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id="toc-Polymorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism of action subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_the_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_the_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Discovery of the mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_the_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostaglandins_and_thromboxanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostaglandins_and_thromboxanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prostaglandins and thromboxanes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostaglandins_and_thromboxanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COX-1_and_COX-2_inhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COX-1_and_COX-2_inhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COX-1_and_COX-2_inhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Additional mechanisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Formulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trademark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Trademark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compendial_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compendial_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Compendial status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compendial_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Medical use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medical use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Pain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fever" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fever"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Fever </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fever-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Inflammation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_attacks_and_strokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_attacks_and_strokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Heart attacks and strokes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_attacks_and_strokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cancer prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Psychiatry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bipolar_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bipolar_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.1 Bipolar disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bipolar_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dementia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dementia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.2 Dementia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dementia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schizophrenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schizophrenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.3 Schizophrenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schizophrenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dosages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dosages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Dosages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dosages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastrointestinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastrointestinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Gastrointestinal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastrointestinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retinal_vein_occlusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retinal_vein_occlusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Retinal vein occlusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retinal_vein_occlusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Central effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reye's_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reye's_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Reye's syndrome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reye's_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Skin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Other adverse effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bipolar_disorder_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bipolar_disorder_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Bipolar disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bipolar_disorder_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infectious_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infectious_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Infectious diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infectious_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_prevention_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_prevention_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Cancer prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_prevention_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_gardening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_gardening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 In gardening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_gardening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Veterinary medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aspirin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirien" title="Aspirien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aspirien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylsalicyls%C3%A4ure" title="Acetylsalicylsäure – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Acetylsalicylsäure" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أسبرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسبرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D6%83%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ասփիրին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ասփիրին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirina" title="Aspirina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aspirina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asetilsalisilli_tur%C5%9Fu" title="Asetilsalisilli turşu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asetilsalisilli turşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آسپیرین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسپیرین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="অ্যাসপিরিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাসপিরিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ацэтылсаліцылавая кіслата – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ацэтылсаліцылавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ацетилсалицилова киселина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ацетилсалицилова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_acetilsalic%C3%ADlic" title="Àcid acetilsalicílic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid acetilsalicílic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_acetylsalicylov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina acetylsalicylová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina acetylsalicylová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbrin" title="Asbrin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asbrin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylsalicylsyre" title="Acetylsalicylsyre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Acetylsalicylsyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylsalicyls%C3%A4ure" title="Acetylsalicylsäure – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Acetylsalicylsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އެސްޕިރިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެސްޕިރިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiriin" title="Aspiriin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aspiriin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ασπιρίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασπιρίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_acetilsalic%C3%ADlico" title="Ácido acetilsalicílico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido acetilsalicílico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirino" title="Aspirino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aspirino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_azetilsaliziliko" title="Azido azetilsaliziliko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido azetilsaliziliko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="استیل‌سالیسیلیک اسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیل‌سالیسیلیک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_ac%C3%A9tylsalicylique" title="Acide acétylsalicylique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide acétylsalicylique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_2-aic%C3%A9itiolocsaibeans%C3%B3ch" title="Aigéad 2-aicéitiolocsaibeansóch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad 2-aicéitiolocsaibeansóch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirina" title="Aspirina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aspirina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85" title="Ацетилсалицила цӀалх – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ацетилсалицила цӀалх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%A6%B0" title="아스피린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스피린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ասպիրին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասպիրին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="एस्पिरिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्पिरिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetilsalicilna_kiselina" title="Acetilsalicilna kiselina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Acetilsalicilna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirino" title="Aspirino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aspirino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aset%C3%BDlsalis%C3%BDls%C3%BDra" title="Asetýlsalisýlsýra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Asetýlsalisýlsýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_acetilsalicilico" title="Acido acetilsalicilico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido acetilsalicilico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אספירין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אספירין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಆಸ್ಪಿರಿನ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಪಿರಿನ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="აცეტილსალიცილმჟავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აცეტილსალიცილმჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ацетилсалицил қышқылы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ацетилсалицил қышқылы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirini" title="Aspirini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aspirini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asp%C3%AEr%C3%AEn" title="Aspîrîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aspîrîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аспирин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аспирин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetilsalicilsk%C4%81be" title="Acetilsalicilskābe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Acetilsalicilskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinas" title="Aspirinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aspirinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetilszalicilsav" title="Acetilszalicilsav – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Acetilszalicilsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аспирин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аспирин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirinina" title="Aspirinina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aspirinina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ആസ്പിരിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്പിരിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ॲस्पिरिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲस्पिरिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="აცეტილსალიცილიშ ბჟე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აცეტილსალიცილიშ ბჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آسپرین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آسپرین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirina" title="Aspirina – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aspirina" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylsalicylzuur" title="Acetylsalicylzuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Acetylsalicylzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="एस्पिरिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एस्पिरिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB%E9%85%B8" title="アセチルサリチル酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アセチルサリチル酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylsalisylsyre" title="Acetylsalisylsyre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Acetylsalisylsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylsalisylsyre" title="Acetylsalisylsyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Acetylsalisylsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirina" title="Aspirina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aspirina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ଆସ୍ପିରିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆସ୍ପିରିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsetilsalitsil_kislota" title="Atsetilsalitsil kislota – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atsetilsalitsil kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اسپرين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسپرين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_acetylosalicylowy" title="Kwas acetylosalicylowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas acetylosalicylowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_acetilsalic%C3%ADlico" title="Ácido acetilsalicílico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido acetilsalicílico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin%C4%83" title="Aspirină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aspirină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ацетилсалициловая кислота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ацетилсалициловая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ацетилсалициловай кислота – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ацетилсалициловай кислота" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirina" title="Aspirina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aspirina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_acetylsalicylov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina acetylsalicylová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina acetylsalicylová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetilsalicilna_kislina" title="Acetilsalicilna kislina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Acetilsalicilna kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەسپیرین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەسپیرین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аспирин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аспирин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asetyylisalisyylihappo" title="Asetyylisalisyylihappo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asetyylisalisyylihappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylsalicylsyra" title="Acetylsalicylsyra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Acetylsalicylsyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆஸ்பிரின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்பிரின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ацетилсалицилат кислотасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ацетилсалицилат кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆస్పిరిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆస్పిరిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="แอสไพริน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอสไพริน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonom%C3%B3ht%C3%A2hest%C3%B4tse" title="Vonomóhtâhestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vonomóhtâhestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ацетилсаліцилова кислота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ацетилсаліцилова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایسپرین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایسپرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%86" title="ئاسپىرىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاسپىرىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirene" title="Aspirene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aspirene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B8%E5%8C%B9%E9%9D%88" title="阿司匹靈 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿司匹靈" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B8%E5%8C%B9%E6%9E%97" title="阿司匹林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿司匹林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אספירין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אספירין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A3%AB%E5%8C%B9%E9%9D%88" title="阿士匹靈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿士匹靈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aspirin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperins" title="Eksperins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Eksperins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%B4%E6%9D%A8%E9%85%B8" title="乙酰水杨酸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乙酰水杨酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18216#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Persian-language TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Aspirin_(TV_series)" title="Aspirin (TV series)">Aspirin (TV series)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Asprin" title="Robert Asprin">Robert Asprin</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Acetylsalicylic acid</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspirin-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aspirin-skeletal.svg/100px-Aspirin-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aspirin-skeletal.svg/150px-Aspirin-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aspirin-skeletal.svg/200px-Aspirin-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="279" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png/125px-Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png/188px-Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png/250px-Aspirin-B-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1057" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˌsiːtəlˌsælɪˈsɪlɪk/</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bayer#Aspirin" title="Bayer">Bayer Aspirin</a>, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2-acetoxybenzoic acid</li><li>2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid</li><li>o-acetylsalicylic acid</li><li>acetylsalicylic acid</li><li>acetyl salicylate</li><li>salicylic acid acetate</li><li>o-carboxyphenyl acetate</li><li>monoacetic acid ester of salicylic acid<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/aspirin.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682878.html">a682878</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Acetylsalicylic+acid">Acetylsalicylic acid</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: C<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_Pregnancy-2">[2]</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">rectal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</a> (NSAID)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A01" title="ATC code A01">A01AD05</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=A01AD05">WHO</a>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B01" title="ATC code B01">B01AC06</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=B01AC06">WHO</a>), <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02" title="ATC code N02">N02BA01</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02BA01">WHO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: OTC / Schedule 2, 4, 5, 6<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">OTC</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/General_sales_list" class="mw-redirect" title="General sales list">General sales list</a> (GSL, OTC)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">OTC</a> / Rx-only</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–100%<a href="#cite_note-MSR-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–90%<a href="#cite_note-MD-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (<a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/CYP3A" title="CYP3A">CYP3A</a>), some is also hydrolysed to salicylate in the gut wall.<a href="#cite_note-MD-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dose-dependent; 2–3 h for low doses (100 mg or less), 15–30 h for larger doses.