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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clitic_doubling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.1</span> <span>Clitic doubling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clitic_doubling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_requiring_the_dative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_requiring_the_dative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3.2</span> <span>Words requiring the dative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_requiring_the_dative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Accusative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a 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<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender">Gender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An intrinsic property of Romanian <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, as in all <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, is their <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. However, while most Romance languages have only two genders, <b>masculine</b> and <b>feminine</b>, Romanian also has <b>neuter</b> gender.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin, the neuter is a separate gender, requiring all <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a> to have three distinct forms, such as the adjective <i>bona</i>, <i>bonus</i>, <i>bonum</i> (meaning <i>good</i>). Comparatively, Romanian neuter is a <i>combination</i> of the other two genders. More specifically, in Romanian, neuter nouns behave <b>in the singular as masculine nouns</b> and <b>in the plural as feminine nouns</b>. As such, all noun determiners and all pronouns only have two possible gender-specific forms instead of three. From this perspective, it's possible to say that in Romanian there are really just two genders, masculine and feminine, and the category labeled as neuter contains nouns whose gender switches with the number.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This class of neuter nouns are also known as <i>eterogene</i> or 'heterogenous', as <i>ambigene</i> meaning 'ambigenous' or 'of both kinds ,' or mixed nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on gender, otherwise similar nouns will <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflect</a> differently. For example, the nouns "câine" (<i>dog</i>, compare Latin <i>canis</i>) and "pâine" (<i>bread</i>, compare Latin <i>panis</i>) have phonetically identical endings in the main form (nominative singular), but the former is a masculine noun, while the latter is feminine. For this reason, when inflected they behave in very different manners: </p> <ul><li>definite article: "câinele" (<i>the dog</i>) - "pâinea" (<i>the bread</i>);</li> <li>plural, with definite article: "câinii" (<i>the dogs</i>) - "pâinile" (<i>the loaves of bread</i>);</li> <li>genitive/dative: "câinelui" (<i>of/to the dog</i>) - "pâinii" (<i>of/to the bread</i>).</li></ul> <p>Also, the gender of a noun determines the morphology of most determiners, such as articles, adjectives, demonstratives, numerals. The two nouns taken as examples above will give: </p> <ul><li>indefinite article: "un câine" (<i>a dog</i>) - "o pâine" (<i>a loaf of bread</i>);</li> <li>adjective: "câine alb" (<i>white dog</i>) - "pâine albă" (<i>white bread</i>);</li> <li>determinative demonstrative: "acest câine" (<i>this dog</i>) - "această pâine" (<i>this bread</i>);</li> <li>determinative possessive pronoun: "câinele meu" (<i>my dog</i>) - "pâinea mea" (<i>my bread</i>);</li> <li>cardinal numeral: "doi câini" (<i>two dogs</i>) - "două pâini" (<i>two loaves of bread</i>), etc.</li></ul> <p>While in many cases assigning the correct gender may be facilitated by the noun ending or meaning, the distinction is usually difficult for those learning Romanian as a second language. For natives, the <i>one-two</i> test is practically infallible: Saying "un câine - doi câini" makes it clear, by the form of the determining numerals, that "câine" is masculine. When the numerals take the forms "o ... - două ..." the noun in question is feminine, and finally the forms "un ... - două ..." are indicative of a neuter noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_assignment:_phonetic">Gender assignment: phonetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gender assignment: phonetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following phonetic rules can be used, to some degree, to infer the grammatical gender for nouns when these are in their nominative singular form, and without any determiner that could help in recognizing the gender. </p> <ul><li>Nouns ending in a <b>consonant</b> or in <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> <b>u</b> are almost always masculine or neuter: <ul><li>masculine: "om" (<i>man, human being</i>), "copil" (<i>child</i>), "bou" (<i>ox, bull</i>);</li> <li>neuter: "ac" (<i>needle</i>), "drum" (<i>road</i>), "ou" (<i>egg</i>), "lucru" (<i>thing, job</i>);</li> <li>feminine proper nouns of foreign origin or diminutives: "Carmen", "Corinuș" (diminutive from "Corina"), "Catrinel", "Lulu."</li></ul></li> <li>Nouns ending in <b>ă</b> are feminine with very few exceptions: <ul><li>feminine: "fată" (<i>girl</i>), "piatră" (<i>stone</i>), "haină" (<i>coat</i>);</li> <li>masculine: "tată" (<i>father</i>), "popă" (<i>priest</i>);</li></ul></li> <li>Nouns ending in <i>stressed</i> <b>a</b> (including those ending in stressed <b>ea</b> or <b>ia</b>) are feminine: <ul><li>"sofa" (<i>sofa</i>), "cafea" (<i>coffee</i>), "nuia" (<i>wicker</i>).</li></ul></li> <li>Nouns ending in <b>e</b> are generally feminine, but many masculine and a few neuter exceptions exist: <ul><li>feminine: "carte" (<i>book</i>), "femeie" (<i>woman</i>), "mare" (<i>sea</i>), "cheie" (<i>key</i>);</li> <li>masculine: "frate" (<i>brother</i>), "iepure" (<i>hare, rabbit</i>), "perete" (<i>wall</i>);</li> <li>neuter: "nume" (<i>name</i>).</li></ul></li> <li>Nouns ending in <b>i</b> are mostly masculine or neuter, with some feminine exceptions: <ul><li>masculine: "ochi" (<i>eye</i>), "pui" (<i>chicken</i>), "unchi" (<i>uncle</i>);</li> <li>neuter: "unghi" (<i>angle</i>), "ceai" (<i>tea</i>), "cui" (<i>nail</i>), "nai" (<i>Pan's pipe</i>);</li> <li>feminine: "zi" (<i>day</i>), "tanti" (<i>aunt</i>).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>These rules can be further refined when the noun is recognized as being derived from other words by use of specific endings, as follows: </p> <ul><li>Masculine nouns: <ul><li><b>-ist</b>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">"chimist"</i></span> (<i>chemist</i>), <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">"jurnalist"</i></span> (<i>journalist</i>);</li> <li><b>-an</b>, <b>-ian</b>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">"american"</i></span> (<i>American</i>), "fizician" (<i>physicist</i>);</li> <li><b>-or</b>, <b>-tor</b>: <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">"profesor"</i></span> (<i>teacher, professor</i>), "muncitor" (<i>worker</i>);</li> <li><b>-ez</b>: "englez" (<i>Englishman</i>), "chinez" (<i>Chinese</i>);</li> <li><b>-ar</b>: "demnitar" (<i>statesman</i>), "fierar" (<i>blacksmith</i>);</li> <li>others: "geamgiu" (<i>glazier</i>), "paznic" (<i>guard</i>), "frizer" (<i>hairdresser</i>), "român" (<i>Romanian</i>), etc.</li></ul></li> <li>Neuter nouns: <ul><li><b>-ism</b>: "capitalism" (<i>capitalism</i>), "arhaism" (<i>archaism</i>);</li> <li><b>-ment</b>, <b>-mânt</b>: "amuzament" (<i>amusement</i>), "abonament" (<i>subscription</i>), "învățământ" (<i>education</i>) - but "ferment" (<i>ferment</i>) is masculine;</li> <li><b>-ut</b>, <b>-it</b>, <b>-at</b>, derived from the past participle of verbs: "început" (<i>beginning</i>), "trecut" (<i>past</i>), "sfârșit" (<i>end</i>), "morărit" (<i>milling</i>), "uscat" (<i>land</i>), "oftat" (<i>sigh</i>);</li> <li><b>-aj</b>: "sondaj" (<i>poll</i>), "garaj" (<i>garage</i>), "afișaj" (<i>display</i>).