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<span>Chola Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chola_Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chola_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chola_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chola Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chola_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of Tamil Nadu</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chola_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Chola Nadu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chola+Nadu%22">"Chola Nadu"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chola+Nadu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chola+Nadu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chola+Nadu%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chola+Nadu%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chola+Nadu%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholanadu.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholanadu.gif/299px-Cholanadu.gif" decoding="async" width="299" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholanadu.gif/449px-Cholanadu.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Cholanadu.gif 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>The middle and southern portion of Chola Nadu</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chola Nadu</b> is an ancient region spanning on the current state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It encompasses the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a> and its delta, and formed the cultural homeland and political base of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Chola Dynasty</a> which ruled large parts of India and Sri Lanka between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. <a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a> city) served as the early Chola capital, then medieval Cholas shifted to <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> and later cholas king <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur district</a> in the 11th century CE. Chola Nadu is therefore larger than the Tanjore region or the Cauvery delta in the strict sense. Although it essentially corresponds to these two overlapping areas. </p><p>The boundaries of the region roughly correlates with those of the British India districts of <a href="/wiki/Tanjore_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)">Tanjore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichinopoly_District_(Madras_Presidency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichinopoly District (Madras Presidency)">Trichinopoly</a>, and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">établissement</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a>. Historically, the region also encompassed at time present <a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a> districts (parts of erstwhile <a href="/wiki/South_Arcot_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)">South Arcot</a>), parts of <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai district</a> (erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_State" title="Pudukkottai State">Pudukkottai State</a>) and southern reaches of <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore district</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluks">taluks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kattumannarkoil" title="Kattumannarkoil">Kattumannarkoil</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteersp172_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteersp172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Anicut_kallanai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grand_Anicut_kallanai.JPG/220px-Grand_Anicut_kallanai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grand_Anicut_kallanai.JPG/330px-Grand_Anicut_kallanai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grand_Anicut_kallanai.JPG/440px-Grand_Anicut_kallanai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Kallanai / Grand Anicut built by Karikala Cholan, on the River Kaveri, near Tiruchirappalli</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chola Nadu region covers Central Tamil Nadu and East-Central Tamil Nadu. The region is sandwiched between the historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Tondai_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondai Nadu">Tondai Nadu</a> in the north, the Madurai region or <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">Pandya Nadu</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a> in the west and roughly extends from <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a> in north to the southern frontier of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukkottai state">Pudukkottai kingdom</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the east. </p><p>According to the <i>Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly District</i>, Vol II, 1931, p 67, "the traditional meeting place of the three Tamil kingdoms was the temple of Cellānti Amman on the banks of the Kāvēri, twelve miles west of Kulittalai and three miles below the junction of the Amarāvati and the Kāvēri. The temple was the common place of worship for the kings of the three Tamil dynasties; a bund which runs to the south of the river marks the boundary between the Cōla and the Pāntya territories, and the Karaipōttanār on the opposite bank of the river was the boundary between the Cōla and the Cēra kingdoms".<sup id="cite_ref-dikshitarp52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dikshitarp52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chola_Kings">Chola Kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chola Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>List of <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> kings </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Ellalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulakkottan" title="Kulakkottan">Kulakkottan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilamchetchenni" title="Ilamchetchenni">Ilamchetchenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karikala" title="Karikala">Karikala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedunkilli" title="Nedunkilli">Nedunkilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalankilli" title="Nalankilli">Nalankilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killivalavan" title="Killivalavan">Killivalavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopperuncholan" title="Kopperuncholan">Kopperuncholan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochchenganan" title="Kochchenganan">Kochchenganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perunarkilli" title="Perunarkilli">Perunarkilli</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Interregnum (<abbr>c.