<a href="#cite_note-MD-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Urine (80–100%), sweat, saliva, feces<a href="#cite_note-MSR-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">2-acetyloxybenzoic acid<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-78-2">50-78-2</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2244">2244</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=4139">4139</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00945">DB00945</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2157.html">2157</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/R16CO5Y76E">R16CO5Y76E</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00109">D00109</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C01405">C01405</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15365">CHEBI:15365</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL25">ChEMBL25</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB ligand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>AIN (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=AIN">PDBe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/AIN">RCSB PDB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5020108">DTXSID5020108</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18216#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.059">100.000.059</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18216#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C9H8O4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180.159 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28C%29Oc1ccccc1C%28%3DO%29O">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.40 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">135 °C (275 °F) <a href="#cite_note-b92-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">140 °C (284 °F) (decomposes)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 g/L</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(C)Oc1ccccc1C(=O)O</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12) <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464364671&page2=Aspirin">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Aspirin (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæsp(ə)rɪn/</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>) is the genericized trademark for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</a> (NSAID) used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, and as an <a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">antithrombotic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> Specific inflammatory conditions that aspirin is used to treat include <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_disease" title="Kawasaki disease">Kawasaki disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further <a href="/wiki/Heart_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attacks">heart attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic stroke">ischaemic strokes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">blood clots</a> in people at high risk.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> One common <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effect</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Upset_stomach" class="mw-redirect" title="Upset stomach">upset stomach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> More significant side effects include <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcer">stomach ulcers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach bleeding">stomach bleeding</a>, and worsening <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, take other NSAIDs, or are on other <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">blood thinners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> It is not generally recommended in children with <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> because of the risk of <a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> High doses may result in <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">ringing in the ears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursor</a> to aspirin found in the bark of the <a href="/wiki/Willow_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Willow tree">willow tree</a> (genus Salix) has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years.<a href="#cite_note-Jon2015-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1853, chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Gerhardt" title="Charles Frédéric Gerhardt">Charles Frédéric Gerhardt</a> treated the medicine <a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">sodium salicylate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Acetyl_chloride" title="Acetyl chloride">acetyl chloride</a> to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a> Over the next 50 years, other chemists, mostly of the German company <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>, established the chemical structure and devised more efficient production methods.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 69–75  <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoffmann" title="Felix Hoffmann">Felix Hoffmann</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eichengr%C3%BCn" title="Arthur Eichengrün">Arthur Eichengrün</a>) of Bayer was the first to produce acetylsalicylic acid in a pure, stable form in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-HoffmannSHI-15">[15]</a> By 1899, Bayer had dubbed this drug Aspirin and was selling it globally.<a href="#cite_note-MannPlummer1991-16">[16]</a>: 27  Aspirin is available <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">without medical prescription</a> as a proprietary or <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a><a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> in most jurisdictions. It is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">pills</a>) consumed each year,<a href="#cite_note-Jon2015-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-COX2002-17">[17]</a> and is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-18">[18]</a> In 2022, it was the 36th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brand_vs._generic_name">Brand vs. generic name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Brand vs. generic name">edit</a>]</div> In 1897, scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 69–75 <a href="#cite_note-Distillations-21">[21]</a> By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and was selling it around the world.<a href="#cite_note-MannPlummer1991-16">[16]</a> Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century, leading to competition between many brands and formulations.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-22">[22]</a> The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name; however, its rights to the <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> were <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">lost or sold in many countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-22">[22]</a> The name is ultimately a blend of the prefix a(cetyl) + spir <a href="/wiki/Spiraea" title="Spiraea">Spiraea</a>, the meadowsweet plant genus from which the acetylsalicylic acid was originally derived at Bayer + -in, the common chemical suffix.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin decomposes rapidly in solutions of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_acetate" title="Ammonium acetate">ammonium acetate</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrates</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a>. It is stable in dry air, but gradually <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyses">hydrolyses</a> in contact with moisture to <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acids</a>. In solution with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may consist entirely of acetate and salicylate.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Flour_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour mill">flour mills</a>, factories producing aspirin tablets must control the amount of the powder that becomes airborne inside the building, because <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">the powder-air mixture can be explosive</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> in the United States of 5 mg/m3 (time-weighted average).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) set a legal <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> for aspirin of 5 mg/m3, but this was vacated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=AFL-CIO_v._OSHA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AFL-CIO v. OSHA (page does not exist)">AFL-CIO v. OSHA</a> decision in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synthesis">edit</a>]</div> The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esterification</a> reaction. <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a> is treated with <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a>, an acid derivative, causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> group into an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> group (R-OH → R-OCOCH3). This process yields aspirin and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, which is considered a <a href="/wiki/Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproduct</a> of this reaction. Small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>) are almost always used as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>. This method is commonly demonstrated in undergraduate teaching labs.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspirin_synthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aspirin_synthesis.svg/490px-Aspirin_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="490" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aspirin_synthesis.svg/735px-Aspirin_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aspirin_synthesis.svg/980px-Aspirin_synthesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Aspirin synthesis</figcaption></figure>Reaction between acetic acid and salicylic acid can also form aspirin but this esterification reaction is reversible and the presence of water can lead to hydrolysis of the aspirin. So, an anhydrous reagent is preferred.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <dl><dt>Reaction mechanism</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid,_mechanism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid%2C_mechanism.png/800px-Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid%2C_mechanism.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid%2C_mechanism.png/1200px-Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid%2C_mechanism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid%2C_mechanism.png/1600px-Acetylation_of_salicylic_acid%2C_mechanism.png 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Acetylation of salicylic acid, mechanism</figcaption></figure> Formulations containing high concentrations of aspirin often smell like <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> because aspirin can decompose through hydrolysis in moist conditions, yielding salicylic and acetic acids.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin, an <a href="/wiki/Acetyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl">acetyl</a> derivative of salicylic acid, is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance that melts at 136 °C (277 °F),<a href="#cite_note-b92-9">[9]</a> and decomposes around 140 °C (284 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Myers2007-30">[30]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">acid dissociation constant</a> (pKa) is 3.5 at 25 °C (77 °F).<a href="#cite_note-asaaciddissconst-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymorphism">Polymorphism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polymorphism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">Polymorphism</a>, or the ability of a substance to form more than one <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>, is important in the development of pharmaceutical ingredients. Many drugs receive regulatory approval for only a single crystal form or polymorph. Until 2005, there was only one proven polymorph of aspirin (Form I), though the existence of another polymorph was debated since the 1960s, and one report from 1981 reported that when crystallized in the presence of aspirin anhydride, the <a href="/wiki/Diffractogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffractogram">diffractogram</a> of aspirin has weak additional peaks. Though at the time it was dismissed as mere impurity, it was, in retrospect, Form II aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-Bučar-2015-32">[32]</a> Form II was reported in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> found after attempted co-crystallization of aspirin and <a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">levetiracetam</a> from hot <a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">acetonitrile</a>. In form I, pairs of aspirin molecules form centrosymmetric <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimers</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Acetyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl">acetyl</a> groups with the (acidic) <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a> proton to <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>. In form II, each aspirin molecule forms the same hydrogen bonds, but with two neighbouring molecules instead of one. With respect to the hydrogen bonds formed by the <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> groups, both polymorphs form identical dimer structures. The aspirin polymorphs contain identical 2-dimensional sections and are therefore more precisely described as polytypes.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Pure Form II aspirin could be prepared by seeding the batch with aspirin anhydrate in 15% weight.<a href="#cite_note-Bučar-2015-32">[32]</a> Form III was reported in 2015 by compressing form I above 2 GPa, but it reverts back to Form I when pressure is removed.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Form IV was reported in 2017. It is stable at ambient conditions.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action_of_aspirin" title="Mechanism of action of aspirin">Mechanism of action of aspirin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_the_mechanism">Discovery of the mechanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discovery of the mechanism">edit</a>]</div> In 1971, British <a href="/wiki/Pharmacologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacologist">pharmacologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robert Vane">John Robert Vane</a>, then employed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a> in London, showed aspirin suppressed the production of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxanes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> For this discovery he was awarded the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>, jointly with <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Ingemar_Samuelsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson">Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prostaglandins_and_thromboxanes">Prostaglandins and thromboxanes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prostaglandins and thromboxanes">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenase</a> (COX; officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase, PTGS) enzyme required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin acts as an acetylating agent where an acetyl group is covalently attached to a <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a> residue in the active site of the COX enzyme (<a href="/wiki/Suicide_inhibition" title="Suicide inhibition">Suicide inhibition</a>). This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDs (such as <a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">diclofenac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>), which are reversible inhibitors. Low-dose aspirin use irreversibly blocks the formation of <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_A2" title="Thromboxane A2">thromboxane A2</a> in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation during the lifetime of the affected platelet (8–9 days). This antithrombotic property makes aspirin useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks in people who have had a heart attack, unstable angina, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> 40 mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large proportion of maximum thromboxane A2 release provoked acutely, with the prostaglandin I2 synthesis being little affected; however, higher doses of aspirin are required to attain further inhibition.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Prostaglandins, local <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> produced in the body, have diverse effects, including the transmission of pain information to the brain, modulation of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamic</a> thermostat, and inflammation. Thromboxanes are responsible for the aggregation of platelets that form <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">blood clots</a>. Heart attacks are caused primarily by blood clots, and low doses of aspirin are seen as an effective medical intervention to prevent a second acute myocardial infarction.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19482214-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COX-1_and_COX-2_inhibition">COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition">edit</a>]</div> At least two different types of <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenases</a>, <a href="/wiki/COX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-1">COX-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/COX-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2">COX-2</a>, are acted on by aspirin. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and modifies the enzymatic activity of COX-2. COX-2 normally produces <a href="/wiki/Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">prostanoids</a>, most of which are proinflammatory. Aspirin-modified COX-2 (aka <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2">prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2</a> or PTGS2) produces <a href="/wiki/Epi-lipoxin" title="Epi-lipoxin">epi-lipoxins</a>, most of which are anti-inflammatory.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Newer NSAID drugs, <a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a> (coxibs), have been developed to inhibit only COX-2, with the intent to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects.<a href="#cite_note-COX2002-17">[17]</a> Several COX-2 inhibitors, such as <a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">rofecoxib</a> (Vioxx), have been withdrawn from the market, after evidence emerged that COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Endothelial cells lining the microvasculature in the body are proposed to express COX-2, and, by selectively inhibiting COX-2, prostaglandin production (specifically, PGI2; prostacyclin) is downregulated with respect to thromboxane levels, as COX-1 in platelets is unaffected. Thus, the protective anticoagulative effect of <a href="/wiki/PGI2" class="mw-redirect" title="PGI2">PGI2</a> is removed, increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. Since platelets have no DNA, they are unable to synthesize new COX-1 once aspirin has irreversibly inhibited the enzyme, an important difference as compared with reversible inhibitors. Furthermore, aspirin, while inhibiting the ability of COX-2 to form pro-inflammatory products such as the <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandins" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandins">prostaglandins</a>, converts this enzyme's activity from a prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase to a <a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase" title="Lipoxygenase">lipoxygenase</a>-like enzyme: aspirin-treated COX-2 metabolizes a variety of <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acids">polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> to hydroperoxy products which are then further metabolized to <a href="/wiki/Specialized_proresolving_mediators" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized proresolving mediators">specialized proresolving mediators</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Epi-lipoxin" title="Epi-lipoxin">aspirin-triggered lipoxins</a>(15-epilipoxin-A4/B4), aspirin-triggered <a href="/wiki/Resolvins" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolvins">resolvins</a>, and aspirin-triggered <a href="/wiki/Maresin" title="Maresin">maresins</a>. These mediators possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. It is proposed that this aspirin-triggered transition of COX-2 from cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase activity and the consequential formation of specialized proresolving mediators contributes to the anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25895638-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23747022-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26546723-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_mechanisms">Additional mechanisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin has been shown to have at least three additional modes of action. It uncouples <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a> in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons.<a href="#cite_note-SomasundaramS-51">[51]</a> Aspirin buffers and transports the protons. When high doses are given, it may actually cause fever, owing to the heat released from the electron transport chain, as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses. In addition, aspirin induces the formation of NO-radicals in the body, which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation. This reduced leukocyte adhesion is an important step in the immune response to infection; however, evidence is insufficient to show aspirin helps to fight infection.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> More recent data also suggest salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signalling through <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> NF-κB, a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> complex, plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Aspirin is readily broken down in the body to salicylic acid, which itself has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. In 2012, salicylic acid was found to activate <a href="/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase" title="AMP-activated protein kinase">AMP-activated protein kinase</a>, which has been suggested as a possible explanation for some of the effects of both salicylic acid and aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The acetyl portion of the aspirin molecule has its own targets. Acetylation of cellular proteins is a well-established phenomenon in the regulation of protein function at the post-translational level. Aspirin is able to acetylate several other targets in addition to COX isoenzymes.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> These acetylation reactions may explain many hitherto unexplained effects of aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulations">Formulations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Formulations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Aspirin is produced in many formulations, with some differences in effect. In particular, aspirin can cause <a href="#Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal bleeding</a>, and formulations are sought which deliver the benefits of aspirin while mitigating harmful bleeding. Formulations may be combined (e.g., buffered + vitamin C). <ul><li>Tablets, typically of about 75–100 mg and 300–320 mg of immediate-release aspirin (IR-ASA).