</li></ul></li> <li>Feminine nouns: <ul><li><b>-oare</b>, <b>-toare</b>: "onoare" (<i>honor</i>), "înotătoare" (<i>swimmer</i>) - but "soare" is masculine;</li> <li><b>-are</b>, <b>-ere</b>, <b>-ire</b>, <b>-âre</b>, derived from the long infinitive of verbs: "salvare" (<i>ambulance</i>), "plăcere" (<i>pleasure</i>), "amintire" (<i>recollection</i>), "hotărâre" (<i>decision</i>);</li> <li><b>-siune/tiune</b>, abstract nouns: "emisiune" (<i>broadcast, TV show</i>), "versiune" (<i>version</i>), "dimensiune" (<i>dimension</i>), "chestiune" (<i>question</i>);</li> <li><b>-tate</b>, abstract nouns: "libertate" (<i>liberty, freedom</i>), "greutate" (<i>difficulty</i>), "calitate" (<i>quality</i>), "rapiditate" (<i>quickness</i>);</li> <li><b>-tudine</b>, abstract nouns: "longitudine" (<i>longitude</i>),"latitudine" (<i>latitude</i>);</li> <li>others: "bucurie" (<i>joy</i>), etc.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_assignment:_semantic">Gender assignment: semantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender assignment: semantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rules other than phonetic can be used when the <b>meaning</b> of the noun is known or at least its semantic group is recognized. In this category obvious examples are proper names of people, or nouns designating nationality, profession, etc. Nouns referring to animals and birds are always specific to their biological gender, and often occur in pairs the same way as we have <i>cow</i> and <i>bull</i> in English. Less obvious situations are described below. </p> <ul><li>Masculine nouns: <ul><li>most tree names: "brad" (<i>fir</i>), "stejar" (<i>oak</i>), "mesteacăn" (<i>birch</i>), but some are feminine: "salcie" (<i>willow</i>), "magnolie" (<i>magnolia</i>);</li> <li>mountains and mountain chains, often in the plural: "Carpați" (<i>Carpathians</i>), "Bucegi," "Retezat," "Făgăraș". (Because mountains are naturally referred to as, e.g., "the Carpathian mountains", and "mountain" is masculine, its gender "bleeds" to the proper noun, as if it were an adjective; it is possible to construct feminine versions of these names, though they are not used. This often happens for other notable reliefs.)</li> <li>others: months of the year, letters of the alphabet, musical notes, figures, etc.</li></ul></li> <li>Feminine nouns: <ul><li>names of countries and continents when they end in <b>a</b>: "Franța" (<i>France</i>), "Japonia" (<i>Japan</i>), "America" (<i>America</i>), otherwise they are neuter: "Mexic" (<i>Mexico</i>), "Vietnam" (<i>Vietnam</i>);</li> <li>the seasons of the year: "vară" (<i>summer</i>), "iarnă" (<i>winter</i>);</li> <li>the days of the week: "luni" (<i>Monday</i>), "duminică" (<i>Sunday</i>). (The word for <i>day</i> is feminine, "zi".)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number">Number</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, Romanian differentiates morphologically the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> of nouns. Within the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, regarding the plural formation, Romanian falls in the group East from the <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia%E2%80%93Rimini_Line" title="La Spezia–Rimini Line">La Spezia–Rimini Line</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. As such, the plural is formed by the addition or change of the final vowel of the singular noun, very often accompanied by other vocalic and/or consonantic shifts in the noun stem, consonant deletion, and/or the interposition of other phonemes. Occasionally, the plural noun has the same form as the singular. A few nouns are defective by missing either the singular or the plural. Finally, some nouns can form the plural in several ways, depending on the meaning. To illustrate, here are just a few examples: </p> <ul><li>simple vocalic addition: "elev" - "elevi" (<i>school student</i>);</li> <li>simple vocalic replacement: "mamă" - "mame" (<i>mother</i>);</li> <li>vocalic shift in the stem: "măr" - "mere" (<i>apple</i>);</li> <li>consonantic shift in the stem: "perete" - "pereți" (<i>wall</i>);</li> <li>consonant deletion in the stem: "cal" - "cai" (<i>horse</i>);</li> <li>interposition of other phonemes: "cap" - "capete" (<i>head</i>);</li> <li>unchanged plural: "unchi" - "unchi" (<i>uncle</i>);</li> <li>singular only: "rouă" (<i>dew</i>);</li> <li>plural only: "grâne" (<i>grain/crops</i>)</li> <li>multiple plural forms: "cap" - "capete" / "capi" / "capuri" (<i>head</i> / <i>leader</i> / <i>cape</i>);</li></ul> <p>Most Romanian plural nouns, in their nominative non-articulated forms, end in "<b>i</b>" with another large category ending in "<b>e</b>". Only some recent borrowings make up the very few exceptions to this rule, which seems to be a very stable feature of the language. Among the old Romanian nouns the only exception is "ou" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈow/</span> (<i>egg</i>), which makes the plural "ouă" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈowə/</span>. </p><p>Morphologically, the plural is built by using one of the following four endings: <b>-i</b>, <b>-uri</b>, <b>-e</b>, and <b>-(e)le</b>. Of these, the last one used to have few representatives, such as "stea" - "stele" (<i>star</i>) and "nuia" - "nuiele" (<i>wicker</i>). Subsequent borrowings enlarged this group, in particular a series of nouns from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> ending in stressed "<b>a</b>" which were assigned to the feminine gender (although Turkish nouns do not have gender). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural_formation">Plural formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plural formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the gender, the plural formation is an intrinsic property of the noun, and is acquired by native speakers one by one together with the respective noun. The tables below show the plural formation modes for nouns according to their gender, in the non-articulated nominative/accusative case. The asterisk (*) indicates irregular plural formation, requiring the insertion of consonants belonging neither to the stem nor to the plural ending, the deletion of stem consonants, or some unusual vocalic shifts. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Plural of <i>masculine</i> nouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>-cons.</td> <td>-cons.+i</td> <td>pom - pomi (<i>tree</i>)<br />doctor - doctori (<i>doctor</i>)<br />copil -* copii (<i>children</i>)<br />om -* oameni (<i>man, human being</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-u</td> <td rowspan="4">-i</td> <td>codru - codri (<i>forest</i>)<br />leu - lei (<i>lion</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-e</td> <td>frate - frați (<i>brother</i>)<br />pește - pești (<i>fish</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-i</td> <td>ochi - ochi (<i>eye</i>)<br />unchi - unchi (<i>uncle</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ă</td> <td>tată - tați (<i>father</i>)<br />popă - popi (<i>priest</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Plural of <i>feminine</i> nouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">-ă</td> <td>-e</td> <td>casă - case (<i>house</i>)<br />fată - fete (<i>girl</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-i</td> <td>lună - luni (<i>moon, month</i>)<br />barcă - bărci (<i>boat</i>)<br />soră -* surori (<i>sister</i>)<br />mână -* mâini (<i>hand</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-uri</td> <td>marfă - mărfuri (<i>merchandise</i>)<br />dulceață - dulcețuri (<i>jam</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-e</td> <td>-i</td> <td>carte - cărți (<i>book</i>)<br />vale -* văi (<i>valley</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-vowel+ie</td> <td>-vowel+i</td> <td>baie - băi (<i>bathroom</i>)<br />gutuie - gutui (<i>quince</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-cons.+ie</td> <td>-cons.