</abbr> 200 – c. 848)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya Chola</a> </td> <td>848–891(?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya Chola I</a> </td> <td>891–907 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parantaka_I" title="Parantaka I">Parantaka Chola I</a> </td> <td>907–950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandaraditya" title="Gandaraditya">Gandaraditya Chola</a> </td> <td>950–957 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arinjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinjaya">Arinjaya Chola</a> </td> <td>956–957 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parantaka_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Parantaka Chola II">Sundara Chola</a> </td> <td>957–970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Karikalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aditya Karikalan">Aditya Chola II</a> </td> <td>(co-regent) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttama_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttama Chola">Uttama Chola</a> </td> <td>970–985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola I">Rajaraja Chola I</a> </td> <td>985–1014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> </td> <td>1012–1044 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola">Rajadhiraja Chola</a> </td> <td>1044–1054 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola II">Rajendra Chola II</a> </td> <td>1054–1063 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virarajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Virarajendra Chola">Virarajendra Chola</a> </td> <td>1063–1067 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Athirajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Athirajendra Chola">Athirajendra Chola</a> </td> <td>1067–1070 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">Later Cholas</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola I">Kulothunga Chola I</a> </td> <td>1070–1120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Chola" title="Vikrama Chola">Vikrama Chola</a> </td> <td>1118–1135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola II">Kulothunga Chola II</a> </td> <td>1133–1150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola II">Rajaraja Chola II</a> </td> <td>1146–1173 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola II">Rajadhiraja Chola II</a> </td> <td>1166–1178 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulothunga Chola III</a> </td> <td>1178–1218 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola III">Rajaraja Chola III</a> </td> <td>1216–1256 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola III">Rajendra Chola III</a> </td> <td>1246–1279 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Related dynasties </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Cholas">Telugu Cholas</a> of Andhra </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Chodagangas</a> of Kalinga </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chola society </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_government" title="Chola government">Chola government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_military" title="Chola military">Chola military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Navy" title="Chola Navy">Chola Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola art">Chola art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola literature">Chola literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chola" title="Flag of Chola">Flag of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solesvara_temples" title="List of Solesvara temples">Solesvara Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poompuhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Poompuhar">Poompuhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melakadambur" title="Melakadambur">Melakadambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhayarai" title="Pazhayarai">Pazhayarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvarur">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chola_Empire">Chola Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chola Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genealogy of the Chola empire as found in the Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings contains a number of kings recorded for whom there is no verifiable historic evidence. There are as many versions of this lineage as there are sources for them. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as <i>Periapuranam</i>, semi-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscription and left by medieval Cholas. </p><p>Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a high level of historic fact and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are exactly the same. Modern historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> consider these lists not as historically reliable sources but as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the region begins with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Chola kingdom</a> in the 4th century BC. The Early Cholas ruled from the town of <a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a> near Tiruchirapalli and their kingdom comprised the whole of the present-day Cauvery Delta. Flourishing centres of Roman trade have been excavated at <a href="/wiki/Poompuhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Poompuhar">Poompuhar</a> (Nagapattinam) stand testimony to a prosperous civilization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chola Nadu region is renowned as a hub of Tamil culture and civilization. The region has been continuously inhabited since the 1st millennium BC. Arts, crafts and music flourished under the Cholas whose reign is considered to be one of the golden ages in the history of Tamil Nadu. During the hegemony of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a> and its