</li> <li>Dispersible tablets.</li> <li>Enteric-coated tablets.</li> <li>Buffered formulations containing aspirin with one of many buffering agents.</li> <li>Formulations of aspirin with vitamin C (ASA-VitC)</li> <li>A phospholipid-aspirin complex liquid formulation, PL-ASA. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit">[update]</a> the phospholipid coating was being trialled to determine if it caused less gastrointestinal damage.<a href="#cite_note-franchi-62">[62]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> Acetylsalicylic acid is a <a href="/wiki/Weak_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acid">weak acid</a>, and very little of it is <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">ionized</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> after oral administration. Acetylsalicylic acid is quickly absorbed through the cell membrane in the <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> conditions of the stomach. The increased <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and larger surface area of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> causes aspirin to be absorbed more slowly there, as more of it is ionized. Owing to the formation of concretions, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-RK_Ferguson-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FL_Kaufman-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-G_Levy-65">[65]</a> About 50–80% of salicylate in the blood is bound to <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">human serum albumin</a>, while the rest remains in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent. Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity. The volume of distribution is 0.1–0.2 L/kg. Acidosis increases the volume of distribution because of enhancement of tissue penetration of salicylates.<a href="#cite_note-G_Levy-65">[65]</a> As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_system" title="Conjugated system">Conjugation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> forms <a href="/wiki/Salicyluric_acid" title="Salicyluric acid">salicyluric acid</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Glucuronic_acid" title="Glucuronic acid">glucuronic acid</a> to form two different glucuronide esters. The conjugate with the acetyl group intact is referred to as the acyl glucuronide; the deacetylated conjugate is the phenolic glucuronide. These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity. Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to <a href="/wiki/Gentisic_acid" title="Gentisic acid">gentisic acid</a>. With large salicylate doses, the kinetics switch from first-order to zero-order, as <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> become saturated and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">renal</a> excretion becomes increasingly important.<a href="#cite_note-G_Levy-65">[65]</a> Salicylates are excreted mainly by the kidneys as salicyluric acid (75%), free salicylic acid (10%), salicylic phenol (10%), and acyl glucuronides (5%), <a href="/wiki/Gentisic_acid" title="Gentisic acid">gentisic acid</a> (< 1%), and <a href="/wiki/2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic_acid" title="2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid">2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid3342084-66">[66]</a> When small doses (less than 250 mg in an adult) are ingested, all pathways proceed by first-order kinetics, with an elimination half-life of about 2.0 h to 4.5 h.<a href="#cite_note-O_Hartwig-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-AK_Done-68">[68]</a> When higher doses of salicylate are ingested (more than 4 g), the half-life becomes much longer (15 h to 30 h),<a href="#cite_note-Chyka2007-69">[69]</a> because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely sensitive to changes in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urinary</a> pH. A 10- to 20-fold increase in renal clearance occurs when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization exploits this particular aspect of salicylate elimination.<a href="#cite_note-EmergMed2002-Dargan-71">[71]</a> It was found that short-term aspirin use in therapeutic doses might precipitate reversible <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> when the patient was ill with <a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">glomerulonephritis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amjkid-72">[72]</a> Aspirin for some patients with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> and some children with congestive heart failure was contraindicated.<a href="#cite_note-amjkid-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_aspirin" title="History of aspirin">History of aspirin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspirine-1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aspirine-1923.jpg/220px-Aspirine-1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aspirine-1923.jpg/330px-Aspirine-1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aspirine-1923.jpg/440px-Aspirine-1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>1923 advertisement</figcaption></figure> Medicines made from <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate">salicylate</a>-rich plants appear in clay tablets from ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a> from ancient Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 8–13 <a href="#cite_note-ACS-22">[22]</a> Hippocrates referred to the use of salicylic tea to reduce fevers around 400 BC, and willow bark preparations were part of the pharmacopoeia of Western medicine in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-22">[22]</a> Willow bark extract became recognized for its specific effects on fever, pain, and inflammation in the mid-eighteenth century<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-73">[73]</a> after the Rev Edward Stone of <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton" title="Chipping Norton">Chipping Norton</a>, Oxfordshire, noticed that the bitter taste of willow bark resembled the taste of the bark of the <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">cinchona</a> tree, known as "<a href="/wiki/Peruvian_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian bark">Peruvian bark</a>", which was used successfully in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to treat a variety of ailments. Stone experimented with preparations of powdered willow bark on people in Chipping Norton for five years and found it to be as effective as Peruvian bark and a cheaper domestic version. In 1763 he sent a report of his findings to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> By the nineteenth century, pharmacists were experimenting with and prescribing a variety of chemicals related to <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>, the active component of willow extract.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 46–55  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Package_of_Aspirin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Old_Package_of_Aspirin.jpg/220px-Old_Package_of_Aspirin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Old_Package_of_Aspirin.jpg/330px-Old_Package_of_Aspirin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Old_Package_of_Aspirin.jpg/440px-Old_Package_of_Aspirin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Old package. "Export from Germany is prohibited"</figcaption></figure> In 1853, chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Gerhardt" title="Charles Frédéric Gerhardt">Charles Frédéric Gerhardt</a> treated <a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">sodium salicylate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Acetyl_chloride" title="Acetyl chloride">acetyl chloride</a> to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time;<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 46–48  in the second half of the 19th century, other academic chemists established the compound's chemical structure and devised more efficient methods of synthesis. In 1897, scientists at the drug and dye firm <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> began investigating acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement for standard common salicylate medicines, and identified a new way to synthesize it.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 69–75  That year, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoffmann" title="Felix Hoffmann">Felix Hoffmann</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eichengr%C3%BCn" title="Arthur Eichengrün">Arthur Eichengrün</a>) of Bayer was the first to produce acetylsalicylic acid in a pure, stable form.<a href="#cite_note-HoffmannSHI-15">[15]</a> Salicylic acid had been extracted in 1838 from the herb <a href="/wiki/Filipendula_ulmaria" title="Filipendula ulmaria">meadowsweet</a>, whose German name, Spirsäure, was the basis for naming the newly synthesized drug, which, by 1899, Bayer was selling globally.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 46–55 <a href="#cite_note-MannPlummer1991-16">[16]</a>: 27  The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name, rather than the generic name of the drug; however, Bayer's rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries. Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century, leading to fierce competition with the proliferation of aspirin brands and products.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-22">[22]</a> Aspirin's popularity declined after the development of <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">acetaminophen/paracetamol</a> in 1956 and <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> in 1962. In the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a> and others discovered the basic mechanism of aspirin's effects,<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 226–231  while clinical trials and other studies from the 1960s to the 1980s established aspirin's efficacy as an anti-clotting agent that reduces the risk of clotting diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 247–257  The initial large studies on the use of low-dose aspirin to prevent heart attacks that were published in the 1970s and 1980s helped spur reform in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical research ethics">clinical research ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_human_subject_research" title="Guidelines for human subject research">guidelines for human subject research</a> and US federal law, and are often cited as examples of clinical trials that included only men, but from which people drew general conclusions that did not hold true for women.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Aspirin sales revived considerably in the last decades of the 20th century, and remain strong in the 21st century with widespread use as a preventive treatment for <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys2008-14">[14]</a>: 267–269  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trademark">Trademark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trademark">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:240px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayer_Aspirin_and_store-brand_generic_on_Canadian_drugstore_shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four boxes of medication on a store shelf above price tags. The two on the left are yellow with "Aspirin" in bold black type and explanatory text in English on the top box and French on the bottom. The two on the right are slightly smaller and white with the word "Life" in the corner inside a red circle. The text, in French on top and English below, describes the medication as "acetylsalicylic acid tablets"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bayer_Aspirin_and_store-brand_generic_on_Canadian_drugstore_shelf.jpg/288px-Bayer_Aspirin_and_store-brand_generic_on_Canadian_drugstore_shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bayer_Aspirin_and_store-brand_generic_on_Canadian_drugstore_shelf.jpg/432px-Bayer_Aspirin_and_store-brand_generic_on_Canadian_drugstore_shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bayer_Aspirin_and_store-brand_generic_on_Canadian_drugstore_shelf.jpg/576px-Bayer_Aspirin_and_store-brand_generic_on_Canadian_drugstore_shelf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1620" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">In Canada and many other countries, "Aspirin" remains a trademark, so generic aspirin is sold as "ASA" (acetylsalicylic acid).</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayer_and_store-brand_aspirin_containers_on_US_drugstore_shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four plastic bottles of medication on another drugstore shelf above their price tags. The two on the left are yellow with the word "Bayer" prominent in black type; above small type describes the product as "genuine aspirin". On the left are two clear plastic bottles with the Rite Aid drugstore chain logo on their yellow labels, which describe the product as "pain relief aspirin"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bayer_and_store-brand_aspirin_containers_on_US_drugstore_shelf.jpg/288px-Bayer_and_store-brand_aspirin_containers_on_US_drugstore_shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bayer_and_store-brand_aspirin_containers_on_US_drugstore_shelf.jpg/432px-Bayer_and_store-brand_aspirin_containers_on_US_drugstore_shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bayer_and_store-brand_aspirin_containers_on_US_drugstore_shelf.jpg/576px-Bayer_and_store-brand_aspirin_containers_on_US_drugstore_shelf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5232" data-file-height="3324" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">In the US., "aspirin" is a generic name.</div></div></div></div></div> Bayer lost its trademark for Aspirin in the United States and some other countries in actions taken between 1918 and 1921 because it had failed to use the name for its own product correctly and had for years allowed the use of "Aspirin" by other manufacturers without defending the intellectual property rights.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Today, aspirin is a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic trademark</a> in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Aspirin, with a capital "A", remains a registered trademark of Bayer in Germany, Canada, Mexico, and in over 80 other countries, for acetylsalicylic acid in all markets, but using different packaging and physical aspects for each.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compendial_status">Compendial status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Compendial status">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a><a href="#cite_note-asa-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pharmacopoeia" title="British Pharmacopoeia">British Pharmacopoeia</a><a href="#cite_note-ibp-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medical use">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>, and inflammatory conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_disease" title="Kawasaki disease">Kawasaki disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> Lower doses of aspirin have also been shown to reduce the risk of death from a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, or the risk of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in people who are at high risk or who have cardiovascular disease, but not in elderly people who are otherwise healthy.<a href="#cite_note-USFDA-patient-guideline-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-USPSTF-CV-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-20180916-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2018CVE-89">[89]</a> There is evidence that aspirin is effective at preventing <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>, though the mechanisms of this effect are unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Algra_518–27-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain">Pain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pain">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin is an effective analgesic for acute pain, although it is generally considered inferior to <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> because aspirin is more likely to cause <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal bleeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15768621-91">[91]</a> Aspirin is generally ineffective for those pains caused by muscle <a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">cramps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_distension" title="Gastric distension">gastric distension</a>, or acute skin irritation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14592563-92">[92]</a> As with other NSAIDs, <a href="/wiki/Compound_analgesic" title="Compound analgesic">combinations</a> of aspirin and <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> provide slightly greater pain relief than aspirin alone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22419343-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> formulations of aspirin relieve pain faster than aspirin in tablets,<a href="#cite_note-pmid10868553-94">[94]</a> which makes them useful for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18451718-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">Topical</a> aspirin may be effective for treating some types of <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Aspirin, either by itself or in a combined formulation, effectively treats certain <a href="/wiki/Headache#Classification" title="Headache">types of a headache</a>, but its efficacy may be questionable for others. Secondary headaches, meaning those caused by another disorder or trauma, should be promptly treated by a medical provider. Among primary headaches, the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Headache_Disorders" title="International Classification of Headache Disorders">International Classification of Headache Disorders</a> distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">tension headache</a> (the most common), migraine, and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">cluster headache</a>. Aspirin or other over-the-counter analgesics are widely recognized as effective for the treatment of tension headaches.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Aspirin, especially as a component of an <a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine</a> <a href="/wiki/Combination_drug" title="Combination drug">combination</a>, is considered a first-line therapy in the treatment of migraine, and comparable to lower doses of <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a>. It is most effective at stopping migraines when they are first beginning.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fever">Fever</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fever">edit</a>]</div> Like its ability to control pain, aspirin's ability to control <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> is due to its action on the <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> system through its irreversible inhibition of <a href="/wiki/COX" class="mw-redirect" title="COX">COX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Although aspirin's use as an <a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">antipyretic</a> in adults is well established, many medical societies and regulatory agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Family_Physicians" title="American Academy of Family Physicians">American Academy of Family Physicians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, strongly advise against using aspirin for the treatment of fever in children because of the risk of <a href="/wiki/Reye%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Reye's syndrome">Reye's syndrome</a>, a rare but often fatal illness associated with the use of aspirin or other salicylates in children during episodes of viral or bacterial infection.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAPweb-102">[102]</a> Because of the risk of Reye's syndrome in children, in 1986, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) required labeling on all aspirin-containing medications advising against its use in children and teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_1986_FR-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation">Inflammation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inflammation">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin is used as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-inflammatory agent">anti-inflammatory agent</a> for both acute and long-term <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid19597002-104">[104]</a> as well as for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_attacks_and_strokes">Heart attacks and strokes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heart attacks and strokes">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin is an important part of the treatment of those who have had a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It is generally not recommended for routine use by people with no other health problems, including those over the age of 70.<a href="#cite_note-Arnett-2019-106">[106]</a> The 2009 Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration published in Lancet evaluated the efficacy and safety of low dose aspirin in secondary prevention. In those with prior ischaemic stroke or acute myocardial infarction, daily low dose aspirin was associated with a 19% relative risk reduction of serious cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or vascular death). This did come at the expense of a 0.19% absolute risk increase in gastrointestinal bleeding; however, the benefits outweigh the hazard risk in this case.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Data from previous trials have suggested that weight-based dosing of aspirin has greater benefits in primary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018Dose-107">[107]</a> However, more recent trials were not able to replicate similar outcomes using low dose aspirin in low body weight (<70 kg) in specific subset of population studied i.e. elderly and diabetic population, and more evidence is required to study the effect of high dose aspirin in high body weight (≥70 kg).