+ii</td> <td>frecție - frecții (<i>massage</i>)<br />farfurie - farfurii (<i>plate</i>)<br />felie - felii (<i>slice</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-a</td> <td>-ale</td> <td>basma - basmale (<i>handkerchief</i>)<br />pijama - pijamale (<i>pajamas</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ea</td> <td>-ele</td> <td>cafea - cafele (<i>coffee</i>)<br />saltea - saltele (<i>mattress</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">-i</td> <td>miercuri - miercuri (<i>Wednesday</i>)<br />tanti - tanti (<i>aunt</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Plural of <i>neuter</i> nouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">-cons.</td> <td>-cons.+uri</td> <td>vin - vinuri (<i>wine</i>)<br />loc - locuri (<i>place</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-cons.+e</td> <td>picior - picioare (<i>foot, leg</i>)<br />oraș - orașe (<i>city</i>)<br />cap -* capete (<i>head</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">-u</td> <td>-uri</td> <td>lucru - lucruri (<i>thing</i>)<br />pariu - pariuri (<i>bet</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-e</td> <td>muzeu - muzee (<i>museum</i>)<br />teatru - teatre (<i>theater</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ă</td> <td>ou - ouă (<i>egg</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-iu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span></td> <td>-ii <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ij/</span></td> <td>exercițiu - exerciții (<i>exercise</i>)<br />fotoliu - fotolii (<i>armchair</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-iu <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iw/</span></td> <td>-ie <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i.e/</span></td> <td>sicriu - sicrie (<i>coffin</i>)<br />burghiu - burghie (<i>drill</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td>-ie <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span></td> <td>tramvai - tramvaie (<i>tram</i>)<br />pai - paie (<i>straw</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td>-iuri</td> <td>taxi - taxiuri (<i>taxi</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">-e</td> <td>nume - nume (<i>name</i>)<br />prenume - prenume (<i>first name</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_of_plural_endings">Pronunciation of plural endings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronunciation of plural endings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In writing, all masculine nouns and part of the feminine and neuter nouns end in letter "<b>i</b>" in the plural. However, this letter can correspond phonetically to either vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, semivowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, or non-syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲ/</span> (see <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a>). The exact pronunciation depends on the preceding phonemes: </p> <ul><li>after a vowel, it is pronounced as semivowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, as in <ul><li>"lei" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈlej/</span> (<i>lions</i>),</li> <li>"văi" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈvəj/</span> (<i>valleys</i>),</li> <li>"exerciții" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɡzerˈt͡ʃit͡sij/</span> (exercises);</li></ul></li> <li>after a consonant or consonant group, it is pronounced as non-syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʲ/</span>, as in <ul><li>"frați" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfrat͡sʲ/</span> (<i>brothers</i>),</li> <li>"bărci" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbərt͡ʃʲ/</span> (<i>boats</i>),</li> <li>"locuri" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈlokurʲ/</span> (<i>places</i>);</li></ul></li> <li>after a consonant group, in nouns that require an additional syllable, it is pronounced as vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. The need of an additional syllable is phonetic, and is indicated in the masculine singular by the presence of vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. Examples: <ul><li>"codru" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkodru/</span> - "codri" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkodri/</span> (<i>forest</i>),</li> <li>"zimbru" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈzimbru/</span> - "zimbri" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈzimbri/</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">wisent</a></i>),</li> <li>but "tanti" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtanti/</span> (both pl. and sg., <i>aunt</i>).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The plural ending "<b>e</b>" is always a vowel and does not represent a pronunciation problem. </p><p>Despite many plural endings changing the number of syllables in the nouns, the word stress does not generally shift. The only exceptions are a few irregular nouns such as: "soră" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsorə/</span> - "surori" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/suˈrorʲ/</span> (<i>sister</i>) and, "noră" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈnorə/</span> - "nurori" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nuˈrorʲ/</span> (<i>daughter-in-law</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case">Case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntactically, Romanian nouns can be in any of five <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">grammatical cases</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, when the noun is the subject;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, when the noun is the direct object, often also required by prepositions;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, when the noun shows the possessor;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, when the noun shows the receiver of an action;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>, when the noun shows the (usually animate) addressee of what is said.</li></ul> <p>The short definitions above are only an approximate indication of the actual usage. Here are some examples with the noun "băiat" (<i>boy</i>) in the various cases: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td><b>Băiatul</b> vecinilor mi-a adus scrisoarea.<br />(<i>The neighbors' boy brought me the letter.</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative</td> <td>Am dus <b>băiatul</b> până în fața casei lui.<br />(<i>I led the boy up to in front of his house.</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td>Ochii <b>băiatului</b> erau plini de lacrimi.<br />(<i>The boy's eyes were full of tears.</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative</td> <td>I-am spus <b>băiatului</b> să se liniștească.<br />(<i>I told the boy to calm down.</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vocative</td> <td>— <b>Băiete</b>, așteaptă până se întorc părinții tăi.<br />(<i>Boy, wait until your parents come back.</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Indefinite article (a, an, some) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Singular</th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nominative<br />Accusative</b> </td> <td colspan="2">un </td> <td>o </td> <td>niște </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Genitive<br />Dative</b> </td> <td colspan="2">unui </td> <td>unei </td> <td>unor </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Morphologically, the five cases are expressed by giving the nouns three different forms. The <b>nominative</b> and the <b>accusative</b> share the same form, the distinction being made from the context, word order, or by the use of particular prepositions. Similarly, the <b>genitive</b> and the <b>dative</b> share the same form, distinguished syntactically or by the presence of possession articles when the nouns are in the genitive case. The <b>vocative</b> is less used than the other four, because it is limited to people, animals, or other things that can be addressed. </p><p>Comparatively, other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, although maintaining a syntactic distinction between cases, have reduced them to a single form and replaced morphological variation with the use of specific prepositions. <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> used to have up to seven cases, the Romanian five plus the <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>. </p><p>The case mark is always applied to the article, definite or indefinite, that determines the noun, and sometimes also to the noun itself. The indefinite article, like its English counterpart, is placed before the noun as a separate word, and has in Romanian different forms for the nominative/accusative and for the genitive/dative (the vocative cannot be determined by an indefinite article). On the other hand, the Romanian <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> is always appended as an ending (see <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a>). As the plural mark and the case mark are attached also at the end of the word, the declension becomes a complex process of combining all three endings: The definite article has special forms for the various cases and numbers, and is placed <i>after</i> the plural mark with possible phonetic changes to make the word easily pronounceable. </p><p>The table below gives the complete paradigm of the masculine noun "bou" (<i>ox</i>). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Singular</th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Indefinite<br />article</th> <th>Definite<br />article</th> <th>Indefinite<br />article</th> <th>Definite<br />article </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nominative<br />Accusative</b> </td> <td>un bou<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/un<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbow/</span><br />(<i>an ox</i>) </td> <td>boul<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbo.ul/</span><br />(<i>the ox</i>) </td> <td>niște boi<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/niʃ.te<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈboj/</span><br />(<i>some oxen</i>) </td> <td>boii<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbo.ij/</span><br />(<i>the oxen</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Genitive<br />Dative</b> </td> <td>unui bou<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/unuj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbow/</span><br />(<i>to/of an ox</i>) </td> <td>boului<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbo.uluj/</span><br />(<i>to/of the ox</i>) </td> <td>unor boi<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/unor<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈboj/</span><br />(<i>to/of some oxen</i>) </td> <td>boilor<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbo.ilor/</span><br />(<i>to/of the oxen</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Vocative</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>boule<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbo.ule/</span><br />(<i>you, ox</i>) </td> <td>— </td> <td>boilor<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbo.ilor/</span><br />(<i>you, oxen</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension_with_the_indefinite_article">Declension with the indefinite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Declension with the indefinite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general rule for the declension of nouns when they are accompanied by the indefinite article is that the article changes form and the noun keeps its main (nominative) form at all cases. The only exception is the singular of feminine nouns in the genitive/dative forms: they use their respective <b>plural</b> nominative forms in addition to inflecting the indefinite article. The tables below give a few examples. Three nouns from each gender were chosen as representatives: </p> <dl><dd>masculine "pom" (<i>tree</i>), "frate" (<i>brother</i>), "tată" (<i>father</i>);</dd> <dd>neuter "loc" (<i>place</i>), "scaun" (<i>chair</i>), "exercițiu" (<i>exercise</i>);</dd> <dd>feminine "casă" (<i>house</i>), "floare" (<i>flower</i>), "cafea" (<i>coffee</i>).</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative<br />Accusative </td> <td>un pom<br />un frate<br />un tată </td> <td>un loc<br />un scaun<br />un exercițiu </td> <td>o casă<br />o floare<br />o cafea </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive<br />Dative </td> <td>unui pom<br />unui frate<br />unui tată </td> <td>unui loc<br />unui scaun<br />unui exercițiu </td> <td>unei cas<b>e</b><br />unei flor<b>i</b><br />unei caf<b>ele</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative<br />Accusative </td> <td>niște pomi<br />niște frați<br />niște tați </td> <td>niște locuri<br />niște scaune<br />niște exerciții </td> <td>niște case<br />niște flori<br />niște cafele </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive<br />Dative </td> <td>unor pomi<br />unor frați<br />unor tați </td> <td>unor locuri<br />unor scaune<br />unor exerciții </td> <td>unor case<br />unor flori<br />unor cafele </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension_with_the_definite_article">Declension with the definite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Declension with the definite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the singular, in the nominative/accusative case, the definite article is <b>-(u)l</b> or <b>-le</b> for masculine and neuter nouns and <b>(u)a</b> for feminine nouns. When these forms are changed for the genitive/dative case, the definite article becomes <b>-lui</b> for masculine and neuter nouns and <b>-i</b> for feminine. To obtain these forms, the definite article for masculine and neuter simply affix the ending <b>-ui</b> after consonant <b>l</b> (after removing vowel <b>e</b> where it exists). In the case of feminine nouns, the genitive/dative is derived not from the singular but from the <i>plural</i> non-articulated forms, by adding a semivocalic <b>-i</b> at the end. </p><p>In the plural, in the nominative/accusative case, the definite article is <b>-ii</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iǐ/</span> for masculine nouns, and <b>-le</b> for neuter and feminine nouns. To put these forms into genitive/dative the masculine definite article is changed into <b>-ilor</b>, and the neuter and feminine definite article is changed into <b>-lor</b>. </p><p>Nouns with definite article can also be in the vocative case. In the singular, nouns are either left in their nominative/accusative forms, or given the endings specific to gender: <b>-le</b> for masculine and neuter nouns, and <b>-o</b> for feminine nouns. </p><p>The tables below show examples using the same nouns as previously. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative<br />Accusative </td> <td>pomul<br />fratele<br />tatăl </td> <td>locul<br />scaunul<br />exercițiul </td> <td>casa<br />floarea<br />cafeaua </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive<br />Dative </td> <td>pomului<br />fratelui<br />tatălui </td> <td>locului<br />scaunului<br />exercițiului </td> <td>cas<b>e</b>i<br />flor<b>i</b>i<br />caf<b>ele</b>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vocative </td> <td>[pomule]<br />frate<br />tată </td> <td>[locule]<br />[scaunule]<br />[exercițiule] </td> <td>[casă]<br />[floareo]<br />[cafeao] </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative<br />Accusative </td> <td>pomii<br />frații<br />tații </td> <td>locurile<br />scaunele<br />exercițiile </td> <td>casele<br />florile<br />cafelele </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive<br />Dative </td> <td rowspan="2">pomilor<br />fraților<br />taților </td> <td>locurilor<br />scaunelor<br />exercițiilor </td> <td>caselor<br />florilor<br />cafelelor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vocative </td> <td>[locurilor]<br />[scaunelor]<br />[exercițiilor] </td> <td>[caselor]<br />[florilor]<br />[cafelelor] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the vocative, the square brackets are used where the respective forms can be imagined, but are not normally used. Additionally, some nouns can have two versions of vocative which can express slightly different attitudes toward the person (animal, thing, etc.) that is being addressed. For example, "iubit" (<i>lover</i>) has two vocative forms: "iubite" and "iubitule". The first sounds more direct and might be found in poems and song lyrics (<i>Oh, my darling!