their position." <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartzMcDaniel1987" class="citation journal cs1">Martz, Larry; McDaniel, Ann (June 29, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kgov.com/files/docs/Newsweek-1987-God-Classroom.pdf">"Keeping God Out of the Classroom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. New York: Newsweek LLC: 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-9604">0028-9604</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>. <q>By one count there are some 700 scientists with respectable academic credentials (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientist) who give credence to creation-science, the general theory that complex life forms did not evolve but appeared 'abruptly.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Keeping+God+Out+of+the+Classroom&rft.pages=23-24&rft.date=1987-06-29&rft.issn=0028-9604&rft.aulast=Martz&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkgov.com%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2FNewsweek-1987-God-Classroom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/01/30/georgia.evolution/index.html">"Carter slams Georgia's 'evolution' proposal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. January 30, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Carter+slams+Georgia%27s+%27evolution%27+proposal&rft.date=2004-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FEDUCATION%2F01%2F30%2Fgeorgia.evolution%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol304/issue5671/r-samples.dtl#304/5671/677a">"Darwin in Italy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>304</b> (5671). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 677. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.304.5671.677a">10.1126/science.304.5671.677a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150623047">150623047</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Darwin+in+Italy&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=5671&rft.pages=677&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150623047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.304.5671.677a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2Fvol304%2Fissue5671%2Fr-samples.dtl%23304%2F5671%2F677a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzi, Rossella (April 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/22818/title/Darwin-back-in-Italy-s-schools/">"Darwin back in Italy's schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scientist_(magazine)" title="The Scientist (magazine)">The Scientist</a></i>. Midland, Ontario: LabX Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&rft.atitle=Darwin+back+in+Italy%27s+schools&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.aulast=Lorenzi&rft.aufirst=Rossella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2F%3Farticles.view%2FarticleNo%2F22818%2Ftitle%2FDarwin-back-in-Italy-s-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050503015144/http://www.cnn.com/2005/EDUCATION/05/02/life.evolution.reut/index.html">"Evolution on trial in Kansas"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/EDUCATION/05/02/life.evolution.reut/index.html">the original</a> on 2005-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Evolution+on+trial+in+Kansas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FEDUCATION%2F05%2F02%2Flife.evolution.reut%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennie2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(editor)" title="John Rennie (editor)">Rennie, John</a> (December 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207151454/http://blog.sciam.com/index.php?title=threw_the_book_at_em&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1">"Threw the Book at 'Em"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American.com</a></i> (Blog). London: <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.sciam.com/index.php?title=threw_the_book_at_em&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1">the original</a> on 2006-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American.com&rft.atitle=Threw+the+Book+at+%27Em&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.sciam.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dthrew_the_book_at_em%26more%3D1%26c%3D1%26tb%3D1%26pb%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i></cite>,  cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/6:Curriculum,_Conclusion#H._Conclusion" class="extiw" title="s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/6:Curriculum, Conclusion">Conclusion</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchusterSpaemannErbrichChristoph_Cardinal_Schönborn2008">Schuster et al. 2008</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19956961">"Pope: Creation vs. evolution clash an 'absurdity'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBCNews.com" title="NBCNews.com">NBCNews.com</a></i>. July 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBCNews.com&rft.atitle=Pope%3A+Creation+vs.+evolution+clash+an+%27absurdity%27&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna19956961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsRalphLernerStandish1982" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Edward M.; Ralph, Philip Lee; <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lerner" title="Robert E. Lerner">Lerner, Robert E.</a>; Standish, Meacham (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcivilizatioburn00burn"><i>World Civilizations: Their History and Their Culture</i></a> (Sixth ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95077-9"><bdi>978-0-393-95077-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81018858">81018858</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7998534">7998534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Civilizations%3A+Their+History+and+Their+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7998534&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81018858&rft.isbn=978-0-393-95077-9&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rft.au=Ralph%2C+Philip+Lee&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Standish%2C+Meacham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldcivilizatioburn00burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMoore1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Desmond" title="Adrian Desmond">Desmond, Adrian</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(biographer)" title="James Moore (biographer)">Moore, James</a> (1991). <i>Darwin</i>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_(publisher)" title="Michael Joseph (publisher)">Michael Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3"><bdi>978-0-7181-3430-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92196964">92196964</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26502431">26502431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph%3B+Viking+Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26502431&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F92196964&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Moore%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDessainGornall1973" class="citation book cs1">Dessain, Charles Stephen; Gornall, Thomas, eds. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inters.org/Newman-Scarborough-Darwin-Evolution">"The Oratory Bm May 22/68"</a>. <i>The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman</i> (Letter to J. Walker of Scarborough on Darwin's theory of evolution, May 22, 1868). Vol. XXIV. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59190720">59190720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oratory+Bm+May+22%2F68&rft.btitle=The+Letters+and+Diaries+of+John+Henry+Newman&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59190720&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finters.org%2FNewman-Scarborough-Darwin-Evolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey, John</a> (1994). 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Lanham, MD; Pasadena, CA: Scarecrow Press; Salem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3386-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3386-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-3386-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98003138">98003138</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38496519">38496519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation%2FEvolution+Controversy%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD%3B+Pasadena%2C+CA&rft.series=Magill+Bibliographies&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%3B+Salem+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38496519&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98003138&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3386-9&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationevolutio0000hayw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Hodge, Charles</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19192"><i>What is Darwinism?</i></a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company" title="D. Appleton & Company">D. Appleton & Company</a>. pp. 126–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7372-9"><bdi>978-1-4179-7372-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/41030619">41030619</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634917253">634917253</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07509-6"><bdi>978-0-465-07509-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97009648">97009648</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36430743">36430743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summer+for+the+Gods%3A+The+Scopes+Trial+and+America%27s+Continuing+Debate+Over+Science+and+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36430743&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97009648&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07509-6&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2004" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Edward J. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64288-6"><bdi>978-0-679-64288-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003064888">2003064888</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53483597">53483597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+Remarkable+History+of+a+Scientific+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53483597&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003064888&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64288-6&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionremarka00lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald L. 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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19312-3"><bdi>978-0-674-19312-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98016212">98016212</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38747194">38747194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwinism+Comes+to+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38747194&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98016212&rft.isbn=978-0-674-19312-3&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinismcomesto0000numb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchusterSpaemannErbrichChristoph_Cardinal_Schönborn2008" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schuster" title="Peter Schuster">Schuster, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann, Robert</a>; Erbrich, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn" title="Christoph Schönborn">Christoph Cardinal Schönborn</a>; Wiedenhofer, Siegfried (2008) [Originally published 2007; Augsburg: Sankt Ulrich Verlag GmbH]. Horn, Stephan Otto; Wiedenhofer, Siegfried (eds.). <i>Creation and Evolution: A Conference with Pope Benedict XVI in Castel Gandolfo</i>. Foreword by Christoph Cardinal Schönborn; translation from German by Michael J. Miller. San Francisco, CA: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-234-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-234-3"><bdi>978-1-58617-234-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007938139">2007938139</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228425433">228425433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Creation+and+Evolution%3A+A+Conference+with+Pope+Benedict+XVI+in+Castel+Gandolfo&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228425433&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007938139&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-234-3&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Spaemann%2C+Robert&rft.au=Erbrich%2C+Paul&rft.au=Christoph+Cardinal+Sch%C3%B6nborn&rft.au=Wiedenhofer%2C+Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+creation%E2%80%93evolution+controversy" class="Z3988"></span> "Papers from a conference held at Castel Gandolfo, Italy, Sept. 2006."</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation–evolution_controversy&oldid=1240387327">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_creation–evolution_controversy&oldid=1240387327</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">Creationism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution_and_religion" title="Category:Evolution and religion">Evolution and religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_design_controversies" title="Category:Intelligent design controversies">Intelligent design controversies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata" title="Category:Official website not in Wikidata">Official website not in Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_court_with_unknown_parameters" title="Category:Pages using cite court with unknown parameters">Pages using cite court with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 August 2024, at 03:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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