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">percutaneous coronary interventions</a> (PCIs), such as the placement of a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery">coronary artery</a> <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a>, a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> guideline recommends that aspirin be taken indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Frequently, aspirin is combined with an <a href="/wiki/ADP_receptor_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="ADP receptor inhibitor">ADP receptor inhibitor</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prasugrel" title="Prasugrel">prasugrel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">ticagrelor</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">blood clots</a>. This is called dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Duration of DAPT was advised in the United States and European Union guidelines after the CURE<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and PRODIGY<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> studies. In 2020, the systematic review and network meta-analysis from Khan et al.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> showed promising benefits of short-term (< 6 months) DAPT followed by P2Y12 inhibitors in selected patients, as well as the benefits of extended-term (> 12 months) DAPT in high risk patients. In conclusion, the optimal duration of DAPT after PCIs should be personalized after outweighing each patient's risks of ischemic events and risks of bleeding events with consideration of multiple patient-related and procedure-related factors. Moreover, aspirin should be continued indefinitely after DAPT is complete.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The status of the use of aspirin for the primary prevention in cardiovascular disease is conflicting and inconsistent, with recent changes from previously recommending it widely decades ago, and that some referenced newer trials in clinical guidelines show less of benefit of adding aspirin alongside other anti-hypertensive and cholesterol lowering therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Arnett-2019-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Visseren-2021-118">[118]</a> The ASCEND study demonstrated that in high-bleeding risk diabetics with no prior cardiovascular disease, there is no overall clinical benefit (12% decrease in risk of ischaemic events v/s 29% increase in GI bleeding) of low dose aspirin in preventing the serious vascular events over a period of 7.4 years. Similarly, the results of the ARRIVE study also showed no benefit of same dose of aspirin in reducing the time to first cardiovascular outcome in patients with moderate risk of cardiovascular disease over a period of five years. Aspirin has also been suggested as a component of a <a href="/wiki/Polypill" title="Polypill">polypill</a> for prevention of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16100022-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16603580-120">[120]</a> Complicating the use of aspirin for prevention is the phenomenon of aspirin resistance.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16364973-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20944898-122">[122]</a> For people who are resistant, aspirin's efficacy is reduced.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21306212-123">[123]</a> Some authors have suggested testing regimens to identify people who are resistant to aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19576352-124">[124]</a> As of April 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a> (USPSTF) determined that there was a "small net benefit" for patients aged 40–59 with a 10% or greater 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and "no net benefit" for patients aged over 60.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Determining the net benefit was based on balancing the risk reduction of taking aspirin for heart attacks and ischaemic strokes, with the increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage" title="Intracranial hemorrhage">intracranial bleeding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhagic stroke">hemorrhagic strokes</a>. Their recommendations state that age changes the risk of the medicine, with the magnitude of the benefit of aspirin coming from starting at a younger age, while the risk of bleeding, while small, increases with age, particular for adults over 60, and can be compounded by other risk factors such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and a history of gastrointestinal bleeding. As a result, the USPSTF suggests that "people ages 40 to 59 who are at higher risk for CVD should decide with their clinician whether to start taking aspirin; people 60 or older should not start taking aspirin to prevent a first heart attack or stroke." Primary prevention guidelines from September 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit">[update]</a> made by the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Cardiology" title="American College of Cardiology">American College of Cardiology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> state they might consider aspirin for patients aged 40–69 with a higher risk of atherosclerotic CVD, without an increased bleeding risk, while stating they would not recommend aspirin for patients aged over 70 or adults of any age with an increased bleeding risk.<a href="#cite_note-Arnett-2019-106">[106]</a> They state a CVD risk estimation and a risk discussion should be done before starting on aspirin, while stating aspirin should be used "infrequently in the routine primary prevention of (atherosclerotic CVD) because of lack of net benefit". As of August 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Society_of_Cardiology" title="European Society of Cardiology">European Society of Cardiology</a> made similar recommendations; considering aspirin specifically to patients aged less than 70 at high or very high CVD risk, without any clear contraindications, on a case-by-case basis considering both ischemic risk and bleeding risk.<a href="#cite_note-Visseren-2021-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_prevention">Cancer prevention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cancer prevention">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin may reduce the overall risk of both getting cancer and dying from cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Cuz2014-128">[128]</a> There is substantial evidence for lowering the risk of <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> (CRC),<a href="#cite_note-Algra_518–27-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> but aspirin must be taken for at least 10–20 years to see this benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Richman2017-132">[132]</a> It may also slightly reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Some conclude the benefits are greater than the risks due to bleeding in those at average risk.<a href="#cite_note-Cuz2014-128">[128]</a> Others are unclear if the benefits are greater than the risk.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Given this uncertainty, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a> (USPSTF) guidelines on this topic recommended against the use of aspirin for prevention of CRC in people with average risk.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF_2007-137">[137]</a> Nine years later however, the USPSTF issued a grade B recommendation for the use of low-dose aspirin (75 to 100 mg/day) "for the primary prevention of CVD [cardiovascular disease] and CRC in adults 50 to 59 years of age who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years".<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF_2016-138">[138]</a> A meta-analysis through 2019 said that there was an association between taking aspirin and lower risk of cancer of the colorectum, esophagus, and stomach.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In 2021, the U.S. Preventive services Task Force raised questions about the use of aspirin in cancer prevention. It notes the results of the 2018 ASPREE (Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) Trial, in which the risk of cancer-related death was higher in the aspirin-treated group than in the placebo group.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In 2025, a group of scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> found that aspirin stimulates the immune system to reduce <a href="/wiki/Cancer_metastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer metastasis">cancer metastasis</a>. They found that a protein called <a href="/wiki/ARHGEF1" title="ARHGEF1">ARHGEF1</a> suppresses <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>, that are required for attacking metastatic cancer cells. Aspirin appeared to counteract this suppression by targeting a clotting factor called <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_A2" title="Thromboxane A2">thromboxane A2</a> (TXA2), which activates ARHGEF1, thus preventing it from suppressing the T cells.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The researchers called the discovery a "<a href="/wiki/Eureka_effect" title="Eureka effect">Eureka</a> moment".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> It was reported that the findings could lead to a more targeted use for aspirin in cancer research.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> It was also said that taking self-medicating with aspirin should not be done yet due to its potential <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Adverse_effects">side effects</a> until clinical trials were held.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Psychiatry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bipolar_disorder">Bipolar disorder</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bipolar disorder">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin, along with several other agents with anti-inflammatory properties, has been repurposed as an add-on treatment for depressive episodes in subjects with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> in light of the possible role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of severe mental disorders.<a href="#cite_note-repurposed2021-145">[145]</a> A 2022 systematic review concluded that aspirin exposure reduced the risk of depression in a pooled cohort of three studies (HR 0.624, 95% CI: 0.0503, 1.198, P=0.033). However, further high-quality, longer-duration, double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to determine whether aspirin is an effective add-on treatment for bipolar depression.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Thus, notwithstanding the biological rationale, the clinical perspectives of aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression remain uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-repurposed2021-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dementia">Dementia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dementia">edit</a>]</div> Although cohort and longitudinal studies have shown low-dose aspirin has a greater likelihood of reducing the incidence of dementia, numerous randomized controlled trials have not validated this.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Schizophrenia">edit</a>]</div> Some researchers have speculated the anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin may be beneficial for schizophrenia. Small trials have been conducted but evidence remains lacking.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin is a first-line treatment for the fever and joint-pain symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">acute rheumatic fever</a>. The therapy often lasts for one to two weeks, and is rarely indicated for longer periods. After fever and pain have subsided, the aspirin is no longer necessary, since it does not decrease the incidence of heart complications and residual rheumatic heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-NHFA-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a> has been shown to be as effective as aspirin and less toxic, but due to the limited clinical experience, naproxen is recommended only as a second-line treatment.<a href="#cite_note-NHFA-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Along with rheumatic fever, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_disease" title="Kawasaki disease">Kawasaki disease</a> remains one of the few indications for aspirin use in children<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> in spite of a lack of high quality evidence for its effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Low-dose aspirin supplementation has moderate benefits when used for prevention of <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberge_2012-159">[159]</a> This benefit is greater when started in early pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Aspirin has also demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of cancer">anti-tumoral</a> effects, via inhibition of the <a href="/wiki/PTTG1" title="PTTG1">PTTG1</a> gene, which is often overexpressed in tumors.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance">Resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Resistance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Drug tolerance</a></div> For some people, aspirin does not have as strong an effect on platelets as for others, an effect known as aspirin-resistance or insensitivity. One study has suggested women are more likely to be resistant than men,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and a different, aggregate study of 2,930 people found 28% were resistant.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18202034-163">[163]</a> A study in 100 Italian people found, of the apparent 31% aspirin-resistant subjects, only 5% were truly resistant, and the others were <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compliance (medicine)">noncompliant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18680540-164">[164]</a> Another study of 400 healthy volunteers found no subjects who were truly resistant, but some had "pseudoresistance, reflecting delayed and reduced drug absorption". <a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Meta-analysis and systematic reviews have concluded that laboratory confirmed aspirin resistance confers increased rates of poorer outcomes in cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18202034-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Although the majority of research conducted has surrounded cardiovascular and neurovascular, there is emerging research into the risk of aspirin resistance after orthopaedic surgery where aspirin is used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.<a href="#cite_note-A_Narrative_Review_of_Aspirin_Resis-171">[171]</a> Aspirin resistance in orthopaedic surgery, specifically after total hip and knee arthroplasties, is of interest as risk factors for aspirin resistance are also risk factors for venous thromboembolisms and osteoarthritis; the sequelae of requiring a total hip or knee arthroplasty. Some of these risk factors include obesity, advancing age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and inflammatory diseases.<a href="#cite_note-A_Narrative_Review_of_Aspirin_Resis-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dosages">Dosages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dosages">edit</a>]</div> Adult aspirin tablets are produced in standardised sizes, which vary slightly from country to country, for example 300 mg in Britain and 325 mg in the United States. Smaller doses are based on these standards, e.g., 75 mg and 81 mg tablets. The 81 mg tablets are commonly called "baby aspirin" or "baby-strength", because they were originally – <a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">but no longer</a> – intended to be administered to infants and children.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> No medical significance occurs due to the slight difference in dosage between the 75 mg and the 81 mg tablets. The dose required for benefit appears to depend on a person's weight.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018Dose-107">[107]</a> For those weighing less than 70 kilograms (154 lb), low dose is effective for preventing cardiovascular disease; for patients above this weight, higher doses are required.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018Dose-107">[107]</a> In general, for adults, doses are taken four times a day for fever or arthritis,<a href="#cite_note-BNF-173">[173]</a> with doses near the maximal daily dose used historically for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> For the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> (MI) in someone with documented or suspected <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, much lower doses are taken once daily.<a href="#cite_note-BNF-173">[173]</a> March 2009 recommendations from the USPSTF on the use of aspirin for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease encourage men aged 45–79 and women aged 55–79 to use aspirin when the potential benefit of a reduction in MI for men or stroke for women outweighs the potential harm of an increase in <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal hemorrhage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USPSTF_2009-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-medscape-176">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The WHI study of postmenopausal women found that aspirin resulted in a 25% lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and a 14% lower risk of death from any cause, though there was no significant difference between 81 mg and 325 mg aspirin doses.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The 2021 ADAPTABLE study also showed no significant difference in cardiovascular events or major bleeding between 81 mg and 325 mg doses of aspirin in patients (both men and women) with established cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Low-dose aspirin use was also associated with a trend toward lower risk of cardiovascular events, and lower aspirin doses (75 or 81 mg/day) may optimize efficacy and safety for people requiring aspirin for long-term prevention.<a href="#cite_note-medscape-176">[176]</a> In children with Kawasaki disease, aspirin is taken at dosages based on body weight, initially four times a day for up to two weeks and then at a lower dose once daily for a further six to eight weeks.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> In October 2020, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) required the <a href="/wiki/Drug_labelling" title="Drug labelling">drug label</a> to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20201015-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_safety_20201015-181">[181]</a> They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20201015-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_safety_20201015-181">[181]</a> One exception to the recommendation is the use of low-dose 81 mg aspirin at any point in pregnancy under the direction of a health care professional.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_safety_20201015-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin should not be taken by people who are allergic to <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-drugs.com-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-personalmd-183">[183]</a> or who have <a href="/wiki/Salicylate_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate intolerance">salicylate intolerance</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16247191-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8566739-185">[185]</a> or a more generalized <a href="/wiki/Drug_intolerance" title="Drug intolerance">drug intolerance</a> to NSAIDs, and caution should be exercised in those with <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> or NSAID-precipitated <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a>. Owing to its effect on the stomach lining, manufacturers recommend people with <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcers</a>, mild diabetes, or <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a> seek medical advice before using aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-drugs.com-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-mercksource-186">[186]</a> Even if none of these conditions is present, the risk of <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal hemorrhage">stomach bleeding</a> is still increased when aspirin is taken with <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drugs.com-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-personalmd-183">[183]</a> People with <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">hemophilia</a> or other bleeding tendencies should not take aspirin or other salicylates.<a href="#cite_note-drugs.com-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-mercksource-186">[186]</a> Aspirin is known to cause <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> in people who have the genetic disease <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a>, particularly in large doses and depending on the severity of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Use of aspirin during <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> is not recommended owing to increased bleeding tendency.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Aspirin taken at doses of ≤325 mg and ≤100 mg per day for ≥2 days can increase the odds of suffering a gout attack by 81% and 91% respectively. This effect may potentially be worsened by high purine diets, diuretics, and kidney disease, but is eliminated by the urate lowering drug allopurinol.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Daily low dose aspirin does not appear to worsen kidney function.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Aspirin may reduce cardiovascular risk in those without established cardiovascular disease in people with moderate CKD, without significantly increasing the risk of bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Aspirin should not be given to children or adolescents under the age of 16 to control cold or influenza symptoms, as this has been linked with <a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye's syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2002-Macdonald-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">upper gastrointestinal bleeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sorensen_2000-193">[193]</a> Enteric coating on aspirin may be used in manufacturing to prevent release of aspirin into the stomach to reduce gastric harm, but enteric coating does not reduce gastrointestinal bleeding risk.