successors, the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Nayak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur Maratha</a> kingdoms, there were frequent migrations of priests, administrators, soldiers and artists from the far northern sides of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> or beyond, especially from Telugu, Kannada and Marathi speaking areas, who brought in their traditions, art and dance forms. The Chola Nadu region thus experienced a period of intense artistic and cultural development on a multicultural background, also sustained by its exchanges with foreign countries. As a result, the region's influence spread over a wide part of India. Despite its rise and initial success in the northern part of Karnataka, Carnatic music actually flourished in the Cauvery Delta. <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar (poet)</a> was a renowned medieval Tamil poet and the author of the <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a>, popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Kambaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambaramayanam">Kambaramayanam</a>, the Tamil version of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a> also authored other literary works in Tamil, such as <i>Thirukkai Vazakkam</i>, <i>Erezhupathu</i>, <i>Silaiezhupathu</i>, <i>Kangai Puranam</i>, <i>Sadagopar Anthathi</i>, and <i>Sarasvati Anthati</i> hails from the Cauvery Delta region. The three great Carnatic music composers, <a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Syama Sastri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muthuswami_Dikshitar" title="Muthuswami Dikshitar">Muthuswami Dikshitar</a> who form the Great <a href="/wiki/Trinity_of_Carnatic_music" title="Trinity of Carnatic music">Trinity of Carnatic music</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvarur">Tiruvarur</a> Trinity) hailed from the Chola Nadu region as also the music composers <a href="/wiki/Muthu_Thandavar" title="Muthu Thandavar">Muthu Thandavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachala_Kavi" title="Arunachala Kavi">Arunachala Kavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marimutthu_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Marimutthu Pillai">Marimutthu Pillai</a> who form the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Trinity" title="Tamil Trinity">Tamil Trinity</a> of Carnatic music (or <a href="/wiki/Shiyali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiyali">Shiyali</a> Trinity). </p><p>Apart from music, dance and drama have also flourished in the Cauvery Delta. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavathar Melas</a>, a series of dance-dramas, written almost entirely in Telugu, were introduced by migrants who sought refuge in the town of <a href="/wiki/Melattur,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Melattur, Tamil Nadu">Melattur</a> following the collapse of the Vijayanagar kingdom at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a>. </p><p>Bharatanatyam, a popular dance form by Bharatha muni, flourished in the dance of <i>sadir</i> which was practised in the temples of Chola Nadu by ritual temple dances or <i>devadasis</i>. Patronized and financed by dharmakarthas and rich mirasidars, <i>sadir</i> was popular until the early years of the 20th century when a strong voiced campaign resulted in the devadasi practised being outlawed. Sadir has, since, purged itself of its erotic symbolism and movements and gradually evolved into the commoners' dance Bharathanatyam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chola Nadu region had a population of over 10 million with a density of above 400 persons per km<sup>2</sup> in 2001. Due to fertile soil and favourable climate, the region has been the most densely populated in the Tamil country since ancient times. </p><p>More than 90% of the population speak <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. There is a significant <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> speaking minority, who had descended from migrants who had mostly moved in during the Vijayanagar and <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Nayak">Thanjavur Nayak</a> periods. There are smaller populations speaking <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>. There are also a considerable body of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Marathi (language)">Marathi</a> speaking people who are mostly present in the urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a> districts, as well as in both of these cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_Personalities">Important Personalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Important Personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chola Nadu region has produced a number of noteworthy personalities in the fields of arts, science, film and politics. Long recognized as a hub of Carnatic music, the region is home to most of India's renowned Carnatic musicians. There have also been important individuals in the field of politics. In British times, civil servants and lawyers from Chola Nadu like <a href="/wiki/Sir_T._Madhava_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir T. Madhava Rao">Sir T. Madhava Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_A._Seshayya_Sastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir A. Seshayya Sastri">Sir A. Seshayya Sastri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Mohammad_Usman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Mohammad Usman">Sir Mohammad Usman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_A._T._Panneerselvam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir A. T. Panneerselvam">Sir A. T. Panneerselvam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_T._Muthuswamy_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer">Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_P._S._Sivaswami_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer">Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._Ananda_Rao" title="T. Ananda Rao">T. Ananda Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._Satyamurti" title="S. Satyamurti">S. Satyamurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._S._Srinivasa_Sastri" title="V. S. Srinivasa Sastri">V. S. Srinivasa Sastri</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._P._Madhava_Rao" title="V. P. Madhava Rao">V. P. Madhava