</i>), while the second sounds more natural in everyday life (<i>Honey!</i>) (Compare "my dear" in English which normally expresses close intimacy but is reduced to a mere formality when followed by the person's name: 'My dear Mr Smith'). </p><p>The genitive/dative forms require a special mention in the case of proper nouns representing people's names. For men's names, the inflection is replaced by placing the article <b>lui</b> <i>before</i> the noun, as a separate word. </p> <ul><li>Am citit poeziile <b>lui Eminescu</b> de nenumărate ori. (<i>I've read <b>Eminescu's</b> poems countless times.</i>)</li> <li>I-am dat <b>lui Mihai</b> prăjitura ta. (<i>I gave your cake <b>to Mihai</b>.</i>)</li></ul> <p>The same construction is sometimes applied to women's names, but the practice is considered by <a href="/wiki/Prescription_and_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription and description">prescriptive grammar</a> as incorrect, with the exception of feminine proper nouns that have a masculine-like ending: </p> <ul><li>fusta <b>Mariei</b> / *fusta <b>lui Maria</b> (<i><b>Mary's</b> skirt</i>)</li> <li>fusta lui Carmen / *fusta Carmenei (<i><b>Carmen's</b> skirt</i>)</li></ul> <p>For proper nouns other than those referring to people, the genitive is constructed by inflection, like the common nouns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_usage">Case usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Case usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following subsections describe the usage of each case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominative">Nominative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nominative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> is the case of the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate nominal</a>. Here are some examples: </p> <ul><li><b>Subject:</b> <ul><li><b>Apa</b> trece, <b>pietrele</b> rămân. (<i><b>Water</b> passes, <b>rocks</b> remain .</i>)</li> <li><b>Poștașul</b> sună întotdeauna de două ori. (<i><b>The postman</b> always rings twice.</i>)</li> <li>Mă doare <b>capul</b>. (<i>I have a headache.</i> - lit. <i>The <b>head</b> hurts me.</i>)</li> <li>Îmi plac <b>merele</b>. (<i>I like apples</i> - lit. <i><b>Apples</b> please me.</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Predicate nominal:</b> <ul><li>Fotografia este <b>o artă</b>. (<i>Photography is <b>an art</b>.</i>)</li> <li>Ochii sunt <b>oglinda</b> sufletului. (<i>The eyes are <b>the</b> soul's <b>mirror</b>.</i>)</li> <li>Roma a devenit <b>un imperiu</b>. (<i>Rome became <b>an empire</b>.</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genitive">Genitive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> usually indicates <i>possession</i> or <i>belonging</i>, but is also used to show <i>origin</i> and others kinds of relationship. Additionally, while most <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> require the noun they determine to take the accusative, there are some exceptions in which the genitive (or the dative) is required. </p><p>The genitive is most often used in the pattern <i>noun for possessed + noun for possessor</i>, with the noun denoting the possessor in the genitive case, like for example "balonul copilului" means <i>child's balloon</i> (lit. <i>the balloon of the child</i>). In such a construction, if the possessed ("balonul", <i>the balloon</i>) has the definite article attached to it—the most usual situation—and the possessor ("copilului", <i>of the child</i>) comes immediately after, no other words are necessary to express the genitival relationship. </p> <ul><li>Ochii <b>bunicului</b> sunt albaștri. (<i><b>Grandfather's</b> eyes are blue.</i>)</li> <li>Fiul <b>vecinilor</b> intră mereu în bucluc. (<i>The <b>neighbors'</b> son always gets into trouble.</i>)</li></ul> <p>In any other construction involving the genitive, a <a href="/wiki/Possessive_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive article">possessive article</a> must be used, corresponding roughly to the English "<i>of the</i>". This can happen (1) when the possessed has the indefinite article, (2) when other words intervene between the two parts, or (3) when the possessed and possessor switch order in the sentence. The possessive article must agree in number and gender with the possessed, and has the forms below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th style="width: 6em">Masculine </th> <th style="width: 6em">Neuter </th> <th style="width: 6em">Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <td align="center" colspan="2">al </td> <td align="center">a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td align="center">ai </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">ale </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Indefinite article:</b> <ul><li>Era un mare iubitor <b>al artelor</b>. (<i>He was a great art lover.</i> - lit. <i>lover <b>of the arts</b></i>)</li> <li>Au participat și reprezentanți <b>ai guvernului</b>. (<i>Government representatives also took part.</i> - lit. <i>representatives <b>of the government</b></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Intervening words:</b> <ul><li><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Diametrul apparent <b>al Lunii</b> este egal cu <b>al Soarelui</b></i></span>. (<i>The <b>Moon's</b> apparent diameter is equal to the <b>Sun's</b>.</i>)</li> <li>Așa scrie în lecția 10 <b>a manualului</b>. (<i>This is what lesson 10 in the textbook says.</i> - lit. <i>lesson 10 <b>of the textbook</b></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Reversal</b> of possessed and possessor, especially in poetry: <ul><li><b>Al vieții</b> vis de aur ca un fulger, ca o clipă-i. (<a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a>: <i><b>Life's</b> golden dream is like a flash, like a blink.</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Prepositions_requiring_the_genitive">Prepositions requiring the genitive</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prepositions requiring the genitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some prepositions and preposition compounds require the noun they determine to be in the genitive case. Examples: </p> <ul><li>asupra (<i>regarding</i>): o discuție asupra <b>fluxului</b> de lucru (<i>a discussion regarding the workflow</i>, - lit. <i>regarding <b>the flow</b> of the work</i>);</li> <li>împotriva (<i>against</i>): voturi împotriva <b>creșterii</b> impozitului (<i>votes against tax increase</i>, - lit. <i>against <b>the increase</b> of the tax</i>);</li> <li>deasupra (<i>above</i>), înapoia (<i>behind</i>), înaintea (<i>before</i>), înăuntrul (<i>inside</i>);</li> <li>în fața (<i>in front of</i>), în timpul (<i>during</i>), în jurul (<i>around</i>);</li> <li>la începutul (<i>at the beginning of</i>), la mijlocul (<i>in the middle of</i>), la sfârșitul (<i>at the end of</i>);</li> <li>din cauza (<i>because of</i>), cu ocazia (<i>on the occasion of</i>), în numele (<i>on behalf of</i>).</li></ul> <p>Nouns in the genitive can occur in series, as in "culoarea jucăriei copilului prietenului meu" (<i>my friend's child's toy's color</i>), but as in English more than three successive nouns become difficult to understand and are considered bad use of the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dative">Dative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dative is used for the indirect object, that is, the noun representing the person/object that <i>receives</i> the action indicated by the verb. The dative is required by a particular series of verbs, many of which express the general idea of <i>giving</i>, hence the name. Examples: </p> <ul><li>a da (<i>to give</i>): <b>I</b>-am dat <b>câinelui</b> sandvișul meu. (<i>I gave my sandwich <b>to the dog</b>.</i>);</li> <li>a spune (<i>to tell</i>): <b>Le</b> spui <b>colegilor</b> să nu vină mâine? (<i>Will you tell your <b>workmates</b> not to come tomorrow?