<a href="#cite_note-Sorensen_2000-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kedir_2021-194">[194]</a> Enteric-coated aspirin may not be as effective at reducing blood clot risk.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Combining aspirin with other <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a> has been shown to further increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Sorensen_2000-193">[193]</a> Using aspirin in combination with clopidogrel or warfarin also increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Blockade of COX-1 by aspirin apparently results in the upregulation of COX-2 as part of a gastric defense.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> There is no clear evidence that simultaneous use of a COX-2 inhibitor with aspirin may increase the risk of gastrointestinal injury.<a href="#cite_note-Rostom-2007-199">[199]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">Buffering</a>" is an additional method used with the intent to mitigate gastrointestinal bleeding, such as by preventing aspirin from concentrating in the walls of the stomach, although the benefits of buffered aspirin are disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Clerici_2023-200">[200]</a> Almost any buffering agent used in antacids can be used; Bufferin, for example, uses <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a>. Other preparations use <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Gas-forming agents in <a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">effervescent tablet and powder</a> formulations can also double as a buffering agent, one example being <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Alka-Seltzer" title="Alka-Seltzer">Alka-Seltzer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Taking vitamin C with aspirin has been investigated as a method of protecting the stomach lining. In trials vitamin C-releasing aspirin (ASA-VitC) or a buffered aspirin formulation containing vitamin C was found to cause less stomach damage than aspirin alone.<a href="#cite_note-Dammann-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konturek-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retinal_vein_occlusion">Retinal vein occlusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Retinal vein occlusion">edit</a>]</div> It is a widespread habit among eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to prescribe aspirin as an add-on medication for patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), such as <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein_occlusion" title="Central retinal vein occlusion">central retinal vein occlusion</a> (CRVO) and <a href="/wiki/Branch_retinal_vein_occlusion" title="Branch retinal vein occlusion">branch retinal vein occlusion</a> (BRVO). The reason of this widespread use is the evidence of its proven effectiveness in major systemic venous <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombotic</a> disorders, and it has been assumed that may be similarly beneficial in various types of retinal vein occlusion. However, a large-scale investigation based on data of nearly 700 patients showed "that aspirin or other antiplatelet aggregating agents or anticoagulants adversely influence the visual outcome in patients with CRVO and hemi-CRVO, without any evidence of protective or beneficial effect".<a href="#cite_note-pmid24769221-205">[205]</a> Several expert groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Ophthalmologists" title="Royal College of Ophthalmologists">Royal College of Ophthalmologists</a>, recommended against the use of antithrombotic drugs (incl. aspirin) for patients with RVO.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26780742-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_effects">Central effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Central effects">edit</a>]</div> Large doses of <a href="/wiki/Salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate">salicylate</a>, a metabolite of aspirin, cause temporary <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> (ringing in the ears) based on experiments in rats, via the action on <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptors</a> cascade.<a href="#cite_note-Gutton-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reye's_syndrome">Reye's syndrome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reye's syndrome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reye%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Reye's syndrome">Reye's syndrome</a></div> Reye's syndrome, a rare but severe illness characterized by acute <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">fatty liver</a>, can occur when children or adolescents are given aspirin for a fever or other illness or infection. From 1981 to 1997, 1207 cases of Reye's syndrome in people younger than 18 were reported to the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). Of these, 93% reported being ill in the three weeks preceding the onset of Reye's syndrome, most commonly with a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection" title="Respiratory tract infection">respiratory infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>. Salicylates were detectable in 81.9% of children for whom test results were reported.<a href="#cite_note-Belay-208">[208]</a> After the association between Reye's syndrome and aspirin was reported, and safety measures to prevent it (including a <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General</a>'s warning, and changes to the labeling of aspirin-containing drugs) were implemented, aspirin taken by children declined considerably in the United States, as did the number of reported cases of Reye's syndrome; a similar decline was found in the United Kingdom after warnings against pediatric aspirin use were issued.<a href="#cite_note-Belay-208">[208]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> recommends aspirin (or aspirin-containing products) should not be given to anyone under the age of 12 who has a fever,<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2002-Macdonald-192">[192]</a> and the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> recommends children who are under 16 years of age should not take aspirin, unless it is on the advice of a doctor.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Skin">edit</a>]</div> For a small number of people, taking aspirin can result in symptoms including <a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">hives</a>, swelling, and headache.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Aspirin can exacerbate symptoms among those with chronic hives, or create acute symptoms of hives.<a href="#cite_note-Doña-2018-211">[211]</a> These responses can be due to allergic reactions to aspirin, or more often due to its effect of inhibiting the COX-1 enzyme.<a href="#cite_note-Doña-2018-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalski-2019-212">[212]</a> Skin reactions may also tie to systemic contraindications, seen with NSAID-precipitated <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Doña-2018-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalski-2019-212">[212]</a> or those with <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Aspirin and other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may delay the healing of skin wounds.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Earlier findings from two small, low-quality trials suggested a benefit with aspirin (alongside compression therapy) on venous leg ulcer healing time and leg ulcer size,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> however larger, more recent studies of higher quality have been unable to corroborate these outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> As such, further research is required to clarify the role of aspirin in this context. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_adverse_effects">Other adverse effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin can induce <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">swelling of skin tissues</a> in some people. In one study, <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a> appeared one to six hours after ingesting aspirin in some of the people. However, when the aspirin was taken alone, it did not cause angioedema in these people; the aspirin had been taken in combination with another NSAID-induced drug when angioedema appeared.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Aspirin causes an increased risk of cerebral microbleeds, having the appearance on <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> scans of 5 to 10 mm or smaller, hypointense (dark holes) patches.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> A study of a group with a mean dosage of aspirin of 270 mg per day estimated an average absolute risk increase in <a href="/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage" title="Intracerebral hemorrhage">intracerebral hemorrhage</a> (ICH) of 12 events per 10,000 persons.<a href="#cite_note-He1998-223">[223]</a> In comparison, the estimated absolute risk reduction in myocardial infarction was 137 events per 10,000 persons, and a reduction of 39 events per 10,000 persons in ischemic stroke.<a href="#cite_note-He1998-223">[223]</a> In cases where ICH already has occurred, aspirin use results in higher mortality, with a dose of about 250 mg per day resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">relative risk</a> of death within three months after the ICH around 2.5 (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> 1.3 to 4.6).<a href="#cite_note-Saloheimo2006-224">[224]</a> Aspirin and other NSAIDs can cause <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">abnormally high blood levels of potassium</a> by inducing a <a href="/wiki/Hyporeninemic_hypoaldosteronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism">hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism state</a> via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis; however, these agents do not typically cause hyperkalemia by themselves in the setting of normal renal function and euvolemic state.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Use of low-dose aspirin before a surgical procedure has been associated with an increased risk of bleeding events in some patients, however, ceasing aspirin prior to surgery has also been associated with an increase in major adverse cardiac events. An analysis of multiple studies found a three-fold increase in adverse events such as <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> in patients who ceased aspirin prior to surgery. The analysis found that the risk is dependent on the type of surgery being performed and the patient indication for aspirin use.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> On 9 July 2015, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) toughened warnings of increased <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> risk associated with <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAID).<a href="#cite_note-FDA-20150709-227">[227]</a> Aspirin is an NSAID but is not affected by the new warnings.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-20150709-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overdose">Overdose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aspirin_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirin poisoning">Aspirin poisoning</a></div> Aspirin overdose can be acute or chronic. In acute poisoning, a single large dose is taken; in chronic poisoning, higher than normal doses are taken over a period of time. Acute overdose has a <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> of 2%. Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal, with a mortality rate of 25%;<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> chronic overdose may be especially severe in children.<a href="#cite_note-Pediatrics1982-gaudreault-229">[229]</a> Toxicity is managed with a number of potential treatments, including <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a>, intravenous dextrose and normal saline, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The diagnosis of poisoning usually involves measurement of plasma salicylate, the active metabolite of aspirin, by automated spectrophotometric methods. Plasma salicylate levels in general range from 30 to 100 mg/L after usual therapeutic doses, 50–300 mg/L in people taking high doses and 700–1400 mg/L following acute overdose. Salicylate is also produced as a result of exposure to <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">bismuth subsalicylate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">sodium salicylate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions">Interactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin is known to <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with other drugs. For example, <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">acetazolamide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> are known to enhance the intoxicating effect of salicylates, and alcohol also increases the gastrointestinal bleeding associated with these types of drugs.<a href="#cite_note-drugs.com-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-personalmd-183">[183]</a> Aspirin is known to displace a number of drugs from protein-binding sites in the blood, including the <a href="/wiki/Antidiabetic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiabetic drug">antidiabetic drugs</a> <a href="/wiki/Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">tolbutamide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">chlorpropamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">probenecid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">valproic acid</a> (as well as interfering with <a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">beta oxidation</a>, an important part of valproate metabolism), and other NSAIDs. Corticosteroids may also reduce the concentration of aspirin. Other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, may reduce the antiplatelet effect of aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-Alqahtani_2018-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gladding_2008-234">[234]</a> Although limited evidence suggests this may not result in a reduced cardioprotective effect of aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-Alqahtani_2018-233">[233]</a> Analgesic doses of aspirin decrease sodium loss induced by spironolactone in the urine, however this does not reduce the antihypertensive effects of spironolactone.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Furthermore, antiplatelet doses of aspirin are deemed too small to produce an interaction with spironolactone.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Aspirin is known to compete with <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin G</a> for renal tubular secretion.<a href="#cite_note-interactions-237">[237]</a> Aspirin may also inhibit the absorption of vitamin C.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> The ISIS-2 trial demonstrated that aspirin at doses of 160 mg daily for one month, decreased the mortality by 21% of participants with a suspected myocardial infarction in the first five weeks.<a href="#cite_note-The_Lancet-1988-241">[241]</a> A single daily dose of 324 mg of aspirin for 12 weeks has a highly protective effect against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1983-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bipolar_disorder_2">Bipolar disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bipolar disorder">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin has been repurposed as an add-on treatment for depressive episodes in subjects with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-repurposed2021-145">[145]</a> However, meta-analytic evidence is based on very few studies and does not suggest any efficacy of aspirin in the treatment of bipolar depression.<a href="#cite_note-repurposed2021-145">[145]</a> Thus, notwithstanding the biological rationale, the clinical perspectives of aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression remain uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-repurposed2021-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infectious_diseases">Infectious diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Infectious diseases">edit</a>]</div> Several studies investigated the anti-infective properties of aspirin for bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Aspirin was demonstrated to limit platelet activation induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and to reduce streptococcal adhesion to heart valves. In patients with tuberculous meningitis, the addition of aspirin reduced the risk of new cerebral infarction [RR = 0.52 (0.29-0.92)]. A role of aspirin on bacterial and fungal biofilm is also being supported by growing evidence.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_prevention_2">Cancer prevention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Cancer prevention">edit</a>]</div> Evidence from observational studies was conflicting on the effect of aspirin in breast cancer prevention;<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> a randomized controlled trial showed that aspirin had no significant effect in reducing breast cancer,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> thus further studies are needed to clarify the effect of aspirin in cancer prevention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_gardening">In gardening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In gardening">edit</a>]</div> There are anecdotal reports that aspirin can improve the growth and resistance of plants,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> though most research has involved <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a> instead of aspirin.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_medicine">Veterinary medicine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Veterinary medicine">edit</a>]</div> Aspirin is sometimes used in veterinary medicine as an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">relieve pain</a> associated with musculoskeletal inflammation or <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>. Aspirin should be given to animals only under the direct supervision of a <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a>, as adverse effects—including gastrointestinal issues—are common. An aspirin overdose in any species may result in <a href="/wiki/Salicylate_poisoning" title="Salicylate poisoning">salicylate poisoning</a>, characterized by hemorrhaging, seizures, coma, and even death.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2016-249">[249]</a> Dogs are better able to tolerate aspirin than cats are.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-250">[250]</a> Cats metabolize aspirin slowly because they lack the <a href="/wiki/Glucuronide" title="Glucuronide">glucuronide</a> conjugates that aid in the excretion of aspirin, making it potentially toxic if dosing is not spaced out properly.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2016-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> No clinical signs of toxicosis occurred when cats were given 25 mg/kg of aspirin every 48 hours for 4 weeks,<a href="#cite_note-Merck-250">[250]</a> but the recommended dose for relief of pain and fever and for treating <a href="/wiki/Thrombophilia" title="Thrombophilia">blood clotting diseases</a> in cats is 10 mg/kg every 48 hours to allow for metabolization.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2016-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcTavish1987" class="citation journal cs1">McTavish J (Fall 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44442097">"What's in a Name? Aspirin and the American Medical Association"</a>. 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Merck Veterinary Manual. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/anti-inflammatory-agents/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs#v3337669">the original</a> on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merck+Veterinary+Manual&rft.atitle=Nonsteroidal+Anti-inflammatory+Drugs%3A+Aspirin&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=SH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2Fpharmacology%2Fanti-inflammatory-agents%2Fnonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs%23v3337669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/toxicology/toxicities_from_human_drugs/analgesics_toxicity.html">"Analgesics (toxicity)"</a>. Merck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411095033/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/toxicology/toxicities_from_human_drugs/analgesics_toxicity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analgesics+%28toxicity%29&rft.pub=Merck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fvet%2Ftoxicology%2Ftoxicities_from_human_drugs%2Fanalgesics_toxicity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLappin2001" class="citation book cs1">Lappin MR, ed. (2001). Feline internal medicine secrets. 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Cornell University Department of Animal Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150816192109/http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxcat/toxcat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plants+poisonous+to+livestock&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Department+of+Animal+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansci.cornell.edu%2Fplants%2Ftoxcat%2Ftoxcat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesboroughKeeling2017" class="citation journal cs1">Desborough MJ, Keeling DM (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjh.14520">"The aspirin story - from willow to wonder drug"</a>. British Journal of Haematology. 177 (5): 674–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjh.14520">10.1111/bjh.14520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28106908">28106908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46794541">46794541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Haematology&rft.atitle=The+aspirin+story+-+from+willow+to+wonder+drug&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E674-%3C%2Fspan%3E683&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46794541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28106908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbjh.14520&rft.aulast=Desborough&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Keeling%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fbjh.14520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcTavish1987" class="citation journal cs1">McTavish JR (1987). "What's in a name? Aspirin and the American Medical Association". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 61 (3): 343–66. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44442097">44442097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3311247">3311247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Aspirin+and+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44442097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3311247&rft.aulast=McTavish&rft.aufirst=JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLing2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ling G (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Aspirin.html">"Aspirin"</a>. How Products Are Made. Vol. 1. Thomson Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspirin&rft.btitle=How+Products+Are+Made&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2FVolume-1%2FAspirin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2004" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys D (2004). Aspirin: the Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug. Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspirin%3A+the+Remarkable+Story+of+a+Wonder+Drug&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a 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id="Antithrombotics_(thrombolytics,_anticoagulants_and_antiplatelet_drugs)_(B01)568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">thrombolytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">antiplatelet drugs</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B01" title="ATC code B01">B01</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelet drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_IIb/IIIa_inhibitors" title="Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors">Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abciximab" title="Abciximab">Abciximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptifibatide" title="Eptifibatide">Eptifibatide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbofiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbofiban (page does not exist)">Orbofiban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roxifiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roxifiban (page does not exist)">Roxifiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibrafiban" title="Sibrafiban">Sibrafiban</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirofiban" title="Tirofiban">Tirofiban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">ADP receptor/P2Y12</a> <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_receptor_inhibitor" title="Adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor">inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thienopyridine" title="Thienopyridine">Thienopyridines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">Clopidogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasugrel" title="Prasugrel">Prasugrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticlopidine" title="Ticlopidine">Ticlopidine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotide</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleoside</a> analogs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cangrelor" title="Cangrelor">Cangrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinogrel" title="Elinogrel">Elinogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">Ticagrelor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">Prostaglandin analogue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">PGI2</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action_of_aspirin" title="Mechanism of action of aspirin">COX inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indobufen" title="Indobufen">Indobufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane inhibitors">Thromboxane inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_synthase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane synthase inhibitors">Thromboxane synthase inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acetylsalicylic_acid/dipyridamole" title="Acetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole">+ aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane receptor antagonist">Receptor antagonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terutroban" title="Terutroban">Terutroban</a>§</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">Phosphodiesterase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilostazol" title="Cilostazol">Cilostazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloricromen" title="Cloricromen">Cloricromen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditazole" title="Ditazole">Ditazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorapaxar" title="Vorapaxar">Vorapaxar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_antagonist" title="Vitamin K antagonist">Vitamin K antagonists</a> (inhibit <a href="/wiki/Thrombin" title="Thrombin">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_VII" title="Factor VII">VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_IX" title="Factor IX">IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_X" title="Factor X">X</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acenocoumarol" title="Acenocoumarol">Acenocoumarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumatetralyl" title="Coumatetralyl">Coumatetralyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicoumarol" title="Dicoumarol">Dicoumarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_biscoumacetate" title="Ethyl biscoumacetate">Ethyl biscoumacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprocoumon" title="Phenprocoumon">Phenprocoumon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">Warfarin</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Indandione" title="1,3-Indandione">1,3-Indandiones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clorindione" title="Clorindione">Clorindione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenadione" title="Diphenadione">Diphenadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenindione" title="Phenindione">Phenindione</a></li> <li>Other: <a href="/wiki/Tioclomarol" title="Tioclomarol">Tioclomarol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Factor_Xa" class="mw-redirect" title="Factor Xa">Factor Xa</a> inhibitors (with some II inhibition)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">Heparin</a> group/ <a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">glycosaminoglycans</a>/ (bind <a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">antithrombin</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-molecular-weight_heparin" title="Low-molecular-weight heparin">Low-molecular-weight heparin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemiparin_sodium" title="Bemiparin sodium">Bemiparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certoparin_sodium" title="Certoparin sodium">Certoparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalteparin_sodium" title="Dalteparin sodium">Dalteparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoxaparin_sodium" title="Enoxaparin sodium">Enoxaparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadroparin_calcium" title="Nadroparin calcium">Nadroparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnaparin_sodium" title="Parnaparin sodium">Parnaparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reviparin_sodium" title="Reviparin sodium">Reviparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinzaparin_sodium" title="Tinzaparin sodium">Tinzaparin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">Oligosaccharides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fondaparinux" title="Fondaparinux">Fondaparinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idraparinux" title="Idraparinux">Idraparinux</a>§</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heparinoid" title="Heparinoid">Heparinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danaparoid" title="Danaparoid">Danaparoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatan_sulfate" title="Dermatan sulfate">Dermatan sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulodexide" title="Sulodexide">Sulodexide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct_factor_Xa_inhibitors" title="Direct factor Xa inhibitors">Direct Xa inhibitors</a> ("xabans")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apixaban" title="Apixaban">Apixaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrixaban" title="Betrixaban">Betrixaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darexaban" title="Darexaban">Darexaban</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoxaban" title="Edoxaban">Edoxaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otamixaban" title="Otamixaban">Otamixaban</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivaroxaban" title="Rivaroxaban">Rivaroxaban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor" title="Direct thrombin inhibitor">Direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor#Bivalent" title="Direct thrombin inhibitor">Bivalent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hirudin" title="Hirudin">Hirudin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bivalirudin" title="Bivalirudin">Bivalirudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desirudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Desirudin">Desirudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepirudin" title="Lepirudin">Lepirudin</a>‡</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor#Univalent" title="Direct thrombin inhibitor">Univalent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argatroban" title="Argatroban">Argatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabigatran" title="Dabigatran">Dabigatran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efegatran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efegatran (page does not exist)">Efegatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inogatran" title="Inogatran">Inogatran</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melagatran" class="mw-redirect" title="Melagatran">Melagatran</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximelagatran" title="Ximelagatran">Ximelagatran</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abelacimab" title="Abelacimab">Abelacimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">Antithrombin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibrotide" title="Defibrotide">Defibrotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafamostat" title="Nafamostat">Nafamostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_C" title="Protein C">Protein C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drotrecogin_alfa" title="Drotrecogin alfa">Drotrecogin alfa</a>‡</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REG1" title="REG1">REG1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytic drugs</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Fibrinolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrinolytic">fibrinolytics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasminogen_activator" title="Plasminogen activator">Plasminogen activators</a>: <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_tissue_plasminogen_activators" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant tissue plasminogen activators">r-tPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteplase" title="Alteplase">Alteplase</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reteplase" title="Reteplase">Reteplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenecteplase" title="Tenecteplase">Tenecteplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoteplase" title="Desmoteplase">Desmoteplase</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>UPA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saruplase" title="Saruplase">Saruplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urokinase" title="Urokinase">Urokinase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anistreplase" title="Anistreplase">Anistreplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteplase" title="Monteplase">Monteplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptokinase" title="Streptokinase">Streptokinase</a>#</li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Serine_endopeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Serine endopeptidase">serine endopeptidases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ancrod" title="Ancrod">Ancrod</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinase" title="Brinase">Brinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinolysin" title="Fibrinolysin">Fibrinolysin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Non-medicinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">Citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">EDTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">Oxalate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acne-treating_agents_(D10)190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acne-treating_agents" title="Template:Acne-treating agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acne-treating_agents" title="Template talk:Acne-treating agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acne-treating_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acne-treating agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acne-treating_agents_(D10)190" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne</a>-treating agents (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D10" title="ATC code D10">D10</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antibacterial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azelaic_acid" title="Azelaic acid">Azelaic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">Benzoyl peroxide</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Hydroxyquinoline" title="8-Hydroxyquinoline">8-Hydroxyquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Blue light therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea tree oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keratolytic" title="Keratolytic">Keratolytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolic_acid" title="Glycolic acid">Glycolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_(pharmacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur (pharmacy)">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">Benzoyl peroxide</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">Niacinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a>#</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspirin</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Red light therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">Clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">Dapsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfacetamide" title="Sulfacetamide">Sulfacetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics" title="Tetracycline antibiotics">Tetracyclines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lymecycline" title="Lymecycline">Lymecycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">Doxycycline</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapalene" title="Adapalene">Adapalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotretinoin" title="Isotretinoin">Isotretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motretinide" title="Motretinide">Motretinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazarotene" title="Tazarotene">Tazarotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretinoin" title="Tretinoin">Tretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifarotene" title="Trifarotene">Trifarotene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">Epristeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesulfen" title="Mesulfen">Mesulfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelretin" title="Pelretin">Pelretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridex" title="Stridex">Stridex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioxolone" title="Tioxolone">Tioxolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapalene/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide">Adapalene/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin/adapalene/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Clindamycin/adapalene/benzoyl peroxide">Clindamycin/adapalene/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide">Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin/tretinoin" title="Clindamycin/tretinoin">Clindamycin/tretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide">Erythromycin/benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin/isotretinoin" title="Erythromycin/isotretinoin">Erythromycin/isotretinoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfacetamide/sulfur" title="Sulfacetamide/sulfur">Sulfacetamide/sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretinoin/benzoyl_peroxide" title="Tretinoin/benzoyl peroxide">Tretinoin/benzoyl peroxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs_(NSAIDs)_(primarily_M01A_and_M02A,_also_N02BA)808" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-inflammatory_products" title="Template:Anti-inflammatory products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-inflammatory_products" title="Template talk:Anti-inflammatory products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-inflammatory_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-inflammatory products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs_(NSAIDs)_(primarily_M01A_and_M02A,_also_N02BA)808" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAIDs) (primarily <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M01#M01A" title="ATC code M01">M01A</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M02#M02A" title="ATC code M02">M02A</a>, also <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02BA" title="ATC code N02">N02BA</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">pyrazolones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pyrazolidine" title="Pyrazolidine">pyrazolidines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofezone" title="Clofezone">Clofezone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenamizole" title="Difenamizole">Difenamizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feprazone" title="Feprazone">Feprazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebuzone" title="Kebuzone">Kebuzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofebutazone" title="Mofebutazone">Mofebutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazone" title="Morazone">Morazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenbutazone" title="Oxyphenbutazone">Oxyphenbutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">Phenylbutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfinpyrazone" title="Sulfinpyrazone">Sulfinpyrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxibuzone" title="Suxibuzone">Suxibuzone</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid (salicylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> derivatives and related substances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclofenac" title="Alclofenac">Alclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfenac" title="Amfenac">Amfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendazac" title="Bendazac">Bendazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufexamac" title="Bufexamac">Bufexamac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumadizone" title="Bumadizone">Bumadizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenpiramide" title="Difenpiramide">Difenpiramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbinac" title="Felbinac">Felbinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclozic_acid" title="Fenclozic acid">Fenclozic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentiazac" title="Fentiazac">Fentiazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoxepac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoxepac (page does not exist)">Isoxepac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonazolac" title="Lonazolac">Lonazolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofezolac" title="Mofezolac">Mofezolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxametacin" title="Oxametacin">Oxametacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prodolic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prodolic acid (page does not exist)">Prodolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumetacin" title="Proglumetacin">Proglumetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiopinac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiopinac (page does not exist)">Tiopinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxicam" title="Oxicam">oxicams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampiroxicam" title="Ampiroxicam">Ampiroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxicam" title="Droxicam">Droxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivoxicam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pivoxicam (page does not exist)">Pivoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic acid</a> derivatives (<a href="/wiki/Profens" class="mw-redirect" title="Profens">profens</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alminoprofen" title="Alminoprofen">Alminoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carprofen" title="Carprofen">Carprofen</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbufen" title="Fenbufen">Fenbufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunoxaprofen" title="Flunoxaprofen">Flunoxaprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuproxam" title="Ibuproxam">Ibuproxam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoprofen" title="Indoprofen">Indoprofen</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroprofen" title="Miroprofen">Miroprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelubiprofen" title="Pelubiprofen">Pelubiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piketoprofen" title="Piketoprofen">Piketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirprofen" title="Pirprofen">Pirprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarenflurbil" title="Tarenflurbil">Tarenflurbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepoxalin" title="Tepoxalin">Tepoxalin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaprofen" title="Vedaprofen">Vedaprofen</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COX-inhibiting_nitric_oxide_donator" title="COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator">COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naproxcinod" title="Naproxcinod">Naproxcinod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">n-arylanthranilic