Rao</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._Raghunatha_Rao" title="R. Raghunatha Rao">R. Raghunatha Rao</a> dominated the bureaucracy. The maternal ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Sir_C._P._Ramaswami_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer">Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer</a> hailed from <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a>. Tamil writers <a href="/wiki/U._V._Swaminatha_Iyer" title="U. V. Swaminatha Iyer">U. V. Swaminatha Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vedanayagam_Pillai" title="Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai">Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">V. V. S. Aiyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalki_Krishnamurthy" title="Kalki Krishnamurthy">Kalki Krishnamurthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalki_Sadasivam" title="Kalki Sadasivam">Kalki Sadasivam</a> journalists <a href="/wiki/Kalki_Sadasivam" title="Kalki Sadasivam">Kalki Sadasivam</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._A._Natesan" title="G. A. Natesan">G. A. Natesan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasturi_Ranga_Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasturi Ranga Iyengar">Kasturi Ranga Iyengar</a>, Indian independence activist <a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a> who founder <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, politicians <a href="/wiki/M._R._Sethuratnam_Iyer" title="M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer">M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._Muthiah_Mudaliar" title="S. Muthiah Mudaliar">S. Muthiah Mudaliar</a> and Indian media mogul <a href="/wiki/S._S._Vasan" title="S. S. Vasan">S. S. Vasan</a> and National award-winning film producer Venus T. Govindarajan were some prominent individuals from the Chola Nadu region. Yesteryear film actors <a href="/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan" title="Sivaji Ganesan">Sivaji Ganesan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manorama_(Tamil_actress)" title="Manorama (Tamil actress)">Manorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._K._Thyagaraja_Bhagavathar" title="M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar">M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Ganesan" title="Gemini Ganesan">Gemini Ganesan</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._U._Chinnappa" title="P. U. Chinnappa">P. U. Chinnappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._R._Rajakumari" title="T. R. Rajakumari">T. R. Rajakumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papanasam_Sivan" title="Papanasam Sivan">Papanasam Sivan</a> Indian scientist and Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Sir_C._V._Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir C. V. Raman">Sir C. V. Raman</a> and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthulakshmi Reddi">Muthulakshmi Reddi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sujatha_(writer)" title="Sujatha (writer)">Sujatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayendra_Saraswathi" title="Jayendra Saraswathi">Jayendra Saraswathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_Ravi_Shankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sri Ravi Shankar">Sri Sri Ravi Shankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/U._Sagayam" title="U. Sagayam">U. Sagayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Chandran" title="Gopinath Chandran">Gopinath Chandran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhan_(writer)" title="Madhan (writer)">Madhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami" title="N. Gopalaswami">N. Gopalaswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> were other important people from the region. </p><p>Recent time politicians include the former Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu <a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayalalithaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayalalithaa">Jayalalithaa</a> whose ancestors are from Tiruchirapalli and Thanjavur, Former Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu <a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a>, Former President of India <a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaduvetti_Guru" title="Kaduvetti Guru">Kaduvetti Guru</a>, PMK, Former Cabinet Minister and Leader of the House R.M.Veerappan and late Veteran Congress leader <a href="/wiki/G.K._Moopanar" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Moopanar">G.K. Moopanar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko._Si._Mani" title="Ko. Si. Mani">Ko. Si. Mani</a> Former minister for local administration of Tamil Nadu, Former Union Minister <a href="/wiki/Andimuthu_Raja" class="mw-redirect" title="Andimuthu Raja">Andimuthu Raja</a>, VCK Leader <a href="/wiki/Thol._Thirumavalavan" title="Thol. Thirumavalavan">Thol. Thirumavalavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._K._Sasikala" title="V. K. Sasikala">V. K. Sasikala</a> Indian businesswoman turned politician, <a href="/wiki/T._T._V._Dhinakaran" title="T. T. V. Dhinakaran">T. T. V. Dhinakaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Ganesan" class="mw-redirect" title="La Ganesan">La Ganesan</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._Raja" title="H. Raja">H. Raja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karunas" title="Karunas">Karunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._Ve._Shekher" title="S. Ve. Shekher">S. Ve. Shekher</a> and Union Ministers <a href="/wiki/G.K._Vasan" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Vasan">G.K. Vasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mani_Shankar_Aiyar" title="Mani Shankar Aiyar">Mani Shankar Aiyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._R._Baalu" title="T. R. Baalu">T. R. Baalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._S._Palanimanickam" title="S. S. Palanimanickam">S. S. Palanimanickam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su._Thirunavukkarasar" title="Su. Thirunavukkarasar">Su. Thirunavukkarasar</a>. Film personalities such as directors <a href="/wiki/K._Balachander" title="K. Balachander">K. Balachander</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._Shankar" title="S. Shankar">S. Shankar</a> and actors <a href="/wiki/T._Rajendar" title="T. Rajendar">T. Rajendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivakarthikeyan" title="Sivakarthikeyan">Sivakarthikeyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Aravind" title="Ramesh Aravind">Ramesh Aravind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Swamy" title="Arvind Swamy">Arvind Swamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hema_Malini" title="Hema Malini">Hema Malini</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._S._Bhaskar" title="M. S. Bhaskar">M. S. Bhaskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajesh_(Tamil_actor)" title="Rajesh (Tamil actor)">Rajesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhivyadharshini" title="Dhivyadharshini">Dhivyadharshini</a> are from the Cauvery Delta region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gazetteersp172-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gazetteersp172_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)</i>. Superintendent, Govt. Press. 