</i>);</li> <li>a cere (<i>to ask for</i>), a explica (<i>to explain</i>), a oferi (<i>to offer</i>), a arăta (<i>to show</i>), etc.;</li> <li><i>Not related to the idea of giving:</i> a folosi (<i>to be useful to</i>), a dăuna (<i>to harm</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Clitic_doubling">Clitic doubling</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clitic doubling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in the examples above, the dative noun in such constructions is almost always <i><a href="/wiki/Clitic_doubling" title="Clitic doubling">doubled</a></i> by a <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronoun</a>, itself in the dative case, which is placed near the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> no matter where the noun is in the sentence. Although not including this logically redundant pronoun does not affect the meaning and still produces grammatically correct sentences, native speakers seldom fail to include it. Depending on the verb mood, tense, and initial phoneme, the doubling personal pronoun will change in several regards: (1) which form, full or clitic, of the pronoun is used, (2) the position relative to the verb or verb parts, and (3) whether it is a true <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> attached phonetically to the verb or it is a separate word. </p><p>The table below shows these patterns on two verb examples—one starting with a consonant and the other with a vowel—, "a da" (<i>to give</i>) and "a arăta" (<i>to show</i>). For personal moods only the first person in the singular is shown, as the other forms behave identically. In each table cell, the upper example is for the singular of the personal pronoun, and the lower one for the plural. In all situations the pronoun has the same form for all genders and only changes with number. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th> <th>a da (<i>to give</i>)</th> <th>a arăta (<i>to show</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>Personal moods:</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><b>Indicative</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td>îi dau<br />le dau</td> <td>îi arăt, i-arăt<br />le arăt, le-arăt </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Compound perfect</b> </td> <td>i-am dat<br />le-am dat</td> <td>i-am arătat<br />le-am arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pluperfect</b> </td> <td>îi dădusem<br />le dădusem</td> <td>îi arătasem, i-arătasem<br />le arătasem, le-arătasem </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Imperfect</b> </td> <td>îi dădeam<br />le dădeam</td> <td>îi arătam, i-arătam<br />le arătam, le-arătam </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Simple perfect</b> </td> <td>îi dădui<br />le dădui</td> <td>îi arătai, i-arătai<br />le arătai, le-arătai </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Future in the past</b> </td> <td>aveam să-i dau<br />aveam să le dau</td> <td>aveam să-i arăt, aveam să i-arăt<br />aveam să le arăt, aveam să le-arăt </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Future</b> </td> <td>îi voi da<br />le voi da</td> <td>îi voi arăta<br />le voi arăta </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Popular future I</b> </td> <td>o să-i dau<br />o să le dau</td> <td>o să-i arăt, o să i-arăt<br />o să le arăt, o să le-arăt </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Popular future II</b> </td> <td>am să-i dau<br />am să le dau</td> <td>am să-i arăt, am să i-arăt<br />am să le arăt, am să le-arăt </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Future perfect</b> </td> <td>îi voi fi dat<br />le voi fi dat</td> <td>îi voi fi arătat<br />le voi fi arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Popular future<br />perfect I</b> </td> <td>o să-i fi dat<br />o să le fi dat</td> <td>o să-i fi arătat<br />o să le fi arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Popular future<br />perfect II</b> </td> <td>am să-i fi dat<br />am să le fi dat</td> <td>am să-i fi arătat<br />am să le fi arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Subjunctive</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td>să-i dau<br />să le dau</td> <td>să-i arăt, să i-arăt<br />să le arăt, să le-arăt </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td>să-i fi dat<br />să le fi dat</td> <td>să-i fi arătat<br />să le fi arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Conditional<br />Optative</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td>i-aș da<br />le-aș da</td> <td>i-aș arăta<br />le-aș arăta </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td>i-aș fi dat<br />le-aș fi dat</td> <td>i-aș fi arătat<br />le-aș fi arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b>Presumptive</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td>i-oi da<br />le-oi da</td> <td>i-oi arăta<br />le-oi arăta </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Present<br />progressive</b> </td> <td>i-oi fi dând<br />le-oi fi dând</td> <td>i-oi fi arătând<br />le-oi fi arătând </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td>i-oi fi dat<br />le-oi fi dat</td> <td>i-oi fi arătat<br />le-oi fi arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Imperative</b> </td> <td><b> </b> </td> <td>dă-i — nu îi da, nu-i da<br />dă-le — nu le da</td> <td>arată-i — nu îi arăta, nu-i arăta<br />arată-le — nu le arăta, nu le-arăta </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>Non-personal moods:</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Infinitive</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td>a-i da<br />a le da</td> <td>a-i arăta<br />a le arăta, a le-arăta </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td>a-i fi dat<br />a le fi dat</td> <td>a-i fi arătat<br />a le fi arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gerund</b> </td> <td><b> </b> </td> <td>dându-i<br />dându-le</td> <td>arătându-i<br />arătându-le </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Participle</b> </td> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td>dat<br />dat</td> <td>arătat<br />arătat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Supine</b> </td> <td><b> </b> </td> <td>de dat<br />de dat</td> <td>de arătat<br />de arătat </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As the examples show, when the verb is simple (not compound), the doubling pronoun is placed before the verb and has its full form. Exception to this rule make the imperative and the gerund, which require the clitic form bound at the end of the verb. Also, the past participle and the supine do not require the clitic doubling at all. When the verb is compound and includes the conjunction "să" (approximately equivalent to English <i>to</i>) or the infinitive preposition "a", the doubling pronoun is placed immediately after "să" / "a" and takes the clitic form in the singular ("să-i" and "a-i") and the full form in the plural ("să le" and "a le"). In all remaining situations the pronoun is placed before the first element of the compound verb and takes the clitic form, as in "i-am dat" and "le-am dat". </p><p>When the verb starts with a vowel and the doubling pronoun comes right before it the use of the full or clitic is optional. In such cases the shorter (clitic) version one is more frequent in speech and informal writing. </p><p>The gerund deserves a special mention, as not only is the doubling pronoun placed <i>after</i> the verb, but the verb itself receives an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> "u". This "u" can be alikened to the vowels that take this position in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a> gerund, and has become the <a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a> "o" as in "<i>sto facendo</i>" (<i>I am doing</i>). </p><p>When the full doubling pronoun "îi" is placed before the verb (all parts of the verb, if compound), it can turn into its clitic form if it binds through <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> to the word before it, as in "nu-i dau" (<i>I don't give him</i>), "că-i dau" (<i>that I give him</i>), "și-i dau" (<i>and I give him</i>). </p><p>The imperative mood builds its affirmative and negative forms on different patterns, so that the position of the doubling pronoun is different. Compare "dă-i" → "nu-i da", "dă-le" → "nu le da". </p><p>In poetry, archaic or regional speech, or invectives, the order of the compound verb elements can switch, and with them the position of the doubling pronoun will change. Compare: "i-am dat" → "datu-i-am", "le-am dat" → "datu-le-am", "le-aș da" → "da-le-aș". Note also the use of the epenthetic "u" again where otherwise a consonant would come just before the pronoun. </p><p>Things are further complicated if another pronoun is present which claims a position near the verb, such as the pronoun that replaces or doubles the direct object. Here are some examples of how such situations are handled. </p><p>Depending on the gender of the direct object, the pronoun position can be different in certain cases: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>I l-am dat câinelui. </th> <td>→</td> <td>i</td> <td>l-</td> <td>am dat</td> <td>câinelui. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>dat. masc. sg.</td> <td>acc. <b>masc.</b> sg.</td> <td></td> <td>dat. masc. sg. </td></tr> <tr> <th>I gave it to the dog. </th> <td></td> <td>to him<br />(the dog)</td> <td>it</td> <td>I gave</td> <td>to the dog. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>I-am dat-o câinelui. </th> <td>→</td> <td>i-</td> <td>am dat</td> <td>-o</td> <td>câinelui. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>dat. masc. sg.</td> <td></td> <td>acc. <b>fem.</b> sg.</td> <td>dat. masc. sg. </td></tr> <tr> <th>I gave it to the dog. </th> <td></td> <td>to him<br />(the dog)</td> <td>I gave</td> <td>it</td> <td>to the dog. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If two pronouns having identical forms meet, the pronoun doubling the indirect object drops, as it is optional: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oasele i le dau câinelui. </th> <td>→</td> <td>oasele</td> <td>i</td> <td>le</td> <td>dau</td> <td>câinelui. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>acc. neut. pl.</td> <td>dat. masc. sg.</td> <td>acc. fem. pl.</td> <td></td> <td>dat. masc. <b>sg.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>I give the bones to the dog. </th> <td></td> <td>the bones</td> <td>to him<br />(the dog)</td> <td>them<br />(the bones)</td> <td>I give</td> <td>to the dog. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oasele le dau câinilor. </th> <td>→</td> <td>oasele</td> <td>Ø</td> <td>le</td> <td>dau</td> <td>câinilor. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>acc. neut. pl.</td> <td>dat. masc. pl.</td> <td>acc. fem. pl.</td> <td></td> <td>dat. masc. <b>pl.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>I give the bones to the dogs. </th> <td></td> <td>the bones</td> <td>to them<br />(the dogs)</td> <td>them<br />(the bones)</td> <td>I give</td> <td>to the dogs. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Words_requiring_the_dative">Words requiring the dative</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Words requiring the dative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> require the noun they determine to be in the accusative case, a few must be followed by a noun in the dative. Similarly, the dative is required by some <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, many of which conveying the general idea of being (or not) beneficial, or having derived from <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> that themselves require the dative. A few <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> showing comparison fall into the same category. Examples: </p> <ul><li><b>Prepositions:</b> <ul><li>datorită (<i>owing to</i>): Am reușit datorită ajutorului tău. (<i>I succeeded owing to your help.</i>);</li> <li>mulțumită, grație (<i>thanks to</i>).</li></ul></li> <li><b>Adjectives:</b> <ul><li>favorabil (<i>favorable</i>): Am primit numai mesaje favorabile proiectului noastru. (<i>We received only messages in favor of our project.</i>);</li> <li>folositor, util (<i>useful</i>), propice (<i>propitious</i>), recunoscător (<i>grateful</i>), dăunător (<i>harmful</i>).</li></ul></li> <li><b>Adverbs:</b> <ul><li>asemenea (<i>like</i>): De atâta fericire fața ei strălucea asemenea soarelui. (<i>With so much happiness her face was shining like the sun.</i>);</li> <li>similar (<i>similarly</i>), conform (<i>according to</i>), contrar (<i>contrary to</i>).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Depending on the sentence <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, the adverbs above can also work as adjectives, nevertheless requiring the dative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accusative">Accusative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accusative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> is mainly the case of the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a>, but other nouns can take the accusative form: those <a href="/wiki/Indirect_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect object">indirect objects</a> which aren't in the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>, as well as most circumstantials and attributes built with prepositions. Examples: </p> <ul><li>Direct object:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Am spart o <b>farfurie</b>. (<i>I broke a <b>plate</b>.</i>)</dd> <dd>Cunoști un <b>profesor</b> de chitară? (<i>Do you know a guitar <b>instructor</b>?</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Indirect object:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Fiul meu vorbește tot timpul despre <b>avioane</b>. (<i>My son always talks about <b>airplanes</b>.</i>)</dd> <dd>Mă gândesc adesea la <b>copilăria</b> mea. (<i>I often think about my <b>childhood</b>.</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Circumstantial:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Am ajuns în sfârșit la <b>gară</b>. (<i>We finally arrived at the <b>station</b>.</i>)</dd> <dd>Ne ducem la <b>mare</b> cu <b>trenul</b>. (<i>We're going to the <b>sea</b> by <b>train</b>.</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Attribute:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Am găsit numărul ei în cartea de <b>telefon</b>. (<i>I found her number in the <b>phonebook</b>.</i>)</dd> <dd>Oamenii de la <b>munte</b> sunt duri. (<i><b>Mountain</b> people are tough.</i>)</dd></dl> <p>A particularity of Romanian is that the direct object is marked in certain situations by the <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> <i>pe</i>, which in such constructions loses its original meaning (<i>on</i>, <i>above</i>). The usage rules for this marker are complex and insufficiently codified; both semantics and morphology comes into play. Examples of direct object with marker "pe" are given below. </p> <ul><li>When the noun designates a person or a personified animal/object:</li></ul> <dl><dd>L-am văzut ieri <b>pe Mihai</b>. (<i>I saw Mihai [person's name: Michael] yesterday.</i>)</dd> <dd>L-a împușcat <b>pe lup</b> în cap. (<i>He shot the <b>wolf</b> in the head.</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>When the noun designates an inanimate object, if the subject and the direct object are the same noun and they precede the verb:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Cui <b>pe cui</b> se scoate. (Proverb: <i>A nail takes out a nail.</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>When the noun is preceded by the comparative adverb <i>ca</i> (like):</li></ul> <dl><dd>M-a privit ca <b>pe un străin</b>. (<i>He looked at me as if I were a <b>stranger</b>.</i>)</dd></dl> <p>The same preposition <i>pe</i> is used not only with nouns in accusative, but also with other words having the role of the direct object: pronouns (personal, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, indefinite or negative), numerals acting as pronouns, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocative">Vocative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the vocative case gives the noun a distinct charge of familiarity, directness, and immediateness, nouns in the vocative are rarely used alone, except when addressing or calling someone. Most of the time, and particularly in writing, such nouns are used together with specific adjectives such as <i>drag</i> (dear) and <i>stimat</i> (respected, dear). Also, such adjective+noun constructions often include a possessive pronoun. Examples: </p> <ul><li>Vocative alone: <ul><li>Băiete! (<i>You, boy!