acids (<a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">fenamates</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonixin" title="Clonixin">Clonixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etofenamate" title="Etofenamate">Etofenamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunixin" title="Flunixin">Flunixin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flutiazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flutiazin (page does not exist)">Flutiazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morniflumate" title="Morniflumate">Morniflumate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a> (coxibs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apricoxib" title="Apricoxib">Apricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimicoxib" title="Cimicoxib">Cimicoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deracoxib" title="Deracoxib">Deracoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firocoxib" title="Firocoxib">Firocoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavacoxib" title="Mavacoxib">Mavacoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robenacoxib" title="Robenacoxib">Robenacoxib</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminopropionitrile" title="Aminopropionitrile">Aminopropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacerein" title="Diacerein">Diacerein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluproquazone" title="Fluproquazone">Fluproquazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">Glycosaminoglycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaceprol" title="Oxaceprol">Oxaceprol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">Superoxide dismutase / orgotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenidap" title="Tenidap">Tenidap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NSAID combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/famotidine" title="Ibuprofen/famotidine">Ibuprofen/famotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">Ibuprofen/hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">Ibuprofen/oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">Ibuprofen/paracetamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine/meloxicam" title="Bupivacaine/meloxicam">Meloxicam/bupivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam/rizatriptan" title="Meloxicam/rizatriptan">Meloxicam/rizatriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen/diphenhydramine" title="Naproxen/diphenhydramine">Naproxen/diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen/esomeprazole" title="Naproxen/esomeprazole">Naproxen/esomeprazole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Key: underline indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group; #<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-Essential Medicines</a>; †<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">withdrawn drugs</a>; ‡<a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary use</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-inflammatory_and_antirheumatic_products" title="Category:Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products">category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-inflammatory drugs">commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analgesics" title="Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analgesics" title="Template talk:Analgesics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02A" title="ATC code N02">N02A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02B" title="ATC code N02">N02B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/aspirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeine/aspirin">+aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a># (<a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Laudanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Paregoric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semisynthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Co-dydramol" title="Co-dydramol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/aspirin" title="Hydrocodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/aspirin" title="Oxycodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/naloxone" title="Oxycodone/naloxone">+naloxone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxycodone/naltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxycodone/naltrexone (page does not exist)">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveretum" title="Papaveretum">Papaveretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebacon" title="Thebacon">Thebacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Alphaprodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoheptazine" title="Ethoheptazine">Ethoheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a># (<a href="/wiki/Fentanyl/fluanisone" title="Fentanyl/fluanisone">+fluanisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpipanone" title="Norpipanone">Norpipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenadoxone" title="Phenadoxone">Phenadoxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proheptazine" title="Proheptazine">Proheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+celecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butacetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butacetin (page does not exist)">Butacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+aspirin/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol/metoclopramide" title="Paracetamol/metoclopramide">+metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+propyphenazone/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+tramadol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propionates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a># (<a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxicams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acetates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenamic_acid" title="Fenamic acid">Fenamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a># (<a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Choline salicylate">Choline salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole_salicylate" title="Imidazole salicylate">Imidazole salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholine_salicylate" title="Morpholine salicylate">Morpholine salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_salicylate" title="Potassium salicylate">Potassium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">Wintergreen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">Pyrazolones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole (dipyrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabiximols" title="Nabiximols">Nabiximols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (ethanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>#)</li></ul> <ul><li>Nav1.7/1.8-selective: <a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Myorelaxants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorzoxazone" title="Chlorzoxazone">Chlorzoxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgecine" title="Analgecine">Analgecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant" title="Analgesic adjuvant">Analgesic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedinvetmab" title="Bedinvetmab">Bedinvetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">Phenazopyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimazolium" title="Rimazolium">Rimazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salicylates30" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salicylates" title="Template:Salicylates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salicylates" title="Template talk:Salicylates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salicylates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salicylates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salicylates30" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_salicylate" title="Ethyl salicylate">Ethyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_salicylate" title="Isopropyl salicylate">Isopropyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">Bismuth subsalicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolamine_salicylate" title="Trolamine salicylate">Trolamine salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosalate" title="Homosalate">Homosalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylmethylecgonine" title="Salicylmethylecgonine">Salicylmethylecgonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Ethylhexyl_salicylate" title="2-Ethylhexyl salicylate">2-Ethylhexyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminon" title="Aluminon">Aluminon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_salicylate" title="Benzyl salicylate">Benzyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_aspirinate" title="Copper aspirinate">Copper aspirinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_salicylate" title="Potassium salicylate">Potassium salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prostanoid_signaling_modulators402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" title="Template:Prostanoid signaling modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" title="Template talk:Prostanoid signaling modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prostanoid_signaling_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prostanoid signaling modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prostanoid_signaling_modulators402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">Prostanoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">DP (D2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1">DP1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asapiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asapiprant (page does not exist)">Asapiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laropiprant" title="Laropiprant">Laropiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidupiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidupiprant (page does not exist)">Vidupiprant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2">DP2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADC-3680&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADC-3680 (page does not exist)">ADC-3680</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-1981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-1981 (page does not exist)">AZD-1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bay_U3405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay U3405 (page does not exist)">Bay U3405</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fevipiprant" title="Fevipiprant">Fevipiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-1029&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-1029 (page does not exist)">MK-1029</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-7246&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-7246 (page does not exist)">MK-7246</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=QAV-680&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QAV-680 (page does not exist)">QAV-680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setipiprant" title="Setipiprant">Setipiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timapiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timapiprant (page does not exist)">Timapiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TM30089&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TM30089 (page does not exist)">TM30089</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidupiprant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidupiprant (page does not exist)">Vidupiprant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">EP (E2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP1_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP1 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP1 receptor">EP1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubiprostone" title="Lubiprostone">Lubiprostone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulprostone" title="Sulprostone">Sulprostone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AH-6809&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AH-6809 (page does not exist)">AH-6809</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-8130&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-8130 (page does not exist)">ONO-8130</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-19220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-19220 (page does not exist)">SC-19220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-51089&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-51089 (page does not exist)">SC-51089</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-51322&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-51322 (page does not exist)">SC-51322</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP2 receptor">EP2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butaprost (page does not exist)">Butaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AH-6809&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AH-6809 (page does not exist)">AH-6809</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04418948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04418948 (page does not exist)">PF-04418948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TG_4-155&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TG 4-155 (page does not exist)">TG 4-155</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP3_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP3 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP3 receptor">EP3</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbacyclin (page does not exist)">Carbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicaprost (page does not exist)">Cicaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocarbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocarbacyclin (page does not exist)">Isocarbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remiprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remiprostol (page does not exist)">Remiprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinoleic_acid" title="Ricinoleic acid">Ricinoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulprostone" title="Sulprostone">Sulprostone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-798106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-798106 (page does not exist)">L-798106</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_EP4_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP4 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP4 receptor">EP4</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Lubiprostone" title="Lubiprostone">Lubiprostone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-2510&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-2510 (page does not exist)">TCS-2510</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Grapiprant" title="Grapiprant">Grapiprant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-627368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-627368 (page does not exist)">GW-627368</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-161982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-161982 (page does not exist)">L-161982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-AE3-208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-AE3-208 (page does not exist)">ONO-AE3-208</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=16,16-Dimethyl_Prostaglandin_E2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 (page does not exist)">16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aganepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aganepag (page does not exist)">Aganepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboprost" title="Carboprost">Carboprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evatanepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evatanepag (page does not exist)">Evatanepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeprost" title="Gemeprost">Gemeprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocloprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocloprost (page does not exist)">Nocloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omidenepag" title="Omidenepag">Omidenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin F2α">Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simenepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simenepag (page does not exist)">Simenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taprenepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taprenepag (page does not exist)">Taprenepag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP (F2α)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin F receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Alfaprostol" title="Alfaprostol">Alfaprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboprost" title="Carboprost">Carboprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloprostenol" title="Cloprostenol">Cloprostenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluprostenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluprostenol (page does not exist)">Fluprostenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin F2α">Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulotroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulotroban (page does not exist)">Sulotroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafluprost" title="Tafluprost">Tafluprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unoprostone" title="Unoprostone">Unoprostone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor"><abbr title="Prostacyclin receptor">IP (I2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACT-333679&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACT-333679 (page does not exist)">ACT-333679</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AFP-07&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AFP-07 (page does not exist)">AFP-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMY-45778&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMY-45778 (page does not exist)">BMY-45778</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbacyclin (page does not exist)">Carbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicaprost (page does not exist)">Cicaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocarbacyclin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocarbacyclin (page does not exist)">Isocarbacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRE-269&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRE-269 (page does not exist)">MRE-269</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-304 (page does not exist)">NS-304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, epoprostenol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralinepag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralinepag (page does not exist)">Ralinepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selexipag" title="Selexipag">Selexipag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taprostene (page does not exist)">Taprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRA-418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRA-418 (page does not exist)">TRA-418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=RO1138452&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO1138452 (page does not exist)">RO1138452</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor"><abbr title="Thromboxane receptor">TP (TXA2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thromboxane receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbocyclic_thromboxane_A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbocyclic thromboxane A2 (page does not exist)">Carbocyclic thromboxane A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I-BOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-BOP (page does not exist)">I-BOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_A2" title="Thromboxane A2">Thromboxane A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-46619" class="mw-redirect" title="U-46619">U-46619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapiprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapiprost (page does not exist)">Vapiprost</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13-APA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13-APA (page does not exist)">13-APA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-2414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-2414 (page does not exist)">AA-2414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argatroban" title="Argatroban">Argatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bay_U3405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay U3405 (page does not exist)">Bay U3405</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-180,291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-180,291 (page does not exist)">BMS-180,291</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daltroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daltroban (page does not exist)">Daltroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domitroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domitroban (page does not exist)">Domitroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EP-045&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EP-045 (page does not exist)">EP-045</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-32191&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-32191 (page does not exist)">GR-32191</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-185282&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-185282 (page does not exist)">ICI-185282</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-192605&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-192605 (page does not exist)">ICI-192605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifetroban" title="Ifetroban">Ifetroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imitrodast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imitrodast (page does not exist)">Imitrodast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-655240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-655240 (page does not exist)">L-655240</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-670596&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-670596 (page does not exist)">L-670596</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linotroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linotroban (page does not