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<span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_notable_internees_involved_in_the_Easter_Rising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_notable_internees_involved_in_the_Easter_Rising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of notable internees involved in the Easter Rising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_notable_internees_involved_in_the_Easter_Rising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item 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location">52.939°N 3.632°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.939; -3.632</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Internment camp in Wales</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frongoch_internment_camp&params=52.939_N_3.632_W_region:GB_scale:5000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°56′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°37′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.939°N 3.632°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.939; -3.632</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_stone_and_plaque_at_Frongoch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Memorial_stone_and_plaque_at_Frongoch.jpg/220px-Memorial_stone_and_plaque_at_Frongoch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Memorial_stone_and_plaque_at_Frongoch.jpg/330px-Memorial_stone_and_plaque_at_Frongoch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Memorial_stone_and_plaque_at_Frongoch.jpg/440px-Memorial_stone_and_plaque_at_Frongoch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>Marker stone and plaque at Frongoch on the side of the A4212 road</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Frongoch internment camp</b> at <a href="/wiki/Frongoch" title="Frongoch">Frongoch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Merionethshire" title="Merionethshire">Merionethshire</a>, Wales was a makeshift place of imprisonment during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frongoch_internment_camp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg/225px-1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg/338px-1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg/450px-1916-Frongoch-prisoner-of-war-camp-Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Frongoch prisoners of war from the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally the camp housed German <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> in a yellow <a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">distillery</a> and crude huts, but in the wake of the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, the German prisoners were moved and it was used as an internment camp for approximately 1,800 <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicans</a>, among them such notables as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, who were accorded the status of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. Among the prisoners were the future <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Shields" title="Arthur Shields">Arthur Shields</a><sup id="cite_ref-boy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sportsman and referee <a href="/wiki/Tom_Burke_(Irish_revolutionary_and_sportsman)" title="Tom Burke (Irish revolutionary and sportsman)">Tom Burke</a>. It is a common misconception that <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> was also imprisoned at Frongoch.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish Republican internees elected their own commandants (this practice was followed in future imprisonments/internments) and established a chain of command.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp became a breeding ground for the guerillas of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1917–22)">Irish rebels</a>, with inspired organisers such as Michael Collins giving impromptu lessons in guerrilla tactics. Later the camp became known as <i>ollscoil na réabhlóide</i>, the "University of Revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Beresford,_5th_Baron_Decies" title="John Beresford, 5th Baron Decies">Lord Decies</a> was appointed as Chief Press Censor for Ireland after the Rising in 1916, and he warned the press to be careful about what they published. <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a>'s <i>Cork Free Press</i> was one of the first papers he suppressed under the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Realm_Act_1914" title="Defence of the Realm Act 1914">Defence of the Realm Act 1914</a> (DORA regulations) after its republican editor, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gallagher_(author)" title="Frank Gallagher (author)">Frank Gallagher</a>, accused the British authorities of lying about the conditions and treatment of republican prisoners at the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camp was emptied in late December 1916 when <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> as Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frongoch_internment_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local <a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh medium school</a>, <i>Ysgol Bro Tryweryn</i>, now stands on the site of the internment camp, but a commemorative plaque stands nearby, with inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2016, on the hundredth anniversary of the internment of Irish prisoners at Frongoch, the local community organized a number of commemoration events and the history of the camp was widely reported.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year there was also an exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Decorative_Arts_and_History" title="National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History">National Museum of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects in their collection include: a Gaelic football adapted from a rugby ball, used in games at the camp;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> puttees made by Patrick Keegan;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amongst others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_notable_internees_involved_in_the_Easter_Rising">List of notable internees involved in the Easter Rising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frongoch_internment_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of notable internees involved in the Easter Rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-exhaustive list of notable internees:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denny_Barry" title="Denny Barry">Denny Barry</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Boland" title="Gerald Boland">Gerald Boland</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Burke_(Irish_revolutionary_and_sportsman)" title="Tom Burke (Irish revolutionary and sportsman)">Tom Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carolan" title="Michael Carolan">Michael Carolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Joe Clarke (Irish republican)">Joe Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Colley" title="Harry Colley">Harry Colley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Collins" title="Con Collins">Con Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cosgrave" title="Philip Cosgrave">Philip Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Daly" title="Paddy Daly">Paddy Daly</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._Daly" title="P. T. Daly">P. T. Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dixon_(Irish_republican)" title="Henry Dixon (Irish republican)">Henry Dixon</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Fitzgerald_(Gaelic_footballer)" title="Dick Fitzgerald (Gaelic footballer)">Dick Fitzgerald</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hand_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas Hand (Irish republican)">Thomas Hand</a><sup id="cite_ref-ind.ie_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind.ie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacDonagh" title="John MacDonagh">John MacDonagh</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McEllistrim_(1894%E2%80%931973)" title="Tom McEllistrim (1894–1973)">Tom McEllistrim</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McGarry" title="Seán McGarry">Seán McGarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGrath_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick McGrath (Irish republican)">Patrick McGrath</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_McKee" title="Dick McKee">Dick McKee</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McLoughlin_(communist)" title="Seán McLoughlin (communist)">Seán McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Mahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán Mac Mahon">Seán Mac Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moran_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Moran (Irish republican)">Patrick Moran</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Nowlan" title="James Nowlan">James Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Nunan" title="Seán Nunan">Seán Nunan</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._%22Ginger%22_O%27Connell" title="J. J. "Ginger" O'Connell">J. J. O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batt_O%27Connor" title="Batt O'Connor">Batt O'Connor</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O%27Connor_(Irish_politician)" title="Joseph O'Connor (Irish politician)">Joseph O'Connor</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O%27Doherty" title="Joseph O'Doherty">Joseph O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Higgins" title="Brian O'Higgins">Brian O'Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Keeffe_(politician)" title="Patrick O'Keeffe (politician)">Patrick O'Keeffe</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Mahony" title="Seán O'Mahony">Seán O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Murchadha" title="Cathal Ó Murchadha">Cathal Ó Murchadha</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_%C3%93_Rinn" title="Liam Ó Rinn">Liam Ó Rinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear%C3%B3id_O%27Sullivan" title="Gearóid O'Sullivan">Gearóid O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Poole" title="Kit Poole">Kit Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9umas_Robinson_(Irish_republican)" title="Séumas Robinson (Irish republican)">Séumas Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Shields" title="Arthur Shields">Arthur Shields</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Staines" title="Michael Staines">Michael Staines</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Traynor" title="Thomas Traynor">Thomas Traynor</a><sup id="cite_ref-roll_14-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roll-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frongoch_internment_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brennan-Whitmore, W, <i>With the Irish in Frongoch</i> (Dublin 1918; republished 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ebenezer, Lyn, <i>Fron-Goch and the birth of the IRA</i> (London 2006)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony1987" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Sean (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsiGAAAAIAAJ"><i>Frongoch: University of Revolution</i></a>. Dublin: FDR Teoranta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frongoch%3A+University+of+Revolution&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=FDR+Teoranta&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsiGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frongoch_internment_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-boy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoylan1999" class="citation book cs1">Boylan, Henry (1999). <i>A Dictionary of Irish Biography</i>. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2945-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2945-4"><bdi>0-7171-2945-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7171-2945-4&rft.aulast=Boylan&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballinagree.freeservers.com/fronwhisk.html">"Frongoch: Whisky Makers and Prisoners of War"</a>. <i>www.ballinagree.freeservers.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ballinagree.freeservers.com&rft.atitle=Frongoch%3A+Whisky+Makers+and+Prisoners+of+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballinagree.freeservers.com%2Ffronwhisk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During this time de Valera was held at <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> prisons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuffin, John (1973), <i>Internment!</i>, Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, Ireland, pgs 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranville2002" class="citation web cs1">Granville, David (4 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishdemocrat.co.uk/news/2002/frongoch-plaque">"Plaque marks Frongoch internment camp"</a>. <i>Irish Democrat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Democrat&rft.atitle=Plaque+marks+Frongoch+internment+camp&rft.date=2002-10-04&rft.aulast=Granville&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishdemocrat.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2002%2Ffrongoch-plaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Martin <i>Censorship in the two Irelands 1922-39</i>, Introduction p.9, Irish Academic Press (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7165-2829-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7165-2829-0">0-7165-2829-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuffin, pg 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/marking-100-years/">"Marking 100 years - Frongoch, Wales - a unique place in Irish history"</a>. <i>easter-rising-frongoch.wales</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=easter-rising-frongoch.wales&rft.atitle=Marking+100+years+-+Frongoch%2C+Wales+-+a+unique+place+in+Irish+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easter-rising-frongoch.wales%2Fmarking-100-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2015" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (27 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/27/welsh-village-frongoch-summons-ghosts-irelands-revolutionary-past">"Welsh village summons ghosts of Ireland's revolutionary past"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Welsh+village+summons+ghosts+of+Ireland%27s+revolutionary+past&rft.date=2015-12-27&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Fdec%2F27%2Fwelsh-village-frongoch-summons-ghosts-irelands-revolutionary-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dri.ie/news/launch-frongoch-1916-exhibitions/">"Launch of "Frongoch and 1916: Recreating a Lost Landscape"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Digital Repository Ireland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Repository+Ireland&rft.atitle=Launch+of+%22Frongoch+and+1916%3A+Recreating+a+Lost+Landscape%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdri.ie%2Fnews%2Flaunch-frongoch-1916-exhibitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Museums/Decorative-Arts-History/Exhibitions/GAA-People-Objects-and-Stories">"GAA: People, Objects & Stories | Decorative Arts & History"</a>. <i>National Museum of Ireland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=GAA%3A+People%2C+Objects+%26+Stories+%7C+Decorative+Arts+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.ie%2Fen-IE%2FMuseums%2FDecorative-Arts-History%2FExhibitions%2FGAA-People-Objects-and-Stories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Collection/Arming-and-training-the-IRA/Artefact/Homemade-military-puttees/dda047cc-db57-4df0-ad89-a6dd9614d448">"Homemade military puttees, Frongoch, 1916"</a>. <i>National Museum of Ireland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=Homemade+military+puttees%2C+Frongoch%2C+1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.ie%2Fen-IE%2FCollections-Research%2FCollection%2FArming-and-training-the-IRA%2FArtefact%2FHomemade-military-puttees%2Fdda047cc-db57-4df0-ad89-a6dd9614d448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/localnotes/fingal-fighters-were-held-in-welsh-prison-camp-27765794.html">"Fingal fighters were held in Welsh prison camp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. 12 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Fingal+fighters+were+held+in+Welsh+prison+camp&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fregionals%2Ffingalindependent%2Flocalnotes%2Ffingal-fighters-were-held-in-welsh-prison-camp-27765794.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roll-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roll_14-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/list-of-prisoners-names/">List of prisoners' names</a>", Frongoch</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind.ie-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ind.ie_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddock2005" class="citation web cs1">Maddock, Fergal (8 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/news/skerries-honour-for-irish-volunteer-thomas-hand-27770270.html">"Skerries honour for Irish volunteer Thomas Hand"</a>. independent.ie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skerries+honour+for+Irish+volunteer+Thomas+Hand&rft.pub=independent.ie&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.aulast=Maddock&rft.aufirst=Fergal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fregionals%2Ffingalindependent%2Fnews%2Fskerries-honour-for-irish-volunteer-thomas-hand-27770270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jzBDwAAQBAJ&q=Brennan-Whitmore,+W,+With+the+Irish+in+Frongoch"><i>With the Irish in Frongoch</i></a>. Mercier Press. 7 June 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781172124" title="Special:BookSources/9781781172124"><bdi>9781781172124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+the+Irish+in+Frongoch&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.isbn=9781781172124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jzBDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBrennan-Whitmore%2C%2BW%2C%2BWith%2Bthe%2BIrish%2Bin%2BFrongoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrongoch+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frongoch_internment_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easter-rising-frongoch.wales/">Frongoch, Wales - a unique place in Irish history</a> - a website in English, Welsh and Irish dedicated to the history of Frongoch camp, including a list of Irish prisoners’ names.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntkBGWggiGY">Talk: The Rugby Ball used in Gaelic football games by Irishmen held at Frongoch Prison Camp</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Usk" title="HM Prison Usk">Usk</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beaumaris_Gaol.jpg/125px-Beaumaris_Gaol.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beaumaris_Gaol.jpg/188px-Beaumaris_Gaol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Beaumaris_Gaol.jpg/250px-Beaumaris_Gaol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Gaol" title="Beaumaris Gaol">Beaumaris Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Gaol" title="Cardiff Gaol">Cardiff Gaol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frongoch internment camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverfordwest_Castle" title="Haverfordwest Castle">Haverfordwest Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_County_Gaol" title="Monmouth County Gaol">Monmouth County Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthin_Gaol" title="Ruthin Gaol">Ruthin Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Castle" title="Swansea Castle">Swansea Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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