1998. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers%3A+Tiruchirappalli+%28pt.+1-2%29&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+Govt.+Press&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwejournal.org/vol11no2/rainfall-profile-of-cauvery-delta-zone-of-tamil-nadu/">"Rainfall Profile of Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu"</a>. <i>Current World Environment</i>. <b>11</b> (2). 31 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+World+Environment&rft.atitle=Rainfall+Profile+of+Cauvery+Delta+Zone+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwejournal.org%2Fvol11no2%2Frainfall-profile-of-cauvery-delta-zone-of-tamil-nadu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dikshitarp52-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dikshitarp52_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._R._Ramachandra_Dikshitar1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._R._Ramachandra_Dikshitar" title="V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar">V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar</a> (1939). <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ailappadik%C4%81ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Śilappadikāram"><i>The Śilappadikāram</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9Ailappadik%C4%81ram&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=V.+R.+Ramachandra+Dikshitar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo40/chola_mandalam_empire.htm">"History of the Chola Empire or Chola-mandalam"</a>. Louis Gerber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Chola+Empire+or+Chola-mandalam&rft.pub=Louis+Gerber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmopolis.ch%2Fenglish%2Fcosmo40%2Fchola_mandalam_empire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_F._Irschick1994" class="citation book cs1">Eugene F. Irschick (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dialoguehistoryc00irsc"><i>Dialogue and history: constructing South India, 1795-1895</i></a></span>. University of california Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dialoguehistoryc00irsc/page/n104">105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+and+history%3A+constructing+South+India%2C+1795-1895&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+of+california+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Eugene+F.+Irschick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdialoguehistoryc00irsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_Nadu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Krishnamurthy1979" class="citation book cs1">R. Krishnamurthy (1979). <i>The Saints of the Cauvery Delta</i>. Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saints+of+the+Cauvery+Delta&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1979&rft.au=R.+Krishnamurthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._S._Ramesh2000" class="citation book cs1">M. S. Ramesh (2000). <i>108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Chola Nadu</i>. Thirumala-Thirupathi Devasthanams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=108+Vaishnavite+Divya+Desams%3A+Divya+desams+in+Chola+Nadu&rft.pub=Thirumala-Thirupathi+Devasthanams&rft.date=2000&rft.au=M.+S.+Ramesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chola_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chola_Nadu" title="Template:Chola Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chola_Nadu" title="Template talk:Chola Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chola_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chola Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chola_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chola Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholanadu.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholanadu.gif/150px-Cholanadu.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholanadu.gif/225px-Cholanadu.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cholanadu.gif/300px-Cholanadu.gif 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal_district" title="Karaikal district">Karaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli district">Tiruchirapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai" title="Mayiladuthurai">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagapatnam">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai" title="Pudukkottai">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Poikkal Kudhirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamimalai_Bronze_Icons" title="Swamimalai Bronze Icons">Swamimalai Bronze Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_painting" title="Thanjavur painting">Thanjavur painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_doll" title="Thanjavur doll">Thanjavur doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja_Aradhana" title="Tyagaraja Aradhana">Tyagaraja Aradhana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arasalar_River" title="Arasalar River">Arasalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollidam_River" title="Kollidam River">Kollidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambar_River_(Southern_Tamil_Nadu)" title="Pambar River (Southern Tamil Nadu)">Pambar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tamil_dialect" title="Central Tamil dialect">Central Tamil dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span></p>    </div><noscript><img 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