exist)">Linotroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mipitroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mipitroban (page does not exist)">Mipitroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-3708&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-3708 (page does not exist)">ONO-3708</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-11120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-11120 (page does not exist)">ONO-11120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinane_thromboxane_A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinane thromboxane A2 (page does not exist)">Pinane thromboxane A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridogrel (page does not exist)">Ridogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-145&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-145 (page does not exist)">S-145</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samixogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samixogrel (page does not exist)">Samixogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seratrodast" title="Seratrodast">Seratrodast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQ-28,668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQ-28,668 (page does not exist)">SQ-28,668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQ-29,548&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQ-29,548 (page does not exist)">SQ-29,548</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulotroban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulotroban (page does not exist)">Sulotroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terutroban" title="Terutroban">Terutroban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRA-418&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRA-418 (page does not exist)">TRA-418</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbaprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbaprostil (page does not exist)">Arbaprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataprost (page does not exist)">Ataprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciprostene (page does not exist)">Ciprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinprost (page does not exist)">Clinprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobiprostone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobiprostone (page does not exist)">Cobiprostone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delprostenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delprostenate (page does not exist)">Delprostenate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deprostil (page does not exist)">Deprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimoxaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimoxaprost (page does not exist)">Dimoxaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doxaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doxaprost (page does not exist)">Doxaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecraprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecraprost (page does not exist)">Ecraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eganoprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eganoprost (page does not exist)">Eganoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enisoprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enisoprost (page does not exist)">Enisoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eptaloprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eptaloprost (page does not exist)">Eptaloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esuberaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esuberaprost (page does not exist)">Esuberaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiproston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiproston (page does not exist)">Etiproston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenprostalene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenprostalene (page does not exist)">Fenprostalene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flunoprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flunoprost (page does not exist)">Flunoprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Froxiprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Froxiprost (page does not exist)">Froxiprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanproston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanproston (page does not exist)">Lanproston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limaprost (page does not exist)">Limaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luprostiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luprostiol (page does not exist)">Luprostiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteneprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteneprost (page does not exist)">Meteneprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexiprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexiprostil (page does not exist)">Mexiprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naxaprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naxaprostene (page does not exist)">Naxaprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nileprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nileprost (page does not exist)">Nileprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocloprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocloprost (page does not exist)">Nocloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornoprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornoprostil (page does not exist)">Ornoprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxoprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxoprostol (page does not exist)">Oxoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penprostene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penprostene (page does not exist)">Penprostene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pimilprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pimilprost (page does not exist)">Pimilprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piriprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piriprost (page does not exist)">Piriprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posaraprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posaraprost (page does not exist)">Posaraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostalene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostalene (page does not exist)">Prostalene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rioprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rioprostil (page does not exist)">Rioprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rivenprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivenprost (page does not exist)">Rivenprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosaprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosaprostol (page does not exist)">Rosaprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiriprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiriprostil (page does not exist)">Spiriprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiaprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiaprost (page does not exist)">Tiaprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilsuprost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilsuprost (page does not exist)">Tilsuprost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiprostanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiprostanide (page does not exist)">Tiprostanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimoprostil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimoprostil (page does not exist)">Trimoprostil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viprostol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viprostol (page does not exist)">Viprostol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase"><abbr title="Cyclooxygenase">COX</abbr> (<abbr title="prostaglandin G/H synthase">PTGS</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Salicylic acids: <a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorilate (benorylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesalazine" title="Mesalazine">Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salacetamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salacetamide (page does not exist)">Salacetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate">Salicylate (salicylic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a>; Acetic acids: <a href="/wiki/Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aclofenac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aclofenac (page does not exist)">Aclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfenac" title="Amfenac">Amfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclofenac" title="Alclofenac">Alclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendazac" title="Bendazac">Bendazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufexamac" title="Bufexamac">Bufexamac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumadizone" title="Bumadizone">Bumadizone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinmetacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinmetacin (page does not exist)">Cinmetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clometacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clometacin (page does not exist)">Clometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenpiramide" title="Difenpiramide">Difenpiramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbinac" title="Felbinac">Felbinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclofenac" title="Fenclofenac">Fenclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentiazac" title="Fentiazac">Fentiazac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucametacin" title="Glucametacin">Glucametacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin (indomethacin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonazolac" title="Lonazolac">Lonazolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofezolac" title="Mofezolac">Mofezolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxametacin" title="Oxametacin">Oxametacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxindanac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxindanac (page does not exist)">Oxindanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumetacin" title="Proglumetacin">Proglumetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulindac_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulindac sulfide (page does not exist)">Sulindac sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zidometacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zidometacin (page does not exist)">Zidometacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a>; Propionic acids: <a href="/wiki/Alminoprofen" title="Alminoprofen">Alminoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucloxic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucloxic acid (page does not exist)">Bucloxic acid (blucloxate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butibufen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butibufen (page does not exist)">Butibufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carprofen" title="Carprofen">Carprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexindoprofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexindoprofen (page does not exist)">Dexindoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbufen" title="Fenbufen">Fenbufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunoxaprofen" title="Flunoxaprofen">Flunoxaprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuproxam" title="Ibuproxam">Ibuproxam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoprofen" title="Indoprofen">Indoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroprofen" title="Miroprofen">Miroprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxcinod" title="Naproxcinod">Naproxcinod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirprofen" title="Pirprofen">Pirprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranoprofen" title="Pranoprofen">Pranoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarenflurbil" title="Tarenflurbil">Tarenflurbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepoxalin" title="Tepoxalin">Tepoxalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaprofen" title="Vedaprofen">Vedaprofen</a>; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): <a href="/wiki/Etofenamate" title="Etofenamate">Etofenamic acid (etofenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floctafenic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floctafenic acid (page does not exist)">Floctafenic acid (floctafenate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid (flufenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid (mefenamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morniflumate" title="Morniflumate">Morniflumic acid (morniflumate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid (niflumate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talinflumic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talinflumic acid (page does not exist)">Talinflumic acid (talinflumate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate)</a>; Pyrazolones: <a href="/wiki/Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipyrone">Dipyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopyrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopyrin">Isopyrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenbutazone" title="Oxyphenbutazone">Oxyphenbutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">Phenylbutazone</a>; Enolic acids (oxicams): <a href="/wiki/Ampiroxicam" title="Ampiroxicam">Ampiroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxicam" title="Droxicam">Droxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enolicam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enolicam (page does not exist)">Enolicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a>; 4-Aminoquinolines: <a href="/wiki/Antrafenine" title="Antrafenine">Antrafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a>; Quinazolines: <a href="/wiki/Fluproquazone" title="Fluproquazone">Fluproquazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a>; Aminonicotinic acids: <a href="/wiki/Clonixeril" class="mw-redirect" title="Clonixeril">Clonixeril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonixin" title="Clonixin">Clonixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunixin" title="Flunixin">Flunixin</a>; Sulfonanilides: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flosulide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flosulide (page does not exist)">Flosulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a>; Aminophenols (anilines): <a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a>; Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs): <a href="/wiki/Apricoxib" title="Apricoxib">Apricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimicoxib" title="Cimicoxib">Cimicoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deracoxib" title="Deracoxib">Deracoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firocoxib" title="Firocoxib">Firocoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavacoxib" title="Mavacoxib">Mavacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polmacoxib" title="Polmacoxib">Polmacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robenacoxib" title="Robenacoxib">Robenacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilmacoxib" title="Tilmacoxib">Tilmacoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a>; Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/Anitrazafen" title="Anitrazafen">Anitrazafen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clobuzarit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clobuzarit (page does not exist)">Clobuzarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DuP-697&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DuP-697 (page does not exist)">DuP-697</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FK-3311&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FK-3311 (page does not exist)">FK-3311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumizole" title="Flumizole">Flumizole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-122047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-122047 (page does not exist)">FR-122047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itazigrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itazigrel (page does not exist)">Itazigrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-655240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-655240 (page does not exist)">L-655240</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-670596&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-670596 (page does not exist)">L-670596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licofelone" title="Licofelone">Licofelone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menatetrenone" title="Menatetrenone">Menatetrenone (vitamin K2)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-466 (page does not exist)">NCX-466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-4040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-4040 (page does not exist)">NCX-4040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-398" title="NS-398">NS-398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamicogrel" title="Pamicogrel">Pamicogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romazarit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romazarit (page does not exist)">Romazarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutecarpine" title="Rutecarpine">Rutecarpine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satigrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satigrel (page does not exist)">Satigrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-236 (page does not exist)">SC-236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-560 (page does not exist)">SC-560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-58125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-58125 (page does not exist)">SC-58125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenidap" title="Tenidap">Tenidap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiflamizole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiflamizole (page does not exist)">Tiflamizole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timegadine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timegadine (page does not exist)">Timegadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifenagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifenagrel (page does not exist)">Trifenagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropesin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropesin (page does not exist)">Tropesin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D synthase">PGD2S</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium_tetrachloride" title="Selenium tetrachloride">selenium tetrachloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">sodium selenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">selenium disulfide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_synthase" title="Prostaglandin E synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin E synthase">PGES</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin E synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HQL-79&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HQL-79 (page does not exist)">HQL-79</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_synthase" title="Prostaglandin F synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin F synthase">PGFS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin F synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_synthase" title="Prostacyclin synthase"><abbr title="Prostacyclin synthase">PGI2S</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostacyclin synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_A_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane A synthase"><abbr title="Thromboxane A synthase">TXAS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thromboxane A synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camonagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camonagrel (page does not exist)">Camonagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazmegrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dazmegrel (page does not exist)">Dazmegrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazoxiben" title="Dazoxiben">Dazoxiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furegrelate" title="Furegrelate">Furegrelate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isbogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isbogrel (page does not exist)">Isbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midazogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midazogrel (page does not exist)">Midazogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafagrel (page does not exist)">Nafagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicogrelate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicogrelate (page does not exist)">Nicogrelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozagrel" title="Ozagrel">Ozagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirmagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirmagrel (page does not exist)">Pirmagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridogrel (page does not exist)">Ridogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolafagrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolafagrel (page does not exist)">Rolafagrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samixogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samixogrel (page does not exist)">Samixogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U63557A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U63557A (page does not exist)">U63557A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precursors: <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Linolenic acid">γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihomo-%CE%B3-linolenic_acid" title="Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid">Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacylglycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_G2" title="Prostaglandin G2">Prostaglandin G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_H2" title="Prostaglandin H2">Prostaglandin H2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a 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