</i> or <i>Waiter!</i>)</li> <li>Măi, Ioane, unde ești? (<i>Hey, Ion, where are you?</i>) - <i>măi</i> is one of a series of interjections used to address someone</li> <li>Bleguților! (<i>You, little silly buggers!</i>)</li> <li>Eleno! (<i>Elena, dear!</i>)</li> <li>Doamnelor! (<i>Ladies!</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Vocative with adjective: <ul><li>Dragă bunico, (<i>Dear Grandma</i>)</li> <li>Stimate domnule director, (used to formally address in writing the manager of an institution)</li></ul></li> <li>Vocative with possessive pronoun and adjective: <ul><li>Dragul meu Radu, (<i>My dear Radu</i>)</li> <li>Scumpii noștri prieteni, (<i>Our beloved friends</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoțoman,_Rodica_C.1995" class="citation book cs1">Boțoman, Rodica C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27641419"><i>Discover Romanian : an introduction to the language and culture</i></a>. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0536-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0536-4"><bdi>0-8142-0536-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27641419">27641419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+Romanian+%3A+an+introduction+to+the+language+and+culture&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27641419&rft.isbn=0-8142-0536-4&rft.au=Bo%C8%9Boman%2C+Rodica+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F27641419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+nouns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatemanPolinsky2010" class="citation web cs1">Bateman, Nicoleta; Polinsky, Maria (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mpolinsky/files/Romanian_MIT_reprint.pdf">"Romanian as a two-gender language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scholar.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scholar.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Romanian+as+a+two-gender+language&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Nicoleta&rft.au=Polinsky%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fmpolinsky%2Ffiles%2FRomanian_MIT_reprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+nouns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandris1969" class="citation book cs1">Nandris, Grigore (1969). <i>Colloquial Rumanian</i>. New York: Dover Publications Inc. pp. 31, 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486219257" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486219257"><bdi>978-0486219257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Rumanian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31%2C+38&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0486219257&rft.aulast=Nandris&rft.aufirst=Grigore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+nouns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoteanu1966" class="citation journal cs1">Coteanu, I. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcu-iasi.ro/bitstream/handle/123456789/2823/Coteanu,%20I.,%20Din%20nou%20despre%20existenta%20genului%20neutru%20in%20romaneste,%20Limba%20romana,%20An%20XV,%20Nr.%203,%201966,%20p.%20309-312.pdf?sequence=1">"Din nou despre existența genului neutru în romînește"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Limba Română</i>. <b>XXV</b>: 309–12 – via BCU IASI/ Central University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limba+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.atitle=Din+nou+despre+existen%C8%9Ba+genului+neutru+%C3%AEn+rom%C3%AEne%C8%99te&rft.volume=XXV&rft.pages=309-12&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Coteanu&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.bcu-iasi.ro%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2823%2FCoteanu%2C%2520I.%2C%2520Din%2520nou%2520despre%2520existenta%2520genului%2520neutru%2520in%2520romaneste%2C%2520Limba%2520romana%2C%2520An%2520XV%2C%2520Nr.%25203%2C%25201966%2C%2520p.%2520309-312.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanian+nouns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_nouns&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>James E. Augerot, "Romanian / Limba română: A Course in Modern Romanian," Center for Romanian Studies (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-98392-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/973-98392-0-7">973-98392-0-7</a>.</li> <li>Laura Daniliuc and Radu Daniliuc, "Descriptive Romanian Grammar: An Outline," Lincom Europa, München, Germany (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-637-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-637-7">3-89586-637-7</a>.</li> <li>Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. Vol. I: Essential Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (1999).</li> <li>Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. Vol. II: Morpho-Syntactic and Lexical Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (2000).</li> <li>Liana Pop, Victoria Moldovan (eds), "Gramatica limbii române / Grammaire du roumain / Romanian Grammar," Echinox, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1997).</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Republic of Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Argots_and_speech_forms" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argots and speech forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects/related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Romanian">Daco-Romanian</a> (Romanian itself)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_numbers" title="Romanian numbers">numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98" title="Ș">Ș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">Ț</a></li> <li>Former: <a href="/wiki/D%CC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="D̦">D̦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">Ŭ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_lexis" title="Romanian lexis">Lexis and vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Romanian" title="Longest word in Romanian">longest Romanian word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar#Traditional_month_names" title="Romanian calendar">traditional month names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_profanity" title="Romanian profanity">profanities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">historic evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Classical Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Old_Romanian" title="Old Romanian">Old Romanian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization</a> → <a href="/wiki/Modern_Romanian" title="Modern Romanian">Modern Romanian</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Modern alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române">Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionarul_Limbii_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Dicționarul Limbii Române">Dicționarul Limbii Române</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionar_moldovenesc-rom%C3%A2nesc" title="Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc">Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language contact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian" title="Slavic influence on Romanian">Slavic superstratum and adstratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_influence_on_Slavic_languages" title="Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages">Influence on Slavic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_diaspora" title="Romanian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Timok Vlachs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Language_Day" title="Romanian Language Day">Romanian Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian language in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian-language_schools_in_Transnistria" title="Romanian-language schools in Transnistria">Romanian-language schools in Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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